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研究生学术综合英语全文翻译-罗立胜

研究生学术综合英语全文翻译-罗立胜
研究生学术综合英语全文翻译-罗立胜

Presenting a speech

(做演讲)

Of all human creations, language may be the most remarkable. Through language we share experience, formulate values, exchange ideas, transmit knowledge, and sustain culture. Indeed, language is vital to think itself. [Contrary to popular belief], language | does not simply mirror reality but also helps to create our sense of reality [by giving meaning to events].

在人类所有的创造中,语言也许是影响最为深远的。我们用语言来分享经验,表达(传递?)价值观,交换想法,传播知识,传承文化。事实上,对语言本身的思考也是至关重要的。和通常所认为的不同的是,语言并不只是简单地反映现实,语言在具体描述事件的时候也在帮助我们建立对现实的感知。——语序的调整。

Good speakers have respect for language and know how it works. Words are the tools of a speaker’s craft. They have special uses, just like the tools of any other profession. As a speaker, you should be aware of the meaning of words and know how to use language accurately, clearly,vividly,and appropriately.

好的演讲者对语言很重视,也知道如何让它发挥更好的效果。词语是演讲者演讲的重要“武器”,具有特殊的用途,这和任何其他的工作技艺没什么两样。作为演讲者,必须知道词语的具体含义,也要懂得如何做到用词准确、清晰、生动、适当。

Using language accurately is as vital to a speaker as using numbers accurately to a accountant. Never use a word unless you are sure of its meaning. If you are not sure, look up the word in the dictionary. As you prepare your speeches, ask yourself constantly, “What do I really want to say? What do I really mean?” Choose wor ds that are precise and accurate.

演讲者准确地使用语言和会计准确使用数字是一样重要的。确定词意后再措词。如果不确定,请先查词典。当你在准备演讲的时候,要不断地问自己:“我到底要说什么?我到底想表达什么意思?”用词一定要精准。

Using language clearly allows listeners to grasp your meaning immediately. You can ensure this [by using familiar words (that are known to the average person and require no specialized background); by choosing concrete words in preference to more abstract ones, and by eliminating verbal clutter].

用词清晰可以让听众迅速理解你的意思(抓到你的点)。要做到这一点,就要尽量使用一般人都熟悉的不需要专业知识就能懂的词语;多用具象词汇少用抽象词汇;还有要减少口误。

Using language vividly helps bring your speech to life. One way (to make your speech vivid)|is through imagery,or the creation of word pictures. You can develop imagery by using concrete language, simile, and metaphor. Simile is an explicit comparison between things (that are essentially different yet have something in common); it always contains the words “like”or “as”. Metaphor is an implicit comparison between things that are different yet have something in common; it does not contain the words “like” or “as”.

生动地用词能让演讲鲜活起来!比喻,这种能产生文字图像的修辞,可以使演讲达到生动的效果。比喻要用具象的语言,分为明喻和隐喻。明喻是指在本质上有区别但仍然有相同点的事物之间做一个明确的比较,一般句中会含有“像”或“似”。隐喻则是一种隐藏的比较,不会出现like 和as 这些连接词。

Another way to make your speeches vivid is by exploiting the rhythm of language. Four devices for creating rhythm are parallelism, repetition, alliteration, and antithesis. Parallelism is the similar arrangement of a pair or series of related words, phrases, or sentences. Repetition is the use of the same word or set of words at the beginning or end of successive clauses or sentences. Alliteration comes from repeating the initial constant sounds of close or adjoining words. Antithesis is the juxtaposition of contrasting ideas, usually in parallel structure.

我们还可以充分利用语言的节奏感使演讲更加生动活泼。具体有以下四种方式——排比,反复,押头韵和对偶。排比是指把一组或一系列相关的字词句以相似结构排列起来。反复是指在连续几个从句或句子的开头或结尾处使用相同的词和词组。押头韵则是通过重复相邻之间单词首个辅音实现的。对偶通常是用平行的结构将相反的想法并列在一起。

Using language appropriately means adapting to the particular occasion, audience, and topic at hand. It also means developing your own language style instead of trying to copy someone else’s. If your language is appropriate in all respects, your speech is much more likely to succeed.

用语恰当意味着遣词造句要与特定的场合,观众以及谈论的话题相适应。这也意味着你得建立自己的语言风格,不能简单抄袭他人。如果使用的语言与各方面都很契合,那么演讲就更有可能取得成功。

Good speeches are not composed of hot air and unfounded assertions. They need strong supporting materials to bolster the speaker’s point of view.In fact, the skillful use of supporting materials often makes the difference between a good speech and a poor one.The three basic types of supporting materials are examples,statistics and testimony.

好的演讲不能是空话连篇,也不能是一些毫无根据的论断;而是需要有力的论据来支持演讲者的观点。事实上,能否有技巧地使用论据会造成演讲效果的天壤之别。论据有以下三种基本形式:例子,统计资料,引用。

In the course of a speech you may use brief examples—specific instances referred to in passing—and sometimes you may want to give several brief examples in a row to create a stronger impression. Extended examples—often called illustrations, narrations, or anecdotes—are longer and more detailed.Hypothetical examples describe imagery situations and can be quite effective for relating ideas to the audience. All three kinds of examples help to clarify ideas, to reinforce ideas, or to personalize ideas. To be more effective, though, they should be vivid and richly textured.

在演讲时可以简单举例——即附带地提及几个具体的例子——有时也需要接二连三举例来加深印象。延伸举例——也叫解释、叙述或轶事——更长更详尽。假设举例描述的是想象的情景,能够很好地把想法传达给观众。这三种不同的例子都有助于演讲者清晰地表达观点,强调观点并使之打上演讲者的烙印。当然,要想演讲效果更好,演讲本身必须生动且结构丰富!

Statistics can be extremely helpful in conveying your message, [as long as you use them sparingly and explain them so they are meaningful to your audience.] Above all, you should understand your statistics and use them fairly. Numbers can easily be manipulated and distorted. Make sure {that your figures are representative of {what they claim to measure},that you use statistical measures correctly, and that you take statistics only from reliable sources.}

统计资料非常有助于演讲者传递信息,因为当演讲者适量地运用这些资料并加以解释时,听众就能更好地理解其中的意义。最重要的是,演讲者必须理解这些统计资料并恰当使用。数字很容易被篡改、误报,因此必须确保自己所使用的数据不是张冠李戴的;必须确保自己使用的统

计措施是正确的;必须确保自己的统计资料来源是可靠的。

Testimony is especially helpful for student speakers, because they are seldom recognized as expects on their speech topics. Citing the views of people(who are experts)is a good way to make your ideas more credible. When you include testimony in a speech, you can either quote someone verbatim or paraphrase their words. As with statistics, there are guidelines for using testimony.Be sure to quote or paraphrase accurately and to cite qualified unbiased sources. If the source is not generally known to your audience, be certain to establish his or her credentials.

引用他人观点看法对学生演讲者来说尤其有用,因为学生很少会被视为他们演讲相关主题方面的专家。引用专家的观点可以让你的想法更可信。引用的时候,既可以逐字摘抄也可以自己总结一下。和统计资料一样,引用也有原则可循——引用摘抄准确,来源合格无偏见。如果观众对引用来源不太熟悉,一定要(想办法)取得他们的信任。

The impact of a speech is strongly affected by how the speech is delivered. You cannot make a speech without having something to say. But having something to say is not enough.You must also know how to say it.Good delivery does not call attention to itself.It conveys the speaker’s ideas clearly, interestingly, and [without distracting the audience].

演讲的效果如何很大程度上取决于演讲是怎么做的。无话可说做不好演讲,但要做好演讲,仅仅有话可说也是远远不够的,还要知道如何说话才行。好的演讲不是要唤起观众对演讲本身的注意,而是要向观众清晰有趣地传递演讲者的想法,同时还要有观众聚精会神地聆听。

There are four basic methods of delivering a speech: reading verbatim from a manuscript, reciting a memorized text, speaking with PowerPoint, and speaking extemporaneously, or impromptu. The last of these—speaking extemporaneously—is the method (you probably will use for classroom speeches and for most speeches outside the classroom). When speaking extemporaneously, you will have only a brief set of notes or a speaking outline. Speaking with PowerPoint is widely used now and very effective indeed.

演讲有四种最基本的方法:照本宣科式;背诵式;ppt辅助演讲式和即兴演讲式。最后一项即兴演讲是我们在课堂演讲和大部分课外演讲中都要用到的方法.即兴演讲时,我们手上只有简单的笔记或演讲提纲。现在,用ppt辅助演讲十分普遍,效果显著。

Certainly there are other factors you should consider, such as personal appearance, bodily action, gestures, eye contact, volume, pauses and so on. By paying enough attention to what is mentioned above, you may present an effective speech.

当然还要考虑其他因素——譬如演讲者的个人形象,肢体语言,眼神交流,声音的抑扬顿挫等等。尽量注意上述问题,演讲就会成功!

Unit 2 Energy in Transition

能源转型

The era of cheap and convenient sources of energy is coming to an end. A transition to more expensive but less polluting sources must now be managed.

能源资源价格低廉、使用便捷的时代已经过去了,目前应向尽管价格较高、但污染较小的资源转变。

John P. Holdren

Understanding this transition requires a look at the two-sided connection between energy and human well-being. Energy contributes positively to well-being by providing such consumer services as heating and lighting as well as serving as a necessary input to economic production. But the costs of energy -including not only the money and other resources devoted to obtaining and exploiting it but also environmental and sociopolitical impacts -detract from well-being.

1.要了解这一转变,首先需要考察一下能源和人类幸福的双重关系。能源为人类提供了诸如取暖、照明等消费服务的同时,也为经济生产活动提供必要投入,从这个意义上讲,能源为人类幸福做出了积极贡献。然而,人类为利用能源所付出的代价却削弱了能源为其带来的利益,这种代价不仅包括为获取和利用能源所投入的资金和其他资源,而且包含了能源开发和利用所产生的环境影响和社会政治影响。

For most of human history, the dominant concerns about energy have centered on the benefit side of the energy -well-being equation. Inadequacy of energy resources or (more often) of the technologies and organizations for harvesting, converting, and distributing those resources has meant insufficient energy benefits and hence inconvenience, deprivation and constraints on growth. The 1970’s, then, represented a turning point. After decades of constancy or decline in monetary costs -and of relegation of environmental and sociopolitical costs to secondary status -energy was seen to be getting costlier in all respects. It began to be plausible that excessive energy costs could pose threats on a par with those of insufficient supply. It also became possible to think that expanding some forms of energy supply could create costs exceeding the benefits.

2.人类历史发展长河中,人们主要关心的是能源和人类安康等式中有利的一面。能源资源不足或者(更经常)开采、加工和分配这些资源所需技术和机构的不足,会影响能源为人类带来的利益,对人类也就意味着不方便、损失以及对增长的各种限制。到了20世纪70年代,出现了一个转折点。此前的几十年中,能源的资金成本一直保持稳定,甚至有所下降,而且,其所牵扯的环境成本和社会政治成本一直处于次要地位。但是20世纪70年代开始,开发和利用能源的多方成本均显著增长。人们自然有理由认为:高昂的能源成本所带来的威胁已同能源供应不足所产生的威胁不相上下。同时,也有人担心,依靠扩大能源资源增加供应所需付出的代价,也许大于其所带来的利益。

The crucial question at the beginning of the 1990’s is whether the trend that began in the 1970’s will prove to be temporary or permanent. Is the era of cheap energy really over, or will a combination of new resources, new technology and changing geopolitics bring it back? One key determinant of the answer is the staggering scale of energy demand brought forth by 100 years of unprecedented population growth, coupled with an equally remarkable growth in per capita demand of industrial energy forms.It entailed the use of dirty coal as well as clean; undersea oil as well as terrestrial; deep gas as well as shallow; mediocre hydroelectric sites as well as good ones; and deforestation as well as sustainable fuelwood harvesting.

3.20世纪90年代初期人们关注的焦点在于,这种始于70年代的能源发展趋势是暂时的还

是长远的。廉价能源时代是真正一去不复返,还是通过开发新能源、应用新技术、改革地缘政治秩序等措施,有可能重登历史舞台?回答这个问题的一个关键因素是过去100年以来因人口空前增长带来的令人瞠目的能源需求以及同样使人无所应对的人均工业能源需求。急剧增长的能源需求使得人类对能源的使用无所不用其极:不管是清洁煤炭还是劣质煤炭(或“无矸煤还是有矸煤”),见煤就挖;无论是陆上石油还是海底石油,深层气还是浅层气,见油气就采;水电站建设不论适宜与否,见水就上;一边绿化造林以求薪材可持续发展,一边却砍树毁林。Except for the huge pool of oil underlying the Middle East, the cheapest oil and gas are already gone. Even if a few more giant oil fields are discovered, they will make little difference against consumption on today’s scale. Oil and gas will have to come increasingly, for most countries, from deeper in the earth and from imports whose reliability and affordability cannot be guaranteed.

4.除了中东地区蕴藏着巨大的石油资源,地球上廉价的油气资源已经不复存在了。即使偶尔找到几个大的油田,同当今巨大的能源消耗相比,也是杯水车薪。对于大多数国家来说,油气资源越来越多地依赖进口,且不说进口油气资源的可靠性无法得到保障,其对进口国的支付能力也是一个考验。

There are a variety of other energy resources that are more abundant than oil and gas. Coal, solar energy, and fission and fusion fuels are the most important ones. But they all require elaborate and expensive transformation into electricity or liquid fuels in order to meet society’s needs. None has very good prospects for delivering large quantities of electricity at costs comparable to those of the cheap coal-fired and hydropower plants of the 1960’s. It appears, then, that expensive energy is a permanent condition, even without allowing for its environmental costs.

5.诚然,其他许多资源的储量大于石油和天然气,最重要的有煤、太阳能、聚变裂变燃料等。但是这些能源转化成电力或液体燃料,以满足社会需求,需要经过技术复杂、成本昂贵的转化过程。同20世纪60 年代成本低廉的燃煤火电站和水力发电站相比,仅从成本考虑,以上各种资源用于大规模发电的可能性极小。因此,即使不考虑能源开采的环境成本,能源价格居高不下已成无可改变的定局。

The capacity of the environment to absorb the effluents and other impacts of energy technologies is itself a finite resource. The finitude is manifested in two basic types of environmental costs. External costs are those imposed by environmental disruptions on society but not reflected in the monetary accounts of the buyers and sellers of the energy. “Internalized costs” are increases in monetary costs imposed by measures, such as pollution-control devices, aimed at reducing the external costs.

6.环境吸纳由于能源利用而产生的废弃物和其他影响的能力本身也是有限度的,表现在两方面的环境成本上。所谓“外延成本”即由于环境遭到破坏对社会造成的影响,但尚未反映到能源买卖双方的交易价格上;所谓“内涵成本”即为降低外延成本而采取的各种措施(如污染防治措施)所引起的货币成本的增长。

Both types of environmental costs have been rising for several reasons. First, the declining quality of fuel deposits and energy-conversion sites to which society must now turn means more material must be moved or processed, bigger facilities must be constructed and longer distances must be traversed. Second, the growing magnitude of effluents from energy systems has led to saturation of the environment’s capacity to absorb such effluents without disruption. Third, the monetary costs of controlling pollution tend to increase with the percentage of pollutants removed.

7.两种环境成本均一直呈增长趋势,原因是多方面的。首先,社会发展所依赖的燃料矿藏和加工地质量下降,必然要求矿物运输和加工的数量增加、设施扩大、运输距离延长。第二,能源利用所产生的废弃物不断增加,使得环境自我净化能力达到了极限。第三,污染防治所需的资金成本亦将随着消除污染物比例的提高而提高。

Despite these expenditures, the remaining uninternalized environmental costs have been substantial and in many cases are growing. Those of greatest concern are the risk of death or disease as a result of emissions or accidents at energy facilities and the impact of energy supplied on the global ecosystem and on international relations.

8.尽管代价高昂,尚未内化的环境成本一直居高不下,并在许多情形下呈增长趋势,其中最引人关注的是由能源设施排放废物或发生事故所带来的死亡和疾病,以及由于能源供应对全球生态系统和国际关系造成的影响。

The impacts of energy technologies on public health and safety are difficult to pin down with much confidence. In the case of air pollution from fossil fuels, in which the dominant threat to public health is thought to be particulates formed from sulfur dioxide emissions, a consensus on the number of deaths caused by exposure has proved impossible. Widely differing estimates result from different assumptions about fuel compositions, air pollution control technology, power-plant sitting in relation to population distribution, meteorological conditions affecting sulfate formation, and, above all, the relation between sulfate concentrations and disease.

9.能源技术对于大众健康和安全所造成的影响难以确定。以矿物燃料造成的空气污染为例,一般认为其对大众健康的主要危害是由排放的二氧化硫形成的微粒,但接触这种污染空气究竟会导致多少人死亡,却无法取得一致意见。各种估算数据千差万别,原因在于对以下各种因素的分析各不相同,比如燃料构成、空气污染防治技术、发电厂选址同人口分布之间的关系、气象条件对硫化物形成的影响,最重要的是硫化物浓度与疾病之间的关系。

Large uncertainties also apply to the health and safety impacts of nuclear fission. In this case, differing estimates result in part from differences among sites and reactor types, in part from uncertainties about emissions from fuel-cycle steps that are not yet fully operational (especially fuel reprocessing and management of uranium-mill tailings) and in part from different assumptions about the effects of exposure to low-dose radiation. The biggest uncertainties, however, relate to the probabilities and consequences of large accidents at reactors, at reprocessing plants and in the transport of wastes.

10.同样,核反应堆对于大众健康和安全的影响亦无法确定。对此种影响的各种估测,既有来自关于反应堆选址和类型的不同观点,又有因为核燃料反应过程(尤其是核燃料回收以及铀选矿尾矿管理)还不完备,这些环节所产生的废弃物究竟会产生何种影响尚无法确定;同时还有因为对于人类接触少量核辐射所造成的后果各执己见。然而,最大的不确定性来自核反应堆、重新加工工厂以及核废料运输过程中可能发生重大事故的概率及所造成的后果。Altogether, the ranges of estimated hazards to public health from both coal-fired and nuclear-power plants are so wide as to extend from negligible to substantial in comparison with other risks to the population. There is little basis, in these ranges, for preferring one of these energy sources over the other. For both, the very size of the uncertainty is itself a significant liability.

11.同人类面临的其他威胁相比,火电厂和核电厂危害大众健康的程度究竟有多大,众说纷纭,莫衷一是。有的人认为这种影响微不足道,可以忽略不计;也有人认为这种影响程度严重、危害巨大。无论影响大小,都没有理由对种种能源亲此疏彼。无论是核电还是火电,其对人类的危害都无法确定,这本身就是一大憾事。

Often neglected, but no less important, is the public health menace from traditional fuels widely used for cooking and water heating in the developing world. Perhaps 80 percent of global exposure to particulate air pollution occurs indoors in developing countries, where the smoke from primitive stoves is heavily laden with dangerous hydrocarbons. A disproportionate share of this burden is borne, moreover, by women (who do the cooking) and small children (who indoors with their

mothers).

12.发展中国家普遍用于做饭烧水的传统燃料对大众健康造成的危害常常不为人们所关注,但同样十分严重。全球大约80%的颗粒空气污染来自发展中国家的室内烧煮,原始炉灶排出的烟气中含有大量有害的烃(或碳氢化合物),而且这种有害物质的受害者往往是妇女(室内烧煮的主要承担者)和儿童(长时间同母亲一起呆在室内)。

The ecological threats posed by energy supply are even harder to quantify than the threats to human health and safety from effluents and accidents. Nevertheless, enough is known to suggest they portend even larger damage to human well-being. This damage potential arises from the combination of two circumstances.

13.同排放的废弃物和能源设施事故对大众健康造成的危害相比,能源利用对生态系统的威胁更难以量化。然而,根据已有认识足以判断这种威胁对人类健康造成的损失将会更大。这种潜在的损失是由两种情形同时存在导致的

First, civilization depends heavily on services provided by ecological and geophysical processes such as building and fertilizing soil, regulating water supply, controlling pests and pathogens, and maintaining a tolerable climate; yet it lacks the knowledge and t he resources to replace nature’s services with technology. Second, human activities are now clearly capable of disrupting globally the processes that provide these services. Energy supply, both industrial and traditional, is responsible

for a striking share of the environmental impacts of human activity. The environmental transition of the past 100 years -driven above all by a 20-fold increase in fossil-fuel use and augmented by a tripling in the use of traditional energy forms -has amounted to no less than the emergence of civilization as a global ecological and geochemical force.

14.首先,人类文明严重依赖于各种生态和地球物理过程所提供的各种服务,诸如造土培肥(或土壤的形成与增肥)、水源调节、病虫害控制、适宜气候的维持等等。但是,人类缺乏知识和资源来利用技术代替自然界所提供的各种服务。其次,人类活动显然能够在全球范围破坏提供这些服务的进程。无论是工业能源还是传统能源使用,在人类活动引起的环境问题中均占有很大比重。过去100年以来的环境巨变(首要驱动因素是化石燃料的使用增长了20倍,同时传统能源的使用增长了3倍),可以说无异于人类文明作为一支全球范围内的生态和地球化学力量的崛起过程。

Of all environmental problems, the most threatening, and in many respects the most intractable, is global climate change. And the greenhouse gases most responsible for the danger of rapid climate change come largely from human endeavors too massive, widespread and central to the functioning of our societies to be easily altered: carbon dioxide (CO2) from deforestation and the combustion of fossil fuels; methane from rice paddies, cattle gusts and the exploitation of oil and natural gas; and nitrous oxides from fuel combustions and fertilizer use.

15.在诸多环境问题中,对人类威胁最大、在许多情况下却又最让人类无计可施的是全球气候变化。而对气候剧变最起作用的温室气体主要来自人类活动,这些活动规模之大、范围之广、对人类社会运转作用之大,都无法轻易改变。这些气体包括:由于毁林和燃烧矿物燃料所造成的二氧化碳,由秸秆、牲畜粪便和使用石油天然气所排放的甲烷,以及由于燃料燃烧和施肥所排放的一氧化二氮。

The only other external cost that might match the devastating impact of global climate change is the risk of causing or aggravating large-scale military conflict. One such threat is the potential for conflict over access to petroleum resources. Another threat is the link between nuclear energy and the spread of nuclear weapons. The issue is hardly less complex and controversial than the link between CO2 and climate; many analysts, including me, think it is threatening indeed.

16.其他唯一能同全球气候变化所造成的灾难性影响相提并论的外化成本是发生或恶化大规模军事冲突的可能。其中潜在的威胁是为争夺石油资源而引起的冲突。另一个威胁则来自核能和核武器扩散之间的联系,这种联系的复杂性几乎不亚于二氧化碳和气候之间的关系。许多分析家(包括本人)均认为这种关系十分危险

Do Traffic Tickets Save Lives?

交通罚单能救命吗?

Pity the poor traffic cop. He's the last guy you want to see in your rear-view mirror when you're speeding down the highway. Why isn't he out looking for murderers instead of nailing drivers for minor infractions of the law?

哎,这可怜的交警。他是你在高速公路上疾驰时最不愿意在后视镜里看见的人。他为什么不去抓那些杀人犯,却在这儿为了一点儿芝麻大的交通违规对司机们穷追不舍?

Well, according to a major research project by scientists in Canada and California, that cop just might be saving your life. Or the life of someone else.

然而,根据加拿大和加利福尼亚科学家们的一项重要研究,那位警察也许恰恰是在救你的命,或者救別的什么人的命。

The researchers have found that a traffic ticket reduces a driver's chance of being involved in a fatal accident by a whopping 35 percent, at least for a few weeks. The effect doesn't last long, however. Within three to four months, the lead foot is back on the pedal and the risk of killing yourself or someone else is back up to where it was before that cop stared you in the eye and wrote out that expensive citation.

研究者们发现一张交通罚单能让司机至少在几周内遭遇重大车祸的概率降低35%。似是这个作用不会持续很长。三四个月后,那只脚又会回到油门儿上去,置自己或別人于死地的危险率又和警察瞪着你开出巨额罚单前一样高了。

The bottom line, according to the research, published in the June 28 issue of The Lancet, is that traffic tickets save lives. Maybe thousands of lives, every year. Yet traffic laws are enforced sporadically, almost as if by whim, partly because people just don't like traffic cops, and there are lots of other things for the government to spend money on than enforcing highway safety laws.

根据6月28日发表在《柳叶刀》上的研究,最根本的一点就是交通罚单能救命,它很可能每年能救成千上万条命。然而交通法规只是零星地被实施,就像心血来潮似的,部分原因是人们不喜欢罚单,而且除了实施髙速公路安全法,政府部门还有很多其他地方要花钱。

The Grim Statistics

无情的统计数椐

That attitude needs to be changed, according to Donald A. Redelmeier of the University of Toronto and Robert J. Tibshirani of Stanford University. Both men are medical researchers, and this isn't the first time they've taken a hard look at highway safety. Their 1998 study caused a stir when they linked cell phone usage to traffic accidents. Now they're back, saying traffic tickets are good for our health.

多伦多大学的热德尔美尔和斯坦福大学的提波施拉尼认为这种态度需要改变。他们俩都是医学研究者,这已不是他们第一次盯着高速公路安全问题了。他们俩1998年的研究引起了轰动,当时他们认为打手机与交通事故有关联。现在他们又来了,说交通罚单对我们的健康有好处。They were prodded into this project by some very grim statistics. Each year, more than a million persons die in traffic accidents worldwide. If that many people died of SARS in a year, the public response would probably border on hysteria, but we have come to accept traffic fatalities as a way of life.

他们之所以参与这个项目是受到一些残酷无情的统计数据的驱使。每年,全世界有100多万人死于交通事故。如果一年内那么多人死于非典的话,大家很可能会恐惧得发疯了,然而我们对交通亊故死亡率却习以为常了。

In addition, another 25 million people around the world are permanently disabled by traffic accidents, and many of them — as well as the fatalities — are children.

另外,还有2 500万人因交通事故永远残废了,而且他们当中(包括死去的)很多是孩子。Taking It Easy After a Ticket?

接到罚中处之泰然?

When Redelmeier and Tibshirani and fellow researcher Leonard Evans set out to see if traffic tickets really do any good, they found an enormous resource in the Canadian province of Ontario. The full driving record of every licensed driver there was made available to them, warts and all, giving the researchers a huge data base of more than 10 million licensed drivers, 8,975 of whom were involved in a fatal accident during the 11-year period covered by the research, from 1988 through 1998.

当热德尔美尔、提波施拉尼和他们的共同研究人员伦纳德?伊凡斯研究交通罚单是否真能起到好作用时,他们在加拿大的安大略省发现了数量巨大的司机资料。他们在那儿能看到每个有驾照的人的全部记录,这样他们就有了一个良莠俱存的超过一千万个持照司机的巨大数据库。其中8 975个司机在此项研究覆盖的1988-1998共11年中曾出过重大交通事故

"We looked at the month prior to a fatal accident, and the number of traffic convictions, and then the same month in the year before," says Tibshirani, a statistician. "What we found was that there were fewer tickets in the month before a fatal accident than there were a year before, and that suggests there's a protective effect of having a ticket."

统计学家提波施拉尼说:“我们看了一下出重大事故前一个月的交通罚单数和前一年同一个月的罚单数,发现出重大事故前一个月的罚单要比前一年同一个月的罚单少,这说明罚单有保护作用。”

In other words, when the number of citations went down, the number of fatal accidents went up the following month, and when the number of tickets went up, the number of fatal accidents dropped the following month. The analysis shows that fatal accidents declined by 35 percent because of citations. 换言之,当罚单数下降时,重大事故率在接下来这个月就会上升;而当罚单数上升时,重大事故率在接下来这个月就会下降。分析表明罚单能使重大事故率下降35%。

Apparently, people just drove more cautiously following a traffic citation, but that only lasted a maximum of four months, the researchers say. After that brief respite, it was back to business as usual for most motorists.

显然,人们在拿到交通罚单后开车会更谨慎,但这种谨慎最长只会持续4个月。对多数司机来说,经过这短暂的歇息,一切又都恢复到从前了。

Citations’ Effects Consistent

罚单的持续作用

The scientists also turned up some surprising results.

科学家们还出示了一些令人吃惊的研究结果。

"Most of the crashes did not involve alcohol and were not at an intersection," they report in their research paper. Most occurred during the summer months when the streets were dry (65 percent) rather than wet (18 percent) or covered with snow (17 percent).

“多数撞车不是因为酒后驾车,也不是发生在十字路口,”他们在研究报告中这样报道。多数事故发生在夏季,当时的道路干燥(65%)而不湿滑(18%),也没有雪覆盖(17%)。

They also found that the "relative risk reduction associated with traffic convictions was remarkably consistent among subgroups of licensed drivers," so the same results apply to women as well as men,

regardless of age, prior driving record, and other personal data.

他们还发现“在有驾照的那组司机中拿到罚单后的事故减少率的持续性是显著的",因此同样的结论适用于妇女和男人,而与年龄因素、以前的驾驶记录和其他个人资料无关。

Men, however, were involved in far more fatal accidents than women (73 percent to 27 percent) and the most accident-prone age was between 30 and 50. Alcohol was detected in only 7 percent of the accidents.

但是,男人要比女人更容易出严重交通亊故(73%比27%),而且最容易出事故的年龄是在30-50岁之间。酒后驾车只占事故的7%。

The researchers also addressed the commonly held belief that traffic citations cause more accidents than they prevent because so many people are killed during police chases. They found that only 24 deaths could be linked to writing citations during the 11-year period. That included 17 suspects, five bystanders and two police officers.

"The typical suspect who died was a 26-year-old man pursued by police after fleeing a spot check for alcohol or a speeding violation," they report. The two police officers were killed in separate events when they were hit by a car while writing a ticket for another motorist.

研究者们还澄清了一种普遍的想法:交通罚单引起的交通事故比防止的多,因为很多人是在警察追他们时丧生的。他们发现在过去的11年中只有24起死亡事故和罚单有关,这包括17个被追的司机、5个路人和2位警察。“最典型的一例是一个26岁的男子,因想逃避酒精和超速违规的现场检查而被警察穷追不舍,”他们报告说。有2位警察死于与这互不相关的事件中,当时他们正在给另一个摩托车驾驶员开罚单。

Who Really Pays?

到底谁付出代价?

The researchers admit there are a few gaps in their findings. The statistics do not include Ontario drivers who may have been involved in a fatal accident somewhere outside that province. Nor can they say that every traffic ticket leads to a reduction in accidents. But the statistics suggest a correlation between the number of citations and the number of fatalities.

研究者们承认在他们的研究中有一些漏洞。统计数字不包括有可能在省外某地出严重交通事故的安大略省司机。他们也不能说每张交通罚单都能降低事故率。但是数据显示交通罚单的数量和死亡率之间呈相关性。

They also point out that the innocent are often made to pay the price for careless drivers.

他们还指出为粗心大意的司机付出代价的经常是那些无辜受害者。

"Unlike other common diseases, the victims are often young and need significant subsequent care for decades. Most crashes are unintended, unexpected, and could have been prevented by a small difference in driver behavior."

“和其他常见病不一样,受害人通常很年轻,需要以后几十年连续不断的照顾。大多数事故是无意的,意料之外的,只要司机在驾驶上稍有不同就能避免。”

So the next time you see that cop in your rear-view mirror, give him, or her, a broad smile.

因此下次你要是在后视镜里看见那位警察,一定要对他/她热情微笑。

Yeah, right.

His Politeness Is Her Powerlessness

Deborah Tannen There are many different kinds of evidence that women and men are judged differently even if they talk the same way. This tendency makes mischief in discussions of women, men and power. If a linguistic strategy is used by a woman, it is seen as powerless; if it is used by a man, it is seen as powerful. Often, the labeling of “women’s language” as “powerless language” reflects the view of women’s behavior through the lens of men’s.

各种各样的证据表明:即使女性和男性说话方式相同,人们对他们的看法还是不同。这种倾向导致有关女性、男性和无能耐的讨论纷争不断。女性说话讲究方式方法被认为是低微无能,而换成男性则被认为是有能力的表现。视女性的语言为低微无能者的语言常常反映出男性看女性行为的视觉角度。

Because they are not struggling to be one-up, women often find themselves framed as one-down. Any situation is ripe for misinterpretation. This ambiguity accounts for much misinterpretation by experts as well as nonexperts, by which women’s ways of thinking, uttered in a spirit of rapport, are branded powerless. Nowhere is this inherent ambiguity clearer than in a brief comment in a newspaper article in which a couple, both psychologists, were jointly interviewed. The journalist asked them the meaning of “being very polite.” The two experts responded simultaneously, giving different answers. The man said, “Subservience.” The woman said, “Sensitivity.”Both experts were right, but each was describing the view of a different gender.

女性不为高人一等而拼搏,往往就被认为是低人一等。在任何情况下都极容易发生误会。这也说明了为什么专家和非专家常常把女性以友善语言表述出来的思维方式曲解成低微无能的表现。没有什么能比一家报社刊登的采访片段更能清楚地说明这种根深蒂固的歧义。采访对象是一对心理学家夫妇,当记者问他们“表现得非常有礼貌”的含义时,这两位专家同时给出不同的答案。男性回答说:“服从”。女性回答说:“敏感”。两位专家都是正确的,只不过每个人描述的是不同性别的观点。

Experts and nonexperts alike tend to see anything women do as evidence of powerlessness. The same newspaper article quotes another psychologist as saying, “A man might ask a woman, ‘Will you please go to the store?’ where a woman might say, ‘Gee, I really need a few things from the store, but I’m so tired.’” The woman’s style is called “covert,” a term suggesting negative qualities like being “sneaky” and “underhanded.” The reason offered for this is power. The woman doesn’t feel she has the right to ask directly.

专家和非专家都习惯把女性的任何行为看为低微无能的表现。以上同一篇报刊文章援引另一位心理学家的话说:“一个男人会这样问一个女人:‘请你去一趟商店好吗?’同样的情况下女人会说:‘哎,我真的需要从商店买点东西,但是我实在太累了。’”女性的这种表达方式被称为“隐蔽的”,该词含有“鬼祟”和“秘密”等贬义,而这样表达的原因归咎于一个“权”字,女人觉得她没有权利直接提出要求。

Granted, women have lower status than men in our American society. But this is not necessarily why they prefer not to make outright demands. The explanation for a woman’s indirectness could just as well be her seeking connection. If you get your way as a result of having demanded it, the payoff is satisfying in terms of status: You’re one-up because others are doing as you told them. But if you get your way because others happened to want the same thing, or because they offered freely, the payoff is rapport. You’re neither one-up nor one-down by being happily connected to others whose wants are the same as yours. Furthermore, if indirectness is understood by both parties, then there is nothing covert about it: That a request is being made is clear. Calling an indirect

communication cov ert reflects the view of someone for whom the direct style seems “natural” and “logical” -a view more common among men.

的确,在我们(美国)社会里,女性的地位比男性低,但这不等于说她们不愿意提出直截了当的要求。女性的这种间接方式很可能是因为她们在努力寻找某种关系。如果愿意在自己的要求下得到满足,结果就是社会地位的胜利:你高人一等,因为别人按你的意志行事。而如果你的愿望得到满足是因为他人的愿望恰好和你的一致,或者是因为对方心甘情愿,结果就是融洽和谐。当你和对方的需求一致而一拍即合时,你既不高人一等,也不低人一等。而且如果双方都了解这种间接方式,那就不存在什么隐蔽:提出的要求很明确。称间接的沟通方式为隐蔽反映出那些青睐直接沟通方式的人的观点,即直接的方式才是“自然的”、“合乎逻辑的”,这种观点在男性中更普遍。

Indirectness itself does not reflect powerlessness. It’s easy to think of situations where indirectness is the prerogative of others in power. For example, a wealthy couple who knows that their servants will do their bidding need not give direct orders, but simply state wishes: The woman of the house says, “It’s chilly in here,” and the servant se ts about raising the temperature. The man of the house says, “It’s dinner time,” and the servant sees about having dinner served. Perhaps the ultimate indirectness is getting someone to do something without saying anything at all: The hostess rings a bell and a maid brings the next course;or a parent enters the room where children are misbehaving and stands with hands on hips, and the children immediately stop what they’re doing.

间接方式本身并不反映低微无能。我们不难想象出权势者中有特权的人是怎样使用间接方式的。例如,一位有钱的夫妇用不着直接向听命于他们的用人发号施令,而只须简单地说明其愿望,房子的女主人说:“这儿冷,”用人就会去调高室温;房子的男主人说:“是晚饭的时间,”用人就会摆桌上菜。或许终极的间接是什么都不用说就能使某人做某事:女主人按一下铃,女仆端上下一道菜;家长走进有孩子正在嬉闹的房间,双手叉腰一站,他们就会戛然而止。

Entire cultures operate on elaborate systems of indirectness. For example, I discovered in a small research project that most G reeks assumed a wife who asked, “Would you like to go to the party?” was hinting that she wanted to go. They felt that she wouldn’t bring it up if she didn’t want to go. Furthermore, they felt, she would not state here preference outright because that would sound like a demand. Indirectness was the appropriate means for communicating her preference.

所有文化都靠以“间接”二字所形成的复杂而精巧的体制去运作。例如,我在做一个小规模的研究项目时发现:当妻子问“你想去参加那个聚会吗?”,大多数希腊人认为他们的妻子是在暗示她想去。他们认为如果妻子不想去,她就不会提出这个问题。而且他们觉得之所以不直截了当提出,是因为她不想使她的愿望听上去像是要求。间接是传达她的意愿的最好方式。

Japanese culture has developed indirectness to a fine art. For example, a Japanese anthropologist, Harumi Befu, explains the delicate exchange of tended the invitation, Befu first had to determine whether it was meant literally or just pro forma, much as an American might say, “We’ll have to have you over for dinner some time” but would not expect you to turn up at the door. Having decided the invitation was meant literally and having accepted, Befu was then asked what he would like to eat. Following custom, he said anything would do, but his friend, also following custom, pressed him to specify. Host and guest repeated this exchange an appropriate number of times, until Befu deemed it polite to answer the question -politely -by saying tea over rice -as the last course of a sumptuous meal. Befu was not surprised by the feast because he knew that protocol required it. Had he been given what he asked for, he would have been insulted. But protocol also required that he make a great show of being surprised.

日本文化把间接沟通方式发展成为精美的艺术。例如,一位名叫别府春海的日本人类学家

这样描述一次简单的午餐邀请所涉及的微妙的间接交流。当他的朋友发出邀请后,别府首先要弄清楚这个邀请是真正的邀请,还是仅仅出于客套,就像美国人说“哪天有空请你到我们家吃饭”而他并不期望你会出现在他的家门口一样。别府在确定邀请是真实的并且接受以后,对方就得问他想吃什么;按照习俗,他于是说吃什么都可以,而他的朋友也照例一定要他说的具体些,这样的交流在主人和客人之间适当重复了几次,直到别府觉得有礼貌地作出回答才是谦谦之举,于是说米饭和茶。当他就餐时,招待他的的确有米饭和茶—只不过这是一顿丰盛午餐的最后一个程序。别府对饭菜之丰盛并不感到惊讶,因为他知道按礼节就是这样。如果对方按照他的提议款待他,他就等于受到了侮辱,当然礼节也要求他做出受宠若惊的样子。

This account of mutual indirectness in a lunch invitation may strike Americans as excessive. But far more cultures in the world use elaborate systems of indirectness than value directness. Only modern Western societies place a priority on direct communication, and even for us it is more a value than a practice.

以上描述的有关午餐邀请时双方所进行的间接交流在美国人看来是过分了,然而相比直接的沟通方式,世界上更多的文化崇尚细腻的间接沟通方式。唯有现代西方社会推崇直接沟通方式,而且即使对我们(美国人)来讲,这种方式更是一种价值观,而不是实践。

Evidence from other cultures also makes it clear that indirectness does not itself reflect low status. Rather, our assumptions about the status of women compel us to interpret anything they do as reflecting low status. Anthropologist Elinor Keenan, for example, found that in a Malagasy-speaking village on the island of Madagascar, it is women who are direct and men who are indirect. And the villagers see the men’s indirect way of speaking, using metaphors and proverbs, as t he better way. For them, indirectness, like the men who use it, has high status. They regard women’s direct style as clumsy and crude, debasing the beautiful subtlety of men’s language. Whether women or men are direct or indirect differs; what remains cons tant is that women’s style is negatively valuated -seen as lower in status than the men’s.

其他文化现象也清楚地表明间接本身并不能反映地位低下。在一定程度上,是我们对对女性地位的设定使我们把女性的所有行为解释成为地位低下的表现。例如,人类学家埃莉诺·基南发现在马达加斯加岛的一个说马达加斯加语的村落里,说话直截了当的是女性,拐弯抹角的是男性。而村民视男性使用隐喻和谚语的间接说话方式为更佳方式。在他们眼里,非直接方式和使用这种方式的男人一样享有崇高地位,而女性的直接风格被视为笨拙、粗鲁、有损男性语言的精深微妙之魅力。关于男性或女性谁直接谁间接在不同地域有不同情况,不变的是女性风格总遭人贬低,其地位被视为低于男性。

The Long War Against Corruption

反腐败持久战

Ben W. Heineman, Jr., and Fritz Heimann

小本·W·海涅曼和弗里茨·海曼A WAY TO GO

前进道路

Since the mid-1990s, the issue of corruption has gained a prominent place on the global agenda. International organizations, including the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and the UN, have adopted conventions requiring that their members enact laws prohibiting bribery and extortion. International financial agencies, notably the World Bank, have announced programs aimed at ensuring fair and open contracting for their projects and stopping misappropriation by government officials. Most nations have enacted some type of anticorruption law. International business groups have promulgated model codes of behavior, and multinational corporations (MNCs) now claim to be implementing antibribery programs. The leading nongovernmental organization (NGO) in this area, Transparency International (TI), has conducted analysis and advocacy through chapters in over 90 nations. The international media report instances of corruption in high places virtually every day (often at great risk).

自20世纪90年代中期以来,腐败问题一直占据着全球议事日程的突出地位。一些国际机构,如经济合作和开发组织以及联合国,采取了协约的形式,要求各成员国制定法律禁止行贿受贿和索贿等行为。一些国际金融机构,尤其是世界银行,宣布了多个方案,旨在确保其项目承包的公正和公开性,杜绝政府官员侵吞私占。大多数国家都出台了某种形式的反腐败法。国际商业团体也颁布了行为示范法规,跨国公司如今宣称正在实施反贿赂计划。反腐倡廉方面的非政府机构的带头人“透明国际”也通过其分布在90多个国家的分支机构开展了分析和倡导活动。国际媒体事实上是每天(常常冒着极大的风险)报道高层人物腐败堕落的事例。

Underlying these changes in rules, rhetoric, and awareness is the growing recognition that bribery and extortion have demonstrably deleterious consequences.

Gone is the day when some pundits seriously argued that corruption was an efficient corrective for overregulated economies or that it should be tolerated as an inevitable byproduct of intractable forces. The true impact of corruption is now widely acknowledged: corruption distorts markets and competition, breeds cynicism among citizens, undermines the rule of law, damages government legitimacy, and corrodes the integrity of the private sector. It is also a major barrier to international development -systemic misappropriation by kleptocratic governments harms the poor.

之所以出现了这些新的规章、反腐誓言和觉悟的提高,其根本原因就在于人们越来越清晰地认识到收受贿赂和勒索钱财的行为带来了显而易见的恶果。曾几何时一些博学之士一本正经地说:腐败是对过度调控经济体制的一种有效的矫正行为,或者说,腐败作为不可驾驭的力量的一种副产品,它是不可避免的,我们应该包容它。如今这样说的日子一去不复返了。现在腐败带来的真正危害已经广为人知:腐败扰乱市场、破坏竞争、滋长市民的冷嘲热讽、削弱法治的威力、损害政府的合法性,还会侵蚀私营市场的诚信度。腐败还是阻止国际发展的极大阻碍,因为贪赃舞弊的政府自上而下的侵吞挪用坑害了穷人。

Although it is difficult to quantify global corruption, there is little question that huge problems exist. For example, the World Bank estimated in 2004 that public officials worldwide receive more than $1 trillion in bribes each year (and that figure does not include embezzlement). A 2005 survey by the Russian think tank Indem found that more than $300 billion in bribes is paid in Russia

annually (a ten-fold increase since the last survey, in 2001) and that more than half of all Russians have at some point been asked for a payoff.

虽然很难量化全球腐败的程度,但存在巨大弊端却是毋庸置疑的。例如,2004年世界银行估计全世界的政府公务员每年收受贿金在一万亿美元以上(而且这个数字还不包括贪污)。俄国智囊团Indem 在2005年所做的一次调查发现:每年在俄国支付的贿金超过3 000亿美元(比上次2001年调查到的数字增加了10倍),而且有不止一半的俄国人曾经被索要过贿赂。

According to the 2005 V olcker report (a report on the UN’s former oil-for-food program by an independent committee headed by the economist Paul V olcker), more than 2,000 companies participating in the oil-for-food program -almost half of the total -may have been involved in kickback schemes. And the drumbeat of scandals continues, with events in China, Indonesia, Kenya, Russia, and the United States leading the news during the past year.

根据2005年度的沃尔克报告(由经济学家保罗·沃尔克担纲的一个独立委员会对联合国之前实行的石油换食品计划所做的调查报告),参与石油换食品计划的2 000多家公司几乎有一半可能有吃回扣的行为。频频不断的丑闻此起彼伏,一直没有消停。过去一年,中国、印尼、肯尼亚、俄国和美国的爆料占据着新闻的榜首。

Given vast, continuing problems, the anticorruption movement will maintain its credibility and momentum only if it can translate its rhetoric into action and prevent and punish misbehavior in a more focused and systematic manner. In the near term, the implementation of anticorruption measures must come in important part from international organizations, developed nations, and MNCs. Developing nations also have a critical role to play. But their legal, political, and economic systems vary greatly -they are failed or failing, fragile or rising -and so anti-corruption initiatives in the developing world will have to be a part of, and dependent on, each country’s broad, complex, and often lengthy state-building process.

考虑到这些问题范围之广且层出不穷,只有当我们以更加集中化和系统化的方式把反腐誓言付诸行动、预防和惩罚不端行为时,反腐运动才能保持其可信度和强劲的势头。在近期内,唱重头戏的国际组织、发达国家以及跨国公司必须实施反腐措施。发展中国家也有重要角色需要扮演,但由于这些国家的法律、政治和经济体系差异很大—它们要么不成功,要么眼看就要失败;要么不堪一击,要么正在兴起—因此发展中国家的反腐运动将不得不是各国广泛、复杂且往往是历时长久的国家建设过程的一部分,而且取决于这个国家建设的过程。

POLYMORPHOUSLY CORRUPT

形态多样的腐败堕落

Corruption takes many forms. It has a supply side (private bribers) and a demand side (public officials). There is grand corruption, involving high-level officials with discretionary authority over government policy, and petty corruption, involving lower-level officials who control access to basic services such as education and electricity. There is the dynamic between the developed nations that are a main source of the funds and the developing nations that host the majority of the officials who extort and misappropriate.

腐败的形式有很多种,它既有供给方(私人行贿者),又有需求方(政府公务员);既有能随心所欲地操控政府决策的高层官员参与的大规模腐败行为,也有控制着诸如教育和供电等基础服务设施的低层官僚参与的小规模腐败行为。再说,提供主要资金来源的发达国家和拥有大批巧取豪夺、侵吞私占的政府官员的发展中国家二者之间有一种动态机制。

Tackling this multifaceted problem, and understanding how near-term priorities fit into

long-term approaches, requires pursuing four types of measures.

First is enforcement, which seeks to deter future misconduct by investigating and prosecuting existing corruption. Second is prevention: the enactment and implementation of legislation and administrative regulations that choke off corrupt practices (such measures should include ombudsman systems, whistleblower protection laws, transparent rules of procurement and accounting, reedom-of-information laws, auditing and internal-control requirements for public and private entities, and anti-money-laundering regimes). Third is the much more complex process of state building, which consists of institutional reforms designed to create a society of laws, not men, and to build a transparent, accountable, and durable legal, economic, and political foundation. Finally, there is the cultural dimension of anticorruption, which involves transmitting positive values and norms that can strengthen the enforcement, prevention, and state-building measures.

要攻克这个牵涉到多层面的问题,并明确近期的工作重点如何与长期的应对方法相符,我们就应该采取四种措施:第一是强制执行,即通过对现有的腐败行为进行调查和提起公诉,力图制止未来的不法行为;第二是预防,即制定和实施遏制各种腐败行为的法规及行政条例(这些措施必须包含政府监察官巡视制度、举报人保护法、采购和财会透明规章制度、信息自由法、公共和私营实体审计和内部监控的必要条例以及反洗钱制度等);第三是政府行为建设这个复杂得多的过程,由各种机构改革组成,旨在创建一个法治社会,而不是人治社会,奠定一个透明的、有诚信的、长久的法律、经济和政治基础;最后一个措施就是实行文化层面上的反腐败,这包括传播能够加强执法和预防腐败、促进国家政府建设措施的积极价值观和行为规范。

POLITICS AND POLICIES

政治和政策

The most important question facing the anticorruption movement today is how to create a politics that can make the policies of enforcement and prevention effective and change the mindset of international institutions, developed nations, and MNCs. To make financial discipline operational, international financial institutions must change the perspective of those staff members who, eager to push money out the door, oppose conditioning loans or grants on securing commitments from beneficiaries to fight corruption. Developed nations must show the political will to investigate and prosecute their national corporations when they engage in bribery abroad, even in the face of intense global competition. Finally, MNCs must overcome short-term economic pressures and old ways of doing business so as to create and sustain an anticorruption culture and effective corporate compliance procedures.

如今反腐运动面临的最重要的问题就是达成一种政治见解,一个可以使实施及预防的政策变得有效、并且能够改变国际机构、发达国家和跨国公司思想倾向的政治见解。为了使金融纪律得到有效实施,国际金融机构必须改变那些业内人士的观念,这些人一心只想放贷出门,因而反对以承诺打击腐败为前提向贷款受益人提供贷款和补助。当本国公司在海外进行贿赂活动时,即使面临激烈的全球竞争,发达国家也必须表明其具有调查和起诉这家本国公司的政治意愿。最后,跨国公司必须克服短期经济压力,改变老一套经营方式,以便创建和保持一种反腐的理念以及一套有效步骤,使公司上下都自觉遵守这一理念。

After Reading

Ultimately, the most potent force for change is the idea that corruption is morally repugnant and inimical to competition, globalization, the rule of law, international development, and the welfare of

citizens around the world. During the past decade, many public- and private-sector actors have paid lip service to the idea that fighting corruption is in both their own interest and the interest of the global good. Now they must act.

最强大的变革力量归根到底就是大家都抱有腐败是道德的沦丧,是与竞争、全球化、法治、国际发展以及与全世界人民的福祉背道而驰的这种观念。在过去10年,许多公共和私营部门的风头人物口头上都说得很漂亮:与腐败作斗争既符合他们自己的利益,又符合全球利益。现在他们该付诸行动了。

From Kaifeng to New York -Glory Is as Ephemeral as

从开封到纽约——辉煌如过眼烟云

Smoke and Clouds

Nicholas D. Kristof As this millennium dawns, New York is considered to be the most important city in the world, the unofficial capital of planet Earth. But before New Yorkers become too full of themselves, it might be worthwhile to glance at dilapidated Kaifeng in central China.

新的千禧年到来之际,纽约市俨然已成全世界最重要的城市、全球非正式的首都。然而趁纽约人还没过度踌躇满志之前,不妨对华夏中原那座破落的开封城回眸一瞥。

Kaifeng, an ancient city along the mud-clogged Yellow River, was by far the most important place in the world in A.D. 1000. And if you’ve never heard of it, that’s a useful warning for Americans. As expressed in this column’s headline -translated from Chinese, a language of the future that more Americans should start learning -“glory is as ephemeral as smoke and clouds.”

开封,泥沙淤塞的黄河边的一座古都,在公元1000年时曾是全世界无与伦比的重要城市。如果您对此闻所未闻,那这对美国人不啻为一个有益的警示——以广大的美国人民都应学习的未来的语言表达出来,一如前面中文标题所示“辉煌如过眼烟云。”

As the world’s o nly superpower, America may look today as if global domination is an entitlement. But if you look back at the sweep of history, it’s striking how fleeting supremacy is, particularly for individual cities.

作为全世界独一无二的超级强国,今天看来仿佛美国的独霸全球乃是天经地义之事。然而当我们对历史的洪流稍作回顾,便会惊觉世界的霸权是多么短暂,尤其是对各个城市而言。

My vote for the most important city in the world in the period leading up to 2000 B.C. would be Ur, Iraq. In 1500 B.C., perhaps Thebes, Egypt. There was no dominant player in 1000 B.C., though one could make a case for Sidon, Lebanon. In 500 B.C., it would be Persepolis, Persia; in the year 1, Rome; around A.D. 500, maybe Chang’an, China; in 1000, Kaifeng, China; in 1500, probably Florence, Italy; in 2000, New York; and in 2500, probably none of the above.

如果要我选出公元2000年以前全世界最重要的一个城市,当非伊拉克的乌尔莫属。公元前1500年,也许应是埃及的底比斯;公元前1000年时,没有哪个城市独领风骚,不过也许勉强可以投一票给黎巴嫩的赛登;公元前500年,应该是波斯的波西波里士;公元元年,是罗马;公元500年左右,也许是中国的长安;到了1000年,是中国的开封;1500年,多半应是意大利的佛罗伦萨;两千年时,是纽约市;2500年时,极可能以上皆非。

Today, Kaifeng is grimy and poor, not even the provincial capital and so minor it lacks even an airport. Its sad state only underscores how fortunes change. In the 11th century, when it was the capital of Song Dynasty China, Kaifeng reached its peak of importance. It was a commercial and industrial center at the intersection of four major canals. During this time, the city was surrounded by three rings of city walls and commodities assembled from all over the world. Its population was more than one million. In contrast, London’s population then was about 15,000.

今天的开封,脏乱而贫困,甚至连省会都不是,地位卑微到连一个飞机场都没有。它能沦落到这步田地更凸显了风水轮流转的道理。11世纪时,作为中国宋朝的国都,正是它最繁华的时候。它位于四大主要运河的交汇处,是当时的商业与工业中心。当时开封城有三道城墙围绕,来自世界各地的商品都在这里集散。它拥有百万以上的人口。相比之下当时伦敦的人口大约只有15000。

An ancient painted scroll, now in the Palace Museum in Beijing, China, shows the bustle and prosperity of ancient Kaifeng. Hundreds of pedestrians jostle each other on the streets, camels carry

merchandise in from the Silk Road, and teahouses and restaurants do a thriving business.

目前珍藏在北京故宫博物院的一幅古老卷轴,上面画的是古都开封的热闹与繁荣。街道上成百上千的行人熙来攘往,成群的骆驼背负着来自丝绸之路的货物进城,林立的茶馆酒肆高朋满座。

Kaifeng’s stature attracted people from all over the world, including hundreds of Jews. Even today, there are some people in Kaifeng who look like other Chinese but who consider themselves Jewish and do not eat pork.

开封的盛名吸引了来自全世界的商贾游客,包括成百上千的犹太人。直至今日,开封城里还有一些居民相貌与中国人无异,却自称是犹太裔,而且拒食猪肉。

As I roamed the Kaifeng area, asking local people why such an international center had sunk so low, I encountered plenty of envy of New York. One man said he was arranging to be smuggled into the United States illegally, by paying a gang $25,000, but many local people insisted that China is on course to bounce back and recover its historic role as world leader.

我在开封一带漫游时,曾询问当地百姓为何当年的国际交流中心竟能沉沦到这个地步,我得到的响应有不少是对纽约的羡慕。一个男子告诉我他正设法付某人蛇团伙两万五千美元,以便偷渡到美国。但是许多当地百姓却都强调中国正在复兴,而且很快就能恢复它世界领导者的历史角色。

“China is booming now,” said Wang Ruina, a young peasant woman on the outskirts of town. “Give us a few decades, and we’ll catch up with the United States, even pass it.”

“中国正蒸蒸日上,”住在城郊的年轻女农民王瑞娜说道。“再给我们几十年,我们一定能赶上美国,甚至超过它。”

She’s right. The United States has had the biggest economy in the world for more than a century, but most projections show that China will surpass it in about 15 years, as measured by purchasing power parity.

她说的对。美国作为全世界最大的经济体已经超过一个世纪了,然而大多数的预测都显示:如果用购买力比价来测算,中国将在大约十五年之内超越美国。

So what can New York learn from a city like Kaifeng?

那么纽约能从像开封这样一个城市得到什么教训?

One lesson is the importance of sustaining a technological edge and sound economic policies. Ancient China flourished partly because of pro-growth, pro-trade policies and technological innovations like curved iron plows, printing and paper money. But then China came to scorn trade and commerce, and per capita income stagnated for 600 years.

第一个教训就是承认保持科技优势与正确经济政策的重要性。古代中国能够欣欣向荣,部分原因应归功于有利发展、有利贸易的政策,以及诸如弧形铁制耕犁、印刷以及纸币等技术的革新。但是后来中国却鄙弃了贸易与商业,国民平均所得因而停滞了600年。

A second lesson is the danger of hubris, for China concluded it had nothing to learn from the rest of the world -and that was the beginning of the end.

第二个教训就是傲慢自大的危险。由于当初中国断定它不可能从别国学到任何东西,它的衰败从此开始了。

I worry a bout the United States in both regards. America’s economic management is so lax that it can’t confront farm subsidies or long-term budget deficits.American technology is strong, but public schools are second-rate in math and science. And Americans’ lack of interest in the world contrasts with the restlessness, drive and determination that are again pushing China to the forefront.

我对美国的忧心也是双重的。美国的经济管理是如此松弛,根本无法面对农业津贴与长期

学术综合英语1~5单元单词及重要词组总结(包含易考单词)

学术综合英语1~5单元单词及重要词组总结(包含易考单词)=============UNIT1================ *sustain支撑,保持,撑住 craft手艺,工艺 *clutter凌乱,杂乱 simile明喻 *metaphor隐喻 *implicit不言明的,默认的,含蓄的 *rhythm节奏,节律 parallelism平行,对应,排比 alliteration头韵 antithesis对比,对偶 juxtaposition并列,并置 *assertion断言 bolster支持 testimony证明,证据 anecdote轶事 hypothetical假设的,假定的 textured具有特定结构或特征的 sparing节约的 credible可靠地 credentials可信任的证明 extemporaneously即兴的, impromptu无准备的 *unbiased公正,无偏见 *contrary to与。。。相反 *look up查找 *adapt to适应 *at hand在附近,在手边 hot air空话连篇 *in the course of在、、、、过程中 in passing附带地,顺便地 =============UNIT2================ detract贬低,减损,降低 dominant首要的,主要的,主导的 inadequacy缺乏,匮乏,不足 convert转化 deprivation缺失,匮乏 constancy不变,恒定 plausible貌似合理/可信的

staggering惊人的 unprecedented史无前例的 entail要求 mediocre二流的平庸的,劣质的elaborate复杂的 effluent工业废水 disruption有限,限定,限度 traverse穿行 magnitude程度 particulate微粒,颗粒 *consensus一致意见 concentration浓度 *liability不利因素 *menace威胁 *portend预示 pathogen病原体 *striking显著地 augment增加 emergence出现 *intractable难处理的 *massive巨大的 central重要的 *devastating毁灭性的 *aggravate恶化,加重,是恼火 *plausible貌似可信的 *entail使需要,承担 *triple三倍的 *intractable不听话的 *pose造成,形成 *staggering蹒跚 *emergence出现 *resurgence复活,再现,再起 *contribute to导致,引起,为。。。做贡献*center on集中于 *on a par with等同于 *pin down准确界定,确定 *detract from贬低 kindle点燃 revere尊敬

学术综合英语(罗立胜)1-6单元课文翻译

human creations, language may be the most remarkable. Through language we share experience, values, exchange ideas, transmit knowledge, and sustain culture. Indeed, language is vital to sense of reality by giving meaning to events. 在人类所有的创造中,语言也许是影响最为深远的。我们用语言来分享经验,表达(传递?)价值观,交换想法,传播知识,传承文化。事实上,对语言本身的思考也是至关重要的。和通常所认为的不同的是,语言并不只是简单地反映现实,语言在具体描述事件的时候也在帮助我们建立对现实的感知。——语序的调整。 Good speakers have respect for language and know how it works. Words are the tools of a speaker?s craft. They have special uses, just like the tools of any other profession. As a speaker, you should be aware of the meaning of words and know how to use language accurately, clearly,vividly,and appropriately. 好的演讲者对语言很重视,也知道如何让它发挥更好的效果。词语是演讲者演讲的重要“武器”,具有特殊的用途,这和任何其他的工作技艺没什么两样。作为演讲者,必须知道词语的具体含义,也要懂得如何做到用词准确、清晰、生动、适当。 Using language accurately is as vital to a speaker as using numbers accurately to a accountant. Never use a word unless you are sure of its meaning. If you are not sure, look up the word in the dictionary. As you prepare your speeches, ask yourself constantly, “What do I really want to say? What do I really mean?” Choose words that are precise and accurate. 演讲者准确地使用语言和会计准确使用数字是一样重要的。确定词意后再措词。如果不确定,请先查词典。当你在准备演讲的时候,要不断地问自己:“我到底要说什么?我到底想表达什么意思?”用词一定要精准。 Using language clearly allows listeners to grasp your meaning immediately. You can ensure this [by using familiar words (that are known to the average person and require no specialized background); by choosing concrete words in preference to more abstract ones, and by eliminating verbal clutter]. 用词清晰可以让听众迅速理解你的意思(抓到你的点)。要做到这一点,就要尽量使用一般人都熟悉的不需要专业知识就能懂的词语;多用具象词汇少用抽象词汇;还有要减少口误。 Using language vividly helps bring your speech to life. One way (to make your speech vivid)|is through imagery,or the creation of word pictures. You can develop imagery by using concrete language, simile, and metaphor. Simile is an explicit comparison between things (that are essentially different yet have something in common); it always contains the words “like”or “as”. Metaphor is an impli cit comparison between things that are different yet have something in common; it does not contain the words “like” or “as”. 生动地用词能让演讲鲜活起来!比喻,这种能产生文字图像的修辞,可以使演讲达到生动的效果。比喻要用具象的语言,分为明喻和隐喻。 明喻是指在本质上有区别但仍然有相同点的事物之间做一个明确的比较,一般句中会含有“像”或“似”。隐喻则是一种隐藏的比较,不会出现like 和as 这些连接词。 Another way to make your speeches vivid is by exploiting the rhythm of language. Four devices for creating rhythm are parallelism, repetition, alliteration, and antithesis. Parallelism is the similar arrangement of a pair or series of related words, phrases, or sentences. Repetition is the use of the same word or set of words at the beginning or end of successive clauses or sentences. Alliteration comes from repeating the initial constant sounds of close or adjoining words. Antithesis is the juxtaposition of

研究生学术综合英语课文翻译unit1-4

第一单元? 如何发表演说 斯蒂芬·卢卡斯? ???? 在人类创造的万物中,语言可能是最卓越的一项创造。通过语言,我们可以分享经验、阐明价值观念、交流思想、传播知识、传承文化。确实,语言对于思想本身至关重要。和流行的信仰不同的是:语言并不是简单地反映事实,而是通过对事件意义的思考来帮助人们感悟现实。? ???? 优秀的演说者尊重语言并懂得如何驾驭语言。语言是演说者展示才能的工具,对于他们来说,如同其他职业的工具一样,语言也有特殊的功用。作为一名演说者,你应该意识到话语的意义,并懂得如何准确无误地使用语言,使其表达清楚,趣味横生,恰如其分。? 如同数字对于会计的重要性一样,准确地使用语言对于演说者至关重要。在没有确切知道一个词语的意思之前,千万不要盲目使用。碰到没有把握的词语,一定要查词典追根究底。当你准备演讲之前,一定要不断地问自己:“我究竟想说些什么?我究竟想表达什么样的意思?”因此,对于一篇演讲稿的用词来说,必须准确无误。? 如果语言表达清楚无误,听众就能很快抓住你的意思。鉴于此,演说者应该使用那些对于大多数人来说非常熟悉的词语,这些词语不需要任何专业背景就能够理解;演说者应该使用那些表达具体而不是相对抽象的词语;并且千万不要乱堆砌辞藻,哗众取宠。? 准确生动地使用语言能够使你的演说贴近生活。有一种方法可以使你的语言更加生动形象,那就是通过展开联想或创造语言图示。通过使用表达具体的词语、明喻或者暗喻等手法可以展开想像。明喻是对事物不同之处的比较,不过有些是相同的:它们总是包含“像……一样”或者“如同……一样”这样的连词。暗喻是一种隐性的比喻,它能够把两个形式不同但是有一些相通之处的事物联系在一起,暗喻不包含“像……一样”或者“如同……一样”这样的连词。? 另一种让你的演说生动形象的方法是注重语言的节奏感。有四种修辞格可以让你的语言富有节奏感:排比、重复、头韵和对比。排比是将一组或一系列具有相似结构的词语、短语或者句子排列在一起;重复是在一系列短句或者长句的开头或者结尾使用相同的一句话或者一组词语;头韵是指邻近或者相邻的几个句子中的首个词语的辅音字母相同;对比是将一些意思相反的词语或者句子并列在一起,通常使用排比结构。 恰当地使用语言是指语言的运用要符合特定的场合、特定的观众和特定的主题。同时,恰当地使用语言还意味着演说者要有自己的语言风格,而不是模仿他人的口吻。如果演说者的语言在各个方面都能够做到恰如其分,那么这篇演说成功的机率就会大大提高。??????? 优秀的演说并不是空穴来风、缺乏论据的决断。演说者必须找到强有力的论据来支持其观点。实际上,熟练地使用论据经常是区别一篇优秀演说词和一篇空洞演说词的关键所在。一般来说,通常有三种论据材料:事例、统计数据和证词。? ???????在演说过程中,你可以使用一些简明扼要的例子——比如过去发生的一个很具体的事件——有时候,你可以罗列好几个简明的例子,借此增强听众的印象。扩展性的例子——描述、叙述或者奇闻轶事——通常长一些,但更具体。夸张性的例子描述想像中的情形,这种例子能够将相关的想法有效地传达给听众。这三种例子都能够帮助演说者理清思绪、加强印象或者使演说更加娓娓动听。为了使表达更加富有效果,例子应该生动活泼,丰富多彩。 只要演说者对于统计数据用之得当并且加以解释,这些数据将有助于有效地传达信息,听众也能从统计数据中获益匪浅。最重要的是:演说者应该对统计数据了如指掌,并且运用得恰如其分。由于数据很容易操纵和捏造,因此,对于演说者来说,一定要确保图表没有张冠李戴,并且要确保统计方法正确,数据来源可靠。?

学术综合英语英语填空题翻译Unit 3

Unit3 Traffic Vocabulary Development [P80-81] A: 1.They asked him to leave. In other words, he was fired. 他们让他离开。换句话说,他被解雇了。 2.The United Nations troops enforced a ceasefire in this area. 联合国军队在这片区域实行了停火。 “实行”修改成“执行”,“停火”修改成“停火协议” 联合国军队在这片区域执行停火协议。 3.The amount will be paid to everyone regardless of whether they have children or not. 无论他们是否有孩子,金额都将支付给每个人。 “金额无法支付” 无论他们是否有孩子,支付给每个人的金额是相同的。 4.Your paper does not address the real issues. 你的论文没有解决主要的问题。 5.How many vehicles were involved in the crash yesterday? 昨天的车祸有多少辆车相撞。 “相撞”修改成“涉及” 昨天的事故涉及多少辆车。 6.She felt an anxiety bordering on hysteria. 她感到焦虑接近歇斯底里的状态。 7.The new technology can be applied to farming. 新的技术能够应用于农业。 8.What do these results suggest to you? 你对这些结果有什么意见? “意见”修改成“建议” 这些结果对你有怎样的建议? 9.He has six previous convictions for theft and burglary. 他有六个前科有关于偷盗和入室抢劫的前科。 删除了结尾的前科(重复的名词) 他有六个前科有关于偷盗和入室抢劫。

研究生学术综合英语1-6课课文及翻译

Presenting a speech (做演讲) Of all human creations, language may be the most remarkable. Through 在人类所有的创造中,语言也许是影响最为深远的。我们用语言 language we share experience, formulate values, exchange ideas, transmit 来分享经验,表达(传递?)价值观,交换想法,传播知识, knowledge, and sustain culture. Indeed, language is vital to think itself. 传承文化。事实上,对语言本身的思考也是至关重要的。[Contrary to popular belief], language | does not simply mirror reality but also helps to create our sense of reality [by giving meaning to events]. 和通常所认为的不同的是,语言并不只是简单地反映现实,语言在 具体描述事件的时候也在帮助我们建立对现实的感知。 ——语序的调整。 Good speakers have respect for language and know how it works. Words are the tools of a speaker’s craft. They have special uses, just like the tools of any other profession. As a speaker, you should be aware of the meaning of words and know how to use language accurately, clearly,vividly,and appropriately. 好的演讲者对语言很重视,也知道如何让它发挥更好的效果。词语是演讲者演讲的重要“武器”,具有特殊的用途,这和任何其他的工作技艺没什么两样。作为演讲者,必须知道词语的具体含义,也要懂得如何做到用词准确、清晰、生动、适当。 Using language accurately is as vital to a speaker as using numbers accurately to a accountant. Never use a word unless you are sure of its meaning. If you are not sure, look up the word in the dictionary. As you prepare your speeches, ask yourself constantly, “What do I really want to say? What do I really mean?”Choose words that are precise and accurate. 演讲者准确地使用语言和会计准确使用数字是一样重要的。确定词意后再措词。如果不确定,请先查词典。当你在准备演讲的时候,要不断地问自己:“我到底要说什么?我到底想表达什么意思?”用词一定要精准。 Using language clearly allows listeners to grasp your meaning immediately. You can ensure this [by using familiar words (that are known to the average person and require no specialized background); by choosing concrete words in preference to more abstract ones, and by eliminating verbal clutter]. 用词清晰可以让听众迅速理解你的意思(抓到你的点)。要做到这一点,就要尽量使用一般人都熟悉的不需要专业知识就能懂的词语;多用具象词汇少用抽象词汇;还有要减少口误。 Using language vividly helps bring your speech to life. One way (to make your speech vivid)|is through imagery,or the creation of word pictures. You can develop imagery by using concrete language, simile, and metaphor. Simile is an explicit comparison between things (that are essentially different yet have something in common); it always contains the words “like”or “as”. Metaphor is an implicit

学术综合英语unit1-5课后习题答案

Task 2 A contrary to implicit assertion look up adapted Sustain unbiased In the course of metaphor clutter B bolster credible impromptu sparingly anecdote Credentials testimony hypothetical paraphrase juxtaposition Task 3 Translation B.发言提纲是有效发言的基础。通过写发言提纲,你可以确保你的思想是相关联的,你的思路从一点谈到另一点,你的讲话结构是连贯的。通常,准备讲演你可以采用两种提纲方式:详细准备提纲和简单发言提纲。 在准备发言提纲中,应该写出你的特定目的及中心思想,并以连贯的方式确定主要观点和次要观点,发言提纲应该由简要的提要组成,这些提要在你讲话时能够给予你一些帮助。发言提纲还应该包括帮助你记忆的重点词或重点短语。在写发言提纲时,可采用准备提纲的模式,尽可能使你的发言提纲简要,同时,要确保提纲清晰,易于辨认。 C. 1. The younger generation should continue to sustain and develop our fine traditions and long-standing culture. 2. In the course of preparing one’s speech, one should be clearly aware of how one could make effective use of statistics and examples to bolster one’s point of view. 3. An impromptu speech is one of the speaking skills that college students should learn and develop through practice. 4. By using simile and metaphor, you can make your language more vivid and more attractive to your audience. 5. The proper examples you cite might help reinforce the impression on your listeners and make your viewpoints more convincing. 6. When you are speaking, you should choose common and easy words and at the same time avoid clutter in you speech. 7. When you write a paper, citing the views from some experts is a good way to make your ideas more credible. 8. A good method of delivering a speech will improve its quality and will help convey the speakers’ ideas clearly and interestingly. 9. You should mot blindly use a word that you are not sure about, and if you are not sure, look up the word in a dictionary. 10. Your language should adapt to the particular occasion and audience. If your language is appropriate in all respects, your speech is successful. D. Before you deliver an academic speech, you should, first of all, get well prepared for it. Then, you should make your major points clear in your speech, and your speech should be well organized. When speaking, you should not speak too fast, and your language should be explicit. Don’t always read the notes you prepared beforehand. From time to time, you should look at your audience. On one hand, you can show your respect to your audience, and on the other hand, you will be able to go on with your speech more smoothly.

(完整word版)学术综合英语课后答案解析

Unit 1 C 1.The younger generation should continue to sustain and develop our fine traditions and long-standing culture. 2.In the course of preparing one’s speech, one should be clearly aware of how one could make effective use of statistics and examples to bolster one’s point of view. 3.An impromptu speech is one of the speaking skills that college students should learn and develop through practice. 4.By using simile and metaphor, you can make your language more vivid and more attractive to your audience. 5.The proper examples you cite might help reinforce the impression on your listeners and make your viewpoints more convincing. 6.When you are speaking, you should choose common and easy words and at the same time avoid clutter in your speech.

研究生学术综合英语课文翻译

Unit1如何发表演说斯蒂芬·卢卡斯 1.在人类创造的万物中,语言可能是最卓越的一项创造。通过语言,我们可以分享经验、阐明价值观念、交流思想、传播知识、传承文化。确实,语言对于思想本身至关重要。和流行的信仰不同的是:语言并不是简单地反映事实,而是通过对事件意义的思考来帮助人们感悟现实。 2.优秀的演说者尊重语言并懂得如何驾驭语言。语言是演说者展示才能的工具,对于他们来说,如同其他职业的工具一样,语言也有特殊的功用。作为一名演说者,你应该意识到话语的意义,并懂得如何准确无误地使用语言,使其表达清楚,趣味横生,恰如其分。 3.如同数字对于会计的重要性一样,准确地使用语言对于演说者至关重要。在没有确切知道一个词语的意思之前,千万不要盲目使用。碰到没有把握的词语,一定要查词典追根究底。当你准备演讲之前,一定要不断地问自己:“我究竟想说些什么?我究竟想表达什么样的意思?”因此,对于一篇演讲稿的用词来说,必须准确无误。 4.语言表达清楚无误,听众就能很快抓住你的意思。鉴于此,演说者应该使用那些对于大多数人来说非常熟悉的词语,这些词语不需要任何专业背景就能够理解;演说者应该使用那些表达具体而不是相对抽象的词语;并且千万不要乱堆砌辞藻,哗众取宠。 5.准确生动地使用语言能够使你的演说贴近生活。有一种方法可以使你的语言更加生动形象,那就是通过展开联想或创造语言图示。通过使用表达具体的词语、明喻或者暗喻等手法可以展开想象。明喻是对事物不同之处的比较,不过有些是相同的:它们总是包含“像……一样”或者“如同……一样”这样的连词。暗喻是一种隐性的比喻,它能够把两个形式不同但是有一些相通之处的事物联系在一起,暗喻不包含“像……一样”或者“如同……一样”这样的连词。 6.另一种让你的演说生动形象的方法是注重语言的节奏感。有四种修辞格可以让你的语言富有节奏感:排比、重复、头韵和对比。排比是将一组或一系列具有相似结构的词语、短语或者句子排列在一起;重复是在一系列短句或者长句的开头或者结尾使用相同的一句话或者一组词语;头韵是指邻近或者相邻的几个句子中的首个词语的辅音字母相同;对比是将一些意思相反的词语或者句子并列在一起,通常使用排比结构。 7.恰当地使用语言是指语言的运用要符合特定的场合、特定的观众和特定的主题。同时,恰当地使用语言还意味着演说者要有自己的语言风格,而不是模仿他人的口吻。如果演说者的语言在各个方面都能够做到恰如其分,那么这篇演说成功的机率就会大大提高。 8.优秀的演说并不是空穴来风、缺乏论据的决断。演说者必须找到强有力的论据来支持其观点。实际上,熟练地使用论据经常是区别一篇优秀演说词和一篇空洞演说词的关键所在。一般来说,通常有三种论据材料:事例、统计数据和证词。 9.在演说过程中,你可以使用一些简明扼要的例子——比如过去发生的一个很具体的事件——有时候,你可以罗列好几个简明的例子,借此增强听众的印象。扩展性的例子——描述、

研究生学术综合英语翻译unit5、unit7

Unit5 反腐持久战 小本 W·海涅曼和弗里茨·海曼前进道路 ①自20世纪90年代中以来,腐败问题一直占据着全球议事日程的突出地位。一些国际机构,如经济合作和开发组织以及联合国,采取了协约的形式,要求各成员国制定法律禁止行贿等行为。一些国际金融机构,尤其是世界银行,宣布了多个方案,旨在确保其项目承包的公正性和公开性,杜绝政府官员侵吞私占。大多数国家都出台了某种形式的反腐败法。国际商业团体也颁布了行为示范法规,跨国公司如今宣称正在实施反贿赂计划。反腐倡廉方面的非政府机构的带头人“透明国际”也通过其分布在90多个国家的分支机构展开了分析和倡导活动。国际媒体事实上是每天(常常冒着极大的风险)报道高层人物腐败堕落的事例。 ②之所以出现了这些新的规章、反腐誓言和觉悟的提高,其根本原因就在于人们越来越清晰地认识到收受贿赂和勒索钱财的行为带来了显而易见的恶果。曾几何时一些博学之士一本正经地说:腐败是对过度调控经济体制的一种有效的矫正行为,或者说,腐败作为不可驾驭的力量的一种副产品,它是不可避免的,我们应该包容它。如今这样说的日子一去不复返了。现在腐败带来的真正危害已经广为人知:腐败扰乱市场、破坏竞争、滋长市民的冷嘲热讽、削弱法治的威力、损害政府的合法性,还会侵蚀私营市场的诚信度。腐败还是组织国际发展的极大阻碍,因为贪赃舞弊的政府自上而下的侵吞挪用坑害了穷人。 ③虽然很难量化全球腐败的程度,但存在巨大弊端却是毋庸置疑的。例如,2004年世界银行估计全世界的政府公务员每年收受贿金在一万亿美元以上(而且这个数字还不包括贪污)。俄国智囊团Indem在2005年所做的一次调查发现:每年在俄国支付的贿金超过3000亿美元(比上次2001年调查到的数字增加了10倍),而且有不止一半的俄国人曾经被索要过贿赂。根据2005年度的沃尔克报告(有经济学家保罗沃尔克担纲的一个独立委员会对联合国之前实行的石油换食品的计划所做的调查报告),参与石油换食品计划的2000多家公司几乎有一半可能有吃回扣的行为。频频不断的丑闻此起彼伏,一直没有消停。过去一年,中国、印尼、肯尼亚、俄国和美国的爆料占据着新闻的榜首。 ④考虑到这些问题范围之广且层出不穷,只有当我们以更加集中化和系统化的方式把反腐誓言付诸行动、预防和惩罚不端行为时,反腐运动才能保持其可信度和强劲的势头。在近期内,唱重头戏的国际组织、发达国家以及跨国公司必须实施反腐措施。发展中国家也有重要角色要扮演,对于这些国家的法律政治和经济体系差异很大——他们要么不成功,要么眼看就要失败;要么不堪一击,要么正在兴起——因此发展中国家的反腐运动将不得不是各国广泛、复杂且往往是历时长久的国家建设过程的一部分,而且取决于这个国家建设的过程。 形态多样的腐败堕落 ⑤腐败的形式有很多种,它既有供给方式(私人行贿者),又有需求方(政府公务员);既有能随心所欲地操控政府决策的高层官员参与的大规模腐败行为,也有控制着诸如教育和供电等基础服务设施的底层官僚参与的小规模腐败行动。再说,提供主要资金来源的发达国家和拥有大批巧取豪夺、侵吞私占的政府官员的发展中国家二者之间有一种动态机制。 ⑥要攻克这个牵涉到多层面的问题,并明确近期的工作重点如何与长期的应对方法相符,我们就应该采取四种措施:第一是强制执行,即通过对现有的腐败

学术综合英语unit1-unit5课后翻译及答案

Unit 1 Outlines are essential to effective speeches.By outlining, you make sure that related ideas are together, that your thoughts flow from one to another, and that the structure of your speech is coherent. You will probably use two kinds of outlines for your speeches--the detailed preparation outline and the brief speaking outline. In a preparation outline, you should state your specific purpose and central idea, and identify main points and sub--points using a consistent pattern. The speaking outline should consist of brief notes to help you while you deliver the speech. It should contain key words or phrases to bolster your memory. In making up your speaking outline, follow the same visual framework used in your preparation outline. Keep the speaking outline as brief as possible and be sure it is plainly legible. 发言提纲是有效发言的基础。通过写发言提纲,你可以确保你的想法是关联的,你的思路从一点谈到另一点,你的讲话结构是连贯的,通常准备演讲你可以采用两种提纲方式:详细准备提纲和简单发言提纲。 在准备提纲中,应该写出你的特定目的及中心思想,并以连贯的方式确定主要观点和次要观点。发言提纲应该由简要的提要组成,这些提要在你讲话时能够给你一些帮助。发言提纲还应包括帮助你记忆的重点词或重点短语。在写发言提纲时,可采用准备提纲的模式,尽可能使你的发言提纲简要,同时,要确保提纲清晰、易于辨认。 当你发表学术演讲时,首先要做好充分的准备;其次,你演讲的主要观点要明确,层次要清楚。演讲时,语速不要过快,语言要清晰。不要总是在读你准备好的稿子。最后,你应该经常看一下你的听众。这样,一方面你对你的听众表示尊重,另一方面,你可以更顺利地进行你的演讲。 Before you deliver an academic speech, you should, first of al, get well prepared for it. Then, you should make your major points clear in your speech, and your speech should be well organized. When speaking, you should not speak too fast, and your language should be explicit. Don’t always read the notes you prepared beforehand. From time to time, you should look at your audience. On one hand, you can show your respect to your audience, and on the other hand, you will be able to go on with your speech more smoothly. Unit2 Energy has a dual relationship with human well-being.For most of human history,man has been concerned mainly about the benefit side of the energy -well-being equation thank to the low costs involved in energy use.However,with the staggering scale of energy demand brought forth by 100 years of unprecedented population growth, coupled with an equally remarkable growth in per capita demand of industrial energy forms,energy entails increasingly higher costs,both external and internalized.On the one hand,energy resources are reducing at an accelerating speed and energy supply requires higher input.On the other hand,the external costs seem more worrisome

完整word版学术综合英语英语填空题翻译unit1

Unit 1 SECTION A Task 2 A (1)Contrary to what they predicted, the disease broke out and killed thousands of people. 与他们预测的相反,疾病不但爆发了而且夺去了成千上万人的生命。 修改成:与他们的预测相反,病情爆发并且夺去了数千人的生命。(不但而且的转折关系不适于爆发和夺去生命的关系)(2)Without receiving her reply as scheduled he regarded it as implicit acceptance. 没有如期收到她的回复,他认为她已经默认了。 修改成:没有如期收到她的答复(回复),他认为她这是默许接受了。 (3)He repeated his assertion that he was not guilty in front of the jury in court.

在法庭上他想向陪审团重声了他无罪的声明。 修改成:法庭之上,他在陪审团面前重申了他无罪的声明。 (4)Using the Internet, he was able to look up information on a terrible disease torturing his wife. 通过使用互联网,他可以查找一些关于一直折磨他妻子的疾病的信息。 修改为:他可以运用互联网查找一种折磨他妻子的可怕疾病的信息。 (5)The young man adapted well to the city life and his new environment. 这个年轻人非常适应城市生活和新环境 plant sustain here is not enough oxygen in the Moon's atmosphere to T(6). life. 月球的空气中没有足够的氧气来维持植物的生命。 修改成:月球大气中没有足够的氧气来维持植物的生命。(空气是一种物质定义,特指地球表面附近的气态物质,是多种气体的混合物,适宜人类和生物在其中生长;“大气”是一种广义的空间地理概念,航天时代之前仅指地球表面的大气压,航天时代以来,泛指各行星表面的气态层。)

研究生学术综合英语test阅读答案及翻译

Governments that want their people to prosper in the burgeoning world economy 51. Which of the following is true about Olson?关于Olson,以下哪项是正确的 He taught economics at the University of Maryland.他在马里兰大学教授经济学。52. Which of the following represents Olson's point of view?以下哪项代表奥尔森的观点? Protecting individual property rights encourages wealth building. 保护个人财产权可以促进财富的积累。 53. What does Olson think about mass production?奥尔森如何看待批量生产? It's property intensive.这是财产密集型 54. What is the basis for the banking system?银行体系的基础是什么? A contract system that can be enforced.可以强制执行的合同系统。 55. According to Olson, what is the reason for the poor economies of Third World countries? 奥尔森认为,第三世界国家经济欠佳的原因是什么? Lack of secure individual property rights.缺乏安全的个人财产权。 56. What is the other economists' opinion about the poor economies of the Third World? 其他经济学家对第三世界的贫困经济有何看法? A free market is not let to determine the prices and quantities of goods. 自由市场不允许确定商品的价格和数量。 Where one stage of child development has been left out, 57. The principle underlying all treatment of developmental difficulties in children()所有治疗儿童发育困难的原则(重述以前的经历) offers recapture of earlier experiences 58. The child in the nursery()托儿所里的孩子 doesn’t initially sleep and wake at regular intervals.最初没有定期睡眠和唤醒 59. The encouragement of children to achieve new skills()鼓励孩子学习新技能should be balanced between two extremes应该在两个极端之间取得平衡 60. Jigsaw puzzles are()拼图游戏是 suitable exercises for parent-child co operation亲子合作的适当练习 61. Parental controls and discipline()家长控制和纪律 serve a dual purpose服务于双重目的 62. According to the passage, why is learning together a fruitful source of relationship? 根据这段话,为什么一起学习是一个富有成果的关系来源 Because children and their parents share learning.因为孩子和他们的父母共享学习。 Artist Sam Easterson's“Animal, vegetable" video project offers a bizarre 63. Easterson's cameras on animals will keep on working()伊斯特森的动物摄影机将继续工作 as long as they are still in their positions只要他们仍然在自己的位置上 64. Easterson has presented the world seen by animals and plants mainly to()Easterson向人们展示了动植物所看到的世界(鼓励人们保护动植物) encourage people to protect animals and plants

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