英汉翻译学期论文
英汉翻译学期论文
国际商务中信用证翻译特点及策略学期论文题目: __
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外国语学院（部）英语专业2012 届
2012年4月16日
Translation Characteristics and Strategies of Letters of Credit in international
Business
By
Submitted to School of Foreign Languages
in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the
Term Paper
For English-Chinese Translation
at
Under the Supervision of
Translation Characteristics and Strategies of Letters of Credit in international
Business
ABSTRACT
Payment in international trade is crucial for both the seller and the buyer. With the development of international trade, Letters of Credit payment gradually came into being as banks and financial institutions were involved in international trade settlement. With the help of this method of payment, the payment responsibility of the importer is transferred to bank to ensure the safety, as a result, the rapid payment is received by the seller, and meanwhile, the regular shipping documents are given to the buyer conveniently. Therefore, with the benefit of Letters of Credit, the distrust contradiction between the seller and the buyer is solved to a certain extent. Nowadays, payment by Letters of Credit has become the widely adopted method.
Letters of Credit English for specific purposes has its own unique vocabulary features. This paper summarizes characteristics of its translation from the credit classification, use of the process, and starting letter words in English, and explores the English translation strategy. It is divided into three chapters: The first chapter probes into the definition of the Letter of Credit, its classification and its use process in international trade; the second describes the characteristics and common errors of the credit translation; The last one is the focus of this article, discussing Letters of Credit translation strategy based on these two chapters, from the perspective of the translation Communicative Theory, Skopos Theory, Functional Equivalence etc.
Keywords: Letters of Credit Translation; characteristics; strategies; Functional Theory
国际商务中信用证翻译特点及策略
摘要
国际货物买卖合同中，货物的对付对买卖双方都是十分重要的问题。随着国际贸易的发展，信用证支付方式是在银行与金融机构参与国际贸易结算的过程中逐步形成的。信用证支付方式把由进口人履行付款责任转为由银行来付款，保证出口人安全迅速收到货款，买方按时收到货运单据。因此，在一定程度上解决了进出口商之间互不信任的矛盾；同时，也为进出口双方提供了资金融通的便利。当今，信用证付款已成为国际贸易中普遍采用的一种主要支付方式。
信用证英语作为一门专门用途英语，有其独特的词汇特征。本文拟从信用证的分类，使用过程，以及信用证英语的词汇出发，归纳其翻译特点，并探讨其英译策略。全文分为三章：第一章讨论了信用证的定义、分类及其在国际贸易中的作用；第二章介绍了信用证翻译特点以及信用证翻译中出现的常见错误；第三章是本文的重点，依据上述两章内容，从翻译的功能理论，目的论，交际理论，功能对等等方面讨论信用证翻译策略。
关键词：信用证翻译；特点；策略；功能翻译理论
. Introduction
International business translation is becoming more and more significant, as China furthers its reform and opening-up after having joined the WTO, which contributes to constant development of economic globalization. Among the international trade activities business English translation plays an ever increasing role in many fields such as technology introduction, overseas investment etc.In international trade, both sellers and buyers are not willing to give the other party money or goods first, in order to solve this problem, avoiding risk, there's the payment by Letters of Credit, namely the L/C. The purpose of any business is to make profit. (J.Chilver, 1997:141) Therefore, how to avoid risks is of much importance.Letters of Credit translation, covering many fields, as a branch of business English translation, is important to payment in international trade for both the sellers and the buyers. For Chinese business man whose native language is not English, Letters of Credit translation is a necessary process when they do International business with their counterparts from different parts of the world. Therefore, it is imperative that the translators understand the characteristics of Letters of Credit translation and promote their translating abilities, strategies of it.
Business English translation should abide by the “loyal, accurate, unified” principle.The translation standard basically can reflect the L/C language translation standard. “Accurate” is reflected in two aspects, that is, the precise use of words and the strict syntax structure. When anyone needs to write a business letter he should always remember the importance of …The Three C?s: Clarity, Courtesy and Conciseness’. (Duncan Macintosh, 1997:1-1) The L/C is also a kind of business letters. However, there are many other aspects which need our careful attention.
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Chapter One Definition ,Classification & Use Process of L/C Ⅰ. Definition of Letters of Credit
Letters of Credit is a written undertaking issued by a bank (the issuing bank) to the seller (the beneficiary) at the request and in accordance with the instruction of the buyer (the applicant) to effective payment (that is, by making a payment, or by accepting or negotiating bills of exchange) up to a stead sum of money, within a prescribed time limit and against stipulated documents. (Liao Ying, 2008：124)
Ⅱ. Classification of Letters of Credit
ⅰ.According to the Attaching of Documents
1. Clean Credit: A clean credit is a credit under which payment will be effected only against a draft without any shipping documents attached thereto or sometimes, against a draft with an invoice alone attached thereto.
2. Documentary Credit: It is a credit under which payment will be made against documents representing title to the goods and thus making the transfer of title possible.
ⅱ.According to the Revocability of Credit
1. Revocable Credit: A revocable credit is a credit that can be amended or cancelled at any moment by the issuing bank without previous notice to the beneficiary.
2. Irrevocable Credit: An irrevocable credit is a credit that constitutes a definite undertaking of the issuing bank and can be amended or cancelled by the issuing bank only if all parties contented.
ⅲ. According to the Adding of Confirmation
1. Confirmed Credit: It is a credit that is advised to the benef iciary with another bank?s confirmation added thereto.
2. Unconfirmed Credit: It is a credit added to the beneficiary without adding any other bank?s conformation.
There are many other ways to classify Letters of Credit, such as: According to the time of payment they can be classified into sight credit and time credit; they can be called payment
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credit, deferred payment letter of credit, acceptance letter of credit and negotiation credit according to the method of payment; according to the credit amount to be used revoltingly, automatic credit, semi-automatic and non-automatic credit are produced.
The classification of Letters of Credit is quite useful for its translation in that if one get a good commend of their classification, one can translate them proficiently according to their different classifications.
III. Use Process of Letters of Credit
To understand intercultural business communication event, we must first study the general process involved in all human communication transactions.(Zhou Shibao,2011:22) The same is true for the Letters of Credit translation.
As a beneficiary: Firstly, you inform your client of details such as your company name, address, opening bank and swift code so that they can open a Letter of Credit. Secondly, after you get the original L/C from advising bank, you should arrange shipment. After shipment, you get original Bill of Lading, then you shall make shipping documents as stipulated on l/c , generally including: invoice, packing list, shipping advice, certificate of origin, insurance ,certificate or analysis (medicine or drugs), or other documents. Thirdly, you shall go to the negotiation bank for presentation of documents. The bank will send documents to the paying bank, while you will get the payment after presentation of documents. (Yang Ailan, 2009:291)
As a translator, only if the significance of the use process is understood well, can the translation be appropriate for the Letters of Credit.
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Chapter Two Characteristics & Common Errors of Letters of
Credit Translation
The definition & classification of Letters of Credit and its use process have been discussed; then, its translation characteristics can be analyzed one after another. Letters of Credit possess unique language characteristics. From this angle, a letter of credit is an agreement, binding on both sides with legal instrument language features that word choices are of preciseness, formality, professionalism and concrete embodiment, which can be introduced in the following aspects requiring translator to pay attention to. What?s more, there are many common errors appearing in the usual Letters of Credit translation for many reasons. The common errors can be analyzed as below.
Ⅰ. The Format and Normalization
ⅰ. Word Choices Are Quite Precise and Formatted
Choosing the right words and presenting them properly is clearly one of the requirements for effective communication. (Price R.V oiles,1998:182) As a formal business communication document, many formatted words and expressions are used in Letters of Credit to show the professionalism, the Chinese words “贵方，本公司，兹······” used for expressing respites and formalities are often used in the translation. For example:
1. We are pleased to inform you that we have opened an irrevocable and confirmed L/C. (Feng Qinghua, 2008：224)
T: 本公司很高兴通知贵方，本公司已开立了一张不可撤销保兑信用证。
2. As your L/C was negotiated through one of our bankers, please open a general L/C.
T: 由于贵方的信用证是经由我方的银行之一所让购，因此请开立一张无指定议付银行的一般信用证。
ⅱ. Credit Sentence Structure Lacking of Certain Elements, Can be Separate Sentences.
There are many sentences lacking of structure elements in Letters of Credit, which can express many information.Sentence fragments are the main characteristic of business L/ C sentence structures. Besides, conditional adverbial clauses (phrases), parenthesis, and the
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different usages of voice own their respective styles. For example:
1. Latest shipment Sep.10, 2005.
最近装船时间为2005年9月10日。
2. Shipment from Dalian to Nagoya.
从大连运往名古屋的货物。
3. Transshipment prohibited.
禁止转运。
All of these are lack of some structures, but convey much information to the business man. Translators should pay attention to such sentences during translation.
II. Utility of the Professional Terms
Letters of Credit as its universality has international significance, style and feature, so often use specialized terms. To describe the import and export processes and the related documents, Letters of Credit with large number of clear professional terms are often used. Translators must be familiar with the professional knowledge and professional expression, or you will make some innocent mistakes. These terms mainly include:
ⅰ. Translation of classifications of Letters of Credit
1.revocable L/C/irrevocable L/C 可撤销信用证/不可撤销信用证
2.confirmed L/C/unconfirmed L/C 保兑信用证/不保兑信用证
3.sight L/C/ Usance L/C 即期信用证/远期信用证
4. Transferable L/C (or) Assignable L/C (or) Transmissible L/C /Untransferable L/C
可转让信用证/不可转让信用证
5.divisible L/C/Indivisible L/C 可分割信用证/不可分割信用证
6.revolving L/C 循环信用证
7.L/C with T/T reimbursement clause 带电汇条款信用证
8.without recourse L/C/with recourse L/C 无追索权信用证/有追索权信用证
9.documentary L/C/clean L/C 跟单信用证/光票信用证
10.deferred payment L/C/anticipatory L/C 延期付款信用证/预支信用证
11.back to back L/Reciprocals L/C 对背信用证/对开信用证
ⅱ. L/C Parties Concerned 有关当事人
1.opener 开证人
2.beneficiary 受益人
3.drawee 付款人（或称受票人，指汇票）
4.drawer 出票人
5.advising bank 通知行
6.opening bank 开证行
7.negotiation bank 议付行
8.paying bank 付款行
9.reimbursing bank 偿付行
10.the confirming bank 保兑行
ⅲ. The Stipulations for the Shipping Documents 跟单条款
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1.available against surrender of the following documents bearing our credit number and the full name and address of the opener 凭交出下列注名本证号码和开证人的全称及地址的单据付款
2.drafts to be accompanied by the documents marked(×)below 汇票须随附下列注有（×）的单据
3.accompanied against to documents hereinafter 随附下列单据
4.accompanied by following documents 随附下列单据
5.accompanied by the following documents marked(×)in duplicate 随附下列注有（×）的单据一式两份(Zheng Feng，Zhou Quangui，1998:249)
There are still many other professional terms on different aspects, among which many are acronyms. Translators should know the meaning of acronyms, which can make great help to the translation of these professional ter ms. “Acronym is made up from the first letters of an organization, which has a heavily modified headword”(Hu Zhuanglin,2006：74), such as WB, WTO, etc. Or “shorten extremely long words of word groups in science, technology and other special fields.”(Hu Zhuanglin，2006:74) such as FOB, CFR, CIF, etc. Translators must have a good command of these professional words.
The Common Errors of Letters of Credit Translation
I. Different versions of the same term
Many important terms of Letters of Credit have regular and unified versions
after a long period of international payment. If one changes version
arbitrarily when he translates, blurry meanings will emerge. For example:
1. Discrepancy fee for USD 60.00 or its equivalence is for account of
beneficiary and will be deducted from the proceeds if the documents are
presented with discrepancies.
如果递交差异文件，将扣除60美元或相等费用，由受益者账户负责。
Analysis: The main problem of the unadorned translation is that the
translated terms of professional designation, concepts and jargons are
not consistent with the unified formulation in the Letters of Credit. As a
result, various interpretations begin to appear. Here “discrepancy” is a
professional term, the accurate meaning of which should be “不符点”. In
fact, “不符点” is the more normative and fixed translation which refers to
the phenomenon that the documents that have been sent in are not
consistent with those that were asked in the L/C or the documents
disaccord with each other. However the unadorned translates
“discrepancy” into “差异”, though its meaning is similar with “不符点”, it is
easy to cause ambiguous meanings. Moreover in the L/C business,
“beneficiary” is usually translated into “受益人”, actually it refers to the
sellers or the exporters; While “documents” should be “单据” which
refers to the whole set of lading documents. Try to alter the translation:
如果递交不符点单据，将扣除60美元或同等金额的不符点费用，由受益
人承担。
II. Professional meaning defect
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As the most important international settlement way, L/C is strongly professional. Using professional vocabulary is also one of the main characteristics of L/C language, and there are many common vocabularies in the L/C used as professional vocabulary. Therefore, if translators just use common translation and only translate these words mean the common when translate these words, it will lead to the distortion. For example:
1.short from and third party air way-bill not acceptable
短空程表及第三者条例不接受
Analysis: The case is the additional terms of L/C. The main problem of the mistranslation is
lacking of precise understanding about “short form” and “bill”. In fact the “short form” should be
translated as “略式”, corresponding to “long term”. In international transportation, there are
usually “short form bi ll of lading” and “long form bill of lading”, the former refers to the terms the
back of which is without any rights and obligations between the carrier and the shipper, is actually
a short form bill of lading; The latter is just on the contrary, on the back of the bill of lading has
documented the rights and obligations between the carrier and the shipper. Under the L/C the bill
of lading is usually “long form”. As for the “bill”, it should be integrated with “air way” , as a
professional term, meaning “航空运单”. Try to alter the former translation:
不接受略式提单和第三方航空运单。
https://www.sodocs.net/doc/142769793.html,cking of criterion
L/C language has very strong industry characteristics, among them, the cliché, a set of words is one of the more obvious signs. For such sets, a set of sentences, translation can use equivalent translation, namely to use expression or a sentence pattern existing in Chinese. If translators just use word literal translation, it is difficult to meet the L/C language to the standardization requirement. For example:
Shipment From: Shanghai, China
Shipment To: New York, USA via Hong Kong
装运从：中国上海
装运至：美国纽约，途径香港
Analysis: The example actually makes regulations of the port of shipment, transshipment port, the port of destination. Using the set of words in English is short refining and distinct. No matter which kinds of English paradigm, the Chinese way of expression and application in Chinese should be used when translate into Chinese. The main problem of the translation is materially copying the sentence pattern, although the basic meaning is correct, the translation does not conform to the L/C language to the standardization requirements. Chinese text also has a similar set of words, here can use equivalent translation, making text type more hasten and standardized. Try to alter the translation:
装运港：中国上海港
转运港：中国香港
目的港：美国纽约港
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Chapter Four Letters of Credit Translation strategy In the last there chapters the author has argued about the general conditions of Letters of Credit translation, in this chapter the strategies of Letters of Credit translation will be introduced.
“Definitions of proper translating are almost as numerous and varied as the persons who have undertaken to discuss the subject.”(Ma Huijuan & Miao Ju，2009:14)，so different kinds of texts are appropriate for different kinds of translation. The functional concept of translation, as a break into the traditional concept of Equivalence Theory and an important supplement to translation theories, has opened up a new perspective to translation studies, and it has great significance for translation practices especially for business translation, which can be applied to Letters of Credit translation. In this chapter the author introduces how to translate Letters of Credit on the basis of translation theories such as Communicative Theory, Skopos Theory, and The Functional Equivalence.
Ⅰ. The Utility of the Communicative Theory in Letters of Credit Translation “A translation must give the ideas of the original.” and “A translation may add to or omit from th e original.”such opinions represent the ideas of the pre-linguistics. The neat split of language into form and meaning, operative until then, was totally rejected and the notion that communicative contexts were essentially diffuse, accidental and therefore unmanageable was virtually abandoned.(Basil Hatim, 2005:31) Then Newmark put forward his communicative translation theory. “Communicative translation attempts to produce on its readers an effect as close as possible to that obtained on the readers of the original, which addresses itself solely to the second reader, who does not anticipate difficulties or obscurities, and would expect a generous transfer of foreign elements into his own culture as well as his language where necessary.” (Newmark, 1981:47).
In Letters of Credit translation, taking a letter of credit opened by an American company for example, this credit addresses itself solely to the seller, the Chinese business man, who would expect a general transfer of American elements into Chinese culture, which c an fully convey the Information offered by the buyer. For example:
1. As the balance of L/C is U.S. $80,000, please make a shipment within the amount.
由于信用证余额为80 000美元，请将装运费用控制在数额以内。
2. As you have not executed the order within the validity of L/C, we will make cancellation of L/C.
由于贵方未在信用证有效期内履行订单，本公司将取消信用证。
The two translation sentences are expressed in the tradition of Chinese people, which is easy to understand to make it easier to communicate with international business men. Translators should transfer some exotic elements into formal Chinese expressions, which is appropriate for the Chinese business circle.
II. Skopos Theory Application in Letters of Credit Translation
The Greek word “skopos”, w hich was introduced into translation theory by Vermeer in the 1970s, is a technique term for the goal or purpose of a translation. For Vermeer, “Every
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translation is directed at an intended audience, since to translate is meant to …to produce a text in a t arget setting for a target purpose and target addressees in target circumstances?” (Nord 1997:12). Skopos Theory holds the view that translation is a type of human action, an intentional, purposeful behavior that takes place in a given situation.
In the Le tters of Credit translation, the “target setting” is the international business; the “target purpose” is to make the receptor understand the letter of credit easily; the “target addressee” is the seller who makes use of the letter of credit. Translators sh ould bear the translation purpose in mind. For example:
As requested, we are preparing to make shipment by the end of June and would request you open an irrevocable L/C in our favor as soon as possible, valid until July 18.
(1). 正如要求的那样，我们正准备在月底装船，要求你方开一张以我方为受益人的不可撤销的信用证，有效期至7月18日。
(2). 按照要求，本公司准备于6月底前装运这批货。同时本公司要求贵方尽快开立一张不可撤销信用证，以本公司为受益人，有效期至7月18日。
When comparing the first translation with the second one, the fist one has not taken the addressee into consideration, which is not quite proper for the addressee to read. Translators should put the addressee on the first place and try to avoid translationese while translating Letters of Credit.
Ⅲ. The Utilization of Functional Equivalence in Letters of Credit Translation Besides functionalists in Germany, there are other theorists combine the translation and the function of languages and apply these theories in translation. In 1964, Nida began to study translation from a “sociolinguistic” perspective. He drew a distinction between formal equivalence and dynamic e quivalence. Nida?s “dynamic equivalence” does not emphasize on formal correspondence, but on functional equivalence; not stable equivalence but dynamic equivalence; not “what” language communicates but “how” it communicates.” “The substitution of …functional equivalence? is just to stress the concept of function and to avoid misunderstandings of the term …Dynamic?, which is often mistaken by some persons for something in the sense of impact (Nida 1993:124).
Translators are ought to make use of Functional Equivalence in Letters of Credit translation, that is to say the translation should be comprehended by the reader as the original reader did. In translation technology, terms are commonly used to describe translation tools.
(C.K.Quah 2008:6) It is turned out that both the buyer and the seller can comprehend the letter of credit well.
For example:
1. We have instructed the Bank of China to open an irrevocable L/C for U.S. $188,000. This will be advised by the bankers? correspondents, Beijing City Commercial Ba nk. They will accept your draft on them at 30 days after sight for the amount of your invoice. This credit is valid until January 20.
本公司已指示中国银行开立一张金额为188000美元的不可撤销信用证。此信用证将由中国银行的往来银行北京市商业银行来通知。该银行将按照贵方收据金额在见票30天内承兑贵方汇票。此信用证有效期至7月18日。
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This is a typical L/C translation, while translating, translators are supposed to be familiar with both the original and the target language and professional terms to reach the Functional Equivalence level.
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Conclusion
Having introduced the definition, classification and the use process of Letters of Credit, surveyed some features and common errors of Letters of Credit translation, explored the Functional Theories and how they are achieved in Letters of Credit translation, it is in a position to make a conclusion of the whole paper..
The whole thesis opens with the introduction of the definition, classification, and the use process of Letters of Credit, which are basic preparation to the letter of credit translation. After the analysis of the characteristics of Letters of Credit translation, the translation strategies based on Functional Theory are probed into, which can be applied to Letters of Credit translation.
This thesis endeavors to approach Letters of Credit translation in functional view, which gives a macro basis to the paper. Based on the survey of the functionalists, the thesis proposes that the Skopos Theory, Communicate Theory could be applied to achieve functional equivalence in Letters of Credit translation. Translation is a process needing a lot of efforts.
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有关英汉翻译论文
有关英汉翻译论文 范文一：生态学视域下的英汉翻译 一、引言:英汉翻译研究生态学视域的成立 生态学是研究物质与周围环境关系的一门科学，其发轫之初很长时间里被用于自然科 学研究。而随着生态学的发展和交叉、跨学科研究日趋成熟，社会科学的研究者们发现了 生态学与人文社会科学的相容性，认为人文社会领域和自然一样，事物与事物、事物与环 境间都发生着联系，没有独立于环境之外的事物和现象，故而认为生态学研究的理论、方 法同样适用于社会科学研究。生态学研究与社会科学研究遂真正结合起来。20世纪50年 代以来，人们对文本的认识由仅仅关注认识文本内部自足性问题发展到研究文本内外部关 联问题，研究的视野也随之由微观文字向宏观文化转向，人们对文本的认识，已无法将文 本语言与该语言所蕴含或显现的某国或某民族的文化相割断。对于成功的翻译者来说，他 不仅要作为两种语言的专家，还要是两种语言各自代表的文化的熟知者。对于英汉翻译的 研究者来说，他们需要不断探寻着解释原文本与译文本之间形成文化差异的依据———这 些依据就是社会各层面因素影响文本文字的关系。生态学强调事物与其环境协调、互动、 互相促进。在英汉翻译领域，一个成功或优秀的译作应当是不仅内部自足和谐发展，而且 内部与外部互惠互利、共生共栖的文本。其动态性体现在这种交互作用是永无止息、不断 旋螺式发展的，而非一成不变或者无意义的重复。用生态学视角看待英汉翻译，为的是建 立一种整体性思维。有学者为“整体性”的意义进行了阐释:“整体性是生命的基本属性，整体性不是部分的简单累加，也不是由外力推动而形成的原子集合体，它有着超越部分之 和的更为丰富的内涵和属性。”对翻译及其研究工作来说，把握“整体性”是关键。翻译 活动涵盖原文本和译文本，涉及原文作者、译者、译文读者3方，包括语言和文化2个层面，同时受到政治环境、经济环境、主流意识形态等的影响。梳理和廓清这些形成翻译活 动的要素的动态平衡发展，有助于建构英汉翻译研究的生态学视域。 二、原文本与译文本的交互解读 原文本一经生成，不是一成不变，而是在各种读者解读下成为“一百个读者有一百个 哈姆雷特”的消费品。如果没有读者的阅读，则文本只是完成了生产过程，惟有读者的阅 读才能使文本的意义得以生成，使文本价值得以实现。译文本的产生就是原文本蕴涵得到 复活的一个过程，译文本的产生同时是对原文本的“消费”，促成原文本价值的重新生成 和意义再现。译文本对原文本的意义即在于此:扩大或者新生成原文本意义。译者与原文 作者的生活背景、个人知识、经验、思维方式等都有很大差异，译者对原文本的意义进行 解读的过程中有译者的前结构参与，这种前结构大大影响了原文本意义的重现:原文作者 将生活的客观信息内化于文本，译者在翻译之前先作为原文本的读者，在阅读过程中以自 己的前结构对原文本进行内化，但这次内化的主体是译者而非原文作者，由此不同主体所 作的“内化”经由不同文本载体产生出不同的文本接受。原文本意义和译者根据前结构而 解读出来的意义不同，所以可以说，译者通过内化能扩大原文本的意义，使原文本意义更 加多样。接受美学和读者反应批评两种理论都强调读者阅读对文本的意义，认为读者也是
浅谈商务英语的特点及英译汉翻译技巧-商务英语专业毕业论文
浅谈商务英语的特点及英译汉翻译技巧 目录 中文摘要 (1) 英文摘要 (2) 提纲 (3) 正文 (4) 参考文献 (8)
浅谈商务英语的特点及英译汉翻译技巧 摘要：随着世界经济一体化的不断深化和扩展，国际商务活动日益频繁，商务英语的作用也变得日益显著，本文以商务英语作为实用英语语言工具的角度，对其显著的特点以及对应的英译汉翻译技巧进行简要分析，这有助于人们更好地学习商务英语，更好地进行商务沟通，取得国际经济贸易的成功。 关键词:商务英语；特点；英译汉；翻译技巧
On the Study of the Characteristic of Business English and Its E-C Translation Skills Abstract:As the world continues to deepen economic integration and expansion of international business having become increasingly frequent, the role of Business English is becoming increasingly significant, the paper business English as a practical tool for English language point of view.Its significant features, as well as the English translation of the corresponding Chinese translation skills to carry out a brief analysis, which helps business people to learn better English, better for business communication, international economic and trade success. Key words: business English; features; English-Chinese translation; translation skills
英汉翻译学期论文
英汉翻译学期论文 国际商务中信用证翻译特点及策略学期论文题目: __ 指导教师： 学号： 姓名： 外国语学院（部）英语专业2012 届 2012年4月16日
Translation Characteristics and Strategies of Letters of Credit in international Business By Submitted to School of Foreign Languages in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Term Paper For English-Chinese Translation at Under the Supervision of
Translation Characteristics and Strategies of Letters of Credit in international Business ABSTRACT Payment in international trade is crucial for both the seller and the buyer. With the development of international trade, Letters of Credit payment gradually came into being as banks and financial institutions were involved in international trade settlement. With the help of this method of payment, the payment responsibility of the importer is transferred to bank to ensure the safety, as a result, the rapid payment is received by the seller, and meanwhile, the regular shipping documents are given to the buyer conveniently. Therefore, with the benefit of Letters of Credit, the distrust contradiction between the seller and the buyer is solved to a certain extent. Nowadays, payment by Letters of Credit has become the widely adopted method. Letters of Credit English for specific purposes has its own unique vocabulary features. This paper summarizes characteristics of its translation from the credit classification, use of the process, and starting letter words in English, and explores the English translation strategy. It is divided into three chapters: The first chapter probes into the definition of the Letter of Credit, its classification and its use process in international trade; the second describes the characteristics and common errors of the credit translation; The last one is the focus of this article, discussing Letters of Credit translation strategy based on these two chapters, from the perspective of the translation Communicative Theory, Skopos Theory, Functional Equivalence etc. Keywords: Letters of Credit Translation; characteristics; strategies; Functional Theory
医学论文英语翻译技巧
医学论文英语摘要的写作及难句翻译 [摘要] 2.1 文章标题文章标题具备信息功能（提供文章的主要内容）、祈使功能（吸引读者阅读和购买）、美感功能（简单明了、新颖、醒目）和检索功能（方便读者和科技工作者检索、查阅及引用）。 2.2 语态在英语中却常常采用第三人称的被动语态。 2.3 时态：一般现在时和一般过去时，偶尔也会出现完成时。 结论”中的一句，是论文作者对研究工作进行的总结，并指出其对当前实际工作的指导意义，因此使用的是一般现在时。当然，使用何种时态不能一概而论。在翻译时，要根据原文中所要表达的意思来最后确定。 3 长、难句的翻译 不管是英语还是汉语医学文章，都有一个共同的特点，即它们的句子通常较长，结构较复杂，有时，长长的一段文字仅由一句话组成。在医学论文摘要中更是如此，要做好它们的互译还真不容易。这是因为汉语句子建构在意念主轴(thought?pivot)上'英语句子建构在形式（或主谓）主轴(form?pivot or subject? predict?pivot)上。也就是说，虽然句子是表达完整意义的语言单位，汉语强调的是意义，不太强调句子结构，许多句子没有主语，还有的句子主语不明显，但意义是明确的；而英语句子特别强调句子结构，绝大多数句子需要主语和谓语。这就要求在汉译英过程中注意句意的转换，学会抓找中心词和使用英语中的各个关联词。请看下列例子 例1：“以BPDE诱导恶性转化的人支气管上皮细胞株16HBE为模型，采用cDNA代表性差异分析方法，比较转化细胞及正常对照细胞间基因表达的差异，分离恶变细胞中差异表达的cDNA片段。”翻译：The malignant transformation of human bronchial cell line 16HBE induced by BPDE was used as a m odel for comparing gene expression between the transformed cells and controls. cDNA representational difference analysis was performed to isolate differentially expressed cDNA fragment in transformed cell s.分析：在中文原句中，出现了“以……”、“采用……”以及“比较……”、“分离……”这两个看似并列的机构'如果按照原文翻译'就会不知所云。因此，根据句意和英语的句子结构，将原文分成两层意思，按照两个句子去翻译。在第一层意思中，“上皮细胞株”在句中是中心词，但在实际翻译中，应通过所有格形式将“恶性转化”处理为中心词。翻译时，将它们的位置颠倒过来，并且为了保持和中文“以…”结构相一致，使用了被动语态。第二层意思中，“c DNA代表性差异分析方法”是中心词。其他结构按照英文习惯出现，层次分明，出落自然，毫无累赘之感。 例2：“这些感受器是神经末梢，它们嵌入血管壁，根据该血管扩张的程度发出冲动。”翻译：These r eceptors are nerve endings that discharge impulses according to the extent of stretch in the wall of the vessels in which they are imbedded.分析：原文虽然不是太长'但如果按照中文结构去译'就显得很幼稚。因此'就应使用英语中的各个关联词及关联结构。本句中采用的是定语分译法'即用一个主句带上一个定语从句'该定语从句又带上它自己的定语从句'这不仅符合英文习惯'而且逻辑性很强。整个译文层次明晰、流畅自然。以上是笔者在工作中的一些探索'希望能对进行医学论文英语摘要写作的医务工作者有所启发。 翻译的等效性和灵活性 1. 正确理解“等效翻译”
英汉翻译技巧大全
英汉翻译技巧大全 定语从句: 定语从句是由一些关系代词或者关系副词引导的从句组成，用来修饰名词中心词。 Person has pieced togethter the workd of hundereds of researcher around theworld to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest date when we can expect hundreds of key breakthrough and discoveries to take place. 皮而森汇集了...生产出独特的千年历，这种千年历(它)能够... 定语的翻译要特别注意位子上的变化，即:如果是单词修饰名词就放在中心词的前面，这和汉语的词序是一样的;如果定语太长，定语就要放在中心词的后面，这时就要注意断句，重复先行词，例如: 1.I have the same problem as you concerning the learning of English 在学英语的问题上，我和你有同样的问题。 2.She has a perfect figure. 她身材不错。 3.This is indeed a most pressing problem. 这的确是一个非常棘手的问题。 4.The only other people who knew the secret were his father and mother. 别的知道这个秘密的人就是他的父母。 5.The effective work of maintaining discipline is usually performed by students who advise the academic authorities
英汉对比与翻译期末论文 (2)
英汉对比与翻译——词汇三境 [摘要]：本文将英汉语言中词语分布做了对比，并就词汇翻译提出了“意译”、“义译”、“化境”三个要求，从而得知，词汇翻译的地道性很大程度上取决于语境的还原程度。 关键词: 译意、译义、臻化、词汇、语境 正文：英国语言学家George W.W ilk ins在《语言教学中的语言学》一书中指出:“没有语法,表达甚微;没有词汇,表达为零。”由此可见词汇在英语中所居的重要地位。在翻译时，即使一个译者已经掌握了大量的词汇与句法，还是会遇到总不能够突破的瓶颈，这个障碍往往是由词汇，甚至是简单词汇所引起的。例如：“He is a perfect stranger in the city.”这里对于什么是一个“perfect stranger”的理解与处理会造成译文层次的不同，同时也是考量一个译者的水平。如果仅翻译字面意思,翻译成“完美的陌生人”，译文显得晦涩难懂；当我们进一步理解“perfect”这个词的含义，并进入意义层面, “perfect”就是“完完全全”的意思，那么“perfect stranger”该译为“完完全全的陌生人”，“他是这城市中完完全全的陌生人”意思准确但是和全句契合不够完美，同“in the city”在搭配上略有滞涩；所以，我们将其转化，将“完完全全的陌生人”这一名词词组转化为动词词组，意为“对……完全陌生”，这句话就可译为“他对这城市完全陌生”，这样的搭配显得协调，不但译出了源语言想表达的意思，“疏离”这一
语境也得以完整地保留了。 以上例子就体现了英汉互译中一个很重要的规律，即词性转换。世界上的语言，不管其各有多少词类，名词和动词都占最大的比例；不管有多少句型，都能归纳为静态与动态两类。总的来说，汉语呈动态特征，英文呈静态特征。在词汇的使用上，汉语的动态表现为：汉语的动词丰富，使用频率高；而英语中，名词、介词等非动词性此类的使用频率很高。据周志培（2003:390）统计显示截选如下：（1）“邓小平在武昌、深圳、珠海、上海等地的谈话要点”及英译 语言总 数名 词 介 词 动 词 助 动 非限 定动 词 代 词 形容 词 副 词 数 词 连 词 量 词 冠 词 汉语词数636 167 11 186 27 41 70 70 39 17 8 % 26% 2% 29% 4% 7% 11% 11% 6% 3% 1% 英语词数907 238 99 105 19 30 98 104 43 28 5 84 % 26% 11% 12% 2% 3% 11% 11% 5% 3% 7% 9% （2）“英国首相撒切尔夫人在中国欢迎宴会上的讲话”及汉译文 语言总 数名词介词动词助动非限定 动词 代词形容 词 副词数 词 连词量词冠 词 汉语词数324 99 9 72 5 36 22 42 15 13 2 % 31% 3% 22% 2% 11% 7% 13% 4% 4% 0.6% 英语词数366 91 49 41 1 9 39 50 22 13 23 28 % 25% 14% 11% 0.2% 2% 10% 14% 6% 4% 6% 8% 上述结果表明，若要在英汉互译中，若要翻译出地道的T arget Text，就应当尽量符合Target Language的表达习惯。这必然包含必 要的词性转换。在进行英译汉时，根据需要将英文中的名词，介词等
翻译技巧总结
翻译技巧总结 个人认为，翻译题很重要！考研是个充实自己的过程，只要你还需要英语，就离不开翻译，所以大家应该引起足够重视。 首先个人推荐一本书，XDF唐静老师的《拆分与组合翻译法》，我听过他的课，他的方法很实用，感觉很象下面介绍的第四种方法。 翻译题里考察三方面内容： 1、专有名词(如operational research expert)、习惯用法(如depend on)及多义词的翻译(如school、set的多义) 2、一般性翻译技巧:包括词义选择，词序调整，词性转换和增词法等等 3、具体句型(定从、状从、主从、宾从、表从、同位从、强调结构、并列、比较、倒装、插入、被动、否定等) 其中2、3是大考点，具体内容可在论坛下XDF的翻译笔记来看，在此不赘述。 可看出，应对翻译题的主要武器是翻译技巧，下面正式进入正题(常用方法、被动语态译法、形容词译法、举例详解) 一、常用方法 英汉两种语言在句法、词汇、修辞等方面均存在着很大的差异，因此在进行英汉互译时必然会遇到很多困难，需要有一定的翻译技巧作指导。常用的翻译技巧有增译法、省译法、转换法、拆句法、合并法、正译法、反译法、倒置法、包孕法、插入法、重组法和综合法等。这些技巧不但可以运用于笔译之中，也可以运用于口译过程中，而且应该用得更加熟练。 1增译法：指根据英汉两种语言不同的思维方式、语言习惯和表达方式，在翻译时增添一些词、短句或句子，以便更准确地表达出原文所包含的意义。这种方式多半用在汉译英里。汉语无主句较多，而英语句子一般都要有主语，所以在翻译汉语无主句的时候，除了少数可用英语无主句、被动语态或“There be…”结构来翻译以外，一般都要根据语境补出主语，使句子完整。英汉两种语言在名词、代词、连词、介词和冠词的使用方法上也存在很大差别。英语中代词使用频率较高，凡说到人的器官和归某人所有的或与某人有关的事物时，必须在前面加上物主代词。因此，在汉译英时需要增补物主代词，而在英译汉时又需要根据情况适当地删减。英语词与词、词组与词组以及句子与句子的逻辑关系一般用连词来表示，而汉语则往往通过上下文和语序来表示这种关系。因此，在汉译英时常常需要增补连词。英语句子离不开介词和冠词。另外，在翻译时还要注意增补一些原文中暗含而没有明言的词语和一些概括性、注释性的词语，以确保译文意思的完整。总之，通过增译，一是保证译文语法结构的完整，二是保证译文意思的明确。如： (1) What about calling him right away? 马上给他打个电话，你觉得如何？(增译主语和谓语) (2) If only I could see the realization of the four modernizations. 要是我能看到四个现代化实现该有多好啊！(增译主句) 中国政府历来重视环境保护工作。 The Chinese government has always attached great importance to environmental protection. (省译名词) 3转换法：指翻译过程中为了使译文符合目标语的表述方式、方法和习惯而对原句中的词类、句型和语态等进行转换。具体的说，就是在词性方面，把名词转换为代词、形容词、动词；把动词转换成名词、形容词、副词、介词；把形容词转换成副词和短语。在句子成分方面，把主语变成状语、定语、宾语、表语；把谓语变成主语、定语、表语；把定语变成状语、主语；把宾语变成主语。在句型方面，把并列句变成复合句，把复合句变成并列句，把状语从句变成定语从句。在语态方面，可以把主动语态变为被动语态。如：
英汉互译论文2
英语2班方佩112214101232 公示语汉英翻译中的Chinglish现象及对策 [摘要]中西方语言差异和习俗文化、思维方式差异造成了公示语言翻译中Chinglish的现象, 克服或减少这种现象, 必须提高译者的综合素质,尤其是语言素质, 了解西方的文化背景、思维方式和语言习惯, 使译文更准确、更地道。 [关键词]公示语;翻译;Chinglish;对策 公示语指的是街头路牌、商店招牌、宣传语、警示语、旅游简介等,广泛应用于我们生活的方方面面。随着中国经济的高速发展,中国与世界各国的交流不断增多,全国各地公共场所的汉英双语标识及提示语也越来越多,但Chinglish现象也层出不穷,比比皆是。不规范、不正确的翻译不但影响到国外友人在中国的吃、穿、住、用、行等,甚至还关系到城市的精神面貌和整体形象,进而影响到我国的国际形象。近年来在众多语言学、翻译学专家的呼吁声中,公示语翻译研究逐渐成为翻译界关注的热点。 一、公示语翻译中Chinglish产生的原因及表现 1.重复和累赘 汉语和英语对名词、动词、形容词和副词的用法不同, 所以, 对重复强调的用法也不一样。汉语中经常出现重复使用名词的现象,而英语则较多地用代词、短语或省略来表达。 2.片面强调忠实 现行的翻译标准包括忠实与通顺,有些译者片面理解忠实的含义, 以为忠实就是形式上的相似, 因此,在词语与句法结构的选择上没有摆脱中国味。例如:在我们的周围, 随处可以看到小心碰头、小心地滑等公示语, 有人按照字面意思翻译为Take care of your head, Take care of your foot。这种翻译必然会使外国人来中国有一些紧张感。其实, 此公示语可以翻译为Be careful,则更符合译语读者的表达习惯。 3.语言习惯的差异 在汉译英过程中,译者往往忽略汉英两种语言中词语的固定搭配和习惯表述,从而导致中式英语的产生。例如:小心地滑,翻译成Don’t Fall Down。本来想体现人际间的关心,但翻译后却带有命令的语气, 没有达到交际目的。正确的用法是Watch Your Step或Slippery!。 4.没有吃透原文 经验不够丰富的译者比较容易犯的一个毛病就是在没有透彻理解原文的情况下过于机械地、字对字地翻译, 这样死译的后果只会是误译。试看以下5个误译的例子:1.小心碰
英语翻译技巧论文-推荐下载
2005 SHANGHAI JOURNALISM Septem ber 新闻记者 在 国际新闻报道中,英语新闻翻译占了相当大的 比重。在英语新闻中,“标题被视作报道全文的 缩写”,为了尽量吸引读者,编辑往往运用各种修辞手段,力争使新闻标题更具吸引力。这为英语新闻翻译带来挑战。翻译者需调动各种翻译手段,力争把原标题的意义和风格以汉语形式再现出来。为此,翻译时应兼顾三个方面:准确理解标题意义,尤其是要透过字面理解其深层意义;在不曲解原意的情况下发挥汉语特点,以增强译文可读性;在文化背景缺失的情况下,注意译文的可接受性。 一、直译或基本直译新闻标题 直译和意译孰是孰非在我国译界争论不休,迄今 未有定论。笔者以为,两种译法各有长短,翻译中需视实际情况而定,扬长避短。但无论直译还是意译,都应把忠实于原文内容放在首位。就英语新闻标题翻译而言,笔者以为,如果英语标题的含义明白,译成汉语以 后中国读者不至于产生理解上的困难,可考虑采用直 译或基本直译。比如: Putin facesharsh presscriticism overterror 普京因恐怖事件受媒体严厉批评 O lym picsBegin in Style;Sw im m erTakes1stG old 奥运盛妆开幕泳将喜夺首金 U K!soldestperson diesat115 英国第一寿星谢世,享天年百岁又十五 以上三则新闻标题属于直译或基本直译,没有洋 腔洋调,显得很自然流畅。又如: U gly D uckling N-Ship atLastG etsH appy H om e 丑小鸭核动力船终于找到安乐窝 这则新闻讲述的是某国一艘核动力船,因许多国 家担心核污染而拒绝让其靠岸,所以只得在海上到处 漂泊,历经周折之后最终被获准在一港口停泊。原标题中以调侃的语气将这艘核动力船比喻成安徒生笔下的“an uglyduckling”(丑小鸭),这也是广大中国读者早已熟悉的典故,故译文采用了“拿来主义”的直译手法,读者一看也就明白怎么回事了。 二、翻译中添加注释性词语 英语报刊的新闻标题往往迎合本国读者的阅读需 要,而且由于思维习惯与中国人不同,英语新闻标题的表达方式也与中文有所不同。因此,翻译过程中必须充
英汉翻译技巧
翻译技巧 第一节否定句式的翻译 She is not a dancer. 她不是一个舞蹈家。 She is no dancer. 她算不上个舞蹈家。It is not an easy task.这不是一件容易的事情（客观评价） It is no easy task. 这可不是一件容易的事情。（主观评价） 一、完全否定 e.g. 1. There are no denying facts. 2. None of the answers are right. 二、部分否定 e. g. 1. All that glitters is not gold.(=Not all
that glitters is gold.) 闪光的不都是金子。 None that glitters is gold. 闪光的都不是金子。 Glitter/ twinkle/ sparkle/ flash/ shine/ brighten/ light/ lit/ blink/ glisten/ gleam/ flame/ illuminate / glow / glorify 2. I do not want everything. I do not want anything. 三、形式否定 1、cannot ….too…. 意思是不可能是过分的，一般翻译为无论怎样…都不过分 1）We cannot estimate the value of modern science too much. 2) We cannot be too careful in doing
experiments. 2. It is adj. + N. + that + 否定从句1). It is a wise man that never makes mistakes. 再聪明的人也会犯错误。2）It is a good horse that never stumbles and a good wife that never grumbles. 3. too…..to….. 太。。。而不能。。。。1）Beginners are too apt to make mistakes in grammar. 2) She was too eager to know the result of her experiment. 4. not ….other than ….原意是除了。。。就不。。。。 1) We do not like him other than he is now. 我们就喜欢他现在的样子。2) I can not read the long letter other than cursorily.
英语专业翻译类论文参考文献
参考文献 一、翻译理论与实践相关书目 谢天振主编. 《当代国外翻译理论导读》. 天津：南开大学出版社，2008. Jeremy Munday. 《翻译学导论——理论与实践》Introducing Translation Studies---Theories and Applications. 李德凤等译. 北京：商务印书馆，2007. 包惠南、包昂. 《中国文化与汉英翻译》. 北京：外文出版社, 2004. 包惠南. 《文化语境与语言翻译》. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司. 2001. 毕继万. 《世界文化史故事大系——英国卷》. 上海：上海外语教育出版社, 2003. 蔡基刚. 《英汉汉英段落翻译与实践》. 上海：复旦大学出版社, 2001. 蔡基刚. 《英汉写作对比研究》. 上海：复旦大学出版社, 2001. 蔡基刚. 《英语写作与抽象名词表达》. 上海：复旦大学出版社, 2003. 曹雪芹、高鄂. 《红楼梦》. 陈定安. 《英汉比较与翻译》. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司, 1991. 陈福康. 《中国译学理论史稿》（修订本）. 上海：上海外语教育出版社. 2000. 陈生保. 《英汉翻译津指》. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司. 1998. 陈廷祐. 《英文汉译技巧》. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社. 2001. 陈望道. 《修辞学发凡》. 上海：上海教育出版社, 1979. 陈文伯. 《英汉翻译技法与练习》. 北京：世界知识出版社. 1998. 陈中绳、吴娟. 《英汉新词新义佳译》. 上海：上海翻译出版公司. 1990. 陈忠诚. 《词语翻译丛谈》. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司, 1983. 程希岚. 《修辞学新编》. 吉林：吉林人民出版社, 1984. 程镇球. 《翻译论文集》. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社. 2002. 程镇球. 《翻译问题探索》. 北京：商务印书馆, 1980. 崔刚. 《广告英语》. 北京：北京理工大学出版社, 1993. 单其昌. 《汉英翻译技巧》. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社. 1990. 单其昌. 《汉英翻译讲评》. 北京：对外贸易教育出版社. 1989. 邓炎昌、刘润清. 《语言与文化——英汉语言文化对比》. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社, 1989. 丁树德. 《英汉汉英翻译教学综合指导》. 天津：天津大学出版社, 1996. 杜承南等，《中国当代翻译百论》. 重庆：重庆大学出版社, 1994. 《翻译通讯》编辑部. 《翻译研究论文集（1894-1948）》. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社. 1984. 《翻译通讯》编辑部. 《翻译研究论文集（1949-1983）》. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社. 1984. . 范勇主编. 《新编汉英翻译教程》. 天津：南开大学出版社. 2006. 方梦之、马秉义（编选）. 《汉译英实践与技巧》. 北京：旅游教育出版社. 1996. 方梦之. 《英语汉译实践与技巧》. 天津：天津科技翻译出版公司. 1994. 方梦之主编. 《译学辞典》. 上海：上海外语教育出版社. 2004. 冯翠华. 《英语修辞大全》，北京：外语教学与研究出版社, 1995. 冯庆华. 《文体与翻译》. 上海：上海外语教育出版社, 2002. 冯庆华主编. 《文体翻译论》. 上海：上海外语教育出版社. 2002. 冯胜利. 《汉语的韵律、词法与句法》. 北京：北京大学出版社, 1997. 冯志杰. 《汉英科技翻译指要》. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司. 1998. 耿占春. 《隐喻》. 北京：东方出版社, 1993.
旅游英语翻译技巧论文模板
翻译技巧课程论文写作要求 一、题名（TM） 题名应简明、具体、确切，概括文章的要旨，符合编制题录、索引和检索的有关原则并有助于选择关键词和分类号。中文题名一般不超过20个汉字，必要时可加副题名。应避免使用非公知公用的缩略语、字符、代号以及结构式和公式。 二、作者（ZZ） 文章均应有作者署名。作者姓名置于篇名下方，中国作者姓名的汉语拼音采用如下写法：姓前名后，中间为空格。姓氏的全部字母均大写，复姓连写。名字的首字母大写，双字名中间不用连字符。姓名均不缩写。如： ZHANG Ying（张颖），WANG Xilian（王锡联），ZHUGE Hua（诸葛华）。 外国作者的姓名写法从其惯例。 对作者应标明其工作单位全称、所在省、城市名及邮政编码，加圆括号置于作者署名下方。 江滨 （牡丹江师范学院商务英语系，黑龙江牡丹江 157012）多位作者的署名之间用逗号隔开；不同工作单位的作者，应在姓名右上角加注不同的阿拉伯数字序号，并在其工作单位名称之前加注与作者姓名序号相同的数字；各工作单位之间连排时以分号隔开，如： 江滨1，李晓述2 (1.武汉大学法学院，湖北武汉430072；2.中南大学法学院，湖南长沙410083) 英文作者姓名下同样注明相应的英文项目，如： JIANG Bin （School of Law，Wuhan University，Wuhan 430072，Hubei，China） 三、作者简介（ZJ）及工作单位（DW） 姓名（出生年－）、性别、民族（汉族可省略）、籍贯、职称、学位、简历以及研究方向。在简介前加“[作者简介]”作为标识。例如： [作者简介]江滨（1979－），女，湖北仙桃人，武汉大学法学院2001级硕士研究生，主要学习和研究国际经济法学。 同一篇文章的其他作者简介可以在同一“[作者简介]”标识后相继列出，中间以分号隔开，最后以“。”结束。 英文作者简介用“Biography:”（单一作者）或“Biographies:”（多作者）作为标识。 四、内容摘要（ZY） 文章均应附中文和英文摘要，100－250字以内。摘要应具有独立性和自含性，不应出现图表、冗长的数学公式和非公知公用的符号、缩略语，并应尽量避免“本文认为”之类的空洞内容。最后以“。”结束。英文摘要应与中文摘要相对应。 中文摘要前加“[内容摘要]”作为标识，英文摘要前加“Abstract:”作为标识。 五、关键词（JC） 关键词是反映文章最主要内容的术语，对文献检索有重要作用，按学科级别从上至下选取3～8个，不得少于3个，并以分号隔开。中、英文关键词应一一对应。中文关键词前冠以“[关键词]”
英文翻译(论文摘要)
河北联合大学轻工学院英文翻译 河北联合大学轻工学院 毕业设计缩写大摘要及英文翻译 设计题目： 学部： 专业： 班级： 姓名： 指导教师： 2011年06月11 日
毕业设计缩写大摘要 机械制造业是国民经济的基础产业，国民经济中的任何行业的发展，必须依靠机械制造业的支持并提供装备。它的发展直接影响到国民经济各部门的发展，也影响到国计民生和国防力量的加强，因此，各国都把机械制造业的发展放在首要位置。 一个企业的人力资源管理是和一个企业的经营战略、组织结构体系与文化价值观紧密相连的，而卓越的人力资源管理更是是其他企业最难以复制、模仿的。因此，在竞争如此激烈的今天，通过人力资源管理来创造竞争优势就成为企业竞争战略中的一个重要部分。机械制造业企业的人力资源管理同样是企业管理的重要组成部分,合理有效的进行企业的人力资源管理是机械制造企业成功的有力保证。如何利用人力资源管理来帮助机械制造企业适应竞争和提高竞争力，不断提高制造水平，是每个机械制造企业都要思考的问题。本文通过结合国内外人力资源管理的相关理论知识，我国机械制造业的相关资料以及在实习中了解到的相关信息，针对我国机械制造企业人力资源管理的现状及存在的问题进行研究。通过本课题的研究，将对我国的机械制造企业，尤其是一些中小型企业，在进行人力资源管理时产生一些现实的指导意义，使得我国的机械制造业在新的历史时期，新的形势下，能够不断提高国际竞争力，提高制造水平。 近年来，我国的制造工业获得持续高速的发展，无论制造业总量还是制造业技术水平都有很大的提高，中国已成为名符其实的世界制造大国。虽然机械制造业从产品研发、技术装备和加工能力等方面都取得了很大的进步，但具有独立自主知识产权的品牌产品却不多，整体来说中国的机械制造业还是比较落后，高质量的、技术先进的机械设备计本上全部是国外企业提供的。随着社会的发展，人们的生活水平日益提高，各个方面的个性化需求越加强烈。作为已经深入到各行各业并已成为基础工业的机械制造业面临着严峻的挑战。 然而目前我国制造业总体的人力资源状况不佳，人力资源管理水平落后。中国机械制造业企业要从“中国制造”向“中国创造”转变需要大量的具有创新精神的科学技术人才、复合型的高级管理人才、高级技师、技师等熟练技术人才。在我国机械制造企业人力资源管理中还存在一些问题。主要包括对人力资源认识存在误区；缺乏现代人力资源管理的理念；人力资源资源使用率低；人力资源管理人员整体素质不高；缺乏科学合理的绩效考评与激励机制；人力资源管理规划缺乏科学性等六个方面。
英语论文翻译的各种技巧
1.增译法1）抽象名词后加词使其具体化2）增加一个适当的名词。3）增加数量词。4）增加形容词5）不及物动词后增加宾语。6）增加连词。7）增加表示时态的词。8）增加一个适当的动词。9）增加英语中省略的词。10）增加一些适当修饰词语。 2．减译法:由于英汉两种语言在语法结构、表达方式以及修辞手段上的不同，有些词语或句子成分在英中是必不可少的，但若搬到译文去，就会影响译文的简洁和通顺。因此在英译汉的过程中，为了使译文更加简练，更符合汉语的表达习惯需要省略一些可有可无或翻译后反嫌累赘的词语。但必须注意，减译不是删掉原文中的某些内容，在不易减译的情况下，不要随便减。1) 省略代词。2) 省略冠词。3) 省略连词。4) 省略介词。5) 省略名词。6) 省略动词。 4．分译法: 英语长句子比较多，汉语句子相对而言比较短。在翻译时可以改变原文结构，把原文的某个成分从原来的结构中分离出来，译成一个独立成分、从句或并列分句。 5.合译法:和分译法不同，合译法是将不同的句子成分组合在一起，使其更符合汉语的表达方法。 6．反译法:一个问题有时可以从不同的角度来解释说明。有些句子英语是从正面说的，汉语可以从反面来解释。1) 否定译成肯定。2)肯定译成否定。
7.顺序调整法:一般来说，翻译时应该按照句子原来的顺序进行，但由于英汉两种语言中定语、状语和一些其他成分的位置不完全相同，翻译时需要做一定的调整（例如采用倒译法），使其符合汉语的习惯。9．被动语态翻译法1) 变为汉语的主动形式。2) 被动结构的表化，将其翻译成"是……的"、"由……的"等3) 译成具有被动意义的汉语结构。4) 增添"人们"、"大家等适当的词做汉语译文的主 语。
英文翻中文的八大翻译技巧
英文翻中文的八大翻译技巧 要真正掌握英文翻译的技巧并非易事。这是因为英译汉时会遇到各种各样的困难，下面就和大家分享英文翻中文的八大翻译技巧推荐，来欣赏一下吧。 英文翻中文的八大翻译技巧推荐 首先是英文理解难，这是学习、使用英文的人的共同感觉，由于两国历史、文化、风俗习惯的不同，所以一句英文在英美人看来顺理成章，而在中国人看来却是颠颠倒倒、断断续续，极为别扭。 二是中文表达难，英译汉有时为了要找到一个合适的对等词汇，往往被弄得头昏眼花，好像在脑子里摸一个急于要开箱子的钥匙，却没有。 另外，英译汉时对掌握各种文化知识的要求很高，因为我们所翻译的*，其内容可能涉及到极为广博的知识领域，而这些知识领域多半是我们不大熟悉的外国的事情，如果不具备相应的文化知识难免不出现一些翻译中的差错或笑话。 正是因为英译汉时会遇到这么多的困难，所以，我们必须通过翻译实践，对英汉两种不同语言的特点加以对比、概况和总结，
以找出一般的表达规律来，避免出现一些不该出现的翻译错误，而这些表达的规律就是我们所说的翻译技巧。 一、词义的选择和引伸技巧 英汉两种语言都有一词多类和一词多义的现象。一词多类就是指一个词往往属于几个词类，具有几个不同的意义;一词多义就是同一个词在同一词类中又往往有几个不同的词义。在英译汉的过程中，我们在弄清原句结构后，就要善于运用选择和确定原句中关键词词义的技巧，以使所译语句自然流畅，完全符合汉语习惯的说法;选择确定词义通常可以从两方面着手： 1、根据词在句中的词类来选择和确定词义 They are as like as two peas .他们相似极了。(形容词) He likes mathematics more than physics .他喜欢数学甚于喜 欢物理。(动词) Wheat, oat, and the like are cereals .小麦、燕麦等等皆系谷类。(名词) 2、根据上下文联系以及词在句中的搭配关系来选择和确定词义。 He is the last man to come .他是最后来的。 He is the last person for such a job .他最不配干这个工作。