论文外文翻译

Analysis of the role of complaint management in the context of

relationship marketing

Author: Leticia Su′arez ′Alvarez, University of Oviedo,

Spain

Abstract This research aims to contribute to the relationship-marketing strategy by studying the role of complaint management in long-term relationships. Two factors distinguish it from other studies: it takes into account two types of customers, consumers and firms, and the result variable selected is the probability of ending an ongoing relationship. Two questionnaires were designed for every population. One of them was auto-administrated to a sample of consumers in the north of Spain, and the other one was sent to a representative sample of Spanish firms. The data analyses were conducted using structural equation modeling. The findings confirm the importance that theory accords to the relationship-marketing strategy, and also provide evidence for the importance of complaint management. Thus having a good complaint-handling system and trained and motivated staff who are fully committed to the firm’s objectives are fundamental requisites for firms to be able to build a stable customer portfolio.

Keywords complaint management; relationship marketing; relationship termination; trust; satisfaction

Introduction

Nowadays, the main task for tourism firms is undoubtedly to deliver superior value to customers. One way that these firms can achieve part of this value is by maintaining quality relationships with their customers. In fact, it is well known that managing these relationships is critical for achieving corporate success.

Thus the general aim of the present research is to analyze the most important factors that contribute to relationship stabilization between tourism firms and their customers.

This research canters on retail travel agencies. We chose this particular type of tourism firm for two reasons. First, competition between retail travel agencies is becoming much more intense, fundamentally due to the advent of the Internet as an alternative distribution channel for tourism services (Wang & Cheung, 2004). The second reason is the current phenomenon of disintermediation, or the tendency of some tourism service providers to contact the end-customer directly. Because of these two developments, retail travel agencies urgently need to develop a strategy that allows them to maintain a stable portfolio of customers over time if they are to remain in the market for the long term.

In order to achieve the proposed objective, we set out a causal model that incorporates a number of factors that can condition the future of the relationships between travel agencies and their customers. Specifically, we chose two variables that

have been much studied in the field of relationship marketing – trust and satisfaction –and one that has received less attention in traditional research –complaint management. In this respect, we are making a novel contribution to the literature. Moreover, and in contrast to what has been common practice in the majority of relationship-marketing studies, we aim to evaluate the effect of these three factors on the outcome variable probability of relationship termination. The main reasons for choosing this variable were, on the one hand, to learn more about the final stage through which an exchange relationship can pass, and, on the other, to determine to what extent the above-mentioned variables are determinant for avoiding relationship breakdown. Firms can consequently foster such variables if appropriate.

Finally, and another aspect differentiating our work from previous studies, we analyze the relationships between retail travel agencies and two types of customer: end-consumers and firms (as end-customers). Thus testing the model proposed here, for the two types of customer mentioned, will allow us to carry out a comparative analysis of the role of complaint management between the two contexts, as well as establish the pertinent conclusions and implications.

We now look at the theoretical background, which will lead us to propose the causal model to be tested in this work.

Key variables

The marketing literature considers that maintaining a successful long-term relationship with the customer helps a firm achieve a portfolio of satisfied and loyal customers, and that this consequently improves a fi rm’s economic and competitive position in its markets, as well as the efficiency and effectiveness of its strategic actions (Yang & Peterson, 2004).

However, the question arises as to what leads to a good relationship. There are many answers to this, and it is still much debated among marketing experts .A review of the literature shows that the cornerstone of relationship marketing is a combination of trust and commitment. In turn, these concepts are influenced by the presence of factors such as dependence between the parties, satisfaction, complaint management, the ability to share objectives, communication, switching costs, or investment in specific assets. In the current work, we focus on trust and two of its antecedents: customer satisfaction and complaint management. We chose these variables in view of the importance given to them by the sample elements in the qualitative studies carried out, which we comment on in the empirical part of the work.

First, we briefly describe the development of the concepts of trust and satisfaction, which have been widely studied in the marketing field. Subsequently, and in more detail, we analyze complaint management as a determinant factor of relationship stability.

With regard to trust, it is important to remember that this is one of the key variables for relationship success. Indeed, much research has analyzed this concept as a

fundamental element for maintaining satisfactory relationships.

In the area of firm–consumer relationships, Parasuraman, Zeithaml, and Berry (1985) introduce the notion of trust as a critical factor in successful relationships. These authors suggest that customers should be able to trust their service providers, feel confident in their dealings with them, and be sure that the information that they provide will be treated confidentially. All these considerations are crucial for gaining customers’ loyalty, and help firms to build up a stable customer portfolio, hence decreasing the probability of ending ongoing relationships.

Likewise, trust is recognized as an antecedent that determines the intensity of the relationship, the commitment, and the investment that suppliers make in relationship specific assets. In this respect, the definition of trust proposed by Morgan and Hunt (1994) as the confidence that relationship partners have in the reliability and integrity of each other is one of the most widely quoted. In fact, most marketing research focuses on two components of trust: cognitive (derived from confidence in the partner’s reliability), and behavioral (linked to trust in the partner’s intentions, motivations, honesty, and benevolence). Thus empirical studies measure this term using two criteria: credibility and benevolence, and we consider these criteria in the current work (see the Appendix).

In turn, customer satisfaction has always been one of the most interesting areas in marketing, both among practitioners and academics. A large number of authors have confirmed that a direct relationship exists between customer satisfaction and loyalty towards the provider (Rust&Zahornik, 1993). From the consumer’s perspective, their satisfaction can be defined as the extent to which their expectations prior to purchase are met or exceeded when they acquire the good or service (Flint, Woodruff, & Gardial, 1997). In the context of the relational exchange between firms, satisfaction transmits the idea that no opportunistic behaviors occur and that one party’s actions are subject to the well-being of the other. In this sense, satisfaction leads to the development of trust, which is key to maintaining a long-term relationship (Ambrose, Hess,&Ganesan, 2007;Farrelly & Quester, 2005).

In view of the above, the first hypothesis in this work aims only to confirm that the commonly accepted trust–satisfaction relation holds in the area of study chosen here: H1: The more satisfied customers are with their relationship with the travel agency, the more they will trust the firm.

Complaint management

By ‘complaint management’, we are referring to the way firms deal with the problems that their customers communicate to them about aspects of their service that generate a certain degree of dissatisfaction. However, and in spite of the importance of achieving customer satisfaction nowadays, not all firms follow uniform strategies to manage the complaints coming from their customers.

In the context of firm–consumer relationships, Keaveney (1995) says that the two

major reasons why customers switch service providers are: (1) core service failures and (2) unfavorable service encounters wi th the company’s personnel. In this second case, when customers face a problem, they may respond by exiting, loyalty, or voicing (Tax, Brown,&Chandrashekaran, 1998). V oicing is equivalent to complaining, either to the firm or by word of mouth to third parties. Customers who complain and receive an adequate response to their service failures are more likely to stay (Conlon & Murray, 1996). In short, if the complaint management is satisfactory, the customer is less likely to end the relationship.

Likewise, Brown, Cowles, and Tuten (1996) and Tax et al. (1998) point out that effective complaint handling is positively related to customer loyalty and subsequent customer retention.

In the context of inter-firm relationships, customer service –and specifically complaint management –is similarly an essential part of maintaining customer relationships. This is because in business-to-business (B2B) markets, the small number of customers and the greater need to create long-term relationships lead to a greater dependence on each particular customer. Complaint management will likewise reduce the intermediaries’ perceived purchase risks.

Thus, following Tax et al. (1998), this study proposes a framework of analysis incorporating the satisfaction variable as a determinant of trust, that is, as an antecedent of one of the key variables of relationship marketing. Based on the preceding review, it is hypothesized that:

H2a: Customers’ perception that the travel agency is handling complaints adequately increases their trust in it.

H2b: Customers’ perception that the travel agency is handling complaints adequately increases the satisfaction they obtain from their relationship with the firm. Probability of relationship termination

Interest in the nature of customer relationships has increased in both the business-to consumer (B2C) and B2B marketing literatures in recent decades. Researchers have, however, shown more interest in relationship growth than in relationship termination (Dwyer, Schurr, & Oh, 1987; Roos, 1999; T¨ahtinen, 2001, 2002). Consequently, we feel it is important to use the probability of relationship termination as the outcome variable to evaluate the role of the variables discussed in the previous sections. After all, much can be gained from determining what factors increase the likelihood of ending an already established relationship, with a view to combating them.

In this sense, we can conclude that an exchange relationship can be dissolved or terminated if any one of the economic agents participating in it wants to do so. Taking into account this argument, and regardless of the firm’s intentions, it may be the customers themselves who unilaterally decide to terminate the relationship. Thus, given the costs of building customer relationships, firms will choose those customers

that are potentially most suited to them, and they will even allocate resources to ending unprofitable relationships (Turnbull & Zolkiewski, 1997).

To further our understanding of the content of the final stage that relationships can pass through, we now consider the context of the relationship (i.e. consumers or firms). We look at the role complaint management plays in the B2C and B2B areas of analysis.

Limitations and future research

When assessing the results of this work, we should bear in mind that in both studies the relationships have been evaluated from the customer’s perspective. The retail travel agency’s opinion would have given us a fuller, more objective, and more reliable view of the phenomenon. Equally, the study has been carried out at a particular moment in time, so it has a cross-sectional rather than a longitudinal nature. These limitations allow us to suggest some possible lines of future research.

中文译文

分析在关系营销方面投诉管理的作用

作者：莱迪西亚.苏艾.阿尔瓦雷斯西班牙奥维多大学

摘要这项研究旨在通过调查投诉管理在长期关系中的作用来构建关系市场营销战略。有两个因素区别于其他的研究：它要考虑两种类型的客户、消费者和公司，结果变量选择是结束持续关系的可能性。对于每个人，设计了两个调查问卷:其中一个是在西班牙北部顾客样本中自我填写的问卷；另外一个是送往西班牙公司的代表性样本。数据分析使用的是结果方程模型。研究结果证实这一理论符合关系营销战略的重要性，同时提供投诉管理重要性的证据。因此，拥有一个投诉处理系统和训练有素、积极进取能够完全致力于公司目标的员工，对于公司构建一个稳定的顾客组合来说是必备品。

关键词：投诉管理关系营销关系终结信任满意

简介

现在，对于旅游公司来说主要的目标毫无疑问是给顾客提供优质价值。这些公司能实现它们部分价值的方法之一就是通过与它们的顾客维持良好的关系。事实上，众所周知管理这些关系对于实现公司的成功是关键的。

因此，目前研究的总目标就是分析在旅游公司和顾客之间能增加关系稳定的最重要因素。

这次研究聚焦于小型旅行社。我们选择这种特殊类型的旅行公司是基于两种原因。第一个原因是小型旅行社之间的竞争变得日益激烈根本原因是互联网作为旅

游服务选择性分销渠的出现。第二个是流行中介的现象或者许多旅行社直接提供联系最终顾客的趋势。因为这两方面的发展，这些小型旅行社要想打算在市场上长期生存就急需开发一种能使他们保持顾客组合的战略。

为了实现提出的目标，我们制定了一个包含大量因素的随机模型。这些因素考虑考虑了在旅行社和顾客直接关系的未来。具体来说，我们选择了两个已经在关系营销领域得以大量研究的变量——信任和满意；另一个是在传统的研究者得到很少的关注——投诉管理。就这方面而言，我们正在写一部对文学有贡献的小说。此外，与大多数关系营销研究中的普遍做法相比，我们旨在评估这三个因素在关系终结变量概率中的作用。选择这一变量的主要原因一方面是为了通过能传递信息的交换关系来了解最后阶段；另一反面，为了避免关系破裂去决定采取和忠诚度的上述变量。因此如果合适，公司能够促进这些变量。

最后，区分我们的研究与先前研究的另外一个方面是，我们在小型旅行社和两种类型的顾客：终端顾客和企业之间的关系。因此对于上述提出两种类型的顾客，这种提出的测试模型将允许我们在两种环境中区执行一个投诉管理作用的比较性分析，以及建立相关的结论和启示。

现在我们正在审查理论背景，这将导致我们在工作中提出进行检验结果模型。关键变量

营销文献认为，与顾客保持一个成功的长期关系有助于公司实现一个满意的投资组合和客户忠诚度，而这因此也改善了公司在市场中的经济和竞争状况，同时也提升了公司的战略行动的效率和效能。

然而，问题是什么导致了一个良好的关系。原因很多，可是这些原因一直在营销专家中受到争议。一个文献回顾显示，关系营销的基石是信任和忠诚的结合。反过来，这些观念又受到了许多因素的影响，例如各方的独立性、满意度、投诉管理、分享目标的能力、交流、转化成本和在特殊资产上的投资。在目前的工作中，我们集中于信任和它的两个前身：客户满意度和投诉管理。我们选择这些变量是基于进行的定性研究中给出的样本因素的重要性，这些变量是在部分工作中评论的一部分。

首先，我们简要的描绘了信任和满意度观念的发展，这些观念在市场营销领域得到广泛的研究。随后，更具体的说，我们把投诉管理分析为关系稳定的决定性因素。

就信任而言，重要的是记住，这是关系成功的核心要素之一。的确，大量研究已经分析这种观念是关系满意的一个基本要素。

在企业顾客关系时代，学者帕若塞姆、赛兰德、贝利（1985）提出信任观念并作为在成功关系中的一个核心要素。这些作者认为，顾客应该能够相信他们的服务提供商，在于服务商打交道中感到自信，并确信他们提供的信息将受到保密。所有的这些因素对于获得顾客的忠诚度来说是关键的，它也有助于公司构建一个

稳定的顾客组合，因此减少了终结合作关系概率。

与此同时，研究人员认为信任是决定关系深度、承诺的一种前提，还认为是服务提供商在关系特殊资产中进行的投资。就这方面而言，1994年摩根和亨特提出的信任的定义是在关系群体中每个人拥有的可靠性和完整性的自信。这一定义受到了广泛的引用。事实上，多数市场营销研究都集中于信任的两个部分：认知（从合作伙伴的可靠性中区分出来）和行为（连接合作伙伴意图、动机、诚实和仁）。因此实证研者使用两种标准测定了这种术语诚信和善意，我们在目前的工作中也考虑到了这些标准。

反过来，顾客满意度对实践者和学术研究者来说都是市场营销中最富兴趣的部分。大量的学者研究证实，一个直接的关系存在于顾客满意度和对提供者的忠诚度之间。从顾客的观点来看，他们的满意的可以定义为当他们期望在购物之前，获得产品或服务时高于购买所期望得到的程度。在企业间关系交换的环境中，满意度传递没有机会行为发生的想法，一方的行为注定使其他人受益。从这种意义上讲，满意度导致信任的形成，它也是维持一个长期关系的关键。

基于上述观点而言，在这种工作中的第一种假设仅仅旨在证实一般可接受的信任——在选择关系领域中持有的满意关系。

H1：更加满意的顾客是与旅行社保持关系，他们更加信任公司。

投诉管理

通过“投诉管理”，我们正指出处理一些问题的方式，这些问题是顾客与公司沟通他们服务的各个方面中产生的一定程度上的不满意。然而，现在尽管实现顾客的满意很重要，但是并非所有的公司都遵循统一的战略去管理来自他们顾客的投诉。

在企业顾客关系的背景中，1995年科维斯指出顾客会转化服务商的主要原因有两个(1)核心服务失败（2）不合适的服务面对企业人事。在第二种情况下，当顾客面对一个问题，他们可能通过推出、忠诚和声音来反映。声音等同于对公司或者通过第三方的声音来投诉。那些投诉并得到足够服务失败的顾客很有可能得以保留。总之，如果投诉管理是令人满意的，顾客很少会杂志关系。

正如布朗、劳尔斯、塔腾（1996）和税收等（1998）指出，高效的投诉处理与顾客的忠诚和随后顾客忠诚度正相关。

在企业间关系方面，顾客服务和特殊的投诉管理是维持顾客关系必备的的部组成分。这是因为在B2B市场，顾客数量少，更需要创造长期的关系导致对每个特殊顾客更大的依赖性。同时投诉管理将减少中介机构的知觉购买风险。

因此，这种研究提出了一个包含满意度变量的分析框架作为信任的决定因素。这就是作为关系营销核心变量之一的前提。基于先前的回顾，有两种假设：

H2a：顾客的感知就是旅行社充分的出来投诉来增加顾客的信任。

H2a：顾客的感知是旅行社充分的出来投诉来增加顾客从与公司关系中获得满

意。

关系终止的概率

最近的十年，在B2B和B2CD市场文献中对顾客关系性质的兴趣不断增加。然而，研究们研究显示与关系终止相比，对关系的发展有更大的兴趣。

因此，我们认为，重要的是使用关系终止的概率作为结果变量去评估在先前几节中讨论的变量的作用。毕竟，大部分可以从决定什么因素中获得，而这些因素增加了终结一个已经建立的关系的可能性。

从这种意义上讲，我们可以总结：要是任何一个经济机构参与到它想做的事情中，一个交流的关系可以解除或者终止。考虑考这种论断并且不顾公司的意图，可能是那些顾客单方面决定终止关系。因此，基于构建顾客关系成本的考虑，公司将选择那些有可能适合他们的顾客，公司也将重新配置资源来终止那些不获利的关系。

为了我们能进一步理解最后阶段的内容，这些内容关系可以通过，我们现在关系的内容。我们审查投诉管理在分析B2C和B2B市场中扮演的作用。

我们已经评估了此次工作的结果，我们应该牢记在两次研究中，从顾客的角度中已经重新估计了关系。小型旅行社的选择能够给我们一个更全面、客观、更加可靠的现象观点。同样的，这项研究在一个特殊的时刻进行，因此它具有横向性而非具有纵向性的特征。这些限制使我们对未来的研究提出一些可能的线路。

毕业论文外文翻译模版

吉林化工学院理学院 毕业论文外文翻译English Title（Times New Roman ，三号） 学生学号：08810219 学生姓名：袁庚文 专业班级：信息与计算科学0802 指导教师：赵瑛 职称副教授 起止日期：2012.2.27～2012.3.14 吉林化工学院 Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology

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概率论毕业论文外文翻译

Statistical hypothesis testing Adriana Albu，Loredana Ungureanu Politehnica University Timisoara,adrianaa@aut.utt.ro Politehnica University Timisoara,loredanau@aut.utt.ro Abstract In this article,we present a Bayesian statistical hypothesis testing inspection, testing theory and the process Mentioned hypothesis testing in the real world and the importance of, and successful test of the Notes. Key words Bayesian hypothesis testing; Bayesian inference;Test of significance Introduction A statistical hypothesis test is a method of making decisions using data, whether from a controlled experiment or an observational study (not controlled). In statistics, a result is called statistically significant if it is unlikely to have occurred by chance alone, according to a pre-determined threshold probability, the significance level. The phrase "test of significance" was coined by Ronald Fisher: "Critical tests of this kind may be called tests of significance, and when such tests are available we may discover whether a second sample is or is not significantly different from the first."[1] Hypothesis testing is sometimes called confirmatory data analysis, in contrast to exploratory data analysis. In frequency probability,these decisions are almost always made using null-hypothesis tests. These are tests that answer the question Assuming that the null hypothesis is true, what is the probability of observing a value for the test statistic that is at [] least as extreme as the value that was actually observed?) 2 More formally, they represent answers to the question, posed before undertaking an experiment,of what outcomes of the experiment would lead to rejection of the null hypothesis for a pre-specified probability of an incorrect rejection. One use of hypothesis testing is deciding whether experimental results contain enough information to cast doubt on conventional wisdom. Statistical hypothesis testing is a key technique of frequentist statistical inference. The Bayesian approach to hypothesis testing is to base rejection of the hypothesis on the posterior probability.[3][4]Other approaches to reaching a decision based on data are available via decision theory and optimal decisions. The critical region of a hypothesis test is the set of all outcomes which cause the null hypothesis to be rejected in favor of the alternative hypothesis. The critical region is usually denoted by the letter C. One-sample tests are appropriate when a sample is being compared to the population from a hypothesis. The population characteristics are known from theory or are calculated from the population.

论文外文翻译

Analysis of the role of complaint management in the context of relationship marketing Author: Leticia Su′arez ′Alvarez, University of Oviedo, Spain Abstract This research aims to contribute to the relationship-marketing strategy by studying the role of complaint management in long-term relationships. Two factors distinguish it from other studies: it takes into account two types of customers, consumers and firms, and the result variable selected is the probability of ending an ongoing relationship. Two questionnaires were designed for every population. One of them was auto-administrated to a sample of consumers in the north of Spain, and the other one was sent to a representative sample of Spanish firms. The data analyses were conducted using structural equation modeling. The findings confirm the importance that theory accords to the relationship-marketing strategy, and also provide evidence for the importance of complaint management. Thus having a good complaint-handling system and trained and motivated staff who are fully committed to the firm’s objectives are fundamental requisites for firms to be able to build a stable customer portfolio. Keywords complaint management; relationship marketing; relationship termination; trust; satisfaction Introduction Nowadays, the main task for tourism firms is undoubtedly to deliver superior value to customers. One way that these firms can achieve part of this value is by maintaining quality relationships with their customers. In fact, it is well known that managing these relationships is critical for achieving corporate success. Thus the general aim of the present research is to analyze the most important factors that contribute to relationship stabilization between tourism firms and their customers. This research canters on retail travel agencies. We chose this particular type of tourism firm for two reasons. First, competition between retail travel agencies is becoming much more intense, fundamentally due to the advent of the Internet as an alternative distribution channel for tourism services (Wang & Cheung, 2004). The second reason is the current phenomenon of disintermediation, or the tendency of some tourism service providers to contact the end-customer directly. Because of these two developments, retail travel agencies urgently need to develop a strategy that allows them to maintain a stable portfolio of customers over time if they are to remain in the market for the long term. In order to achieve the proposed objective, we set out a causal model that incorporates a number of factors that can condition the future of the relationships between travel agencies and their customers. Specifically, we chose two variables that

毕业论文 外文翻译#(精选.)

毕业论文（设计）外文翻译 题目：中国上市公司偏好股权融资：非制度性因素 系部名称：经济管理系专业班级:会计082班 学生姓名：任民学号： 200880444228 指导教师：冯银波教师职称:讲师 年月日

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论文外文翻译正文

Technique summary on the deformation monitoring towards the high side-slope of the diversion tunnel Abstract.This paper discusses in length the deformation monitoring towards the high side-slope of the diversion tunnel. The diversion tunnel lies on the left side of the dam. Its main task is to diverse the water so that the construction on the dam can be fulfilled successfully. On one hand, it tells us how to build the plane (two-dimensional) control network and how to conduct the horizontal displacement; on the other hand, it tells us how to set up the vertical control network and how to carry out the vertical displacement. Keywords:diversion tunnel, high side-slope, deformation monitoring, Horizontal displacement, vertical displacement 1 Introduction to the diversion tunnel The diversion tunnel and its related projects lies on the opposite side of the underground workplace, namely, the left bank of the Shuibuya Valley. Its natural slope is 255 meters high, consisting of soft rocks and hard rocks. The geological structure is so complicated. Specifically speaking, the slope contains two parts, with the above part hard and the below part soft; meanwhile, it also contains lots of fissures. To protect the worker’s safety during the construction period, it is quite necessary to carry out the rigorous monitoring towards the high side-slope. 2 Coordinate system (1)Beijing Geodetic Coordinate System, 1954; (2)Wusong Altitude system, 1956; (3)Gauss projection 3° Zone; (4)Central Meridian 111°. 3 Introdution to deformation of Structures When the structure is being constructed and in use, so many factors will cause five phenomena, such as: structure subsidence, structure displacement, structure oblique and structure fissure etc. These factors mainly include: the uneven geological component of the foundation, the difference of the physical attribute of the soil, the rigid deformation of the soil, the change in the underground water, the change of the atmospheric temperature, the self

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软件专业毕业论文外文文献中英文翻译 Object landscapes and lifetimes Tech nically, OOP is just about abstract data typing, in herita nee, and polymorphism, but other issues can be at least as importa nt. The rema in der of this sect ion will cover these issues. One of the most importa nt factors is the way objects are created and destroyed. Where is the data for an object and how is the lifetime of the object con trolled? There are differe nt philosophies at work here. C++ takes the approach that con trol of efficie ncy is the most importa nt issue, so it gives the programmer a choice. For maximum run-time speed, the storage and lifetime can be determined while the program is being written, by placing the objects on the stack (these are sometimes called automatic or scoped variables) or in the static storage area. This places a priority on the speed of storage allocatio n and release, and con trol of these can be very valuable in some situati ons. However, you sacrifice flexibility because you must know the exact qua ntity, lifetime, and type of objects while you're writing the program. If you are trying to solve a more general problem such as computer-aided desig n, warehouse man ageme nt, or air-traffic con trol, this is too restrictive. The sec ond approach is to create objects dyn amically in a pool of memory called the heap. In this approach, you don't know un til run-time how many objects you n eed, what their lifetime is, or what their exact type is. Those are determined at the spur of the moment while the program is runnin g. If you n eed a new object, you simply make it on the heap at the point that you n eed it. Because the storage is man aged dyn amically, at run-time, the amount of time required to allocate storage on the heap is sig ni fica ntly Ion ger tha n the time to create storage on the stack. (Creat ing storage on the stack is ofte n a si ngle assembly in structio n to move the stack poin ter dow n, and ano ther to move it back up.) The dyn amic approach makes the gen erally logical assumpti on that objects tend to be complicated, so the extra overhead of finding storage and releas ing that storage will not have an importa nt impact on the creati on of an object .In additi on, the greater flexibility is esse ntial to solve the gen eral program ming problem. Java uses the sec ond approach, exclusive". Every time you want to create an object, you use the new keyword to build a dyn amic in sta nee of that object. There's ano ther issue, however, and that's the lifetime of an object. With Ian guages that allow objects to be created on the stack, the compiler determines how long the object lasts and can automatically destroy it. However, if you create it on the heap the compiler has no kno wledge of its lifetime. In a Ianguage like C++, you must determine programmatically when to destroy the

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农村社会养老保险的现状、问题与对策研究社会保障对国家安定和经济发展具有重要作用，“城乡二元经济”现象日益凸现，农村社会保障问题客观上成为社会保障体系中极为重要的部分。建立和完善农村社会保障制度关系到农村乃至整个社会的经济发展，并且对我国和谐社会的构建至关重要。我国农村社会保障制度尚不完善，因此有必要加强对农村独立社会保障制度的构建，尤其对农村养老制度的改革，建立健全我国社会保障体系。从户籍制度上看，我国居民养老问题可分为城市居民养老和农村居民养老两部分。对于城市居民我国政府已有比较充足的政策与资金投人，使他们在物质和精神方面都能得到较好地照顾，基本实现了社会化养老。而农村居民的养老问题却日益突出，成为摆在我国政府面前的一个紧迫而又棘手的问题。 一、我国农村社会养老保险的现状 关于农村养老，许多地区还没有建立农村社会养老体系，已建立的地区也存在很多缺陷，运行中出现了很多问题，所以完善农村社会养老保险体系的必要性与紧迫性日益体现出来。 （一）人口老龄化加快 随着城市化步伐的加快和农村劳动力的输出，越来越多的农村青壮年人口进入城市，年龄结构出现“两头大，中间小”的局面。中国农村进入老龄社会的步伐日渐加快。第五次人口普查显示：中国65岁以上的人中农村为5938万，占老龄总人口的67.4%.在这种严峻的现实面前，农村社会养老保险的徘徊显得极其不协调。 （二）农村社会养老保险覆盖面太小 中国拥有世界上数量最多的老年人口，且大多在农村。据统计，未纳入社会保障的农村人口还很多，截止2000年底，全国7400多万农村居民参加了保险，占全部农村居民的11.18%，占成年农村居民的11.59%.另外，据国家统计局统计，我国进城务工者已从改革开放之初的不到200万人增加到2003年的1.14亿人。而基本方案中没有体现出对留在农村的农民和进城务工的农民给予区别对待。进城务工的农民既没被纳入到农村养老保险体系中，也没被纳入到城市养老保险体系中，处于法律保护的空白地带。所以很有必要考虑这个特殊群体的养老保险问题。

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开题报告、文献检索账号、文献综述、外文翻译、抄袭检测软件、论文目录，都在这了都在这了，有备无患，拿去吧！！ 开题报告、文献综述、外文翻译、论文反抄袭软件、论文目录，就差论文正文了，其他都全了！！ 开题报告主要包括以下几个方面： （一）论文名称 论文名称就是课题的名字 第一，名称要准确、规范。准确就是论文的名称要把论文研究的问题是什么，研究的对象是什么交待清楚，论文的名称一定要和研究的内容相一致，不能太大，也不能太小，要准确地把你研究的对象、问题概括出来。 第二，名称要简洁，不能太长。不管是论文或者课题，名称都不能太长，能不要的字就尽量不要，一般不要超过20个字。 （二）论文研究的目的、意义 研究的目的、意义也就是为什么要研究、研究它有什么价值。这一般可以先从现实需要方面去论述，指出现实当中存在这个问题，需要去研究，去解决，本论文的研究有什么实际作用，然后，再写论文的理论和学术价值。这些都要写得具体一点，有针对性一点，不能漫无边际地空喊口号。主要内容包括：⑴研究的有关背景(课题的提出)：即根据什么、受什么启发而搞这项研究。⑵通过分析本地（校）的教育教学实际，指出为什么要研究该课题，研究的价值，要解决的问题。 （三）本论文国内外研究的历史和现状（文献综述）。 规范些应该有，如果是小课题可以省略。一般包括：掌握其研究的广度、深度、已取得的成果；寻找有待进一步研究的问题，从而确定本课题研究的平台(起点)、研究的特色或突破点。 （四）论文研究的指导思想 指导思想就是在宏观上应坚持什么方向，符合什么要求等，这个方向或要求可以是哲学、政治理论，也可以是政府的教育发展规划，也可以是有关研究问题的指导性意见等。 （五）论文写作的目标 论文写作的目标也就是课题最后要达到的具体目的,要解决哪些具体问题，也就是本论文研究要达到的预定目标：即本论文写作的目标定位，确定目标时要紧扣课题,用词要准确、精练、明了。

电子信息工程专业毕业论文外文翻译中英文对照翻译

本科毕业设计（论文）中英文对照翻译 院（系部）电气工程与自动化 专业名称电子信息工程 年级班级 04级7班 学生姓名 指导老师

Infrared Remote Control System Abstract Red outside data correspondence the technique be currently within the scope of world drive extensive usage of a kind of wireless conjunction technique,drive numerous hardware and software platform support. Red outside the transceiver product have cost low, small scaled turn, the baud rate be quick, point to point SSL, be free from electromagnetism thousand Raos etc.characteristics, can realization information at dissimilarity of the product fast, convenience, safely exchange and transmission, at short distance wireless deliver aspect to own very obvious of advantage.Along with red outside the data deliver a technique more and more mature, the cost descend, red outside the transceiver necessarily will get at the short distance communication realm more extensive of application. The purpose that design this system is transmit cu stomer’s operation information with infrared rays for transmit media, then demodulate original signal with receive circuit. It use coding chip to modulate signal and use decoding chip to demodulate signal. The coding chip is PT2262 and decoding chip is PT2272. Both chips are made in Taiwan. Main work principle is that we provide to input the information for the PT2262 with coding keyboard. The input information was coded by PT2262 and loading to high frequent load wave whose frequent is 38 kHz, then modulate infrared transmit dioxide and radiate space outside when it attian enough power. The receive circuit receive the signal and demodulate original information. The original signal was decoded by PT2272, so as to drive some circuit to accomplish

毕业论文外文资料翻译

毕业论文外文资料翻译题目(宋体三号，居中) 学院(全称，宋体三号，居中) 专业(全称，宋体三号，居中) 班级(宋体三号，居中) 学生(宋体三号，居中) 学号(宋体三号，居中) 指导教师(宋体三号，居中) 二〇一〇年月日(宋体三号，居中，时间与开题时间一致)

（英文原文装订在前）

Journal of American Chemical Society, 2006, 128(7): 2421-2425. (文献翻译必须在中文译文第一页标明文献出处：即文章是何期刊上发表的，X年X 卷X期，格式如上例所示，四号，右对齐，杂志名加粗。) [点击输入译文题目-标题1，黑体小二] [点击输入作者，宋体小四] [点击输入作者单位，宋体五号] 摘要[点击输入，宋体五号] 关键词[点击输入，宋体五号] 1[点击输入一级标题-标题2，黑体四号] [点击输入正文，宋体小四号，1.25倍行距] 1.1[点击输入二级标题-标题3，黑体小四] [点击输入正文，宋体小四，1.25倍行距] 1.1.1[点击输入三级标题-标题4，黑体小四] [点击输入正文，宋体小四，1.25倍行距] 说明： 1.外文文章必须是正规期刊发表的。 2.翻译后的中文文章必须达到2000字以上，并且是一篇完整文章。 3.必须要有外文翻译的封面，使用学校统一的封面； 封面上的翻译题目要写翻译过来的中文题目； 封面上时间与开题时间一致。 4.外文原文在前，中文翻译在后； 5.中文翻译中要包含题目、摘要、关键词、前言、全文以及参考文献，翻译要条理

清晰，中文翻译要与英文一一对应。 6.翻译中的中文文章字体为小四，所有字母、数字均为英文格式下的，中文为宋体， 标准字符间距。 7.原文中的图片和表格可以直接剪切、粘贴，但是表头与图示必须翻译成中文。 8.图表必须居中，文章段落应两端对齐、首行缩进2个汉字字符、1.25倍行距。 例如： 图1. 蛋白质样品的PCA图谱与8-卟啉识别排列分析(a)或16-卟啉识别排列分析(b)。为了得到b 的 数据矩阵，样品用16-卟啉识别排列分析来检测，而a 是通过捕获首八卟啉接收器数据矩阵从 b 中 萃取的。

电气专业毕业论文外文翻译分析解析

本科毕业设计 外文文献及译文 文献、资料题目：Designing Stable Control Loops 文献、资料来源：期刊 文献、资料发表（出版）日期：2010.3.25 院（部）：信息与电气工程学院 专班姓学业：电气工程与自动化级： 名： 号： 指导教师：翻译日期：2011.3.10

外文文献： Designing Stable Control Loops The objective of this topic is to provide the designer with a practical review of loop compensation techniques applied to switching power supply feedback control. A top-down system approach is taken starting with basic feedback control concepts and leading to step-by-step design procedures,initially applied to a simple buck regulator and then expanded to other topologies and control algorithms. Sample designs are demonstrated with Math cad simulations to illustrate gain and phase margins and their impact on performance analysis. I. I NTRODUCTION Insuring stability of a proposed power supply solution is often one of the more challenging aspects of the design process. Nothing is more disconcerting than to have your lovingly crafted breadboard break into wild oscillations just as its being demonstrated to the boss or customer, but insuring against this unfortunate event takes some analysis which many designers view as formidable. Paths taken by design engineers often emphasize either cut-and-try empirical testing in the laboratory or computer simulations looking for numerical solutions based on complex mathematical models.While both of these approach a basic understanding of feedback theory will usually allow the definition of an acceptable compensation network with a minimum of computational effort. II. S TABILITY D EFINED Fig. 1.Definition of stability Fig. 1 gives a quick illustration of at least one definition of stability. In its simplest terms, a system is stable if, when subjected to a perturbation from some source, its response to that

毕业论文外文翻译(中英文)

译文 交通拥堵和城市交通系统的可持续发展 摘要：城市化和机动化的快速增长，通常有助于城市交通系统的发展，是经济性，环境性和社会可持续性的体现，但其结果是交通量无情增加，导致交通拥挤。道路拥挤定价已经提出了很多次，作为一个经济措施缓解城市交通拥挤，但还没有见过在实践中广泛使用，因为道路收费的一些潜在的影响仍然不明。本文首先回顾可持续运输系统的概念，它应该满足集体经济发展，环境保护和社会正义的目标。然后，根据可持续交通系统的特点，使拥挤收费能够促进经济增长，环境保护和社会正义。研究结果表明，交通拥堵收费是一个切实有效的方式，可以促进城市交通系统的可持续发展。 一、介绍 城市交通是一个在世界各地的大城市迫切关注的话题。随着中国的城市化和机动化的快速发展，交通拥堵已成为一个越来越严重的问题，造成较大的时间延迟，增加能源消耗和空气污染，减少了道路网络的可靠性。在许多城市，交通挤塞情况被看作是经济发展的障碍。我们可以使用多种方法来解决交通挤塞，包括新的基础设施建设，改善基础设施的维护和操作，并利用现有的基础设施，通过需求管理策略，包括定价机制，更有效地减少运输密度。 交通拥堵收费在很久以前就已提出，作为一种有效的措施，来缓解的交通挤塞情况。交通拥堵收费的原则与目标是通过对选择在高峰拥挤时段的设施的使用实施附加收费，以纾缓拥堵情况。转移非高峰期一些出行路线，远离拥挤的设施或高占用车辆，或完全阻止一些出行，交通拥堵收费计划将在节省时间和降低经营成本的基础上，改善空气中的质量，减少能源消耗和改善过境生产力。此计划在世界很多国家和地方都有成功的应用。继在20世纪70年代初和80年代中期挪威与新加坡实行收费环，在2003年2月伦敦金融城推出了面积收费;直至现在，它都是已经开始实施拥挤收费的大都市圈中一个最知名的例子。 然而，交通拥堵收费由于理论和政治的原因未能在实践中广泛使用。道路收费