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上海海洋大学专业英语期末翻译

上海海洋大学专业英语期末翻译
上海海洋大学专业英语期末翻译

Analog computers are analog devices. That is, they have continuous states rather than discrete numbered states. An analog computer can represent fractional or irrational values exactly, with no round-off. Analog computers are almost never used outside of experimental settings. 模拟计算机是模拟设备。也就是说,他们是连续状态而不是离散的有限状态。一个模拟计算机可以精确代表小数或无理数,没有舍入。模拟计算机几乎从不被使用在实验设置以外。

A processor typically contains an arithmetic/logic unit (ALU), control unit( including processor flags, flag register, or status register), internal buses, and sometimes special function units( the most common special function unit being a floating point unit for floating point arithmetic).

一个处理器通常包含一个算术/逻辑单元(运算器),控制单元(包括处理器标志,标志寄存器,或状态寄存器),内部总线,有时特殊功能单元(最常见的特殊功能单元作为一个浮点单元用于浮点运算)。

CISC stands for Complex Instruction Set Computer. Mainframe computers and minicomputers were CISC processors, with manufacturers competing to offer the most useful instruction sets. Many of the first two generations of microprocessors were also CISC.

CISC代表复杂指令集计算机。大型计算机和小型计算机是CISC处理器,与制造商竞争提供最有用的指令集。微处理器的前两代中许多也是CISC。

Lesson 2

Supercomputer is a broad term for one of the fastest computers currently available. Supercomputers are very expensive and are employed for specialized applications that require immense mounts of mathematical calculations (number crunching).

超级计算机是一个广泛的术语,因为它是目前可用的最快的计算机之一。超级计算机是非常昂贵的,并且它被用于需要大量的数学计算(数字运算)的专门应用。

It is a midsize computer. In the past decade, the distinction between large minicomputers and small mainframes has blurred, however, as has the distinction between small minicomputers and workstation. But in general, a minicomputer is a multiprocessing system capable of supporting up to 200 users simultaneously.

它是一个中型计算机。在过去的十年中,大的小型机和小的大型机之间的区别已经模糊,然而,有小的小型机和工作站之间的区别。但在一般情况下,一个小型机是一个能够同时支持多达200个用户的多处理系统。

Workstations generally come with a large, high-resolution graphics screen, a large amount of RAM, built-in network support, and a graphical user interface. Most workstations also have a mass storage device such as disk drive, but a special type of workstation, called a diskless workstation, comes without a disk drive.

工作站一般都配有一个大的,高分辨率的图形屏幕,大量的内存,内置网络支持以及一个图形用户界面。大多数工作站也有一个大容量存储设备如磁盘驱动器,但是一种特殊类型的工作站,被称为无盘工作站,是不带磁盘驱动器的。

Most desktop displays use liquid crystal display(LCD) or cathode ray tube(CRT) technology, while nearly all portable computing devices such as laptops incorporate LCD technology.

大多数桌面显示使用液晶显示器(LCD)或阴极射线管(CRT)技术,而几乎所有便携式计算设备如笔记本电脑包含LCD技术。

For widescreen LCD monitors, the aspect ratio is 16:9(or sometimes 16:10 or 15:9).Widescreen LCD displays are useful for viewing DVD movies in widescreen format, playing games and displaying multiple widows side by side. High definition television (HDTV) also uses a widescreen aspect ratio.

对于宽屏液晶显示器来说,屏幕高宽比是16:9,(或有时为16:10或15:9)。宽屏液晶显示器对于用宽屏格式观看DVD电影,玩游戏和并排显示多个窗口是有用的。高清晰度电视(HDTV)也使用一个宽屏高宽比。

For LCD monitors, screen size is measured diagonally from the inside of the bevel edge. The measurement does not include the casing as indicated in the image below.

对于液晶显示器来说,屏幕尺寸是从斜面边缘的内侧对角测量的。而测量不包括下面的图像显示的外壳。

Lesson 4

Single-user, single task—As the name implies, this operating system is designed to manage the computer so that one user can effectively do one thing at a time. The Palm OS for Palm handheld computer is a good example of a modern single-user, single-task operating system.. 单用户,单任务。顾名思义,这个操作系统被设计来管理计算机,以便一个用户可以有效地在一个时间做一件事。用于掌上电脑的Palm OS是一个现代化的单用户单任务操作系统的一个很好的例子。

Single-user, multi-tasking—This is the type of operating system most people use on their desktop and laptop computers today. Microsoft’s Windows and Apple’s MacOS platforms are both examples of operating systems that will let a single user have several programs in operating at the same time.

单用户,多任务。这是如今大多数人在他们的台式机和笔记本电脑上使用的操作系统类型。微软的Windows和苹果的MacOS的平台是两个可以让一个单用户在同时操作几个节目的操作系统的例子。

Multi-user—A multi-user operating system allows many different users to take advantage of the computer’s resources simultaneously. The operating system must make sure that the requirements of the various users are balanced, and that each of the programs they are using has sufficient and separate resources so that a problem with one user doesn’t affect the entire community of users.

多用户。一个多用户操作系统允许许多不同的用户同时利用计算机的资源。操作系统必须确保各用户的需求是平衡的,并且他们正在使用的每个程序具有充分和独立的资源,以便一个用户的一个问题不会影响用户的整个社区。

Agile software development processes are built on the foundation of iterative development. To that foundation they add a lighter more people-centric viewpoint than traditional approaches. Agile processes use feedback, rather than planning, as their primary control mechanism.

敏捷软件开发过程是建立在迭代开发的基础上的。在那个基础上,他们添加了一种比传统方法更轻、更以人为中心的方法。敏捷过程使用的是反馈,而不是规划,来作为他们的主要控制机制。

Iterative development prescribes the construction of initially small but even larger portions of a software project to help all those involves to uncover important issues early before problems or faulty assumptions can lead to disaster.

迭代开发规定最初建立软件项目的小型结构而不是大部分,这样可以帮助有关人员在问题或错误设想导致灾难之前尽早发现严重问题。

Extreme Programming (XP) is the best-known iterative process. In XP, the phases are carried out in extremely small(or “continuous”) steps compared to the older, “batch”processes. The(intentionally incomplete) first pass through the steps might take a day or a week, rather than the months or years of each complete step in the Waterfall model.

极限编程(XP)是著名的迭代过程。在XP中,阶段在极小(或“连续”)的步骤中进行,与旧的“批处理”过程相比。(故意的不完全的)首次通过步骤可能需要一天或一个星期,而不是在瀑布模型的每个完整的步数月或数年。

Lesson 6

Function: A programming language is a language used to write computer programs, which involve a computer performing some kind of computation or algorithm and possibly control external devices such as printers , robots, and so on.

功能:程序设计语言是一门用来写计算机程序的语言,它包括计算机执行某种计算或算法而且可能控制外部设备例如打印机,机器人等等。

Target: Programming languages differ from natural languages in that natural languages are only used for interaction between people. While programming languages also allow humans to communicate instructions to machines Some programming languages are used by one device to control another.

对象:程序设计语言与自然语言不同,自然语言只被用与人们之间的互动。然而程序设计语言也允许人类传达机器指令。一些程序设计语言被某台设备用来控制另一台。

Constructs: Programming languages may contain constructs for defining and manipulating data structures or controlling the flow of execution.

结构:程序设计语言可能包含结构定义和操作的数据结构或控制执行流。

Lesson 7

Consistency: Every transaction must preserve the integrity constraints----the declared consistency rules----of the database. It cannot place the data in a contradictory state.

一致性:每个事务必须保持完整性约束——声明的一致性规则——数据库的。不能存放矛盾的数据。

Isolation: Two simultaneous transactions cannot interfere with one another. Intermediate results within a transaction are not visible to other transactions.

独立性:两个并发事务不能互相干扰。在一个事务中的中间结果,其它事务是不可见的。

Durability: Completed transactions cannot be aborted later or their results discarded. They must persist through(for instance) restarts of the DBMS after crashes.

持续性:已完成的事务不能再撤销或者丢弃结果。他们必须坚持通过(例如)在崩溃后重新启动数据库。

Lesson 8

A personal area network(PAN) is a computer network used for communication among computer devices(including telephones and personal digital assistants) close to one person. The devices may or may not belong to the person in question.

个人网络是一种与人相关的用于计算机设备之间交流的计算机网络(包括电话和个人数字助理)。设备可能或可能不属于正被讨论的人。

Local area network is a network covering a small geographic area, like a home, office, or building .Current LANs are most likely to be based on Ethernet technology.

局域网是覆盖一个小的地理区域的网络,如家庭,办公室,或大楼。目前局域网最有可能基于以太网技术。

Extranet is a network or internetwork that is limited in scope to a single organization or entity but which also has limited connections to the networks of one or more other usually, but not necessarily, trusted organizations or entities.

外联网是一个网络或互联网,范围仅限于一个单一的组织或实体,但它也通常与一个或多个网络间有有限的连接,不是必然的,是值得信赖的组织或机构。

Lesson 9

TCP/IP uses the client/server modle of communication in which a computer user requests and is provided a service by another computer in the network.

TCP / IP采用客户机/服务器模型的通信,在计算机用户请求并被网络中的另一台计算机(服务器)提供服务(例如传输一个网页)的时候。

TCP is known as a connection-oriented protocol,which means that a connection is established and maintained until such time as the message or messages to be exchanged by the application programs at each end have been exchanged.

TCP被认为是面向连接的协议,这意味着连接一直建立直到每一端的应用程序要交换的消息已经被换出。

IP is a connectionless protocol,which means that there is no continuing connection between the end points that are communicating.Each packet that travels through the Internet is treated

as an independent unit of data without any relation to any other unit of data.

IP是一种无连接协议,这意味着在相同的终点之间没有持续的连接。每一个经过网络的信息包被加工成一个独立的与其他任何数据单元没有任何关系的数据单元。

缩写完整形式中文意义

1.GSM Global System for Mobile Communication 全球移动通讯系统

2.CDMA Code Division Multiple Access 码分多址

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/144619399.html,B Universal Serial Bus 通用串行总线

4.CPU Central Processing Unit或Central Processor Unit 中央处理器

5.CAD Computer Aided Design 计算机辅助设计

6.DEC Data Equipment Company 数据设备公司

7.PDA Personal Digital Assistant 个人数字助理

8.PCMCIA Personal Computer Memory Card International Association

个人计算机存储卡国际协会

9.LCD liquid crystal display 液晶显示器

10.API application program interface 应用程序接口

11.CMM Capability Maturity Model 能力成熟度模型

12.CMMI Capability Maturity Model Integration 能力成熟度模型集成

13.ANSI American National Standards Institute 美国国家标准学会

14. SQL Structured Query Language 结构化查询语言

15.HTML Hypertext Markup Language 超文本链接标识语言

16. BNF Backus Normal Form 巴柯斯范式

17.HTML Hypertext Markup Language 超文本链接标识语言

18.DMS database management system 数据库管理系统

19.ACID Atomicity,Consistency,Isolation,Durability

原子性、一致性、独立性、持续性

20.DSA Digital Signature Algorithm 数字签名算法

21.MD5 Message-digest Algorithm 5 信息摘要算法

22.SSL Security Socket Layer 加密套接字协议层

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/144619399.html,N Local Area Network 局域网

24.CAN Campus Area Network 园区网

25.WAN Wide Area Network 广域网

26.WWW World Wide Web 万维网

27.DSL Digital Subscriber Line 数字用户线路

28.ICMP Internet Control Message Protocol 网间控制报文协议

29.TCP/IP Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol 传输控制协议/协议

30.SMTP Simple Mail Transfer Protocol 简单邮件传输协议

31.ISO International Organization for Standardization 国际标准化组织

32.DBMS database management system 数据库管理系统

1.位深度bit depth

2.把…转换为…convert …into …

3.双连接电缆dual link cable

4.高清晰度电视high definition television

5.低能耗low energy consumption

6.刷新率refresh rate

7.最小化传输差分信号Transition Minimized Differential Signaling 8.可视区域,可视觉面积viewable area

9.引导装入程序bootstrap loader

10.安排,处理,涉及deal with

11.与…交互interact with

12.实际电路physical circuit

13.实时控制系统real-time control system

14.科学仪表scientific instrument

15.建立,设立set up

16.单用户、多任务系统single-user, multi-tasking

17.系统补丁system patch

18.胡乱地修补,捣鼓,乱弄tinker with

19.敏捷建模Agile Modeling

20.瀑布模型waterfall model

21.第三方评价third party review

22.统计分析statistical analysis

23.软件元素分析Software Elements Analysis

24.软件生命周期software life cycle

25.需求分析requirements analysis

26.面向制造的manufacturing-oriented

27.极限编程Extreme Programming

28.能力成熟度模型Capability Maturity Model

29.上下文无关语法context-free grammar

30.形式语法formal grammar

31.交互对话期interactive session

32.标识语言markup language

33.空指针null pointer

34.纯文本的purely textual

35.脚本语言scripting language

36.独立实体separate entity

37.图灵完备Turing complete

38.类型理论type theory

39.哈希桶hash bucket

40.层次模型hierarchical model

41.中间结果intermediate result 42.嵌套循环连接nested loop join 43.网络模型network model 44.主索引primary index 45.查询语言query language 46.实时real time

47.关系模型relational model 48.有序列表sorted list

翻译期末作业

浅谈中国菜名的翻译 我国悠久的历史和广袤的国土孕育了中国独特的烹饪艺术和丰富的饮食文化。我们国家也以几千年的饮食文化文明于世。随着我国经济飞速发展,与国外交流日益增多,餐饮业也面临着走向世界的机遇和挑战。中国菜名是汉语语汇中承载中国文化最多的语汇之一, 不仅承载着几千年来的中国饮食文化, 还承载着大量的非饮食文化, 如神话、民俗、历史、文学、宗教信仰等等, 在菜名所传达的表层语义背后有着更为深厚复杂的多元文化元素。同时由于饮食与文化的密切联系,这些都大大增大了翻译的难度。 1.首先我们来看一下一些我们常见的错误翻译 长期以来,菜名的翻译没有统一的标准,加上译者水平有限和地域差异,并不了解菜式的内涵,致使很多菜名的翻译让人感到不知所云。比如口水鸡slobbering chicken、童子鸡chicken without sexual life、夫妻肺片the couple’s lung 等,这翻译让外国人看了都吓跑了,哪里还有食欲吃饭呢?再如东坡肉poet Dongpo’s braised pork,东坡肉是用蒸的方法做出来的,所以这里应该为Poet Dongpo’s steamed pork 而不是用braised;“鱼香肉丝”较常见的有两种译法,另外也有人译为shredded pork with garlic sauce,前者译法为直译,后者加了简单的解释,虽然看似简单易懂,很直观,但是译者没有弄清楚此菜的配料,川菜口味浓重,很多菜肴的配料都是少不了“川菜之魂”郫县豆瓣酱,鱼香肉丝正是用到此配料,是不用所谓的大蒜酱,所以后者翻译存在误的地方;水煮鱼,也是川菜中的代表作,又麻又辣,有译者翻译为tender stewed fish,这个译法不够全面,应该在后面加上in chili sauce;夫妻肺片译为pork lungs in chili sauce,这个译法的译者应该不明白此菜的来历和主料,夫妻肺片根本不是用猪肺做成的,而且和肺一点都不沾边,此菜的主料都是用牛内脏,所以这个译发讲不通。对于以上的翻译错误我们不能只是一笑而过,我们应该感受到菜名翻译的难度,从而思考怎样才能更好的翻译来达到最佳的效果。

上海海洋大学试卷标准答案

上海海洋大学试卷标准答案 姓名: 学号: 专业班名: 一、[/ 30103=?'] 选择:将您认为正确的答案代号填入下列表格内。 1、设5)2(,3)2(,1)0(/ ===f f f ,则 dx x xf ? 2 //)(的值为( ) A )12 B )8 C )7 D )6 2、设定积分? = e xdx I 1 1ln ,?=e xdx I 1 22ln ,则( ) A )12I I < B )122I I < C )122I I > D )12I I > 3、定积分 dx e x ?1 的值为( ) A )e B )2 1 C )21 e D )2 4、由1,,===-x e y e y x x 所围成的平面图形的面积是( ) A )e e 1+ B )e e 1- C )21-+e e D )21+-e e 5、曲边梯形b y a y f x ≤≤≤≤≤0),(0绕y 轴旋转所形成的旋转体的体积为( ) A ) dy y f b a ?)(2 π B )dy y f b a ?)(π C )dy y yf b a ?)(π D )dy y yf b a ?)(2π 6、函数)1ln(y x z --=的定义域为 ( ) A ){}1,1),(<

C ){} 1),(<+y x y x ; D )在xOy 平面上处处无定义。 7、二元函数 ),(y x f z = 在点),(00y x 处可导与可微的关系为( ) A )可导必可微; B )可导一定不可微; C )可微必可导; D )可微不一定可导 8、 ?? =D dxdy ( ) 其中 2 22:a y x D ≤+ A )2a B )π C )2 a π D )不能求 9、级数∑∞ =--1 1 )1(n p n n 当( ) A )1>p 时条件收敛 B )10≤

土木专业英语翻译作业

桂林理工大学土木与建筑工程学院 土木工程专业英语外文翻译,中文翻译 姓名:马凤志 专业:土木应用 班级:10级9班 学号:3100510939

原文

中文翻译 The Influence of Concrete Compaction on the Strength of Concrete Filled Steel Tubes 压实混凝土对混凝土强度的影响 Lin-Hai Han School of Civil Engineering, Harbin University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Haihe Road 202, PO Box 689, Harbin 150090, P.R. China 韩林海,哈尔滨建筑大学,土木与建筑工程学院,海河路202号,邮政信箱,689,哈尔滨,150090 中国 ABSTRACT: Tests on twenty-one concrete filled steel tubes to investigate the influence of compaction methods on the strength of concrete filled steel tubular members are reported. 摘要:测试二十一钢管混凝土试验,研究了钢管对混凝土构件强度压实方法的影响报告。 Two parameters were investigated, including slenderness ratio and load eccentricity. 对两个参数进行研究,包括长细比和荷载偏心。 It was found that better compaction of concrete resulted in higher values of the ultimate strength of concrete filled steel

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not …until…/ Not until…/ It was not until…that 1.直到会议快要结束时他才露面。(show up) 2.直到二十世纪初人们才学会怎样防止这种疾病的蔓延。(prevent) 3.直到那时他才意识到他的老师是非常善解人意的。(considerate) 4.可惜他们直到事故发生之后才采取措施防止它。 5.直到上周末收到你的来信时我们才如释负重。(relieve) The more…the more.. 1.你的词汇量越大,你就感到用英语写作越容易。(feel it + adj. to do ) 2.人们普遍认为,用脑越多,思维就越活跃。( it is generally believed that ) 3.问题发现得越早,解决起来越容易。 4.问题越难,我越有可能能够解决他们。(likely) 5.我们学习得越多,将来就越能为我们国家工作的越好。 6.你练习讲英语越多,就越对你有好处。(do sb good) 7.我们经常讨论的一个问题是:是否钱越多越幸福。 8.相对而言,孩子与父母交流越多,越不可能感到忧郁。(suffer from) No matter how / however + adj. / adv. + S + V 1. 不管这个新体系有多复杂,我们还是要用它。(complicated) 2.无论社会发展得多快,这个传统应该代代相传。(pass on) 3.无论他如何努力,他似乎永远学不好物理。 4.不管我们有多忙,下星期我们一定会举行一次欢送会向那些退休工人们表示敬意。(in honor of) 5.不管天有多晚,他从不把今天必须做的事拖到明天。(put off) 6. 如果我们以一种强烈的意志工作,我们能够克服任何的困难,无论这个困难有多大。Adj. / adv. / n. / v. + as / though + S + V 1.虽然他很聪明,但他不愿把全部时间用在学习上。(devote…to) 2.他很累,但他还是工作到深夜。(work late into…) 3.虽然他是个孩子,但对于这个世界他了解很多。 4.虽然我敬佩他作为一个作家,但我不喜欢他作为一个人。(admire) Hardly / scarcely / barely…when no sooner …than 1.我刚到家,电话铃就响了。 2.他一到实验室,就开始做实验。(set out) 3.这男孩刚打开电脑,他父亲就回家了,叫他做功课。 4.他一到家就迫不及待地把好消息告诉他父母。(can't wait…) 1.Not until the meeting was almost over did he show up. th century did people learn how to prevent the disease from Not until the beginning of the 202. spreading. 3.Not until then did he realize that his teacher was very considerate / thoughtful / 1 understanding.

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图5.1 RARP请求和应答。 该RARP请求是广播(1号线)的,第2行的RARP应答是单播的。第2行的输出,“at sun”,意味着RARP应答包含了主机sun(140.252.13.33)的IP地址。 在第3行,我们看到,一旦sun接收其IP地址,它会发出一个TFTP读请求(RRQ)的文件8CFCOD21.SUN4C。(TFTP是简单文件传输协议,我们在第15章进行详细描述)。在文件名中的8个十六进制数字是sun主机的IP地址140.252.13.33的十六进制表示形式。这是在RARP应答中返回的IP地址。该文件名的其余部分,后缀SUN4C表示系统正在引导的类型。 Tcpdump表示第3行是一个长度为65的IP数据报,而不是一个UDP数据报(实际上它确实是),因为我们运行tcpdump命令使用-e参数,看硬件级别的地址。另一点,在图5.1要注意的是在第2行的以太网帧的长度似乎比最小较短(我们所说的是在4.5节60字节)。原因是我们的系统,该系统上运行的tcpdump 发送该以太网帧(BSDI)。该应用程序rarpd,写42字节到BSD分组过滤器装置(14字节的以太网报头和28字节的RARP应答),这是什么的tcpdump收到的副本。但以太网设备驱动程序垫这个短帧的最小尺寸为传输(60 )。如果我们在另一个系统上已经运行的tcpdump ,长度会是60。 我们可以看到在这个例子,当这种无盘系统接收在RARP应答它的IP地址,它会发出一个TFTP请求来读取一个引导映像。在这一点上,我们不会进入其他详细介绍无盘系统是如何引导自己。(第16章介绍了使用RARP ,BOOTP和TFTP无盘X终端的引导顺序。) 图5.2表示出了如果有在网络上没有RARP服务器所得到的数据包。每个数据包的目的地址为以太网的广播地址。以太网地址跟随的是目标硬件地址,并按照发送端的硬件地址发送。

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高计),按百分制记载纳入绩点计算。 3.学生所获得超计划的创新创业教育实践学分,根据《上海海洋大学本科生创新创业教育实践学分认定办法》替代部分等量不及格课程的学分数。 4.学院根据学校创新创业教育实践学分认定办法和实施细则,结合学科专业特点,制定相应的认定方案和管理细则,报教务处审批备案。 5.学院成立由分管教学工作的副院长任组长的创新创业教育实践学分认定 工作小组,确定小组成员和工作职责,负责本学院学生创新创业教育实践学分的审核、认定、公示、材料归档等具体工作。 三、认定程序 1.创新创业教育实践学分每学期认定一次(6月、12月),由教务处下达认定通知。 2.学生本人根据通知填写《上海海洋大学本科生创新创业教育实践学分认定申请表》,并附相应证明材料原件和复印件,报各学院审核认定。 3.学院根据学生提交的申请表、证明材料及相关部门提供的名单审核认定学分。 ●创新创业训练类 ①大学生创新创业训练计划项目:学院根据学生提交的申请表、证明材料(创新活动证明书)等进行审核认定。 ②骆肇荛科创基金等校内其他科创项目:学院根据学生提交的申请表、指导教师意见及项目所属学院提供的相关清单进行审核认定。 ●学科竞赛类:学院根据学生提交的申请表、竞赛获奖证书等进行审核认定。 ●创业实践类:学院根据学生提交的申请表和证明材料(营业执照等)进行审核认定。 ●科研训练类A: 优秀本科生进实验室项目,学院根据研究生院提供的结题并考核合格名单审核认定。 ●科研训练类B:学院根据学生提交的申请表、证明材料(论文发表期刊、收录通知、专利软件证书、国际学术会议邀请函等)进行审核认定。 ●科研训练C:学院根据学生提交的申请表、参与项目材料和指导教师意

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