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汉语四字成语的翻译技巧

汉语四字成语的翻译技巧
汉语四字成语的翻译技巧

目录

引言.............................................................................................I 摘要.............................................................................................II ABSTRACT.................................................................................III 第一章四字成语的文化背景 (1)

1.1成语的定义 (1)

1.2成语的来源 (3)

1.2.1 成语的语言特征 (4)

1.2.2 成语的文化特征 (4)

1.2.3 成语中体现的中西文化 (5)

第二章成语的翻译策略 (5)

2.1成语的直译 (5)

2.1.1直译的定义和特点 (6)

2.1.2直译的方法技巧 (6)

2.1.3直译的实际运用 (7)

2.2 成语的意译 (7)

2.2.1意译的定义和特点 (7)

2.2.2意译的方法技巧 (7)

2.2.3意译的实际运用 (8)

第三章成语翻译的艺术价值 (9)

结语 (10)

参考文献 (11)

汉语四字成语的翻译技巧

引言

根据一般概念,翻译是将一种语言的信息用另一种语言表达出来的活动,但这个概念仍有它的欠缺之处。它只提及语言的信息,未提及文化的信息。美国的翻译理论家尤金·奈达曾给翻译下过这样的定义:翻译是指从语义到文体在译语中用最贴切而又最自然的对等语再现原文的信息。虽然奈达把翻译扩大到语义和文体两个层面,但仍未提及文化信息的再现。本问拟从文化信息(culture information)在翻译中的再现这个角度加以讨论。

1四字成语的文化背景

1.1成语的定义

1.2成语的来源

1.2.1 成语的语言特征

1.2.2 成语的文化特征

1.2.3成语中体现的中西文化

2成语的翻译策略

2.1成语的直译

2.1.1直译的定义和特点

2.1.2直译的方法技巧

2.1.3直译的实际运用

2.2 成语的意译

2.2.1意译的定义和特点

2.2.2意译的方法技巧

2.2.3意译的实际运用

3成语翻译的艺术价值

结束语

<摘要>

成语是在语言使用过程中形成一种独特的、约定俗成的、具有完整独特意义的语言。其语义并非等同组成成分意义的简单相加,人们很难从个别词义猜出整个成语的含义。那么,如何理解以及如何翻译成语就成为外语学习者面临的一个语言难点,也是外语学习者必须要解决的一个问题。本文就英语成语的来源,以及理解与翻译问题做些初步探讨。

Abstract:Idiom is a language, which forms a kind of particular, accepted through common practice and has its completely meaning in the process of language using. Its meaning is not an easy addition of single word’s meaning, so it is difficult for people to guess the meaning of an English idiom. Therefore, how to understand and translate idiom becomes difficult to foreign language learners. But, foreign language learners must face it and deal with it. This paper is about the source of English idiom, and the translation of English idiom.

<关键词>四字成语,翻译策略,直译,意译。

1四字成语的文化背景

1.1成语的定义

成语是语言中经过长期使用、锤炼而形成的形成的形式简洁而意思精辟的固定词组或短语。它是比词的含义更丰富而语法功能又相当于词的语言单位,而且富有深刻的思想内涵,简短精辟易记易用。并常常附带有感情色彩,包括贬义和褒义.成语多数为四个字,也有三字的以及四字以上的成语,有的成语甚至是分成两部分,中间有逗号隔开。

1.2成语的来源

成语的来源有五个方面:一是神话传说,如夸父逐日和精卫填海;二是寓言故事,如刻舟求剑和狐假虎威;三是历史故事,如负荆请罪和破釜沉舟;四是文人作品,如老骥伏枥和青出于蓝;五是外来文化,如功德无量和火中取栗。

成语大都有一定的出处。如“狐假虎威”出于《战国策·楚策》,“鹬蚌相争”出于《燕策》,“画蛇添足”出于《齐策》,“刻舟求剑”出于《吕氏春秋·察今》,“自相矛盾”出于《韩非子·难势》,都是古代的寓言。如“完璧归赵”出于《史记·廉颇蔺相如列传》,“破釜沉舟”出于《史记·项羽本纪》,“草木皆兵”出于《晋书·苻坚载记》,“一箭双雕”出于《北史·长孙晟传》,“口蜜腹剑”出于《唐书·李林甫传》,都是历史上的故事。至于截取古书的文句用为四字成语的更为普遍。如“有条不紊”取自《尚书·盘庚》“若纲在纲,有条而不紊”,“举一反三”取自《论语·述而》“举一隅,不以三隅反,则不复也”,“痛心疾首”取自《左传》成公十三年“斯是用痛心疾首,暱就寡人”,“分庭抗礼”取自《庄子·渔父》“万乘之主,千乘之君,未尝不分庭抗礼”,“奴颜婢膝”取自晋代葛洪《抱朴

子·交际》“以岳峙独立者为涩吝疏拙,以奴颜婢膝者为晓解当世”,“胸有成竹”取自宋代苏轼《文与可画筼筜谷偃竹记》“画竹必先得成竹于胸中”。诸如此类,不胜枚举。其他采用古人文章成句的也为数很多。如“忧心忡忡”出自《诗经·召南·草虫》,“外强中干”出自《左传》僖公十五年,“以逸待劳”出自《孙子·军争》,“水落石出”出自苏轼《后赤壁赋》,“萍水相逢”出自唐代王勃《滕王阁序》,“牢不可破”出自唐代韩愈《平淮西碑》。

1.2.1成语的语言特征

成语的语言比较精练简短,但是意义深长,可以以简短的几个字表达出深刻的含义,是我国文化艺术中的瑰宝。

在人民口里常说的一些四字习用语也可以归入成语里来。如“咬文嚼字”、“拖泥带水”、“阳奉阴违”、“不三不四”、“心直口快”之类,与成语的结构相同。在成语中也有些是接受外来文化而出现的。如“天花乱坠”、“当头棒喝”、“不可思议”、“不二法门”都是。

成语一般都是四字格式,不是四字的较少。如“五十步笑百步”、“欲速则不达”、“醉翁之意不在酒”。成语一般所以用四个字,这与汉语本身句法结构和古汉语以单音词为主有关系。

成语有很大一部分是从古代相承沿用下来的,在用词方面往往不同于现代汉语。其中有古书上的成句,也有从古人文章中压缩而成的词组,还有来自人民口里常说的习用语。有些意义从字面上可以理解,有些从字面上就不易理解,特别是典故性的。如“汗牛充栋”、“虎踞龙蟠”、“东山再起”、“草木皆兵”之类,在汉语成语里占有一定的比例。汉语历史悠久,成语特别多,这也是汉语的一个特点。

1.2.2成语的文化特征

成语在语言中是最具有文化特征的构成部分,可以最充分的体现出创造这种语言体系的民族的文化特征,思维方式和风俗习惯。

汉语成语体系全方位的浓缩着中华民族的历史和传统文化,具有文化言语性,文化百科性,和文化精神性等鲜明的文化特征。

从现代语言学的角度来看,汉语成语是言语性非常显著的特殊语言单位。言语性包含着说或写的行为及其结果,而每一行为和结果都是特殊的,具体的,形象的。与语言的行而上性截然相反。一般言语虽然也来源于言语,但早已脱尽了或至少大大淡化了这种言语的特殊性,个别性及其千丝万缕的外在联系。失去了成语的那种开放性联想和想象的不可缺失的言语性生长点。汉语成语作为语言单位,其言语性特点带来了显著的文化属性,承载着丰富的文化内涵。

汉语成语无所不包,一本成语词典就是一部独特的中国古代史,中国文化史,中国文化百科全书。翻开这部百科全书就像是进入了中华文化的全息空间。“五谷丰登”,“安土重迁”,“青黄不接”等无不是中华传统文化产生和发展的重要基础的农耕经济特点的展示。“学而不厌”,“因才施教”,“金榜提名”等凸显出中国古代教育思想浸润着科举制度下知识分子的酸甜苦辣。“四面楚歌”,“围魏救赵”,“唇亡齿寒”等飘荡着中国社会分合治乱的历史烽烟。深涵着出类拔萃的智慧韬略。“三从四德”,“三纲五常”,“忠孝节义”反映着中国传统习俗礼仪伦理道德。

文化的最基本精神是文化民族性最重要方面。汉语成语最重要的文化特征也在于其体现了中国文化的基本精神。即成语中隐含的具有民族特点的思维方式,以及与这种思维方式密不可分的世界观,审美观及价值观。其主要包括类比思维,辨证思维以及最集中反映中华文化的审美及价值观。

1.2.3成语中体现的中西文化

成语与文化密切相关并来源于生活,无论是英语成语还是汉语成语大多数是从生活实践中提炼出来的,而且还有相当一部分受到本国的历史宗教、民俗和传统理念的影响,其中有一大部分来源于历史典故、历史战争、历史的社会现实以及历史人物。例如:1、Burn one’s boat(破釜沉舟)。公元前49年,恺撤大帝率部过卢比孔河时,下令焚舟,表示其不获胜毋宁死的决心,该英语成语由此而来。而汉语成语“破釜沉舟”来自《史记·项羽本纪》:当年项羽渡过黄河后,下令部下破釜沉船,表示必须打胜仗,无后路可退。所以,这两个成语虽然来源不同,但形象和喻意非常相似,都表达“下定决心,不顾一切干到底”。在翻译时可以互相替代:2、All roads lead to Rome(殊途同归)。条条大路通罗马,英语中用此成语表示从不同的道路走到同一目的地。汉语成语殊途同归出自《周易·系辞下》:“天下同归而殊途,一致而百虑。”所以,两个成语在形象和意义上都十分相似;3、Walls have ears(,隔墙有耳)。据说,法国卢浮宫建造时,有些房间可以互传声音,凯瑟琳王后得以获取了许多国家机密和一些人的密谋计划,该英语成语由此而来。汉语的“隔墙有耳”出自《管子·君臣下》:“古者有二言:墙有耳,伏寇在侧。墙有耳者,微谋外泄之谓也。”所以两个成语都表示“秘密商量事情,被人偷听”。所以我们发现在英汉两种不同的语言中,有很多在形式、意义、比喻、形象和修辞色彩上相近或相似的成语,这类成语虽然有的使用不同的喻体,但表达了基本相同的文化特征。

英汉成语除了来源与历史事件及典故外,还有相当一部分来源于宗教、神话传说和寓言。汉语中有很多这样的成语,例如:“临时抱佛脚”、“塞翁失马”、“毛遂自荐”、“大意失剂州”、“闻鸡起舞”、“卧薪尝胆”等等;而英语中这样的成语更是比比皆是。如,Achilles’heel惟一致命的弱点,cross the Rubicon背水一战,Trojan horse暗藏的敌人或危险等等。当然这其中也有些成语看起来与汉语某些成语相似,但意义却完全不同,或存在细微的差别。例如:to move heaven and earth不是“惊天动地”,而是“干方百计、不遗余力”;wash one’s hand不是“洗手不干”,而是“断绝关系、推托责任”;Roman holiday不是“罗马假日”,而是“欣赏别人受苦的娱乐”;personal remark 不是“个人评论”,而是“人身攻击”等等。中西方文化背景的不同、风俗习惯的不同以及生活环境的不同使得两种语言各自具有独有的。

2.1成语的直译特点

2.1.1成语的直译定义和特点

直译(literal translation)是指不引起联想误会,在保持原文信息的前提下,力求使得译文,与原文在选词用字、句法结构、形象比喻及风格特征等方面尽可能趋于一致,译文和原文常用相同的表达形式来体现同样的内容,并且产生同样的效果。特别需要注意的是直译需要既忠实原文内容,又符合原文结构形式。

直译法不仅能够传达成语中所承载的文化信息,而且能够产生较高的文化信息传递的有效度,同时还保留了汉语成语的民族色彩和生动形象,使得英语读者更好的感觉汉语文化。直译充分传播了原语文化,扩大了读者的视野,更有效地促进了交流。这种译法为英语输入了新的表达方式,丰富了英语语言文化。直译法能够保留原文的巧喻及形式,是翻译汉语习语的最好方法之一。但是直译法必须在不违背译文的语法习惯,又不致引起误解的情况下才能使用。采用直译法的习语多半是英语和汉语在比喻和形象方面基本相同的。

2.1.2直译的方法和技巧

英语文书的表达和写作要符合英语习惯,那么翻译是否一定要符合英语习惯呢?我想这是不言而喻的。从古到今,无论中国的翻译家,还是外国的翻译家都提出过很多种翻译标准,如“信”、“达”、“雅”等,其中都强调了译文要符合目标语言的语言习惯,因此我们想要达到这样的标准就应熟练掌握翻译技巧和方法。本文论述的是翻译方法中的直译和意译。直译是一种重要的翻译方法,它有不少优点,例如能传达原文意义,体现原文风格等。以下谈谈直译的方法。

1) 尽可能忠实履行翻译职责,避免越权,把解读留给读者。

例如:“as timid as a hare”与“胆小如鼠”的意思是不完全吻合的,不能简单猎取现成的中文成语加以对应。“胆小如鼠”在中文里是个贬义词,带有蔑视“懦夫”的涵义,比较接近英文里的“coward”。而英文里的“timid”和“hare”都没有那么强的贬义;timid只是一种带有羞怯或腼腆涵义的“胆小”,而hare并不像老鼠那么令人讨厌,所以不宜译成“胆小如鼠”。即使译成“胆小如兔”,还是容易让中国人联想到“胆小如鼠”。鉴此,还不如“羞怯如兔”更加忠实,究竟如何理解,由读者自己去领悟吧,译者就不必越权预设解读立场了。

又如:“full cup,steady hand”,完全可以直译成“杯满手稳”,时间长了将会像“火中取栗”、“一石二鸟”、“化剑为犁”一样成为洋为中用的成语。为什么最好直译成“杯满手稳”呢?因为这句英语谚语在逻辑上是双向的,因此需要挑明的是“杯满”与“手稳”的关系。这样,翻译在避免越权方面也算尽了职,而译文也并不影响理解。

2) 尽可能保持原话的文化特征,以利跨文化沟通与交流。

上面讲的是只有直译才能忠实表达原义的明显例子。那么还有一些可从两种语言中找到对等说法的例子呢?因洋为中用而保存下来的也不少见,例如:

火中取栗:Pull sb's chestnut out of the fire。为什么不说“为他人作嫁妆”?

一石双鸟:Kill two birds with one stone.。中文不是已有“一箭双雕”了吗?

化剑为犁:Turn swords into ploughs。为什么不用“化干戈为玉帛”?

2.1.3直译的实际运用

以下是直译的在我们生活中的一些实际例子:

强强联手win-win co-operation

人海战术huge-crowd strategy

岁岁平安peace all year round

升级换代updating and upgrading (of products)

四十不惑life begins at forty

水涨船高when the river rises, the boat floats high

时不我待time and tide wait for no man

实事求是seek truth from facts; be practical and realistic; be true to facts

实话实说speak the plain truth; call a spade a spade; tell it as it is

韬光养晦hide one's capacities and bide one's time

糖衣炮弹sugar-coated bullets

文韬武略military expertise; military strategy

歪风邪气unhealthy practices and evil phenomena

心想事成may all your wish come true

因材施教teach students according to their aptitude

现身说法warn people by taking oneself as an example

循序渐进step by step

与时俱进advance with times

其中英语中的有些习语也可以直译,或用汉语中相应的习语套用。例如:the open door policy开放政策,the cold war 冷战,to fish in troubled waters 混水摸鱼,Strike while the iron is hot 趁热打铁,at sixes and sevens 乱七八糟。

当然,中国古典智慧也有因直译而成为世界文化遗产的:例如

The soldier who retreated fifty paces laughed at the one who had fallen back a hundred paces。---五十步笑一百步。

The pot calls the kettle black。-----责人严而律己宽.。

No feast lasts forever。---天下没有不散的筵席。

如果当初没人直译,而只管对号入座,那么中国的智慧何时才能走向世界?国人又怎么知道外国也有类似说法呢?因此,在不影响理解的前提下,直译有利于促进文化间的相互了解。掌握直译的技巧很重要,意义深远。

2.2成语的意译

2.2.1意译的定义和特点

意译(free translation)指从意义出发,只要求将原文大意表达出来,不注意细节,译文自然流畅即可。意译是与直译相对应的另一种重要的翻译方法,也称为自由翻译,它是只保持原文内容、不保意译不注意原作形式,包括句法结构、用词、比喻及其他修辞手段。但意译并不意味着可以将内容随意删改,或添枝加叶,而要根据上下文,把原作者所要表达的意思表达出来。在成语的翻译中,有一些利用双关语的成语或字面意义完全不合逻辑的习语,如果按照字面意思直译,令人费解,且信息的传达很难到位,同时英语当中又没有意思相当的成语可以借用,这时,只好牺牲汉语表达形式方面的特征,根据上下文,以意译处理。持原文形式的翻译方法或翻译文字。意译法是翻译中最基本,翻译时重在自然地用目的语表达原语的信息,而不是完全保留原语信息的方法。从语言学角度来说,意译是从更高的层面上来追求内容的一致,更注重于目的语的再现的方法,在英汉语转换中起着基础性的作用。根据意译的这些特点,在成语翻译中,语境显得尤为重要,语境是理解语言的重要手段之一,是进行准确翻译的必要条件。语境谓之“语言环境”或“言语环境”,各种语言总是在一定的交际环境中使用,因此,在进行一类汉语成语的翻译时,必须把它和它联系的语境联系起来。

2.2.2意译的方法技巧

意译法一般分为归化法(Domesticating Translation or Domestication)和异化法(Foreignizing Translation or Minoritizing Translation)。归化法(Domesticating Translation or Domestication)旨在尽量减少译文中的异国情调,为目的语读者提供一种自然流畅的译文。归化法源于这一著名翻译论说,“尽量不干扰读者,请作者向读者靠近。” 归化法带有贬义,因为归化法实际上体现了主导文化社会中常见的政策,即“盲目自大地使用单语,把外来文化拒于门外”。他还认为,主导文化社会“习惯于接受通顺易懂的译文,把外国文本中的价值观隐匿在本国的价值观之中,令读者面对他国文化时,还在自我陶醉地欣赏自己的文化”。这里的“隐匿”是一个重要的概念,因为它说明了译者在翻译中的角色。在以归化法作为标准翻译法的文化社会中,正是译者的“隐匿性”使译文自然而然地归化于目的语文化而不被读者发觉。

归化翻译法通常包含以下几个步骤:(1)谨慎地选择适合于归化翻译的文本;(2)有意识地采取一种自然流畅的目的语文体;(3)把译文调整成目的语篇体裁;(4)插入解释性资料;(5)删去原文中的实观材料;(6)调协译文和原文中的观念与特征。

同时,与之相对的是异化法(Foreignizing Translation or Minoritizing Translation),异化法不仅仅是简单的直译。因为异化的概念已经远远超过语言的层面,而上升到文化、诗学、以及政治的层次。Venuti 对异化的定义是:偏离本土主流价值观,保留原文的语言和文化差异。根据他的定义,《翻译研究词典》把异化定义为:在一定程度上保留原文的异域性故意打破目标语言的常规的翻译。对于异化法其有利之处在于:1.有必要让译文的读者了解异国文化,而且这也往往是读者的初衷,同时也翻译的目的;2.在目的语文化中移植进原语文化会丰富后者的表达方式。3.译者应该相信读者的智力和想象力足以理解异国文化的独特之处。

具体说来,异化翻译法包括以下特点:(1)不完全遵循目的语语言与语篇规范;(2)在适当的时候选择不通顺、艰涩难懂的文体;(3)有意保留源语中的实观材料或采用目的语中的古词语;(4)目的是为目的语读者提供一次“前所未有的阅读经验”。

2.2.3意译的实际运用

大凡自人类翻译活动开始,尤其是文字翻译活动的开始,人们对翻译活动的研究从未停止过。由于文化的差异,英译汉时有时直译全文会使读者费解,甚至误解。这时,就有必要用汉语中意义相同或者相近、且具有自己鲜明的文化色彩的表达方法对原文加以归化。恰到好处的译文地道简洁、生动活泼,便于读者理解和接受。有人说“翻译是美化之艺术,创优之竞赛”我想是有道理的,翻译追求:意美,行美,音美,翻译也是化的艺术,通过浅化,深化,等化来追逐行似,意似,神似的目标。

例如:爱屋及乌Love me,love my dog。这句话要是直译过来就是:爱我,爱我的狗。这样明显是不对的,所以我们要使用意译中法的异化法。不眠之夜“white night”“white”在英文中是白颜色,但是在这里不能理解为白色的晚上,要一词多义的译为“不眠之夜”,有时候英文中的两个单词就可以翻译为中文中的四字成语,这就是中英差异,同时也是翻译的艺术魅力所在。物以类聚Birds of a feather flock together;唯利是图draw water to one's mill;鱼米之乡a land of milk and honey ;有识之士people of vision ;有勇无谋use brawn rather than brain;胸有成竹to have a card up one’s sleeve;小题大做to make mountains out of molehills;徇私枉法bend the law for the benefit of relatives or friends;蓄势而发accumulate strength for a take-off;

债台高筑become debt-ridden;弄巧成拙be too smart by half;Cunning outwits itself抢得先机take the preemptive opportunities;世外桃源a fictitious land of peace away from the turmoil of the world;死而后已until my heart stops beating;三十而立a man should be independent at the age of thirty.At thirty,a manshould be able to think for himself;马到成功achieve immediate victory;win instant success;名利双收gain in both fame and wealth。

望子成龙hold high hopes for one's child 在中国传统文化中孩子就是希望,而同样“龙”则是达成愿望的象征,因此这个翻译是中国传统文化的显现。而在英美人的印象中,“龙”是很可怕的动物。根据他们所熟悉的《圣经》,“龙”是罪恶的象征,而在中国人心

目中“龙”则是神圣、帝王的象征。所以这里异化法翻译加之一些对龙的解释,就可以让英美人感受到中国的情调,东方风情。

惊弓之鸟A bird that fell down at the sound of an arrowless shooting; a deadly frightened person

Note::Tradition has it that Geng Lei and the king of the State of Wei were once together,seeing a bird flying across the sky。Geng Lei said to the king that if he shot without an arrow,the bird would also fall down。The king did not believe it and Geng Lei did as he had said and the bird really fell down。It turned out that the bird had been wounded by a previous shooting and was frightened down at the sound of Geng Lei’s arrowless shooting。The allusion is now used to refer to people who,having experienced a crisis or danger,are still affected by the lingering fear。

东施效颦An ugly girl follows the suit of the pretty lady Xishi by knitting her eyebrows; imitate awkwardly

Note:Legend has it that Xi Shi,a lady living in the State of Yue in the late years of Spring and Autumn period and famous for her beauty in ancient China,often knitted her eyebrows due to her illness。An ugly girl in the village saw this,believing that the behavior added much to her beauty。Then she followed Xi Shi’s suit by knitting her own brows the way Xi Shi did。However,it turned out that she became all the more ugly。典出《庄子.天运》,如此采用异化,可让富有民族特色的原词语给读者以传神的感觉,领会到异域的文化特色。

除了望子成龙,惊弓之鸟,东施效颦之外,还有龙盘虎踞,龙行虎变,鲁鱼帝虎等都使用了异化法,都有异曲同工之妙。

龙盘虎踞like a coiling dragon and a crouching tiger亦作“龙蟠虎踞”。①《太平御览》卷一五六引晋吴勃《吴录》:“刘备曾使诸葛亮至京,因睹秣陵山阜,叹曰:‘锺山龙盘,石头虎踞,此帝王之宅。’”后因以“龙盘虎踞”形容地势雄壮险要,宜作帝王之都。②借指南京。③喻为英雄豪杰所盘踞。④喻斑斓的纹理。

除此之外还有例如:拿手好戏masterpiece这个翻译是英文的魅力之所在,英语用一个词表达的意思可以是中文的四字成语所表达的意思,只有中西结合翻译才能看出中西文化的差异和彼此之间语言文化的魅力之所在。冤假错案cases in which people were unjustly,falsely or wrongly charged or sentenced;unjust,false or wrong cases;既往不咎let bygones be bygones 这个成语英译过来的字数和四字成语本身一样,但是不能翻译成“让过去的过去”,在中文中“让过去的过去”就是“既往不咎”的意思,所以还要进一步进行转换才能有更完美的翻译效果。

“一言既出,驷马难追”“a real man never goes back on his words”,“知己知彼,百战不殆”“know the enemy and know yourself,and you can fight a hundred battles with no danger of defeat”。等类似的成语翻译。

以上就是一些四字成语的翻译技巧和翻译策略的实际例子。

3成语翻译的艺术价值

翻译作为一种语际交流活动,不是简单的从一种语言形式转换为另一种语言形式,而是把一种文化中的语言代码转换成另一种文化中的对应语言代码。因此,翻译是一种跨文化交流活动,应该接受跨文化交流学的理论指导。长期以来,翻译经常被视为一种语言艺术,被人们用超越时间的语法规则加以描述和考察。“对等”问题长时间的困扰着翻译工作者,而翻译研究也始终围绕着一个问题:怎样把原文意思忠实而准确的表达出来,让译文读者达到和原文读者相同的感受。

跨文化交流新的形势和特点对翻译工作提出了新的挑战和要求,传统的翻译研究已经不能满足和适应新的形势需求,这就要求我们从一个新的视角来考察翻译。可喜的是,我们已经看到越来越多的学者提倡将翻译研究置于一个更广阔的文化交流语境下。翻译不再被视为简单的两种语言之间的对等转换,而被看作是一股塑造文化,文学的重要力量,是一种独特的政治,经济和文化行为。

世界跨文化交流活动源远流长。在有文字可考的历史中,古代巴比伦王国法典中就记载有到国外购买奴隶的规定。我国古代的丝绸之路见证了中华民族和世界各国人民友好交流的历史。毋庸置疑,无论从质量还是数量来看,当今时代的跨文化交流活动都是史无前例的。本世界60年代加拿大学者麦克卢汉就提出了“地球村”的概念。此后不到半个世纪,科学技术飞速发展,交通和通讯技术日新月异,整个地球成为一个名副其实的地球村,越来越多的人生活,工作或学习在不同文化的人群中。不同文化背景的人聚集在一起,互相学习,了解和交流。在这种背景下,跨文化交流学(或称为跨文化传播学)应运而生,以解决跨文化交流活动中遇到的一些问题,寻求有效的交流途径,提高交流的层次和水平。

翻译是语言化的跨文化交际,一种文化群体的语言是其文化积淀和储存的结果。一种语言的文字是语言符号,而附着于这种语言文字之上的非语言符号便是文化。翻译便是将一种文字符号转换为另外一种文字符号的过程。

成语是语言的精华,也是一个民族文化与智慧的结晶。它大都言简意赅,形象生动鲜明,富有韵律节奏,它表现力极强,雅俗共享,富有哲理和生活气息,具有一定的教育意义,有的甚至是流传千古的至理名言,代代相传,影响深远。中国是一个有着几千年文明,历史悠久,文化典籍十分丰富的国家,因而汉语里有着许多谚语,成语,典故,格言等,无不闪烁着中国劳动人民的智慧。在此我们研究的四字成语就是其中的典型,随着我国经济的发展,语言文化的发展也将与日俱增。而成语的翻译也需与时俱进,成语极富民族特色,是特定文化的产物。如何将成语的翻译工作不断完善和改进,以求达到真正意义上的:信,达,雅,是我们研究的方向。

结束语

成语是劳动人民智慧的结晶。它是语言中特殊成份以及民族特点和许多修辞手段的集中表现。因此成语的理解与翻译在语言学习和文化交流中占有极其重要的作用。同样英语成语作为英语的重要组成部分,是英语学习者必须面临的一个问题。翻译的关键首先是对成语的理解,但这一理解并不是一般意义上的理解,而是对英语文化知识、文化背景的了解和吸纳。语言、文化、翻译三者紧密相连,不可分割。然而要想真正掌握词汇就必须在理解成语的内涵上下功夫。同样要正确理解成语语的文化内涵,就应坚持不懈地大量阅读,研究成语翻译的各种技巧。而且,在进行跨文化交际过程中使用四字成语时,我们不仅要注意语言,更要注意能力;只有把文化和语言能力有机结合,才能正确传达出原文的内容和神韵,以更好地进行四字成语翻译的应用。

所以英语成语的翻译对从事英语学习和研究的人们来说,除了掌握英语知识和英语文化之外,还需要扎实的母语文字和文化功底。否则就无从谈起对成语的理解,更不用说在英语成语的翻译上得心应手,游刃有余。虽然汉语成语的翻译比较复杂。我们必须注意原文的思想内容,联系上下文和语言结构的整体,充分考虑汉民族的文化背景和语言特点,避免死译、硬译。因此,要在具体的语境下,考虑多种译法,而不能拘泥于一种,灵活地处理文字中出现的成语。但研究如何使成语英译文与整篇文章珠联璧合,浑然天成,这个问题还是值得我们在翻译理论和翻译实践中不断地去摸索和探讨。

参考文献

四、主要参考资料:

[1] Saussure,Ferdinand de.1959.Course in General Linguistics.Charles Bally and Albert Sechahaye(eds),trans.Wade Baskin.New

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[2]Gentzler,Edwin.2001.ContemporaryTranslationTheories(2nd edn).UK:Multilingual Matters Ltd.

[3]Newmark Peter,1981,The Theory and the Craft of Translation,New York:Perganon Press。

[4] Newnark Peter,1981,Communicative and Semantic Translation,New York:Pergamon Press。

[5]钱歌川,1981,《翻译的技巧》,北京:商务印书馆。

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“四字格”翻译 (一)并列关系 名山大川famous mountains and great rivers 名胜古迹scenic spots and historical sites 湖光山色landscape of lakes and hills 青山绿水green hills and clear waters 奇松怪石strangely-shaped pines and grotesque rock formations 平等互利equality and mutual benefit 扬长避短play up strengths and avoid weaknesses 反腐倡廉fight corruption and build a clean government 简政放权streamline administration and institute decentralization 集思广益draw on collective wisdon and absorb all useful ideas 国泰民安the country flourish and the people live in peace and harmony 政通人和the government functions well and people cooperate well 国计民生national welfare and the people’s livelihood 辞旧迎新bid farewell to the old year and usher in the new 徇私舞弊bend the law for personal gain and engage in fraud 流连忘返linger on with no thought of leaving for home 国际局势复杂多变the complex and volatile international situation 开拓进取blaze new trails and forge ahead

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目录 引言.............................................................................................I 摘要.............................................................................................II ABSTRACT.................................................................................III 第一章四字成语的文化背景 (1) 1.1成语的定义 (1) 1.2成语的来源 (3) 1.2.1 成语的语言特征 (4) 1.2.2 成语的文化特征 (4) 1.2.3 成语中体现的中西文化 (5) 第二章成语的翻译策略 (5) 2.1成语的直译 (5) 2.1.1直译的定义和特点 (6) 2.1.2直译的方法技巧 (6) 2.1.3直译的实际运用 (7) 2.2 成语的意译 (7) 2.2.1意译的定义和特点 (7) 2.2.2意译的方法技巧 (7) 2.2.3意译的实际运用 (8) 第三章成语翻译的艺术价值 (9) 结语 (10) 参考文献 (11)

汉语四字成语的翻译技巧 引言 根据一般概念,翻译是将一种语言的信息用另一种语言表达出来的活动,但这个概念仍有它的欠缺之处。它只提及语言的信息,未提及文化的信息。美国的翻译理论家尤金·奈达曾给翻译下过这样的定义:翻译是指从语义到文体在译语中用最贴切而又最自然的对等语再现原文的信息。虽然奈达把翻译扩大到语义和文体两个层面,但仍未提及文化信息的再现。本问拟从文化信息(culture information)在翻译中的再现这个角度加以讨论。 1四字成语的文化背景 1.1成语的定义 1.2成语的来源 1.2.1 成语的语言特征 1.2.2 成语的文化特征 1.2.3成语中体现的中西文化 2成语的翻译策略 2.1成语的直译 2.1.1直译的定义和特点 2.1.2直译的方法技巧 2.1.3直译的实际运用 2.2 成语的意译 2.2.1意译的定义和特点 2.2.2意译的方法技巧

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繁衍生息live and multiply/reproduce 改朝换代changes of dynasties 穷兵黩武wantonly engage in military aggression; use all one’s armed might to indulge in wars of aggression 雅俗共赏appeal to both refined and popular tastes 与日俱增increase with each passing day, be steadily on the increase 极目远眺look as far as the eye can see 按资排辈to assign priority according to seniority 求同存异seeking common ground while putting aside differences 流连忘返linger on; be too delighted to leave 乐不思蜀too delighted to be homesick 不屈节操unyielding moral principle 赴汤蹈火go through fire and water 殊死奋战fight desperately; fight to death 可歌可泣moved one to songs and tears 英勇卓绝heroic and splendid 插科打诨comic parts 精微深奥profound and abstruse 博大精深extensive and profound 源远流长run a long history 天下为公The world belongs to all the people. 天下兴亡匹夫有责Every man has a duty to his country. 预防为主prevention first 综合治理comprehensive control/management 全面推进entire/all-round push-on 重点突破breakthrough at key points 亲仁善邻cordiality, benevolence and good neighborliness 和睦相处living in harmony with others 强不凌弱The strong should not oppress the weak and the rich should not bully the poor. 协和万邦All nations live side by side in perfect harmony. 海纳百川有容乃大One should be as inclusive as the ocean, which is vast because it admits hundreds of rivers. 兼收并蓄embrace everything that is useful 光阴似箭Time flies like an arrow. /How time files! 吃苦耐劳hard work and enduring hardship 勤俭持家run the household industriously and frugally 尊师重教respect teachers and attach importance to education 当务之急urgent; imminent 不谋而合coincide with 莘莘学子students 青春洋溢young 书香浓郁academic/cultural atmosphere 朝气蓬勃 充满活力dynamic; vigorous

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最新英语翻译四字成语大全

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预防为主prevention first 综合治理comprehensive control/management 全面推进entire/all-round push-on 重点突破breakthrough at key points 亲仁善邻cordiality, benevolence and good neighborliness 和睦相处living in harmony with others 强不凌弱,富不侮贫The strong should not oppress the weak and the rich should not bully the poor. 协和万邦All nations live side by side in perfect harmony. 海纳百川,有容乃大One should be as inclusive as the ocean, which is vast because it admits hundreds of rivers. 兼收并蓄embrace everything that is useful 光阴似箭Time flies like an arrow. /How time files! 有诺必践Commitment should always be kept. 一如既往unswervingly 和衷共济solidarity; fighting together with one accord 亡国灭种extinction; being conquered and destroyed 万众一心pull together; join hands; make joint efforts; be united as one 浩然气概noble spirit 不屈节操unyielding moral principle 赴汤蹈火go through fire and water 殊死奋战fight desperately; fight to death 可歌可泣moved one to songs and tears 英勇卓绝heroic and splendid 插科打诨comic parts 精微深奥profound and abstruse 博大精深extensive and profound 源远流长run a long history 天下为公The world belongs to all the people.

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