学术英语中英对比

Unit 1

When faced with both economic problems and increasing competition not only from firms in the united states but also from international firms located in other parts of the world, employee and managers now began to ask the question：what do we do now? although this is a fair question, it is difficult to answer. Certainly, for a college student taking business courses or be beginning employee just staring a career, the question is even more difficult to answer. And yet there are still opportunities out there d=for people who are willing to work hard, continue to learn, and possess the ability to adapt to change.

当面对不仅来自美国的公司而且来自位于世界其他地方的国际公司的经济问题和日益激烈的竞争时，员工和经理现在开始要问一个问题：我们要做什么？虽然这是一个很清晰的问题，但是它是很难回答的。当然，对于一个正在谈论商务课程的大学生或者一个刚开始职业生涯的员工来说，这个问题更难回答。但目前仍然有许多机会给那些愿意努力工作，继续学习并且拥有适应变化的能力的人。

Whether you want to obtain part-time employment to pay college and living expense, begin your career as a full –time employee, or start a business, you must bring something to the table that makes you different from the next person . Employee and our capitalistic economic systems are more demanding than ever before. Ask yourself: What can I do that will make employee want to pay me a salary? What skills do I have that employers need? With these questions in mind, we begin with another basic question: Why study business?

There are at least four quite compelling reasons.

无论你想获得可以用来支付大学和生活开销的兼职，作为一个全职员工开始你的职业生涯，或者创业，你都应该拿出可以让你不同于其他人的东西。雇主和我们的资本主义经济体系比以往更加苛刻。问问你自己：我怎样做才能让我的雇主愿意支付我一份薪水？我拥有什么技能是雇主所需要的？在脑海里带着这两个问题，我们开始另一个基本的问题：为什么学习商务。

这里有四个令人完全信服的理由。

For help in choosing a career

What do you want to do with the rest of your life? Someplace, sometime, someone probably has asked you this same question. And like many people, you may find it a difficult question to answer. B y studying business, you will be introduced to a wide array of employment opportunities. In private enterprise, these range from small, local businesses owned by one individual to large companies such as American Express and Marriott International that are owned by thousands of stockholders. There are also employment opportunities with federal, state, county, and local governments and with not-for-profit organization such as the Red Cross and Save the Children.

一.在职业选择上的帮助：

你希望用你剩余的生命做什么事？某地，某时，某人也许问过你这个同样的问题。然而就像许多人，你会发现这是一个很难回答的问题。通过学习商务知识，你将被引入到一个广泛的就业机会，在私营企业中，范围是从由个人所拥有的小型、本地企业到比如美国运通公司或者万豪国际集团这些由成千上万的股东共同拥有的大型公司。在联邦，州，县，以及地方政府部门与非营利组织如红十字会和救助儿童会等同样有着就业机会。

On e thing to remember as you think about what your ideal career might be is that a person’s choice of a career ultimately is ju st a reflection of what he or she values and holds most important. What will give one individual personal satisfaction may not satisfy another. What you choose to do with your life will be based on what you feel is most important. And the you is a very important part of that decision.

有一件事要记住，当你在思考你的最理想的职业是什么的时候，就是一个人对于职业的选择，最终只是反映出他或她的价值观和认为最重要的事。能够令一个人满意的可能没办法使其他人也满意。你在生活中所选择去做的将基于你觉得最重要的是什么。所以“你”是那个决定的重要组成部分。

To be a successful employee

Deciding on the type of career you want is only the first step. To get as job in your chosen field and to be successful at it, you will have to develop a plan, or a rod map, that ensures that you have the skills and knowledge the job requires. You will be expected to have both technical skills needed to accomplish a specific task and the ability to work well with many types of people in a culturally diverse work force. These skills, together with a working knowledge of the American business system and an appreciation for a culturally diverse workplace, can give you an inside edge when you are interviewing with a prospective employer.

一.成为一名成功的员工

决定你想要的职业只是第一步。要在你所选择的领域找到工作，并在其上取得成功，你必须制定一个计划，或者一个图表，以确保你拥有工作所需的技能和知识。你将被期望同时拥有完成某项任务所需的技术技能以及在多元文化的工作中与各种类型的人共事的能力。这些技能连同对于美国商业系统的工作知识和对文化多元化工作场所的评价一起，可以在你被未来雇主面试的时候给你一个内在的优势。

All the resource available at your college or university can help yo u to acquire the skills and knowledge you will need for a successful career. But don’t underestimate your part in making your dream a reality. It will take hard work, dedication, perseverance, and time management to achieve your goals. Communication skills are also important. Today, most employers are looking for employee who can compose a business letter and get it in mailable form. They also want employees who can talk with customers and use a e-mail to communicate with people within and outside the organization. Employers also will be interested in any work experience you may have had in cooperative work/school programs, during summer vacations, or in part-time jobs during the school year. These things can make a difference when it is time to apply for the job you really want.

在大学里的所有可利用的资源能够帮助你获得你将来为了实现一个成功的职业生涯所需要的技能和知识。但是不可以低估让梦想变成现实这一过程中你自身的那一部分。要实现自己的目标，就要努力工作、奉献、毅力和时间管理。与人沟通的技能同样是重要的。今天，许多雇主正在寻找能够撰写商务信函，并使它成为可以邮寄的形式的员工。他们同样希望自己的雇员能够与顾客交流并且能够使用电子邮件与组织内外的人进行沟通。雇主们同样会感兴趣于你可能在暑假期间或者学期兼职中在其他工作或者学校等合作社里有过的工作经验。当你在申请一份你真正想要的工作时，这些东西会让情况变得不一样。

To start your own business

Some people prefer to work for themselves, and they open their own businesses. To be successful, business owners must posses many of the same skills that successful employees have. And they must be willing to work hard and put in long hours.

三．开始你自己的事业

有的人更喜欢为他们自己工作，所以他们开创了自己的事业。为了实现成功，企业主必须拥有成功员工所拥有的许多相同的技能。他们还必须自愿地努力工作并且长时间地投入。

It also helps if your small business can provide a product or service that customers want. For example, Mark Cuban started a small Internet company called https://www.sodocs.net/doc/159559623.html, that provided hundreds of live and on-demand audio and video programs ranging from rap music to sporting events to business events over the Internet. And because Cuban’s company met the needs of his customers, https://www.sodocs.net/doc/159559623.html, wa s very successful. When Cuban sold https://www.sodocs.net/doc/159559623.html, to Yahoo! Inc., he became a billionaire.

如果你的小企业可以为顾客提供他们想要的一种产品或服务，那将会产生很大用处。例如，马克古巴开创了一个名为https://www.sodocs.net/doc/159559623.html,的小型网络公司，在网络上提供数以百计的直播和点播的音视频节目，范围从说唱音乐到体育赛事到商务活动。由于古巴的公司满足了客户的需求，所以https://www.sodocs.net/doc/159559623.html, 是非常成功的。当古巴把https://www.sodocs.net/doc/159559623.html,卖给雅虎时，他成为了一个亿万富翁。

Unfortunately, many small-business firms fail; 70% of them fail within the first five years. Typical reasons for business include undercapitalization (not enough money), business location, poor customer service, unqualified or untrained employees, fraud, lack of a paper business plan, and failure to seek outside professional help.

不幸的是，许多小型企业都失败了；他们之中70%在五年之内就失败了。企业失败的典型原因包括资金不足，落后的业务定位，客户服务差，不合格或未经训练的员工，欺诈，缺乏一个适当的经营规划，不寻求外部专业帮助等。

Unit 2

Ask the average person on the street what marketing is and they’ll tell you it’s about “selling stuff’, That’s fundamentally true, but marketing is not simply the act of sales, but how that sale is made. We are all surrounded by marketing 24/7 and each of us is already a marketer in our own way.

在街上问普通人什么是营销的话，他们会告诉你那就是关于“卖东西”。这在根本上是正确的，但市场营销并非简单的销售行为，而是如何销售。我们被全天候不间断营销所包围，并且我们每个人都已经以我们自己的方式成为一个市场营销人员。

How do the professionals define marketing? According to the American Marketing Association, “Marketing is an organizational f unction and a set of processes for creating, communicating and delivering value to customers and for managing customer relatio nships in ways that benefit the organization and its stakeholders.”

专业人员是如何定义营销的？据美国市场

营销协会所说，“市场营销是一种组织功能，一套为客户创造、交流和传递价值的流程，并且以有利于组织和其股东的方式管理着客户关系”

The World Marketing Association defines marketing as “the core business philosophy that direct the proce sses of identifying and fulfilling the needs of individuals and organizations through exchange which create superior value for all parties. ”

世界市场营销协会把市场营销定义为：“是一个运用核心经营理念指导识别过程，满足于个人的需求，并通过交流，为各方创造卓越价值的组织”And finally, the U.K.’s Chartered Institute of Marketing says that “marketing is the management process of identifying, anticipating and satisfying consumer

requirements profitably.”

最后，英国特许营销学会说，“营销是对管理过程的识别，预测，和满足消费者的需求从而使企业获利。”

If we just look at the commonalities of these three definitions, we can see that, in essence, marketing is a discovering and giving consumers what they want and need, and doing this at a profit.

如果我们只是寻找以上三个定义的共性，我们可以看到，在本质上，营销是：a.发现并给予消费者所希望并需要的东西；b.以此来谋取利益。

The 4 or 5 Ps of marketing

Professor Jerome McCarthy of Michigan State University wrote a book in the 1950s and defined the 4 Ps of marketing: product, place, price and promotion. This book provided a clear structure to the oldest profession on the planet and became the very definition of marketing.

营销4P或5P理论

密歇根州立大学的麦卡锡杰罗姆教授在上世纪50年代写了一本书定义了营销4P理论：包括产品、渠道、价格和促销。这本书为地球上最古老的职业提供了一个清晰的体系，因此成为了营销的非常定义。

In order to better understand marketing, develop your own definition of the term. For example, I think of marketing as the manipulation of product, price, distribution, promotion and people to satisfy consumers at a profit. Manipulation is a charged word, especially when we talk about manipulating people. However, manipulation is important because as a marketer , I control each of the tools of marketing and manipulate them to maximize impact on the market.

为了更好地理解营销，并发展成为你自己的定义。比如，我认为市场营销是通过对产品，价格，分销，促销和人的操纵来满足消费者从而获取利益。操纵是一个敏感的词，尤其是当我们在谈论对人的操纵的时候。然而，操纵是有必要的，因为作为一个营销人员，我控制着每一种营销工具并操纵他们最大限度地影响市场。

As a marketing manager, I manipulate what a product look like, smells like, and feels like. I manipulate how much should be charged for my product . I manipulate tools in my promotion tool kit in hopes of enticing consumers to buy my product. There are the 4 Ps of marketing as highlighted by McCarthy. To these we have added a fifth P: people.

作为一个营销经理，我巧妙地控制着一个产品看起来像什么，闻起来像什么以及感觉起来像什么。我操纵着我们的产品应该收取多少钱。我在我的升级版工具套件中操纵工具，希望能吸引消费者购买我的产品。这就是麦卡锡高度强调的营销中的4个问题。在这基础上，我们加上第五个P：人。People

Marketers have debated for years whether “people” should be included as the fifth P of marketing. But without people , there is no point to marketing, which is why I include it here.

People

营销人员们对于“人”是否应该作为第五个P包括在营销内这个问题的讨论已经持续多年了。但是如果不包括人，那营销就变得有点不着边际了，所以这是我在这里把它函括进来的原因。

Practiced well, marketing revolves around the wants, needs and desires of people. Sometimes the needs are physical, such as nutritious food and clean water. Sometimes the needs are psychological such as a need to impress. Sometimes the need is sociological, such as the need fit into a culture, or the need to stand out. There are an infinite number of reasons for people to do what they do, want what they want and act as they do. Therefore, effective marketing should begin with an insightful understanding of the consumer.

实践证明，营销围绕着人们的理想的、需要的、和欲望。有时，这些需求是物质上的，比如有营养的食物和干净的水。有时，那些需求是心理上的，比如需要给人留下深刻印象。有时，那些需求是社会学上的，比如需要去适应一种文化或者一种脱颖而出的需求。有无限多的理由可以让人们去做他们所做的，去幻想他们所要的以及所做的，正如他们经常做的那样。因此，有影响力的营销应该首先对消费者进行深刻的了解。

However, few marketers actually begin with consumers. Why? Because most marketing starts with the invention of some new product that there may or may not be a market for. “’We’ve invented a better product, now go find someone to buy it” is all too often the sequence of events. Quite simply, this is why 80% plus of all new products in the U.S. fail in their first year.

然而，很少有营销人员真正地从消费者入手。为什么？因为许多营销一开始伴随着的是新发明出来但不一定能成为市场所需的新产品。“我们发明了一种更好的产品，现在去找一些人来购买它”这是经常发生的事件序列了。非常简单，这就是为什么在美国，80%以上的新产品在他们的第一年里就失败了。

No matter what we are selling, there will be some people that are more likely than others to want to buy it. For example, as a non-smoker, it would be a waste of time and money to try to get me to buy your brand of cigarettes. However, if were a confirmed smoker, I might be interested i n trying a new brand I’d never tried. Discovering your ideal target market and learning all you can about why they do will help you determine the best way to present your product to maximize interest.

无论我们在卖什么，总会有一些人比起另外的人更想要购买它。例如，作为一个不抽烟的人，想要尝试让我购买你的名牌香烟那就是在浪费时间和金钱。然而，如果我是一个老烟民，我可能会比较有兴趣去尝试以前从没试过的牌子。发现你理想中的目标市场并且尽你所能地去了解他们为什么做了什么，这样可以帮助你下定决心以一种最好的方式来介绍你的产品以获得最大限度的利益。

Product

Your product is anything that can be offered for ale or use to another individual. It includes the quality of the product, the materials chosen, the colour / size/scent/taste, every physical aspect of the product. It also includes the packaging of the product(For example, is the product protected or available for the world to see? ), the design and manufacturing of the product and any research and development underway to discover better ways to make the product. The product P covers everything that goes into the development of the tangible or intangible object.

Product

你的产品是指任何能够被提供给其他的个体出售或者使用的东西。它包括产品的质量，所选择的材料，颜色、型号、味道、滋味等所有产品所具有的物理方面的性质。它同时也包括产品的包装，产品的设计和制造以及任何为了发现制造产品的更好途径而正在进行的研究和开发。这个产品所代表的P覆盖了所有进入有形或无形发展的对象。

Price

Price not only pays for your cost of goods and profit, is does much more. Price communicate quite a bit about the product and sets quality expectations. Ii also segments the audience into those who can afford it and those who can only wish they could. And finally, it even conveys how you should consume the product.

Price

价格不仅是为你的商品支付费用和收益，它起到更多的作用。价格沟通相当多是关于产品并且抱有对质量的期望。它也可以将公众细分为那些能负担得起的人和那些只能抱有幻想的人。最后，它甚至传达出你应该如何消费这些产品。

Even an established brand can charge too much or too little. For example, the VW Phaeton was a failure because VW had spent d ecades convincing us “the people’ car shouldn’t be expensive.”Similarly when the Porsche 914 became known as the “poor man’s Porsche”(due in part to its low entry-level price) the brand was doomed to failure.

即使一个既定的品牌可以改变过多或过少。例如，大众辉腾是一个失败品，因为大众公司花了几十年的时间让我们信服：“人类的汽车不应该变得昂贵”。同样的当保时捷914倍称为“穷人的保时捷”时，这个品牌注定是要失败的。

Place

Place refers to where and how you sell your product and is also referred to as distribution. To get this P right you have to decide whether to sell your product in an exclusive boutique or in huge superstore? Will you make it widely available or in a select few stores? There are important strategic decisions that influence how our product is perceived and the price consumers will be willing to pay for it.

Place

Place指的是在哪里和如何销售你的产品，它同时也涉及到分配问题。为了让这个P变得正确，你必须决定是要在一个独家精品店还是在一个巨大的超市销售你的产品。你会让它被广泛地使用还是处于一个精选的商店？有一些战略决策会影响到如何让你的产品被感知到并且让消费者能够自愿地去支付的价格。

For example, how special would a Burberry coat be if you could buy it at a discount store? Some products start with very exclusive distribution, establish a reputation for their brand and then expand distribution. Apple did this with their iPod, which started in exclusive Apple stores and online and is now widely available. Consider how your quality expectations change in regard to low-cost airlines such as Ryanair compared to British Airways. Place can set quality expectations.

例如，如果你能够在一个折扣商店买到一件博柏利风衣那将会有多特别。一下产品一开始就采用独家经销，建立起一个自己的品牌信誉然后展开分销。苹果的iPod就是这样做的，从一开始就在苹果专卖店网上独家经销，时至今日以及被广泛使用。考虑一下你对低成本航空公司的质量期望的变化，比如瑞安航空公司对比于英国航空公司。价格能够建立起质量期望。

Promotion

Any way you choose to promote your product is called promotion in marketing. This includes any form of marketing communication such as advertising, public

relations, sales promotion, event marketing, as well as any personal one-on-one selling you do.

Promotion

无论你使用什么方式去推广你的产品都被称为营销推广。这包括了任何形式的营销传播，如广告，公共关系，促销，事件营销，以及你做出的任何对于个人的一对一销售。

There is one other P that gets debated on a regular basis and that is “profit”. All commercial business are in business to ma ke a profit. Profits are good. With profits, business can pay their employee more, they can expand their business and hire more people, they can start new business. Profits are the lifeblood of capitalism.

有另外一个P会定期得到辩论，那就是“profit”。所有的商业企业都在经营时都是为了获得利润。利润固然是好的。有了利润，企业能够支付更多钱给他们的员工，他们能够扩展他们的生意并聘用更多的人，并且可以开始新的事业。利润是资本主义的命脉。

There are thousands of ways to increase profitability. You can sell mare, charge more, widen distribution, shrink distribution, cut the material coat of goods while keeping the same pricing, shrink the amount of product o you are selling but increase the price or cut the cost of manufacturing by producing the product in the least expensive factory in the world.

有成千上万的途径可以增加盈利能力。你可以出手更多，收取更多，扩大分销，保持同样价格的情况下降低材料成本，在增加价格或者降低制造成本的情况下收缩你所销售的产品的数量，比如在世界上花费最少的工厂里生产产品。

Unit 3

Wal-Mart, the world’s largest retailer, has built its success on a strategy of eve ryday low prices, and highly efficient operations, logistics, and information systems that keeps inventory to a minimum and ensures against both overstocking and understocking. The company employs some 2.1 million people, operates 4200 stores in the United States and 3600 in the rest of the world, and generate sales of almost 400 billion(as of fiscal year 2008). Approximately 91 billion of these sales were generated in 15 nations outside of the United States. Facing a slowdown in growth in the United States, Wal-Mart began its international expansion in the early 1990s when it entered Mexico, teaming up un a joint venture with Cifra, Mexico’s largest retailer, to open a series of supercenters that sell both groceries and general merchandise.

沃尔玛，世界上最大的零售商，把它的成功建立在日常的低价格战略，高效运营，物流，以及用来保持库存降到最低，同时避免库存过多或者供应不足的信息系统。该公司雇佣了大约21万人，在美国经营4200间商店还有3600间商店在世界上的其他国家经营，产生的销售额将近4000亿美元（截止至2008年）。在这些销售额中，大约有910亿美元是在美国以外的国家产生。面对美国经济增速放缓，沃尔玛在上世纪90年代初开始其国际扩张，当它进入墨西哥时，与作为墨西哥最大零售商的西法拉联手，合资开了一系列同时卖杂货和普通商品的购物中心。

Initially the retailer hit some headwinds in mexico. It quickly discovered that shopping habits were different. Most people preferred to buy fresh produce at local stores, particularly items like meant, tortillas and pan dulce which didn’t keep well overnight (many Mexican s lacked large refrigerators). Many consumers also lacked cars, and did not buy in large volumes as consumers in the United States did. wal-mart adjusted its strategy to meet the local conditions , hiring local managers who understand Mexican culture, letting those managers control merchandising strategy, building smaller stores that people could walk to, and offering more fresh produce. At the same time , the company believed that it could gradually change the shopping culture in mexico, educating consumers by showing them the benefits of its American merchandising culture. After all, wal-mart’s managers reasoned, people once shopped at small stores in the United States, but starting in the 1950s they increasingly gravitated towards large stores like wal-mart. As it built up its distribution systems in mexico, wal-mart was able to lower its own costs, and it passed these on to Mexican consumers in the form of lower prices. The customization, persistence, and low prices paid off. Mexicans stared to change their shopping babits. Today wal-mart is mexico’s largest retailer and the country is widely considered to be the company’s most successful foreign venture.

一开始，零售商在墨西哥遇到一些阻力。它很快地发现购物习惯是存在差异的。许多人更喜欢在当地的商店购买新鲜的产品，特别是肉，玉米饼和甜面包这些不能很好地保存过夜的（许多墨西哥人缺乏大型冰箱）。许多消费者也缺少汽车，并且不会像美国的消费者一样够买大量的东西。沃尔玛为了适应当地的条件，调整了战略：雇佣当地那些了解墨西哥文化的人作为管理人员，让这些管理者控制产品陈列策略，建造一些较小规模的可以让人们不行到的商店，并且提供更多新鲜的产品。该公司坚信他们可以逐步改变墨西哥的购物文化，通过展示他们自己的美国经营文化的益处来教育消费者。后来，沃尔玛的经理经过思考之后发现，人们一开始是在美国的小商店购物，但是从20世纪50年代开始，他们越来越倾向于像沃尔玛这样的大卖场。由于它在墨西哥建立起了分销系统，沃尔玛能够降低自身的成本，并以较低价格的形式传递给墨西哥的消费者。由于定制性，持久性以及低价格的回报。墨西哥人开始改变他们的购物习惯。今天，沃尔玛是墨西哥最大的零售商，并且被广泛认为是该国最成功的外国企业。

Next wal-mart expanded into a number of developed nations, including Britain, Germany and South Kores. There its experiences have been less successful. In all three countries it found itself going head to head against well-established local rivals who had nicely matched their offerings to local shopping habits and consumer preferences. Moreover, consumers in all three countries seemed to have a preference for higher quality merchandise and were not as attracted to wal-mart’s discount strategy as consumers in the United States and mexico. After years of losses, wal-mart pulled out of GERMANY and SOUTH KOREA in 2006. At the same time , it continued to look for retailing opportunities elsewhere, particularly in developing nations where it lacked strong local competitors, where it could gradually alter the shopping culture to its advantage, and where its low price strategy was appealing.

接着，沃尔玛扩展到许多发达国家，包括英国，德国和韩国。它的有些经验以及不太成功。在所有的这三个国家里，它发现他自己即将与已经根深蒂固的并且能够很好地以当地的购物习惯和消费者的喜欢来匹配自己产品的当地对手正面交锋。除此之外，这三个国家的消费者似乎有着更高质量的偏好，并没有被向美国或者墨西哥的消费者一样被沃尔玛的折扣策略所吸引。经过了数年的亏损沃尔玛在2006年退出了德国和韩国。同时，它继续在其他地方寻找零售业的机遇，尤其是那些缺乏强大的本地竞争对手的发展中国家，那些它可以逐渐改变其购物文化成为它的优势的国家以及那些可以被它的低价策略所吸引的国家。

Recently, the centerpiece of its international expansion efforts has been china. Wal-mart opened its first store in china in 1996, but initially expanded very slowly, and by 2006 had only 66 stores. what Wal-mart discovered, however, was that the Chinese were bargain hunters, and open to the low price strategy and wide selection offered at wal-mart stores. Indeed, in terms of their shopping habits, the emerging Chinese middle class seemed more like Americans than Europeans. But to succeed in china, wal-mart also found it had to adaot its merchandising and operations strategy to mesh with Chinese culture. One of the things that wal-mart has learned is that Chinese consumers insist that food must be freshly harvested, or even killed in foront of them. Wal-mart initially offened Chinese consumers by trying to sell them dead fish, as well as meat packed in Styrofroam and Cellophane. Shoppers turned their noses up at what they saw as old merchandise . so wal-mart began to display the the meat uncovered, installed fish tanks into which shoppers could plunge fishing nets to pull out their evening meal, and began selling live turtles for turtle soup . Sales soared.

近年来，它努力进行国际扩张的核心一直是中国。沃尔玛在1996年在中国开了它的第一间店铺，但最初扩张很慢，直到2006年才只有66家店。然而，让沃尔玛意识到的是，中国人都是廉价的猎手，对于沃尔玛商店的低价策略和广泛的选择开放。事实上，就他们的购物习惯而言，新兴的中国中产阶级比起欧洲人似乎更像美国人。但为了在中国取得成功，沃尔玛还发现它必须调整其商品化和经营策略，以配合中国文化。沃尔玛了解到的一个问题是，中国消费者坚持认为食物必须新鲜收割的，甚至在他们面前被杀死。沃尔玛最初得罪中国消费者是因为它试图向他们出售已经死了的鱼，以及装在塑料或者玻璃纸里的肉。消费者瞧不起他们所看到的旧商品所以沃尔玛开始展示没有包装的肉，安装那些能够使消费者自己使用捕鱼网并把他们的晚餐捞出来的鱼缸，并且开始卖可以用来做海龟汤的活海龟。销量猛增。

Wal-mart has also learned that in china , success requires it to embrace unions. In mid 2006 wal-mart broke with its long standing antagonism to unions and agreed to alow unions in its Chinese stores. Many believe this set the stage for wal-mart’s most recent move, th e purchase in December 2006 of a 35% stake in the TRUST-MART chain, which has 101 hypermarkets in 34 cities across china. Now wal-mart has proclaimed that china lies at the center of its growth strategy. By early 2009 wal-mart had some 243 stores in the country, and despite the global economic slowdown, the company insists that it will continue to open new stores in china at a “double digit rate”.

沃尔玛还了解到，在中国，成功还需要它去接受工会。在2006年中期，沃尔玛打破了长期与工会的对立局面，同意在中国的商店中允许工会的加入。很多人认为这是为沃尔玛的最新举措做了铺垫，在2006年12月购买了在中国的34个城市里拥有101家大型超市的“好又多”大型连锁超市公司35%的股份。现在，沃尔玛已经宣布，中国正位于其增长战略的中心。2009年年初，沃尔玛在国内已经用了243家商店，尽管全球经济放缓，（沃尔玛）公司仍坚持宣布，它将继续以“两位数的速度”在中国开设新的商店。

基础英文作文(中英饮食差异)

The Diet and Eating Habits of UK and China In those two old countries UK and China, the diet and eating habits have some differences and similarities. Eating habits is one of the most important elements in a country’s culture. So comparing the difference between UK and China’s eating habits will help us forward to learn about the culture of two countries. Although the two countries are far a port, both of UK and China also have a number of similarities. Traditionally, both countries have three meals in one day. It is a large coincidence that the two countries make the lunch become the most simply meal in modern society. The dinner very lucky has set the seat of biggest meal because it has long free times. Fast food is very popular in both countries. If you ask the two countries’children that this discourse will be proved. This fact is also a problem in those two different countries. For example, if you only have a little time to enjoy your lunch, may be you have to select fast food. The facts explained that no matter tradition or modern, countries’ eating habits always have several similarities. Because of different location, climate, history and custom, eating habits are decided have a big different between those two countries. Firstly, the UK belongs to west Europe in the Atlantic Ocean. It has made British people eat

中美文化差异英文版

1.美国人的自我意识和独立意识很强。 Self-awareness and independent consciousness of Americans are very strong. 2.美国文化鼓励人民开拓创新，做一番前人未做过的、杰出超凡的事业。 In America, innovation often is encouraged and people often do something nobody has done. 3.美国基础教育实践，注重创造的教学形式. American education based on practice, pay attention to teaching form of creation. 4. 中国的家庭结构比较复杂，传统的幸福家庭是四代同堂。 China's family structure is more complex, the traditional happy family is four generations. 5. 中国人的婚姻相对来说比较稳定。这是因为中国人把婚姻当作一个严肃的道德问题，喜新厌旧，或是第三者插足都会被认为是极不道德的。 The Chinese marriage is relatively stable. Because Chinese people treat marriage as a serious moral problem, propensity or a third people involvement is considered highly unethical. 6. 新中国虽已建立了六十年，但传统的君臣，父子等级观念在中国人的头脑中仍然根深蒂固。The traditional manner, parent-child hierarchical remains entrenched in the Chinese mind. 7. 主动帮助别人或接受别人帮助在西方常是令人难堪的事。在中国，主动帮助别人，给人以无微不至的体贴是一种美德。 Take the initiative to help others or accept others help is embarrassing thing in America. However, help others is a virtue. 8. 在个性自由与团结协作上：美国人十分珍视个人自由，喜欢随心所欲，独往独行，不愿受限制。中国文化则更多地强调集体主义，主张个人利益服从集体利益，主张同甘共苦，团结合作，步调一致。 On the personality freedom and cooperation, Americans cherish personal freedom and don't want to be limited. Personal interest obedience collective interests and cooperation were advocated in China. 9. 美国家庭教育目的是把孩子培养成具有适应各种环境和独立生存能力的“社会人”；中国家庭教育的目的是把孩子培养成“才”，将来有出息，有个好职业，一生能在顺境中度过。 The education purpose of American family is to help children to adapt to the environment and improve the independent ability, and finally make children become a "social person". The education aim of Chinese family is to make children become a person with ability, and hope they can have ambition in the future, have a good career, life can be spent in prosperity. (You are very handsome! 或赞扬你Your English is very good时，中国人一般很谦虚地说：I do not think so! 或说 No ,no ,my English is poor. Thank you !; Have you had your meal? Where are you going? 他们则会认为你想请他吃饭或者干涉其私事，会引起误解。美国人见面，通常打招呼道：Hello! How do you do! Nice to meet you.) （American culture：The main content of American culture is the emphasize on individuals' value, the pursue of democracy and freedom, the promotion of deploitation(开拓,经营) and competition and the need of realistic and practicality. Its core is individualism: self-first, personal need first, pursue of individual benefit and enjoyment, emphasize on achieving individual value by self-strive and self-design. This type of intentionally build up of personality and pursue customized individualism has its pros and cons, it gives incentives to people and make them exert on their potential and wisdom and as a result accelerate the development of the entire race and nation; on the other hand it is difficult to keep good relationship among people if everyone is egocentric thus make the entire society lack of unity. egocentric:.自我中心的,利己主义的 American citizens emphasize on achievements and respect heroes. They have great sense in their hearts to praise success and heroes.Personal achievements are one of those with the highest value in Americans mind.Americans have very strong senses of success.Success is the pursuit of most Americans,it is their attractive future and the incentives for moving forward.They believe that one's personal value is equivalent to his achievements in his career.Some high achievers in their career such as entrepreneurs,scientists,artists and all kinds of super starts became modern heroes.The process and result of how they strived have become the frame of reference of social culture value and the real life text book for parents to educate their children. incentive:Serving to induce or motivate: American society has great movements within itself. These movements are shown in two aspects:movements amongst locations and movements inside the society.The United States are relatively more open and have more freedom.Developed transport and the tradition of adventure and sporty makes a lot of American migrate from countryside to cities,from downtown to uptown; and from north to the southern sunny land,from one city to another.Unlike European countries,the social classes in America is not so stable.Further more,with the advocation of public education,movements upwards along the social ladder have become possible.Many people living in

英语作文 中西教育比较

Comparison between Chinese and Western family education Family education is an important part of education, and it often plays a role that cannot be replaced by other educational models. It has a huge impact on our growth.I think Chinese and western family education has four different key. First the values of family education are different.For example, Chinese family care more about reputation in educating the child.The education’s goal is for making their living,f or honor.The Western family think the education is not preparation for making their ,but survival.And emphasize”the learned education and happy education.”Second the education method is different.The Chinese family more emphasize mechanical memorizing.If the book is read hundreds of times,its meaning is shown naturally.But the Western family emphasize the child’s “power of understanding.” Seeking the knowledge from life and nature.Third the emotional education and punishment .About all Chinese know one can become a useful person without being beaten and the club helps the child to be loyal son.We emphasize” reserve for everyone.”The Western family using the encourage language and pay great attention to individual quality and the emotional communication.The punishment also offends the law.Forth education in manage money.The Chinese family earn money to support one’s family and manage the wealth are adult’s matter.Try every means to satisfy the children with the money.But,the Western family teach the child to make plans for budget items,learn to spend money reasonably.Encourage the child to work outside to gain income by themselves. In my opinion,there are many differences between China and Western family education and each has its strong points and weak point.We should reject the dross and absorb the cream of them,advance the family educational.

中英拟声词对比及翻译

最新英语专业全英原创毕业论文，都是近期写作 1 《十日谈》中的乡村意象 2 浅析哈克贝利的叛逆精神 3 电影字幕翻译中的归化与异化 4 The Analysis of the Tragic Fate of Tess in Tess of The D'Urbervilles 5 跨文化营销策略研究－－以宝洁为例 6 紫色中女人意识的觉醒 7 旅游宣传品的翻译 8 英语政治新闻中委婉语的形式及语用功能研究 9 从电影《暮光之城》浅析吸血鬼文化的改变 10 A Study of Neo-Classicism 11 从生态批评的视角解读杰克?伦敦《野性的呼唤》 12 中式菜名的英译 13 从跨文化视角看中美电影中的英雄主义—以《》和《叶问》为例 14 文档所公布均英语专业全英原创毕业论文。原创Q 799 75 79 38 15 从电影《刮痧》看东西方文化差异 16 达芙妮?杜穆里埃《吕蓓卡》中的哥特意象 17 从《道连?格雷的画像》看唯美主义 18 A Popular Form of Subtitles Translation by Fansub Group on the Internet 19 从功能派翻译理论中目的论的角度谈广告翻译 20 Cultural Differences on West-Eastern Business Negotiations 21 从美国总统选举看其民主政治 22 中英文姓名的文化内涵及其翻译的对比研究 23 英语习语的文化内涵 24 词组词汇学习方法 25 目的论视角下旅游景区公示语误译的研究 26 商务交际中的模糊语言策略 27 基于网络的英语听力学习的优势与局限研究 28 合作原则下幽默的语用分析 29 《马克?吐温—美国的镜子》中的中英文衔接手段的对比和翻译 30 不做房间里的天使——解读《爱玛》中的女性主体意识 31 非语言交际在国际商务谈判中的运用 32 网络环境下英语专业学生学习策略研究 33 《乞力马扎罗的雪》中概念隐喻分析 34 非智力因素与英语学习的关系-以xx大学学生为例 35 The Difference between Chinese and American Family Education 36 影响英语专业学生阅读理解因素的分析及对策探讨 37 认识、寻找和实现自我价值——剖析《飘》中的人生价值 38 论罗伯特弗罗斯特诗歌的黑色基调－－-在美国梦里挣扎 39 论汤亭亭《女勇士》中的和谐观 40 麦当劳的制胜之道 41 The Translation of Irony in Pride and Prejudice—A Comparison of Two Chinese Versions 42 CBI理论诠释及在英语教学中的应用

中英教育差异英语作文

The similarities and differences between British and Chinese education China has a long history in of education. The education system is being consummated gradually，While The Great Britain is the typical r epresentative of western educator, who owns more advanced education system . 第一段，就是开头，无实质性内容 No matter the education in the UK or in the china , education is the process through schools, colleges, universities, and other institutions, deliberately transmits its cultural heritage—its accumulated knowledge, values, and skills--from one generation to another. And the purpose of school is to provide children with literacy and other basic skills which they will need to become active members of society and build their future . 第二段，就是The similarities,但我也不知道该写什么，就差不多写的算是教育的本质概念吧，你说：“ 特别是第二段一会儿讲中国好一会儿讲英国好。 最好能分不同方面讲， 比如：从学生基础知识方面，学生实践能力方面分析。 或者从优缺点两方面讲，第一段讲中英教育分别有的有点第二段讲中英教育的缺点。。 这样文章更清晰一些。” 我觉得你是在说第三段吧， However there are tremendous differences about in education between United Kingdom and China. There are a number of phenomena to illustrate it. For example ,in China, students have to spend almost all their time on studying t heir major courses such as English, math, biology, geography and so on, which is boring. English, math, biology, geography and so on that are boring as their major courses W hile students in the UK are taught music, art and so on and they spend much free time on what they are interested in in the UK.；Morever, Teachers and students would like to be the friends in the UK. They enjoy discussing and solving questions in class .On the contrary in China teachers are over-strict.And Students are quiet and absolutely taught in class .；However the most attractive point in Chinese education system is that Chinese people emphasize the traditional knowledge, which makes the students have a solid foundation. While the western students learn slowly.

中西文化差异英文

Differences between Chinese and Western culture As we know the differences between the our estern cultures and western cultures are quite obvious.I would like to state some of my opinions in this paper. I.difference in the thinking style People on the earth are homologous,but different people in different place have different performance on the way of thinking. Differences between Chinese and Western way of thinking reflected in many aspects.Such as the difference between abstract and concrete, reflected in their attitudes towards life can be understood as Westernersare more practical, and the Chinese are much more biased towards some spiritual experience. Westerners pay attention to logical thinking, but Chinese pay more attention to dialectical thinking and so on. As Chinese and western way of thinking are different, there are differences in expression of the order. For example,we can see that the names of western style are not like ours,they put their given names at the first place,while we put them after our family names,that is to say,we regard our family more important than ourselves,and it's the traditional way of estern thinking.Westerners have another way of thinking,they think that each person is important in our world and society,and a person should play a important role among our human beings. II.differences in daily communication Westerners are frank,but chinese are humility.The reflection between westerners and chinese on the treatment of praise is different.In the West, people can accept it generously. As the Chinese have long term impact of Confucian education, we treat others’ praise and recognition not often take the attitude of ourselves, or there is suspected of arrogant. When meeting acquaintances, chinese and westerners greet each other are also different. Chinese people often say "Have you eat ?" "Where are you going?"except the general asked”hello”. In western culture, this is not a greeting, but substantive issues. When British and American people meet,they usually use a polite phrase like "How are you?" or "Nice to meet you!" In addtion,when westerners accept gift from others,they are willing to open it and praise it directly,but chinese do not do like that. III.differences in customs Chinese people regard ourselves as descendants of the Dragon.Chinese have a supreme respect for the dragon, we think dragon is a symbol of our nation. In the dynasty time,Chinese emperors generally self-styled "dragon".However,in the West, the dragon was regarded as the devil, and it was killed by the legendary god of protection, so they set a day as a festival to celebrate the lifting of a disaster, and thank the protection of God.For this reason, when the students describe a person's lively, they say "He / She is full of vim and vigor." not"He / She is as lively as a dragon and tiger". Everyone has their favorite color, so does a country and a nation. Chinese like the red colour ,because chinese think red is a symbol of luck and enthusiam. But westerners perfer to the blue colour,they think blue can make themselves calm. Thus,the preferences of different colors can reflect the whole of a country’s aesthetic taste. IV. differences in eating cultrue Chinese and Western diets are very different, so the differences also have an impact on the national character. In China, a banquet, no matter what purpose, there will be only one form, that is, everyone sit around one table. People toast each other,and eat the same food in one plate,,It reflects the mutual respect between people even the traditional courteous virtue. Although from the health point of view, this dietary approach has obvious shortcomings, it is consistent with our

中西教育差异英文写作

中西教育差异英文写作 Document serial number【UU89WT-UU98YT-UU8CB-UUUT-UUT108】

The differences between teaching of China and westerns As we know ,our chinese teaching is far away from that of foreign from the students ,in China ,students in the middle school are allowed little time to deal with themselves .That in the foreign countries ,students are always free for almost all the time .and the teacher are very pleased with the children who with questions in foreign countries ,while our chinese students are afraid of asking questions . The education system in China is mainly based on the text book. All of the work to be done is in the text book and requires no additional education system in the west is different. It involves the text book, but many times, the students have to do research to answer some of the problems left by the their exams, the test papers are created as a challenge for every student, no one is supposed to be able to achieve 100 percent. The western education system encourages students to have individual thoughts and opinions. They want the students to learn to be independent in life as well as in their studies. They teach things outside of the books. They try to bring out the students' interests in things rather than just tell them that's what they have to isn't nearly as much homework for the

英语拟声词大全

英语拟声词大全 ———————————————————————— 走兽怎么叫: 1、狮子（lion） roar, howl; 2、老虎（tiger） roar, howl; 3、豹子（panther） howl 4、大象（elephant） trumpet; 5、豺（jackal） howl 6 、狼（wolf） howl 7、狗（dog） bark,yap,yelp,bay,howl,growl,snarl,whine 8、狐（fox） bark, 9、猫（cat） mew,miaow,miau,meow, 10、鼠（mouse） squeak,cheep,peep " 11、猪（pig） grunt, whick, aqueak 12、野猪（swine） grunt 13、公猪（boar） girn 14、熊（bear） bruzz, growl 15、无尾猿（ape） gibber,gueriet 16、猴（monkey） screech, gibber, chatter, snutter, jabber, howl 17、骆驼（camel） nuzz, grunt 18、鹿（deer） call, bell, bellow 19、牛（cattle） cow,bleat 20、公牛（bull） bellow,low 21、母牛（cow） low 22、小牛（calf）： bleat 23、水牛（buffalo） boo 24、羊（sheep,goat） baa, bleat 25、马（horse） neigh,whinny,nicker

26、驴（ass,donkey） bray, hee-haw 27、兔子（rabbit） mumble 虫子怎么叫: 1、青蛙（frog） croak 2、蟾蜍（toad） shriek 3、蛇（snake, serpent） 4、蜜蜂（bee） buzz,hum,bumble,drone 5、黄蜂（wasp） hum 6、蟋蟀（cricket） chirp(chirup) 7、甲虫（beetle） drone,boom 8、蚱蜢（grsshopper） chirp 9、蚊子（mosquito） hum,buzz,drone 10、苍蝇（fly） hum,buzz,drone 飞禽怎么叫: 1、公鸡（cock） crow 2、母鸡（hen） cackle,cluck 3、小鸡（chicken） cheep 4、火鸡（turkey） gobble 5、鸭（duck） quack 6、鹅（goose） cackle,hiss,creak,gaggle 7、鸽子（dove,pigeon） coo,crood,croud,croodle, 8、鹌鹑（quail） curkle 9、鸠（stock-dove） murmur 10、斑鸠（turtle-dove） wail 11、天鹅（swan） chant,cry 12、乌鸦（crow,raven） caw,croak 13、白嘴鸦（rook） caw 14、鹧鸪（partrige） call

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The differences between teaching of China and westerns As we know ,our chinese teaching is far away from that of foreign countries.Just from the students ,in China ,students in the middle school are allowed little time to deal with themselves .That in the foreign countries ,students are always free for almost all the time .and the teacher are very pleased with the children who with questions in foreign countries ,while our chinese students are afraid of asking questions . The education system in China is mainly based on the text book. All of the work to be done is in the text book and requires no additional research.The education system in the west is different. It involves the text book, but many times, the students have to do research to answer some of the problems left by the teacher.In their exams, the test papers are created as a challenge for every student, no one is supposed to be able to achieve 100 percent. The western education system encourages students to have individual thoughts and opinions. They want the students to learn to be independent in life as well as in their studies. They teach things outside of the books. They try to bring out the students' interests in things rather than just tell them that's what they have to do.There isn't nearly as much homework for the students so they have time to spend on their hobbies and interests.