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三步走搞定托福阅读推断题

三步走搞定托福阅读推断题
三步走搞定托福阅读推断题

三步走搞定托福阅读推断题

每篇托福阅读文章中都会出现1-2道推断题(InferenceQuestion),需要考生在准确理解文章内容的基础上,进行适度推理。在此首先要解释一下什么是“适度推理”。与细节题不同,推断题中正确选项的内容和表现形式并不与原文完全一致,但也并非要求各位考生成为“名侦探柯南”。利用“适度推理”原则时,需要各位考生牢记:“正确选项既不与原文完全相同,也不与原文完全无关”。

为了便于各位考生理解,这里做一个小测验。例如文韬老师说他昨天丢了一本托福阅读讲义,而你恰好捡到一本,那么应当如何按照“适度推理”原则得出结论呢?正确答案应该是:由此推出,文韬老师原来有一本托福阅读讲义,到此为止。如果回答你捡到的是文韬老师的讲义,那么首先谢谢你,其次你已经进入了“过度推理”的误区。

在明确了“适度推理”这一基本原则之后,各位考生只需牢记以下三步,就可以轻松搞定托福阅读中的推断题:

第一步:确定题型。

推断题的题干中经常会出现下列词汇:infer, imply, most likely, probably等。考场上一旦看到这些词汇,就要立刻明确题型为推断题,并在心中默想一遍“适度推理”原则,确保推理的整体思路正确。

第二步:提炼关键词。

关键词是解题的核心。结合近两年托福阅读中的真题,考生在提炼关键词时要尤其注意三大类词汇:时间标志词、地点标志词和专有名词。

机经真题中出现时间和地点标志词,主要考察考生“反义推理”的能力。所谓反义推理,是指利用时间点、地点等概念前推或后推。例如一篇托福阅读真题中提到:

The term filibuster has been in use since the mid-nineteenth century to describe thetactic of delaying legislative action in order to prevent the passage of a bill.

It can be inferred from the information in paragraph 1 that around 1800,

(A) the first filibuster took place

(B) legislative action was never delayed

(C) the term filibuster was not in use in the U.S. Congress

(D) the Dutch introduced the term freebooter

根据原文叙述,阻碍议案通过这一术语在19世纪中期才开始使用。因此考生应该在题干中迅速提炼时间标志词1800年,并进行“反义推理”:1850年前后使用的术语,在1800年显然还没有出现。正确答案为C选项。

此外,机经真题中出现专有名词,主要考察考生“整体与部分的推理”的能力。所谓整体与部分的推理,是指利用整体的突出特征,推理部分的特征,反之亦然。例如一篇托福阅读真题中提到:

One of the most beautiful of the more than 100,000 known species in the orderLepidoptera are the tiger moths, moths known for the striking appeal of their distinctivecoloration.

It is implied in the passage about the order Lepidoptera that

(A) all members of the order are moths

(B) there may be more than 100,000 species in this order

(C) all members of the order are brightly colored

(D) there are likely fewer than 100,000 species in this order

根据原文叙述,鳞翅目已知的昆虫已超过10万种。因此考生应该由部分迅速推断整体,即鳞翅目已知和未知的昆虫总和显然也超过10万种。正确答案为B选项。

第三步:定位原文,利用常识检查。

在提炼关键词、确定推理方法之后,考生要迅速回览原文,确定关键词在原文出现的位置。通常时间标志词、地点标志词和专有名词特征明显,在原文中定位较为容易,通过一周左右的练习,考生可以有效缩短做题时间,更快速、更高效地解答推断类问题。

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