Summary of Predix

综英课文

动物的魔力 许多科学家认为把动物器官移植到人体内是唯一能够长期解决世界范围内人体器官短缺问题的措施。本文是玛格丽特·西蒙斯对最新发展的看法。 世界范围内，可供移植的人体器官短缺。举例来说，在英国，有6 000人正需要器官移植——5 000人要换肾脏，其余的人需要移植心脏、肺或者肝脏。然而，每年仅能实施大约1 750例肾脏移植手术、500例心脏或者心脏和肺移植手术以及650例肝移植手术。等待者的名字每年以5%的速度递增。在美国，需要器官的30 000人中仅有一半可以得到满足。 因而，动物器官移植到人体，也就是异种移植（该词汇来源于希腊语xeros，意思是陌生的或外国的）引起了很大的兴趣，大多数科学家相信这是唯一的一项解决器官短缺问题的措施。自本世纪初以来，有人实验过异种移植，但都不成功。存活时间最长的是一个婴儿，名叫法依，1984年换上了狒狒的心脏，维持了仅20天。 任何器官移植的主要问题是更换器官后的病人的免疫系统排斥移植来的器官。因此，免疫系统发起巨大的进攻，激活了一种叫做防御素的酶，该酶进攻异体，最后也把病人杀死了。当移植器官发生在人与人之间时，如果两人的组织准确相配，并且病人能长期使用名为免疫抑制剂的药，就可以克服这种抵制性。该抑制剂在十多年前首次使用。用异种移植，排斥性更严重。举例来说，一颗正常猪的心脏，若输入人体血液，在15分钟内就会毁坏。 过去几年来，大量的研究已经进入准备动物器官的阶段。这些动物通过饲养，基因发生了改变，它们被称为转基因种类。动物胚胎被注射人类基因，以产生人体防御素的抑制素，控制防御素的释放，因而移植后，人体防御素认为跨基因的动物器官仿佛是人类器官。 比较适合用作器官移植的动物不是其他的灵长目动物，而是猪。那些灵长目动物曾被认为是异种移植的最佳候选动物。具有讽刺意味的是，其他的灵长目动物很象人。能够传染猴子和猿的同一病毒也可以传染给人。一个灵长目动物的器官移植后可以传递致命的疾病。爱滋病极有可能起源于一种猴子身上的病毒，这种病毒由猴子传染给了人。尽管猪的器官在功能和大小上与人类相近，但该物种与人类关系甚远，不会将致命病毒传染给人类。而且猪的价格便宜，又容易繁殖。 英国有个叫伊木特兰的生物技术公司，坐落在剑桥城内，正计划在今年某个时候进行首次临床实验：把猪器官移植于人体。去年，剑桥的科学家成功地把猪心脏移植给了猴子。60天以后，一些猴子仍然活着。这打破了美国科学家创造的最长存活期仅为30小时的记录。 假若伊木特兰公司的实验能够按计划进行，到2000年左右就可以研制出转基因的猪器官，包括肾脏和肺。"这将给世界上成千上万的病人带来希望；否则，他们会因为等待供移植的心脏、肺或肾脏而死去，" 伊木特兰的主管克里斯托弗·萨姆浦勒说。现阶段，该公司尚未考虑猪肝脏的移植。 然而，异种移植既要克服科学障碍，又要克服道德障碍。猪胰岛素已经用于治疗糖尿病患者，猪心脏瓣膜已经用于心脏修复手术。因此，动物器官的使用不会引起轩然大波。但是，如同人们预料的那样，动物权利保护者不同意人类处于医疗目的而饲养并杀死大量的动物。而且，动物保护协会苏格兰分部经理雷斯·瓦尔德指出，供移植的器官被取走后，猪剩下的部分怎么办呢？肉用于人类消费吗？"如果是这样的话——记住，猪包含着人类基因——这不是人类自食其肉吗？"

summary 范文

Original: My neighbor's children love playing hide-and-seek as all children do, but no one imagine that a game they played last week would be reported in the local newspaper. One afternoon, they were playing in the vacant lot down the corner. Young Paul, who is only five years old, found the perfect place to hide. His sister, Natalie, had shut her eyes and was counting to ten when Paul noticed the storage mail box at the corner and saw that the metal door was standing open. The mailman had just taken out several sacks of mail and had carried them to his truck which was standing at the curb a few feet away. Paul climbed into the storage box and pulled the door closed so hard that it locked. Soon realizing what he had done, he became frightened and started crying. Meanwhile, Natalie was looking for him everywhere but could not find him. It was lucky that she happened to pause at the corner for a minute and heard her brother's cries. She immediately ran to tell the mailman who hurried back from his truck to unlock the metal door. Paul was now free, but he had had such a bad scare that he could not stop crying. The mailman, however, soon found a way of making him laugh again. He told him that the next time he wanted to hide in a mail box, he should remember to put a stamp on himself! Summary: The children were playing hide-and-seek in a vacant lot one afternoon. Finding that the storage mailbox had been left open, Paul hid and locked himself in it accidentally. His sister, Natalie, heard his cries and realized where he was hiding, so she immediately told the mailman to unlock the metal door. After letting him out, the mailman made him stop crying by telling him to put a stamp on himself the next he wanted to hide in a mailbox. Original: Why do some animals die out? In the past two hundred years people have caused many kinds of animals to die out--to become extinct. People keep building houses and factories in fields and woods. As they spread over the land, they destroy animals' homes. If the animals can't find a place to live, they die out. Sixteen kinds of Hawaiian birds have become extinct for this reason. Other animals, such as the Florida Key deer, may soon die out because they are losing their homes.Hunters have caused some animals to become extinct, too. In the last century, hunters killed all the passenger pigeons in North America and most of the buffalos. Today they are fast killing off hawks and wolves. Pollution is killing many animals today, too. As rivers become polluted, fish are poisoned. Many die. Birds that eat the poisoned fish can't lay strong, healthy eggs. New birds aren’t born. So far, no animals have become extinct because of pollution. But some, such as the bald eagle and the brown pelican, have become rare and may die out. Scientists think that some animals become extinct because of changes in climate. The places where they live become hotter or cooler, drier or wetter. The food that they eat cannot grow there any more. If the animals can't learn to eat something else, they die. Dinosaurs may have died out for this reason. Summary:

summary好例子

Steps to Writing a Summary 1.Read and understand the prompt or writing directions. What are you being asked to write about? Example: Summary of an Article Write a summary of the article. Your writing will be scored on how well you: ?state the main ideas of the article; ?identify the most important details that support the main ideas; ?write your summary in your own words, except for quotations; and ?express the underlying meaning of the article, not just the superficial details. 2. Read, think about, and understand the text. Review the material to make sure you know it well. Use a dictionary or context clues to figure out the meaning of any important words that you don’t know. 3. Take notes. Write down the main ideas and important details of the article. 4.Write a thesis statement. In a single sentence, state the main idea of the article. The thesis statement should mention the underlying meaning of the article, not just the superficial details. 5. Organize and outline ideas. Write down the important details you need to include in the summary. Put them in a logical order. Topic Sentence: Evidence: #1: #2: #3: 6.Write your essay. ?Your summary should be about one third of the length of the original article. ?Focus on the main point of the article and the most important details. ?Use your own words; avoid copying phrases and sentences from the article unless they’re direct quotations. 7.Revise. Have you indented all paragraphs? Have you captured the main point of the article? Have you included the most important details? Is there sentence variety? Have you avoided writing short, choppy sentences? Are there transitional words and phrases to connect ideas? 8. Proofread and edit. Check your spelling, grammar, and punctuation. Is the verb tense consistent? Are all names spelled correctly and capitalized? Have you avoided writing run-on sentences and sentence fragments? 9. Write your draft. Use blue or black ink. Skip lines. Write on one side of the paper only. Include a title on the top line. 10. Read your summary one last time before you turn it in. Look for careless spelling, punctuation, and grammar errors, especially omitted words or letters. Cross out errors neatly with a single line and write the correction above. Original Article: Bats In the distant past, many people thought bats had magical powers, but times have changed. Today, many people believe that bats are rodents, that they cannot see, and that they are more likely than other animals to carry rabies. All of these beliefs are mistaken. Bats are not rodents, are not blind, and are no more likely than dogs and cats to transmit rabies. Bats, in fact, are among the least understood and least appreciated of animals. Bats are not rodents with wings, contrary to popular belief. Like all rodents, bats are mammals, but they have a skeleton similar to the human skeleton. The bones in bat wings are much like those in arms and the human hand, with a thumb and four fingers. In bats, the bones of the arms and the four fingers of the hands are very long. This bone structure helps support the web of skin that stretches from the body to the ends of the fingers to form wings. Although bats cannot see colors, they have good vision in both dim and bright light. Since most bats stay in darkness during the day and do their feeding at night, they do not use their vision to maneuver in the dark but use a process called echolocation. This process enables bats to emit sounds from their mouths that bounce off objects and allow them to avoid the objects when flying. They use this system to locate flying insects to feed on as well. Typically, insect-eating bats emerge at dusk and fly to streams or ponds where they feed. They catch the insects on their wingtip or tail membrane and fling them into their mouths while flying. There are about 1,000 species of bat, ranging in size from the bumblebee bat, which is about an inch long, to the flying fox, which is sixteen inches long and has a wingspan of five feet. Each type of bat has a specialized diet. For seventy percent of bats, the diet is insects. Other types of bats feed on flowers, pollen, nectar, and fruit or on small animals such as birds, mice, lizards, and frogs. (continued on back)

新标准大学英语综合教程3课文summary

↓↓↓ 大英3课文Summary UNIT 1 1.1 catching crabs In the fall of our final year,our mood changed.The relaxed atmosphere had disappeared, and peer group pressure to work hard was strong. Meanwhile,at the back of everyone’s mind was what we would do next after graduation. As for me,I wanted to travel,and I wanted to be a writer.I braced myself for some resistance to the idea from my father,who wanted me to go to law school,and follow his path through life. However,he supported what I wanted but he made me think about it by watching the crabs.The cage was full of crabs. One of them was trying to escape,but each time it reached the top the other crabs pulled it back.In the end it gave up lengthy struggle to escape and started to prevent other crabs from escaping.By watching crabs,my father told me not to be pulled back by others,and to get to know himself better. 1.2We are all dying Life is short.We never quite know when we become coffin dwellers or trampled ash in the rose garden of some local ceremony.So there’s no p oint in putting our dreams on the back burner until the right time arrives.Now is the time to do what we want to do. Make the best of our short stay and fill our life with the riches on offer so that when the reaper arrives,we’ve achieved much instead of regrets. UNIT 2 2.1superman The extract from Johnny Panic and the Bible of Dreams by Sylvia Plath is a combination of her real life and imaginary life in her childhood.In the real life,Plath was a winner of the prize for drawing the best Civil Defense signs,lived by an airport and had an Uncle who bore resemblance to Superman.In her imagination,the airport was her Mecca and Jerusalem because of her flying dreams.Superman fulfilled her dream at the moment. David Stirling,a bookish boy,also worship Superman.During the recess at school,he and the author played Superman https://www.sodocs.net/doc/188161236.html,pared with their school-mates who played the routine games,they felt they were outlaws but had a sense of windy superiority.They also found a stand-in,Sheldon Fein, who later invented tortures. 2.2cultual childhoods Historically,childhood has undergone enormous transformations in terms of children’s responsibilities and parental expectations.Culturally,childhood is socially constructed.The interplay of history and cultural leads to different understanding of childhood,consequently it is advisable not to impose ideas from one culture to understand childhood in another culture. UNIT 3 3.1how we listen For the sake of clarify,we split up the process of listening to music into three hypothetical planes.Firstly,the sensuous plane.It is a kind of brainless but attractive state of mind engendered

有关summary的写作技巧

有关s u m m a r y的写作技 巧 Company number：【WTUT-WT88Y-W8BBGB-BWYTT-19998】

Summary的写法1 一、概括原文 （一）阅读 1.读懂文章 读文章的时候，要养成良好的阅读习惯，划划写写，英文阅读的时候，用铅笔轻轻划出重点词汇。 认真阅读给定的原文材料。如果一遍不能理解，就多读两遍。阅读次数越多，你对原文的理解就越深刻。 2.拆分文章 按照作者的思路，把文章分段，每个段落用几个词，几个短语概括。尽量简短，精炼。 段落中心句，在段落的开头或末尾。有时也会变态的在当中。 3.概括主旨 写出文章的thesis, 一句话概括文章的主旨。 （二）基本结构和技巧 1.重新拟定标题 给summary起一个标题。用那些能概括文章主题思想的单词、短语或短句子作为标题。也可以采用文中的主题句作为标题。 2.阐述观点 摘要应全部用自己的话完成。不要引用原文的句子。写概述的时候，如果能够明确是他人写作的文章，注意要把作者的名字放在第一句（或者是the

author…….）。接着写出要阐述的main ideas（主要观点）和supporting points （对主要观点的支持）。 3.词汇运用 注意概述的coherence（连贯性），运用好transition words（过渡词）, like however, furthermore, nonetheless, besides, therefore etc. 4.删除细节 只保留主要观点。 5.选择一至两个有代表性的例子 原文中可能包括5个或更多的例子，你只需从中筛选一至二个例子。 6.把长句变成短句，把长段的描述变成短小、简单的句子。 “ He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor.” 可以概括为：“He was in financial difficulties.” “His courage in battle might without exag geration be called lion-like.” 可以概括为：”He was very brave in battle.” “He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor.” 可以概括为：“He was in financial difficulties.” 6) 你还可以使用词组代替整句或者从句。请看下面的例子： “Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, Lushan Mountain, and Mount Huang, were visited by only a few people in the past. Today, better wages, holidays with pay, new hotels on these mountains, and better train and bus services, have brought them within reach of many who never thought of visiting them ten years ago.” 可以概括为：”Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, once visited by only a few people, are today accessible to many, thanks to better wages, paid holidays, new hotels and better transportation services.” 7) 使用概括性的名词代替具体的词，比如： “She brought home several Chinese and English novels, a few copies of Time and Newsweek and some textbooks. She intended to read all of them during the winter vocation.”

第三版综英课文参考译文

课文参考译文 Unit 1 Text 1 我的第一份工作 在宾夕法尼亚州的夏洛瑞市，我的父母经营着一家小餐馆——潘格尼斯餐馆。餐馆每周营业七天，每天24小时。我的第一份正式工作是给顾客擦鞋，那时我六岁。父亲年轻时也曾干过这活，所以他就教我怎样把鞋擦好，还让我问问顾客活干得好不好，如果顾客不满意，应主动给顾客再擦一次。 随着年龄的增长，我的活也多了起来。十岁时，我已经会收拾餐桌了，并且还当清洁工。爸爸咧着嘴笑着说我是在他手下干过的最好的“清洁工”。 在餐馆里工作是我骄傲的资本，因为我也在为家里的生计出把力。但是，父亲明确规定我得符合一定的标准才能成为集体的一员。我必须守时，勤快，对顾客彬彬有礼。 在餐馆里除了擦鞋以外，其它工作都没有报酬。一天我犯了个错误，告诉父亲我觉得他每周应付我10美元的报酬。父亲说：“好呀，那你付我在这儿的一日三餐钱，怎么样？还有你带你的朋友来免费喝饮料的钱？”他算下来我每周还欠他40美元。这件事情给了我一个教训：在谈判时，你不仅要知道自己想说什么，你还要搞清楚对方会说些什么。 我还记得在外服兵役两年后回家的情景。我刚晋升为上尉，满脸自豪地迈进父母的餐馆。父亲的第一句话就是：“今天清洁工休息，晚上你来打扫卫生，怎么样？” 我简直不敢相信！我想，我是一名美国陆军军官！但这并不要紧。在父亲的眼里我只是团队中的一名成员。我伸手去拿了拖把。 为父亲做事使我明白了一个道理，对团队的忠诚是第一位的，无论这个团队从事的是经营家庭餐馆还是执行“沙漠风暴行动”。 Read more 我的第一份工作 “做什么事都要有自豪感，”父亲总是这样告诉我，“不管你是老板还是清洁工。”15岁时我在一家地方医院有了份兼职工作，他们要我做拖地的活儿。我笑了，就想到了父亲说过的那些话。 既使我的工作是最低层的，我也非常激动能有事情做。我没把它看成是个困难，而是看成一个挑战，因为这是我的第一份工作。我学着去守时，符合工作规范。反过来，医院里的职工和病人也很尊敬我。 每天早晨，我先设想一下，如果我没能洗涮干净，那沾满麦片粥的碟子只能让病人更感不适。早饭刚过，我就开始卖力地干活，把所有病房的地板拖一遍，再冲洗厕所。尽管我累得精疲力尽，但我心里清楚，如果地板没拖得闪闪发亮，我的形象照出来也会很糟。我想把工作做得漂亮些，大家也会笑着说：“小伙子工作确实出色。”这让我很感自豪。 在医院里工作让我懂得了一个道理，自豪感是积极投身工作的一部分，不管工作是拖地还是经营一家大企业。我曾做过许多工作，父亲的建议总回响在我耳边。我拖过地，而现在被提升为经理。我想爸爸也会为我骄傲的。 Unit 2 Text 美国家庭和中国传统家庭的比较 美国家庭和中国传统家庭有很多不同之处。先说说住房吧。美国房子通常都有院子，大小

summary写作指导

读写任务概要（summary）写作指导 30字概要的基本四大技巧： Skill1: Omit (省略) the details Skill2: Omit the examples Skill3: Use general(概括性) words instead of specific(具体的) words Skill4: Put the main points of a dialogue in indirect speech (间接引语，第三人称) 第一类：记叙文 （1）记叙文的概要, 一般包括记叙文的六个要素(who; when; where; what; how; why), 也就是考生应先通读阅读短文，找出这六个要素,然后用自己的话将这六个要素串成一两句话即可。当然, 不一定每篇记叙文都包含这六个要素,但“某人做了某事, 结果如何”是应当包括的。因此, 要写好概要, 需找到以下两个问题的答案：1）谁做了什么？(who did what) 2）结果如何？(what was the result) ☆特别提醒：如果是夹叙夹议的文章，还要找主题句或利用“写作内容”给出的提示，写出故事给我们的启示、教育或其中的一个道理。 （2）记叙文概要的参考模版： The story is about …, from which (启示）...... The passage mainly tells us that …, which shows that（启示）...... The author thinks / points out / tells us / holds the view that …, through w hich（启示）...... According to the article, we know that … We can see from the text … As can be seen from the text, … [例文]阅读下面短文, 然后按要求写一篇150词左右的英语短文。 When Sam first got to his boarding school with his parents, he was very happy. He thought he would be able to go home every weekend. When he was told he would not, he started crying because the thought of not seeing his parents was driving him crazy. He was given uniforms and all other things that he would need for the term. He started crying when it was time for his parents to leave. He was then taken to the dorm, where he saw other children happy. He tried as much as he could to fit in but could not because his mind was at home. He started feeling homesick(想家)and wanted to go home as soon as possible. He got sick soon because he could not eat the school food. He could not concentrate in the classroom. All he could think was being at home with his family. He had no mobile phone or other means to get in touch with his parents. He was angry and felt lonely. He thought his parents hated him and that was why they left him in a boarding school. ［写作内容］1. 以约30个词概括上文的主要内容； 2. 以约120个词讲述一次你(或你的朋友)想家的经历。 [解题过程] 第一步, 根据［写作内容2］, 快速获取大意。解题前, 可以通过［写作内容2］和材料文体,快速准确地把握阅读材料的主要内容并形成概要的基本框架。如本题阅读［写作内容2］,并扫视材料可知是记叙文, 于是可推知,本文的概要框架应是：Sam想家的时间、地点、原因、影响和结果。 第二步：阅读材料，回答以下两个问题。 (1) 谁做了什么？__ (2) 结果如何？ 第三步：用自己的话将其串联起来： ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ [巩固训练]阅读下面的短文，然后按要求写一篇150词左右的英语短文。 Who says honesty is dead? Last Tuesday morning Alan Reed, a student, was at the bank. He asked to take out 50 yuan but the bank clerk mistakenly gave him five twenties instead of five tens. For a few seconds he wondered what to do. Should he give the extra money back? Keep it? If he kept it, he could buy several new books,, or he could take his friend Alice to a fancy dinner. Probably no one would ever notice. But then he looked at the clerk. She was a middle-aged woman with a sweet face, and she reminded him of his mother. She had been nice to him, and she looked pressureed ( 有压力的）. Then it occurred to him that the lady would probably get in trouble. Worst of all, Alan felt, he would probably feel shameful about keeping the extra cash. So Alan gave back the extra money. The bank clerk was so impressed that someone was honest enough to return money not rightfully his that she contacted the newspaper. So there you have it. What would you have done if you had been in Alan's situation? （概要） ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 第二类：说明文 我们根据说明文的不同类型, 分别给出三种参考模板： 1. 描写某事物的性质功用。即“对象+性质功用+利好”： (In the passage) the writer introduces... (对象)to us, especially its...(性质或功用), from which we know...(对象带来的利好). 2. 针对某个问题提出解决方法或措施。即“问题+解决方法”： The passage tells us...(问题), including...(方法1), ...(方法2)and...(方法3). 3. 介绍某现象及其原因和结果。即“现象+原因+结果”： (The author/writer said/talks about)...(现象)of..., because /but...(原因/本质1),and... (原因/本质2). ☆特别提醒：在高考读写任务中, 多为说明某种社会现象的说明文。 [例文]阅读下面短文，然后以约30个词概括该文的主要内容。 Imagine entering a very large building and you have no idea how to get to the office you are looking for. But then as you’re standing there a nearly silent balloon floats over to you and speaks to you. It asks you where you want to go. You tel l it and then it simply says “follow me” like a child’s game and begins to float off in the direction of yo ur destination. It keeps going as you follow leading you to where you want to go. The guide works itself without any help from any human being. It says hello to people as they arrive in the building, speaks to them, processes their requests and then guides them to the destination. The balloon has two tiny fans to help keep it floating and to provide just a touch of lift. Onboard is a wireless receiver for receiving directions from a computer that directs the fans and sensors that let it know where objects are around it. The idea of such a simple robot is one that has been on the minds of scientists for years and has been mentioned in novels many times. Today the iPhone does something similar but has to be connected to the Internet which is sometimes difficult. This is why this little balloon might be the wave of the future ----because it is so much easier to follow .