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外文翻译中英对照版

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外文翻译中英对照版

VOLUME 30 ISSUE 2 October 2008

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

Copyright by International OCSCO World Press. All rights reserved.2008 151 Research paper 2008年十月期2卷30

材料与制造工程成果期刊

版权所有:国际OCSCO 世界出版社。一切权利保有。2008 ??151研究论文

1. Introduction Friction stir welding (FSW) is a new solid-state welding method developed by The Welding Institute (TWI) in 1991 [1]. The weld is formed by the excessive deformation of the material at temperatures below its melting point, thus the method is a solid state joining technique. There is no melting of the material, so FSW has several advantages over the commonly used fusion welding techniques [2-10].

1.导言摩擦搅拌焊接(FSW)是焊接学?会于1991年研发的一种新型固态焊接方法。这种焊接?是由材料在低于其熔点的温度上过量变形形成,因此此技术是一种固态连接技术。材料不熔化,所以FSW 相比常用的熔化焊接技术有若干优势。例如,在焊接区无多孔性或破裂,工件(尤其薄板上)没有严重扭曲,并且在连接过程中不需要填料、保护气及昂贵的焊接准备there is no significant distortion of the workpieces (particularly in thin plates), and there is no need for filler materials, shielding gases and costly weld preparation during this joining process. FSW被认为是对若干材料例如铝合金、镁合金、黄铜、钛合金及钢最显著且最有潜在用途的焊接技术FSW is considered to be the most remarkable and potentially useful welding technique for several materials, such as Al-alloys, Mg-alloys, brasses, Ti-alloys, and steels [1-16]. 然而,在FSW过程中,用不合适的焊接参数能引起连接处失效,并且使FSW连接处的力学性能恶化。However, during FSW process using inappropriate welding parameters can cause defects in the joint and deteriorate the mechanical properties of the FSW joints [2, 3]. 此技术起初就主要是为低熔点材料如铝合金、镁合金及铜合金而广泛研究的。The technique has initially been widely investigated for mostly low melting materials, such as Al, Mg and Cu alloys. 此技术已被证明是很有用的,尤其在连接用于航空航天用途的如高合金2XXX及7XXX系列铝合金等难熔高强度的铝合金。It has proven to be very useful, particularly in the joining of the difficult-to-fusion join high strength Al-alloys used in aerospace applications, such as highly alloyed 2XXX and 7XXX series aluminium alloys. 做出Al-5086 H32型板摩擦搅拌对焊的高强度、抗疲劳及断裂的力学性能?。The difficulty of making high-strength, fatigue and fracture resistant Mechanical properties of friction

stir butt-welded Al-5086 H32 plate

G. .am a,*, S. Gü.lüer b, A. .akan c, H.T. Serinda. a

a Mustafa Kemal University, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, 31040 Antakya, Turkey

a 土耳其安塔卡亚31040,Mustafa Kemal大学建筑工程系

b General Directorate of Highways of Turkey, Ankara, Turkey

b 土耳其安卡拉土耳其高速公路总理事会?

c Abant Izzet Baysal University, Faculty of Engineering an

d Architecture, 14280 Bolu, Turkey

c 土耳其Bolu 14280 Abant Izzet Baysal 大学建筑工程系

* Corresponding author: E-mail address: gurelcam@https://www.sodocs.net/doc/1a6332017.html,

*相关作者电子邮箱地址:gurelcam@https://www.sodocs.net/doc/1a6332017.html,

Received 30.06.2008; published in revised form 01.10.2008

收录于2008年6月30日;修订形式出版于2008年10月1日

Properties?

Abstract

摘要

目的:此论文诣在研究工具旋转速度为1600rpm 时以不同焊接速度摩擦搅拌对焊的3mm厚A1-5086 H32型板。

Purpose: The purpose of the paper is to study Al-5086 H32 plates with a thickness of 3 mm friction stir butt-welded using different welding speeds at a tool rotational speed of 1600 rpm.设计/方法论/方法:通过进行光学显微检察、围观硬度测量及力学测试(也就是拉弯测试)研究焊接速度对连接处焊接性能的影响。

Design/methodology/approach: The effect of welding speed on the weld performance of the joints was investigated by conducting optical microscopy, microhardness measurements and mechanical tests (i.e. tensile and bend tests). 也确定了在摩擦搅拌焊接过程中热输入对冷辊A1-5086板微microstructure, and thus mechanical properties, of cold-rolled Al- 5086 plates was also determined.

发现:实验结果表明连接处的最大拉伸强度,约为基板拉伸强度的75%,可在用比如1600rpm 的工具旋转速度时以200mm/minde的移动速度焊接得到,并且连接处的最大弯曲角度可达

180。另一方面,连接处的最大延展性能相对低些,如低约20%。

Findings: The experimental results indicated that the maximum tensile strength of the joints, which is about 75% that of the base plate, was obtained with a traverse speed of 200 mm/min at the tool rotational speed used, e.g. 1600 rpm, and the maximum bending angle of the joints can reach 180o. The maximum ductility performance of the joints was, on the other hand, relatively low, e.g. about 20%. 这些结果并不意外,由于焊接过程中的热输入亏损了焊接区的冷作硬化效应,因此?强度限制了搅拌区的塑性。较高的焊缝性能也可通过增加Al-5086 H32板对磨搅拌焊时摩擦棒?的插入深度获得。These results are not unexpected due to the loss of the cold-work strengthening in the weld region as a result of the heat input during welding, and thus the confined plasticity within the stirred zone owing to strength undermatching. Higher joint performances can also be achieved by increasing the penetration depth of the stirring probe in butt-friction stir welding of Al-5086 H32 plates.

研究限制/ :结果表明强度与延展性都能通过优化工具插入深度提高。Research limitations/implications: The results suggest that both strength and ductility performances can be increased by optimizing the tool penetration depth.

独创性/价值:对摩擦搅拌对焊A1-5086 H32型板力学性能的研究。

Originality/value: Examination of mechanical properties of friction stir butt-welded Al-5086 H32 plate.

关键词:摩擦搅拌焊;铝合金;焊缝性能;强度?

Keywords: Friction stir welding; Al-alloys; Joint performance; Strength undermatching

1.Introduction

1.导言

2008年十月期2卷30

材料与制造工程成果期刊

V olume 30 Issue 2 October 2008

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

G. .am, S. Gü.lüer, A. .akan, H.T. Serinda.

G. .am, S. Gü.lüer, A. .akan, H.T. Serinda.

研究论文

Research paper

welds in these aluminium alloys has long inhibited the use of welding processes for joining aerospace structures. 铝合金的焊接长期限制了连接航空航天构件焊接工序的使用。作为替代,力学紧固,除了在火箭推进剂与氧化剂箱压力容器的生产中,通常是首推连接方法。Instead, mechanical fastening (e.g. riveting) has been the usually preferred

joining method except in production of pressure vessels for rocket propellant and oxidizer tanks. 航空航天铝合金的很多焊接问题源于脆性固化产品的不利布置及焊接区域的破裂与多孔性。典型地难以焊接的高强度航空航天铝合金摩擦搅拌焊接取得的令人鼓舞的成果扩展了这一技术的实际应用。Many of the problems with welds in aerospace Al-alloys stem from the unfavourable distribution of brittle solidification products, cracking and porosity in the weld region. Encouraging results obtained in FSW of high-strength aerospace aluminium alloys, that are typically difficult-to-weld,

have expanded the practical use of this technique. 类似地,高碳钢焊接常常有低延展性及高硬度的不利后果,而这必须得通过相对昂贵的焊前焊后热处理改善。Similarly, the welding of high carbon steels often includes the undesirable results of low ductility and high hardness, which has to be improved by relatively expensive pre- and post-weld heat treatments. 钢及其他高温材料摩擦搅拌焊接的应用起初收到了限制,因为缺乏需要在高于1000摄氏度的温度保持完好无损的合适的工具材料。The application of FSW to steels and other high temperature materials had originally been limited due to the absence of a suitable tool material, which is required to remain intact at temperatures higher than 1000°C. FSW has, however, been expected to be an effective way to join ferrous materials with poor fusion weldability owing to the fact that the process is a solid-state welding method. 然而,摩擦搅拌焊一直被认为是连接熔焊性能不好的含铁材料的有效途径,因为它本身就是一种固态焊接方式。After this shortcoming was overcome through the development of suitable tools, investigations were conducted on the applicability of FSW for steels. 通过发展合适的工具克服了这一问题后,钢的摩擦搅拌焊接的适用性得到了研究。Early studies have shown that mild ?steel and other low to medium carbon ferrous alloys can successfully be friction stir welded [17-22] and grain refinement in the stir zone of the carbon steel, similar to Al alloys, is achieved. These encouraging results have stimulated the investigations on FSW of high carbon steels. 早期研究表明,钢及其他低到中碳铁合金能成功摩擦搅拌焊接,并且类似于铝合金,也能修磨碳钢搅拌区。这一鼓舞人心的成果刺激了对高碳钢摩擦搅拌焊接的研究。Early reports show that joints with good mechanical properties can be achieved by grain refinement in the friction stir zone by controlling the temperature during FSW [23]. 早期报告表明可以通过在摩擦搅拌焊接过程中控制温度修磨摩擦搅拌区获得具有良好力学性能的连接。Thus, the application of this relatively new joining process has been expanded from low-to-medium melting point non-ferrous alloys to higher melting point difficult-to-fusion join ferrous alloys. 这样,这项相对较新连接工序的应用就得到了扩展,从低到中熔点无铁合金到较高熔点难熔接铁合金。In this study, 3 mm thick Al-5086 H32 plates were friction stir welded using different welding speeds at a tool rotational speed of 1600 rpm. The effect of welding speed on the weld performance of Al-5086 alloy friction stir welded joints (i.e. loss of cold work hardening) was investigated by conducting optical microscopy, microhardness

measurements and mechanical tests (i.e. tensile and bend tests). 在这项研究中,在工具转速1600rpm时用不同的焊接速度摩擦搅拌焊接了3毫米厚的A1-5086 H32 板。通过进行光学显微检查、微观硬度测试及力学测试(也就是拉弯测试)研究了焊接速度对A1-5086合金摩擦搅拌焊接接点焊接性能的影响(也就是冷作硬化效应的减弱)。The effect of heat input during friction stir welding on the microstructure, and thus mechanical properties of cold-rolled Al- 5086 plates was also determined. 也确定了摩擦搅拌焊接过程中热输入对冷轧A1-5086板微观结构进而对力学性能的影响。

2. ?Experimental procedure In this study, 3 mm thick Al-5086 plates in H32 condition (i.e., a quarter cold-worked) were used for friction stir butt-welding trials. 此研究中的实验步骤,用H32(也就是1/4冷作)条件下的3毫米厚A1-5086板进行摩擦搅拌对焊实验。The chemical composition of the Al-alloy plate used in this study is given in Table 1. Table 2 shows the mechanical properties of the plate used. 表1给出了此研究中用的铝合金板的化学复合物。表2给出了所用板的力学性能。用立轴式磨机进行板的摩擦搅拌焊。Friction stir welding of the plates was conducted using a vertical-spindle type milling machine [16]. A stirring tool made of a high speed steel (HSS) with a nominal composition of 1.27% C, 4% Cr,

3.6% Mo, 9.5% W, 10% Co and 3.2% V (material number being 1.3207) was employed in friction stir welding trials. 摩擦搅拌焊接实验中使用了名义含量为1.27% C, 4% Cr, 3.6% Mo, 9.5% W, 10% Co and 3.2% V 高速钢(HSS)制的搅拌工具。The tool was slightly conical, the root diameter being 4 mm and the tip diameter being 3 mm. 这一工具是轻微圆锥形,根部直径是4毫米且顶部直径是3毫米。Its penetration depth was 2.8 mm. 它的插入深度是2.8毫米。The reason for choosing a slightly conical tool is to determine whether it is possible to employ higher rotational and travel speeds in friction stir welding of Al-5086 plates by increasing the surface area of the tool, thus increasing the frictional heat. 选择轻微圆锥形工具的原因是为了确定通过增加工具表面进而增加摩擦热在摩擦搅拌焊接Al-5086时使用较高的旋转与移动速度是否可能。The tool used was a pin type with non-standard helical threads and its tip was rounded. 所用工具是圆头非标螺线针式的。A tool rotational speed of 1600 rpm was chosen for these trials. 此实验选用1600rpm的工具转速。The plates were joined employing three different traverse speeds, namely 175, 200, and 225 mm/min. 这些板是用三个不同移动速度即175, 200, and 225 mm/min.连接到一起的。The joint performance was determined by conducting optical microscopy, microhardness measurements and mechanical testing (e.g. tensile and bend tests).连接处性能是通过进行光学显微检查、微观硬度测量及力学测试(比如拉弯测试)确定的。The metallography specimens extracted from the joints were mounted in polyester at room temperature to avoid the microstructural alterations which might take place during hot-mounting. 从此连接处提取的金相标本放置在室温下的聚酯中,以免热处放置时可能发生的微观结构变化。The specimens were then grounded with silicon carbide papers of 240, 400, 800, 1000 and 1200 grades followed by polishing on a rotating wheel with 1 and 0.3 micron alumina suspension. 然后用细度为240,400,800,1000及1200的硅碳合金砂纸磨削这些标本,继而在1与0.3微米粒度氧化铝转轮上抛光。All polished specimens were etched with a solution comprising 15 ml HNO3 and 10 ml HF in distilled water for optical microscopy. 所有抛光标本用含有15ml硝酸与10ml氟化氢的蒸馏水溶液刻蚀以进行显微检查。A detailed microstructural observation was conducted for each welded plate using optical microscopy to determine the presence of any weld defect. 每个焊接的板都得用光学显微检查进行细致的微观结构观察以找出任何焊接缺陷。Furthermore, microhardness measurements were conducted on each welded plate to determine hardness variations across the stirred zones. 而且,也要对每一个焊接板进行微观硬度测量以明确搅拌区域的硬度变化。Vickers

microhardness measurement method was employed with a load of 100 grams (loading time being 5 seconds) for microhardness measurements. 维氏微观硬度测量方法是以载荷100克(加载时间为5秒钟)进行微观硬度测量的。Furthermore,minimum three tensile specimens prepared according to EN 895 were tested for each condition to determine the mechanical performances of the joints obtained as explained in detail in an earlier publication [16]. 而且,测试根据EN895准备的最小的三个拉伸标本以确定据较早出版中的详细说明得到的连接处的力学性能。The results were compared with those obtained from the base plate specimens.将这些结果与那些从板基体标本中得到的结果相比。Moreover, two non-standard bending specimens (20 mm wide and 200 mm long) were also extracted from each welded plate [16].再而,也从每个焊接的板上提取了两个非标弯曲标本(20毫米宽且200毫米长)。Both specimens were bended up to 180°, one specimen with weld root being outside and the other with weld root inside, to determine whether cracking occurs or not in both bending conditions. 每个标本弯至180度,一个标本焊脚在外,另一个焊脚在内,以确定在两个弯曲条件下是否发生断裂。Thus, the effect of welding speed at a given rotational speed on the mechanical performance was determined.这样,就确定了在给定转速下的焊接速度对机械性能的影响。

Table 1.

Nominal composition of the Al-5086 H32 plates used in this study Element Al Mg Mn Cr Cu Fe Si Ti Zn others wt % 93-96.3 3.5-4.5 0.2-0.7 0.005-0.25 max. 0.1 max. 0.5 max. 0.4 max. 0.15 max. 0.25 max. 0.15

Table 2.

Mechanical properties of the Al-5086 H32 plates used in this study Hardness, HV Tensile Strength, MPa Proof Stress, MPa Elongation, % E, GPa 85 354 237 12 71

2.Experimental procedure

实验步骤

Properties

性能

Mechanical properties of friction stir butt-welded Al-5086 H32 plate153

摩擦搅拌对焊Al-5086 H32板的力学性能

3.Results and discussions

结果与讨论

3.1. Microstructure and hardness

微观结构及硬度

3.2. Joint performance

[24] might partially be due to the insufficient tool penetration, resulting in the formation of kissing-bond type defect at the root of the joint area. Thus, these results indicate that the joint performance values can further be improved by eliminating the kissing-bond type defects observed in the welds produced (Fig. 1) through optimizing the depth of tool plunging. Moreover, a high ductility performance (>100%), as reported in [24], is not a usual case for the joints with lower strength within the weld zone, due to the confined plasticity (i.e., increased constraint) [28-30].连接处性能可能部分取决于工具伸入量不足,这导致连接区根部吻粘型失效的发生。这样,这些结果表明可以通过优化工具插入深度消除在焊接处?吻粘型失效(图一)进一步提高连接性能值。而且,高延展性能(>100%),正如在[24]中提到的,由于塑性(也就是增加了的约束)有限,对于焊接区内低强度连接并不常见。

Table 3.

表3

Results of tensile tests of the specimens extracted from the base plate and welded plates

从基板与焊接板上提取的标本的拉伸测试结果

Specimen

*Strength performance=(TSweld/TSBM)x100; **Ductility performance=(%elweld/%elBM)x100 The specimens extracted from the joint produced with a traverse speed of 225 mm/min also exhibited relatively high strength performance, i.e. 74%. 从以225mm/min 的移动速度制的连接上提取的标本也表现出了相当高的强度性能,即74%。However, the ductility performance of this joint was much lower, i.e. 11%, compared to that of the joint produced with a traverse speed of 200 mm/min. 然而,此连接处的延展性相比于以200mm/min 的移动速度制造的连接的延展性却低得多,低11%。The joint produced with the lowest traverse speed, i.e. 175 mm/min, displayed the lowest performance values, Table 3.以最低的移动速度如175mm/min 制造的连接表现出了最低的性能值,见表3. The results of bending tests conducted are also in accordance with the tensile test results. 进行的弯曲测试的结果也与拉伸测试结果一致。No cracking was observed in the bend tests of the joints in both test conditions, i.e. with the weld root inside and outside, although the porosity was always present. 尽管一直存在多孔性,在两种测试条件即焊脚在内与在外下的连接处弯曲测试中没发现有断裂。The only exception to that was the specimen extracted from the joint produced with a traverse speed of 175 mm/min, which did crack in the bend test in the weld root outside condition. 其中唯一的例外是从以175mm/min 的移动速度制造的连接处提取的标本,它在焊脚在外条件下的弯曲测试中的确断裂了。This is apparently due to the presence of significant porosity and kissing-bond type defect in the stirred zone of this joint. 这明显是由于在连接的搅拌区存在严重空性及吻粘型失效的缘故。This is obvious because of the fact that the shielding of porosity takes place owing to the strength undermatching nature of the stirred zone (lower strength than that of the base plate). 这明显是因为由于搅拌区的强度低配特性(比基板强度低)发生空性盾这一事实的缘故。051015Elongation, %0100200300400500Stress, MPa Fig. 3. Comparison of the stress-strain curves of the base plate (BM) specimens and the specimens extracted from the joint

(FSW) produced with a traverse speed of 200 mm/min 图3 基板与从以200mm/min的移动速度制造的连接(摩擦搅拌焊)处提取的标本的应力应变曲线对比

Fig. 4. Comparison of the mechanical properties of the base plate (BM) and the specimens extracted from the joints produced with different traverse speeds 基板(BM)与从以不同移动速度制造的连接处提取的标本力学性能对比

4.Conclusions

Acknowledgements References

V olume 30 Issue 2 October 2008Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing EngineeringREADING DIRECT: https://www.sodocs.net/doc/1a6332017.html,

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95-101.

建筑类外文文献及中文翻译

forced concrete structure reinforced with an overviewRein Since the reform and opening up, with the national economy's rapid and sustained development of a reinforced concrete structure built, reinforced with the development of technology has been great. Therefore, to promote the use of advanced technology reinforced connecting to improve project quality and speed up the pace of construction, improve labor productivity, reduce costs, and is of great significance. Reinforced steel bars connecting technologies can be divided into two broad categories linking welding machinery and steel. There are six types of welding steel welding methods, and some apply to the prefabricated plant, and some apply to the construction site, some of both apply. There are three types of machinery commonly used reinforcement linking method primarily applicable to the construction site. Ways has its own characteristics and different application, and in the continuous development and improvement. In actual production, should be based on specific conditions of work, working environment and technical requirements, the choice of suitable methods to achieve the best overall efficiency. 1、steel mechanical link 1.1 radial squeeze link Will be a steel sleeve in two sets to the highly-reinforced Department with superhigh pressure hydraulic equipment (squeeze tongs) along steel sleeve radial squeeze steel casing, in squeezing out tongs squeeze pressure role of a steel sleeve plasticity deformation closely integrated with reinforced through reinforced steel sleeve and Wang Liang's Position will be two solid steel bars linked Characteristic: Connect intensity to be high, performance reliable, can bear high stress draw and pigeonhole the load and tired load repeatedly.

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设计,“其实质是使以信息,形成以思想,言论和感觉的经验”。 在唐朝( 618-906 )之间的第4和第7世纪的木块被切断打印纺织品和后重现佛典。阿藏印在868是已知最早的印刷书籍。 在19世纪后期欧洲,尤其是在英国,平面设计开始以独立的运动从美术中分离出来。蒙德里安称为父亲的图形设计。他是一个很好的艺术家,但是他在现代广告中利用现代电网系统在广告、印刷和网络布局网格。 于1849年,在大不列颠亨利科尔成为的主要力量之一在设计教育界,该国政府通告设计在杂志设计和制造的重要性。他组织了大型的展览作为庆祝现代工业技术和维多利亚式的设计。 从1892年至1896年威廉?莫里斯凯尔姆斯科特出版社出版的书籍的一些最重要的平面设计产品和工艺美术运动,并提出了一个非常赚钱的商机就是出版伟大文本论的图书并以高价出售给富人。莫里斯证明了市场的存在使平面设计在他们自己拥有的权利,并帮助开拓者从生产和美术分离设计。这历史相对论是,然而,重要的,因为它为第一次重大的反应对于十九世纪的陈旧的平面设计。莫里斯的工作,以及与其他私营新闻运动,直接影响新艺术风格和间接负责20世纪初非专业性平面设计的事态发展。 谁创造了最初的“平面设计”似乎存在争议。这被归因于英国的设计师和大学教授Richard Guyatt,但另一消息来源于20世纪初美国图书设计师William Addison Dwiggins。 伦敦地铁的标志设计是爱德华约翰斯顿于1916年设计的一个经典的现代而且使用了系统字体设计。 在20世纪20年代,苏联的建构主义应用于“智能生产”在不同领域的生产。个性化的运动艺术在俄罗斯大革命是没有价值的,从而走向以创造物体的功利为目的。他们设计的建筑、剧院集、海报、面料、服装、家具、徽标、菜单等。 Jan Tschichold 在他的1928年书中编纂了新的现代印刷原则,他后来否认他在这本书的法西斯主义哲学主张,但它仍然是非常有影响力。 Tschichold ,包豪斯印刷专家如赫伯特拜耳和拉斯洛莫霍伊一纳吉,和El Lissitzky 是平面设计之父都被我们今天所知。 他们首创的生产技术和文体设备,主要用于整个二十世纪。随后的几年看到平面设计在现代风格获得广泛的接受和应用。第二次世界大战结束后,美国经济的建立更需要平面设计,主要是广告和包装等。移居国外的德国包豪斯设计学院于1937年到芝加哥带来了“大规模生产”极简到美国;引发野火的“现代”建筑和设计。值得注意的名称世纪中叶现代设计包括阿德里安Frutiger ,设计师和Frutiger字体大学;保兰德,从20世纪30年代后期,直到他去世于1996年,采取的原则和适用包豪斯他们受欢迎的广告和标志设计,帮助创造一个独特的办法,美国的欧洲简约而成为一个主要的先驱。平面设计称为企业形象;约瑟夫米勒,罗克曼,设计的海报严重尚未获取1950年代和1960年代时代典型。 从道路标志到技术图表,从备忘录到参考手册,增强了平面设计的知识转让。可读性增强了文字的视觉效果。 设计还可以通过理念或有效的视觉传播帮助销售产品。将它应用到产品和公司识别系统的要素像标志、颜色和文字。连同这些被定义为品牌。品牌已日益成为重要的提供的服务范围,许多平面设计师,企业形象和条件往往是同时交替使用。

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工程管理专业毕业设计外文翻译(外文+翻译)

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外文翻译中文版(完整版)

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