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优学院学术英语3unit1 听力答案

优学院学术英语3unit1 听力答案
优学院学术英语3unit1 听力答案

1. We don't know very much about the brain, and as a _____, scientists have not been able to find out very much about how it works.

A. complexity

B. screen

C. structure

D. consequence

2. Scientists are trying to _____ new ways to study the brain.

A. expect

B. develop

C. react

D. hold

3. When the man spilled the hot coffee on Sarah, she _____ by jumping up and screaming.

A. expected

B. reacted

C. developed

D. discovered

4. The _____ of the human brain is well known, and scientists find it very difficult to understand.

A. complexity

B. structure

C. screen

D. consequence

5. The frontal lobe is a physical _____ of the brain.

A. screen

B. structure

C. complexity

D. consequence

6. The brain _____ mental processes, such as thinking.

A. discovers

B. expects

C. deals with

D. reacts

7. She _____ an experiment to figure out how our brains process information.

A. reacted

B. expected

C. held

D. performed

8. The doctor looked at the picture of the brain on a computer _____.

A. complexity

B. screen

C. consequence

D. structure

9. The scientist did not ______ male brains to be different from female brains before he started his research, and he was surprised to find out how different they were.

A. expect

B. deal with

C. react

D. develop

10. Scientists have _____ many new facts about the brain in recent years.

A. expected

B. performed

C. discovered

D. reacted

1. It is now possible to view three- dimensional pictures of the human brain on computer screens.

2. The function of the new machine is to test human brain cells.

3. The famous neuroscientist discovered a new treatment for brain cancer.

4. The scientist completed her research study, and she published her finding in a medical journal.

5. Machines that can be used for imaging include cameras and X-ray machines.

6. The cells of the brain that send messages from the brain to other parts of the body are called neurons .

7. The discovery that adult brains are different from children's brains had great implications for the way diseases of the brain are treated.

8. Scientists study images of the human brain to learn about differences between men and women.

1. New technology allows us to see _____.

A. fMRIs and PETs

B. the effects of brain injury

C. inside a live brain

D. the shape of the brain

2. fMRI and PET machines create pictures and movies that show brain _____.

A. activity

B. health

C. intelligence

D. size

3. New research shows differences between _____.

A. children and adult brains

B. large and small brains

C. male and female brains

D. sick and healthy brains

4. Scientists know everything about the human brain.

A. true

B. false

5. The frontal lobe is one of the physical structures within the brain.

A. true

B. false

6. There are 10,000 neurons in the human brain.

A. true

B. false

7. The connections between neurons are very complex.

A. true

B. false

8. The development of new technology that can see deep inside a living brain allows for new discoveries in human brain research.

A. true

B. false

1. I tried to interpret the results of the scientist's experiment, but it was too difficult.

2. The research revealed many surprising new facts about the brain.

3. Scientists have found many similarities between male and female brains, but also some differences.

4. Women are usually thought to be more emotional than men, but under

some circumstances, men can be more emotional than women.

5. This part of the brain processes information that we get from seeing and hearing the world around us.

6. The brains of some individuals work differently than the brains of the majority of people.

7. Generally, men have a(n) reputation for hiding their emotions.

8. The scientist gave a lecture on several different aspects of the brain.

9. Now, researchers realize that male and female brains are different from each other, but previously they thought that they were the same.

10. The scientist examined the man's brain carefully to see how it reacted to images.

1. There is a(n) stereotype that girls are easily frightened and boys are brave.

2. Neurons transmit messages to each other.

3. When girls and boys get older and go through puberty, their hormones become very active.

4. From this finding, we can infer that some medicines that doctors have been giving to women may not be healthy for them to take.

5. Some areas of the brain, such as the area that controls emotions, are proportionately larger in men than they are in women.

6. Monkeys have small brains relative to humans.

7. It is incorrect to make the assumption that men are smarter than women because their brains are bigger.

8. It is a natural instinct for a mother to take care of and protect her baby.

9. Sensory organs like the nose and ears send signals to the brain.

1. Social pressures are the main reason why men and women are different. false

2. Social and biological factors create differences between men and

true

women.

3. Men and women are different because they communicate differently. false

4. Male and female brains differ in structure and in the way messages

true

are transmitted.

5. Brain research is done on men because they think more clearly than

false women.

6. Research on the brain should include studies of how women's brains

true

work.

g 1. hypothalamus a. pain suppression

f2. frontal lobe b. spatial perception

d 3. limbic cortex c. memory and spatial navigation

b 4. parietal cortex d. emotions

c 5. hippocampus e. emotional memory

e 6. amygdala f. decision-making and problem-solving

a 7. periaqueductal grey g. basic instincts (such as food intake)

1. hypothalamus no information on size

2. frontal lobe bigger in women

3. limbic cortex bigger in women

4. parietal cortex bigger in men

5. hippocampus bigger in women

6. amygdala bigger in men

7. periaqueductal

no information on size

grey

Larry Cahill, a neurobiologist at the University of California, Irvine, has found evidence that, in some circumstances, people of different sexes use the same brain structures differently . In

brain-imaging experiments, he asked groups of men and women to remember images they had been shown earlier . These images were chosen because they produce a strong emotional reaction . Both men and women consistently used the amygdala to complete the task. However, the men used the right side of the amygdala, while the women used the left side. What’s more, each group remembered different aspects of the image . The men remembered the gist of the situation whereas the women concentrated on the details . This suggests men and women process information from emotional events in very different ways .

These studies are still in their early days, and there is much to be learned. Neurobiologists don’t really have a clear overall picture yet. Large pieces of the puzzle are missing, in part because imaging techniques are still rather basic . For researchers to see the brain in action , test subjects need to lie down inside a scanner or be wired up to a PET machine , which is very different from a real world situation . One possible solution is to attach a miniature MRI scanner to subjects’ heads. Then researchers would be able to see what happens as people go about their everyday lives .

This area of research has some important uses. Working out exactly how brains are different could explain some mysteries , such as why men and women tend to have different mental health problems and why some drugs work well for one sex but have little effect on the other. Finding the reasons for this could lead to more effective treatments and better ways to prevent illness . This would be a very positive result.

1. What is the passage is mainly about?

A. the appeal of certain types of music

B. the possible effects of music on the brain

C. the use of music in a learning environment

D. the importance of order in musical compositions

2. Which of the following pairs of terms help to best explain the Mozart effect?

A. left hemisphere and right hemisphere

B. learning inside a classroom and learning outside a classroom

C. music and intelligence

D. rhythm and beat

3. Read the second paragraph of the passage. Which of the following sentences summarizes what the author is saying?

A. Studies suggest that music affects both the body and mind.

B. The Mozart sonata is especially effective in raising IQ scores.

C. Researchers disagree about the impact of music on the brain.

D. There are a number of theories about how music helps humans learn.

4. Read the following sentence from paragraph 4. Which of the following details supports what the author is saying?

“The simultaneous use of both sides of the brain is needed for the complete perception of music.”

A. Music students score higher on tests and get better grades.

B. The study of music is linked to intelligence.

C. The Mozart sonata has a 60-beat-per-minute pattern.

D. Pitch and intensity are perceived by different parts of the brain.

1. How does music affect the brain?

A. skimming

B. scanning

2. What were the results of the study conducted in California?

A. skimming

B. scanning

3. Why was the Mozart sonata used in the study?

A. skimming

B. scanning

4. Is there only one theory about the connection between music and IQ?

A. skimming

B. scanning

f The scientist's research results (are completely different from) earlier research results, and now no one knows what to believe.

a Falling down the stairs can cause terrible (feelings you have when your body hurts).

d A person's (sex)—whether they ar

e male or female—can be very important when giving them medical treatment

j There is (a lack of understanding) amongst some doctors and nurses about how to treat diseases of the brain.

c Because we are making so little progress, I don't think it's (important or useful) to continue our research into this subject.

b Many people (feel pain or are sick because of) mental health problems.

h Recently, there have been (thorough and complete) changes in the way scientists understand the human brain.

g People sweat to (control) their body heat.

e These medicines (are right for) men, but they are not very good for women.

i A child's (way of understanding) the world is not the same as an adult's.

All of your answers are correct. Well done!

1. The medicine suppressed the cancer's growth, and the disease

spread rapidly through the woman's body.

false

2. Depression is an illness that does not affect your emotions and

the way you feel.

false

3. After Jamila started taking the antidepressant, she felt much

happier and was able to go back to work.

true

4. Circuits are paths through which electric currents travel,

including circuits in the brain that block pain.

true

5. Broken bones, the flu, and diabetes are all example of mental healthproblems.

false

M 1. Women seem to experience more pain than men because women and men use different circuits in the brain to block pain.

D 2. Anne Murphy in the U.S. and Jeff Mogil in Canada did research on how men and women experience pain.

M 3. Most pain killers are tested on men, but they have different effects on men and women.

D 4. The painkiller Nalbuphine works well on women, but sometimes increases pain in men.

D 5. It is very expensive to develop new drugs.

M 6. With more research, better painkillers for women may be created.

1. Suffer more often from depression

A. women

B. men

2. Produce less serotonin

A. women

B. men

3. Respond better to antidepressants that work on serotonin

A. women

B. men

4. Are more often diagnosed with problems affecting brain systems

A. women

B. men

OK. To sum up, there’s still a lot to learn. We’re just beginning to find out how pain control and mental health are different in men and women. One thing that is still astonishing is that so many researchers failed to include females in their studies. This is especially strange when it comes to pain research. Women are the most common sufferers of pain and yet most basic pain research is carried out only on males. In many areas , there seem to be more and more reports that the results of earlier research are actually only true for males, thus making the earlier researchers

look rather foolish. Anyway, what’s important is that resea rchers are now beginning to take women into account. We may well see medicines better suited to female physiology in the future. In a few decades’ time , women and men with the same illnesses could be treated in different ways. And this may apply to more than just the brain. So it’s an exciting field to explore—and one that could make a real difference to people’s lives.

Another area where there are gender differences is mental health. Let’s take depression, for example. Women appear to suffer from depression twice as often as men, and their brains typically produce about half as much serotonin—a brain chemical linked to depression. Recently, Anna-Lena Nordstr?m from the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm, Sweden, found that there seem to be significant differences in how male and female brains process serotonin. There are no

firm conclusions yet, but this is of special interest for two reasons . First,

common antidepressants like Prozac work on serotonin. Second, there is evidence that women respond better to these common antidepressants than those that work on neurotransmitters other than serotonin.

1. What is the speaker’s main point about learning?

A. It is more difficult for some people than others.

B. It affects only one hemisphere of the brain.

C. It is connected to the physical brain.

D. It cannot be scientifically measured.

2. Which sentence explains one of the speaker’s main points?

A. “This means that you learn details first, and then you piece them together to

understand the main idea.”

B. “We’re going to talk more about learning styles later, and about how we can use our

individual learning styles to study effectively.”

C. “And usually, one hemisphere is stronger than the other—at least in humans.”

D. “The brain is divided into two hemispheres that process information in different

ways.”

3. What is the main point the professor wants listeners to know?

A. Different types of people process information in different ways.

B. Humans use the same reading strategy to understand texts.

C. Certain ways of studying are more useful than others.

D. Some types of study skills are not very effective.

4. How does the professor support the main point?

A. by explaining in detail how people read

B. by linking study strategies to learning styles

C. by stressing the difficulty of some reading assignments

D. by describing the physical structure

1. Today we know there are big differences between men's and women's brains. In the past, we thought the differences were not as big.

Today we know there are bigger differences between men's and women's brains than we thought in the past.

2. Women often suffer from depression. Men don't suffer from depression as often.

Women suffer from depression more often than men .

3. With more research, we may be able to create effective painkillers for women. We don't have very effective painkillers for women now.

With more research, we may be able to create painkillers that are more effective for women than painkillers we have today.

4. There is evidence that women respond well to serotonin-based antidepressants. They don't respond well to antidepressants that don't work on serotonin.

There is evidence that women respond better to serotonin-based antidepressants than to antidepressants that don't work on serotonin.

5. Modern technology gives us detailed information about what is going on in the brain. The information from older methods of research was not as detailed.

Modern technology gives us more detailed information about what is going on in the brain than older methods of research.

6. The painkiller nalbuphine works well for women. It doesn't work well for men.

The painkiller nalbuphine works better for women than for men .

7. Parts of the frontal lobe are proportionately large in women. They aren't as large in men. Parts of the frontal lobe are proportionately larger in women than in men .

8. Current brain research on males and females is useful. Past research on only males was not as useful

Current brain research on males and females is more useful than past research on only males.

1. Both PET and fMRI scans make images of brain activity.

A. true

B. false

2. Before a PET scan, the person drinks a radioactive substance.

A. true

B. false

3. The radioactive substance collects in the active areas in the person's brain.

A. true

B. false

4. A PET scan can create a film showing brain activity.

A. true

B. false

5. The colors in a PET scan image show different amounts of mental activity.

A. true

B. false

6. More blood goes to areas where the brain is least active.

A. true

B. false

7. Responses to a magnetic field are different when blood oxygen levels are high.

A. true

B. false

8. An fMRI machine can take an image every one to four minutes.

A. true

B. false

1. Thesis: It's important to include women in medical research.

Main Ideas:

A. Animal brains are different from human brains.

B. Men and women react differently to the same medication.

C. Men's and women's brains are different.

2. Thesis: More study is needed to understand the differences between male and female brains. Main Ideas:

A. Most brain research in animals and humans is done only on male brains.

B. Differences between men and women often result from social pressures, which cause

them to behave in a certain way.

C. Scientists have found some differences in the structure of male and female brains, but

don't know what those differences mean.

3. Main Idea: Men and women react differently to the same medication.

Supporting Details:

A. Antidepressants like Prozac that work on serotonin levels are more effective in women.

B. The frontal lobe and limbic cortex are bigger in women's brains.

C. The painkiller nalbuphine is effective for women, but can increase pain in men.

4. Main Idea:Men’s and women’s brains are different.

Supporting Details:

A. Men and women have different hormones which send different messages to the body.

B. More boys than girls are diagnosed with brain system problems like autism and

schizophrenia.

C. The frontal lobe and limbic cortex are bigger in women's brains, while the parietal

cortex and amygdala are bigger in men.

5. Main Idea: Differences between men and women often result from social pressures, which cause them to behave in a certain way.

Supporting Details:

A. Girls are often expected to be quiet and obedient, while boys are allowed to be noisier

and more adventuresome.

B. Men are generally taller and have larger muscles than women.

C. Studies have shown that teachers call on boys more often to give answers in class.

大一英语期末期末考试试题内含答案[1]

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