应用化学专业英语第二版万有志主编版(课后答案和课文翻译)

应用化学专业英语第二版万有志主编版(课后答案和课文翻译)

Unit 1 The Roots of Chemistry

I. Comprehension.

1.C

2. B

3. D

4. C

5. B

II. Make a sentence out of each item by rearranging the words in brackets.

1. The purification of an organic compound is usually a matter of considerable

difficulty, and it is necessary to employ various methods for this purpose.

2. Science is an ever-increasing body of accumulated and systematized

knowledge and is also an activity by which knowledge is generated.

3. Life, after all, is only chemistry, in fact, a small example of chemistry

observed on a single mundane planet.

4. People are made of molecules; some of the molecules in people are rather

simple whereas others are highly complex.

5. Chemistry is ever present in our lives from birth to death because without

chemistry there is neither life nor death.

6. Mathematics appears to be almost as humankind and also permeates all

aspects of human life, although many of us are not fully aware of this.

III. Translation.

1. (a) chemical process (b) natural science (c) the technique of distillation

2. It is the atoms that make up iron, water, oxygen and the like/and so on/and

so forth/and otherwise.

3. Chemistry has a very long history, in fact, human activity in chemistry goes

back to prerecorded times/predating recorded times.

4. According to/From the evaporation of water, people know/realized that

liquids can turn/be/change into gases under certain

conditions/circumstance/environment.

5. You must know the properties of the material before you use it.

IV . Translation

化学是三种基础自然科学之一，另外两种是物理和生物。自从宇宙大爆炸以

来，化学过程持续进行，甚至地球上生命的出现可能也是化学过程的结果。人

们也许认为生命是三步进化的最终结果,第一步非常快,其余两步相当慢。这三

步是：（I ）物理进化（化学元素的产生），（II ）化学进化（分子和生物分子的

形成）；和（III ）生物进化（有机物的形成和发展）。

V . Solution:

（1）The relative mass of 1H and 12C atoms can be calculated from their absolute

masses in grams. 1

24

1223H 1.6735100.083986C 1.992610--?==?

If the mass of a 12C atom is exactly 12 amu,then the mass of a 1H atom to five

significant figures must be 1.0078 amu.

12 amu x 0.083986 = 1.0078 amu

（2） First we calculate k and then use the first-order rate equation.

[][]()()404340.693 1.2110/5730log

2.3031.000 1.2110/log 0.477 2.303

2.303log 2.09 6.11061001.2110/k yr yr A kt A yr t t yr yr ---=

=?=?===?=?

The bone was tossed away (more precisely, the animal whose bone was died)

about 6100 years ago, or about 4100 B.C. We can thus be sure that a village was

in existence at that place at that time.

Unit 7 The Nomenclature of Inorganic Substances

I. Comprehension

1.A

2.B

3.C

4.C

5.B

II. Give the systematic name for the following

ammonium ion ; copper(II) ion ; strontium ion;

Ccopper(I) ion; iron(II) ion; zinc ion;

hydrogen ion; lead((II) ion; aluminum;

silver ion; magnesium ion; chromium(III) ion;

Barium ; Manganese(II) ion; iron(III) ion;

calcium ion; mercury(II) ion;

chromium(II) ion; tin(II) ion.

carbon monoxide; ditrogen trioxide;

carbon dioxide; diphosphorus pentoxide;

sulfur trioxide; dichlorine heptoxide

arsenate ion; sulfite ion; hydride ion;

arsenite ion; bromide ion; hydroxide ion;

phosphate ion; chlorate ion; hypochlorite ion;

phosphate ion; chloride ion; iodate ion;

carbonate ion; chlorite ion; nitrate ion;

chromate ion; cyanide ion; iodide ion;

dichromate ion; fluoride ion; nitrate ion;

oxide ion; hydrogen carbonate ion; nitrite ion;

sulfide ion; hydrogen sulfate ion; perchlorate ion;

sulfate ion; hydrogen sulfite ion; permanganate ion.

III. Complete the table.

Formula Old name Systematic

name

FeO iron (II) oxide Fe2O3iron (III) oxide Sn(OH)2tin(II)

hydroxide

Sn(OH)4tin(IV)

hydroxide

Hg2SO4mercury (I)

sulfate

HgSO4mercury (II)

sulfate NaCLO sodium

hypochlorite

K2Cr2O7potassium

dichromate

Cu3(AsO4)2copper(II)

arsenate

Cr(C 2H 3O 2)3 chromium(IV)

acetate

IV . Acid names may be obtained directly from its acid ion by changing the name

of the acid ion (negative ion). Use the rule to give the name of the following acid. Formula of acid Old name Name of acid

H 2CO 3 carbonic acid

HClO 2 chlorous acid

HClO 4 perchloric acid HCN hydrocyanic acid

HBr hydrobromic acid

H 4SiO 4 silicic acid

H 3AsO 4 arsenic acid

V . Complete the sentences with the proper form of the word given at the end of

the sentence.

1.is altered;

2.To illustrate

3.indicates

4.should expect

5.would cancel

6. are pulled

7.depend on

8.are; referred

9.formed 10.have discussed

VI. Translation

1. Matter can neither be created nor be destroyed/eliminated.

2. It is necessary that a scientist must know how to use fingures to get an accutate

answer to question.

3. Any substance is made of atoms whether it is solid, liquid or gas.

4. The experiment was successful. It ’s results was the same as what we had

expected.

5. It will not be long before we finish the experiment.

VII. Write equations for the following acid-base reactions. Use the information in

inorganic textbook to predict whether the equilibrium will favor the reactants or

the products. (Partially Solved)

Solutin to (a): Cyanide is the conjugate base of HCN. It can accept a proton from

formic acid:

C O H H O

+C N C O H O C N

H +formic acid stronger acid cyanide stronger base formate weaker base weaker acid

Reading from inorganic textbook, formic acid (p K a =3.76) is a stronger acid than

HCN (p K a =9.22), and cyanide is a stronger base than formate. The products

(weaker acid and base) are favored.

…………..

VIII. Write equations for the net reactions which occur when the following materials are added to a sodium-ammonia solution.

Answer: (1) 2CH3GeH3 + 2e am-→ H2 + 2CH3GeH2-

(2) I2 + 2e am-→ 2I-

(3) (C2H5)2S + 2e am- + NH3 → C2H5S- + C2H6 + NH2-

Unit 10 Nomenclature of Hydrocarbons

I. Comprehension

1.C

2.D

3.B

4.A

5.B

6.B

II. Name the following compounds by the IUPAC system

1 CH3(CH2)nCH3 (n=2, 3, 4, 6, respectively) butane, pentane, hexane,

octane

2 (CH3)2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH32-methylpentane

3 (CH3)3C-CH2-CH(C2H5)-CH2-CH34-ethyl-2,2-dimethylhexane

5-isopropyl-2-methyloctane

4 (CH3)2CH-CH2CH2-CH(CH2CH2CH3)-C

H(CH3)2

4-isopropyl-4-propylheptane 5 CH3-CH2-CH2-C(CH2CH2CH3)2-CH(CH3

)2

6 ◇-CH2-CH(CH3)2isobutylcyclobutane

7 CH2=C(C2H5)(CH(CH3)2) 2-ethyl-3-methyl-1-butene

8 CH3-CH2-CH=CH-CHCl-CH32-chloro-3-hexene

9 CH3-CH(CH3)-CH(C2H5)-C≡C-CH34-ethyl-5-methyl-2-hexyne

CH2=CH-C≡CH 1-buten-3-yne

1

1(CH3)2CH-CH2CH(OH)CH34-methyl-2-pentanol

1

2

CH3CH2CH=CHCH(OH)CH33-hexen-2-ol

1

3

(CH3)3C-OH 2-methyl-2-propanol

1

4

(CH3)3C-OCH2H52-ethoxy-2-methylpropane

1

5

(CH3)2CH-CH2-O-C2H51-ethoxy-2-methylpropane

1

6

(CH2OH)21,2-ethanediol

1

7

CH3-CH(OH)-CH2(OH) 1,2-proanediol

1

8

CH2(OH)-CH(OH)-CH2(OH) 1,2,3-propanetriol

1

9

CH3CH2NH2aminoethane

2 0 CH3CH2CH2CH(CH3)CH-NH-CH3N-methyl-1-amino-2-methylpe

ntane

III. Draw structures for the following compounds.

1 3-octene C-C-C=C-C-C-C-C

2 3-methy-2-heptene

3 cyclohexene

4 2-pentyne C-C≡C-C-C

5 3,3-dimethylhexyne

6 3-bromotoluene

CH3

Br

7 vinyl chloride C=C-Cl

8 acetylene C≡C

9 para-dichlorobenzene

Cl Cl

10 m-chlorobromobenzene

Br

Cl

11 toluene CH

3

12 chlorobenzene Cl

13 1,2-dibromobenzene

Br

Br

14 naphthalene

15 anthracene

16 phenanthrene

17 2-methyl-1-propanol C C

C OH

C

18 Cyclohexanol OH

19 Methoxyethene C C O C

20 trans-2-ethoxycyclohexanol OH

OC2H5

IV. Decide which item best completes each unfinished sentence.

1.A

2.A

3.B

4.C

V. Each of the following names is incorrect. Draw the structure represented by the incorrect name (or a consistent structure if the name is ambiguous), and give your drawing the correct name.

(…………)

Unit 11 Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives

I. Comprehension

1.B

2.B

3.C

4.D

5.A

6.C

II. Fill in the blanks with the phrases given below.

1.brought out

2.dozen or so; put together

3.are made of ;divided by

4.are different from

5.on the contrary; consist of

6.summed up

7.stand for

8.such as

9.are; dependent on 10.break down into

III. Put in proper prepositions or adverbs into the blanks.

1.with; as

2.to

3.about

4.from

5.into

IV. Translation

1. Similarly, solvent also may not be liquid matter but the others

2. A graph plotting solubility against temperature is called a solubility curve. ( The curve plot drawn (made / produced) by solubility as one coordinate and temperature as another coordinate is called solubility curve.)

3. Air is mixture of gases , the most abundant of which is nitrogen in the form of N2 (molecules).

4. The direction of the reaction and the position of the equilibrium may also be affected by the temperature, pressure, and other conditions.

5. Hydrogen has a great affinity for oxygen and easily combines with it to form water.

V. Translation

玻意尔（Bohr）模型提出不久后，人们就发现原子中的电子比Bohr提出的模型要复杂得多。实验证实电子既有粒子的性质（质量）也有光的特性（波的特性）。因为它的两重性，电子不能被看作是在确定范围内绕核旋转的一种简单粒子，而且如Bohr所说的，如果电子高速运动，我们就不能确切地知道它的位置。

Unit 13 Ultraviolet and Visible Molecular Spectroscopy

I. Comprehension

1.C

2.D

3.D

4.D

5.B

II. Fill in the blanks

of; as; in; out; In; for; for ; of; in; then; to; for;since(for) ; into.

III. Fill the blank in each sentence with an appropriate phrase in its proper form.

1. account for

2.take part in

3.think of ….as

4.As compared with

5. is attached to

6.on the contrary

7.As in the case of

8.in contrast with

as against 9. owing to 10.Except for.

Unit 17 Crystallisation

I. Comprehension

1.D

2.A

3.A

4.D

5.A

II. Fill in the blanks with the proper word given below.

Stage; interna; symmetrical; basis; physical; Furthermore; composed; responsible; reasonable; overall.

III. Choose the item from (1) ~ (6) that best matches the item in(a) ~ (f) to make a correct sentence.

1~a; 2~b; 3~c; 4~d; 5~e; 6~f

VI.Translate the following into Chinese

共沸物；类质同晶；过饱和；砷酸盐；晶核；异丙基；醇；钠；硫酸盐；间甲酚；糖膏；

十水合物；结晶质的；同系物；衍生物；结晶；四硼酸盐；盐析；乙基乙酰苯胺；矿物油。

Uint18 Distillation

I. Comprehension

1.B

2.D

3.A

4. A

II. Fill in the blanks with the phrases given below.

1.In order to

2.in relation to

3. in the case of

4.in the end

5. in a number of

6.lead to

7.a messy way

掌握以下词汇:

flashdistillation闪蒸;exit stream出流;e quilibrium curve 平衡曲线; weir堰;

redistillation 重蒸; apparatus 设备;overhead product塔顶产物; enthalpy焓; intersection 交点; auxiliary辅助装置; rectifying section精馏段;reflux回流;

reboller 再沸器; stripping section 汽提（提馏）段;bottom

product 塔底产物

Unit 21 catalysis

I. Comprehension

1.A

2.D

3.D

4. B

5.C

IV. Translate the following sentences into English

(1) We define activity as size (measure) of catalysis of catalyst

(2) catalytic reaction may be carried out in different phases, of which mechanisms are generally consistent

(3) Enzymes are the most efficient proteins in the human body which accelerate the metabolism of the human body.

V. Translate the following into English

reaction equilibrium; repetitiveness; elementary reaction step; stability; catalytic cycle; activity; quantitative analysis; selectivity; metabolic reaction; chemical energy; reaction mechanism; polymer nylon（or nylon）;qualitative analysis; molecular-sieve; tubular reactor; inhibitor; stoichiometry.

Unit 22 Cosmetics introduction

I. Comprehension

1.D

2.A

3.D

4. D

5. (1)True; (2)True; (3) False.

II. Fill in the blanks with the proper word given below.

Focused on; considerations; particular; boosting; price; affect; commitment; different; proposed.

III. Put in proper prepositions or adverbs into the blanks.

1. for, of;

2. to;

3. for

4. for(to)

5. of ,about.

V、Translate the following into English.

对亚苯基二胺，降解，丙烯，头皮屑，洗剂， N-亚硝基二乙醇胺，致癌的，未成熟（or早熟），香波（or洗发剂），激素（荷尔蒙），防汗剂，诱变性，脱臭剂（芳香剂），推论（必然结果），甘油

VI、Translate the following sentences into English

surfactant；environmental pollution；emulsifier；side-effect；dirt；detergent；perspiration；preservative.

PART TWO THE FUNDATIONS OF CHEMISTRY

Unit7Chemical Bonds

化学键

There are approximately 100 chemical elements.

世界上大概有100种元素。

There are millions of chemical compound, and about 600000 new compounds are prepared every year.

现有数百万种化合物，而且每年有60万种新化合物被合成出来。

To form these compounds, atoms of different elements must be held together in specific combinations.

be held together

in specific combinations 以特定的方式

为了合成这些化合物，不同种类的原子必须以特定方式结合在一起。

Chemical bonds are the forces that maintain these arrangements.

That引导定语从句，修饰forces

化学键是保持这种结合状态的力。

Chemical bonding also plays a role in determining the state of matter.

plays a role 起作用

化学键同时在决定物质状态方面也起作用。

At room temperature, water is a liquid, carbon dioxide is a gas, and table salt is a solid because of differences in chemical bonding.

在室温下，水是液体，二氧化碳是气体，晶体盐是固体，是由于化学键的不同。

As scientists developed an understanding of the nature of chemical bonding, they gained the ability to manipulate the structure of compounds.

As引导原因状语从句

to manipulate the structure of compounds不定式短语做宾补随着化学家对化学键认识的发展，他们获得了控制化合物结构的能力。

Dynamite, birth control pills, synthetic fibers, and a thousand other products were fashioned in chemical laboratories and () have dramatically changed the way we live.

炸药、避孕药、合成纤维，和数以千计的其他产品在实验室中被合成出来，并且魔术般的改变了我们的生活。

We are now entering an era that promises (some would say forebodes) even greater change.

我们现在进入了一个可望（或者说预言）更大变化的时代。

The DNA molecular——the chemical basis of heredity——carries its genetic message in its bonds in DNA.

分子DNA——遗传物质的基础——以它的键传递遗传信息。

Whether an organism is fish, fowl, hippopotamus, or human is determined by the arrangement of bonds in DNA.

Whether an organism is fish, fowl, hippopotamus, or human 做主语

无论一个生物体是鱼、家禽、河马还是人，都是由于DNA的键的组合方式决定的。

Scientists already have the ability to rearrange these bonds, and this ability has given them limited control over the structure of living matter.

Them, limited control over the structure of living matter双宾语

科学家已经获得了重组这些键的能力，而这种能力给了他们有限的对生物体结构的控制。

As techniques of genetic engineering improve, scientists may literally be able to custom-tailor genes.

随着基因工程的发展，科学家们将最终设计出符合条件的基因。

Let us begin our consideration of chemical bonding so that we, too, can understand the forces that control the structure of matter, living and nonliving.

That引导定语从句修饰forces，

living and nonliving，动名词，matter得同位语，修饰matter 让我们开始对化学键的论述，并由此理解控制物质，包括有生命体和无生命体，的结构的力。

Ionic Bond 离子键

Let us look at an atom of the element sodium (Na).

我们看一下钠原子。

It has 11 electrons, of which two are in the first energy level, eight in the second, and one in the third.

the first energy level第一能级

the second energy level第二能级

the third energy level第三能级

It has 11 electrons, of which two are in the first energy level, eight are in the second energy level, and one is in the third energy level.

它有11个电子，其中2个电子在第一能级，8个电子在第二能级，1个电子在第三能级。

If the sodium atom could get rid of an electron, then the product, called a sodium ion, would have the same electron

structure as an atom of the noble gas neon (Ne).

called a sodium ion分词短语做非限定，修饰product

noble gas

如果钠原子能够失去1个电子，产物称为钠离子，就和惰性气体氖（Ne）具有相同的电子结构。

Let us immediately emphasize that the sodium ion (Na+) and neon atom (Ne) are not identical.

让我们首先强调一下，钠离子（Na＋）和氖原子（Ne）并不相同。

The electron arrangement is the same, but the nuclei——and resulting charges——are not.

electron arrangement 电子排布

resulting charges最终电荷

电子排布是相同的，而核及最终电荷是不同的。

As long as sodium keeps its 11 protons, it is still a form of sodium, but it is the sodium ion, not the sodium atom.

只要钠带有11个质子，它就一直是钠，但它是钠离子而不是钠原子。

Ions are charged particles, particles in which the number of electrons does not equal the number of protons.

in which 引导非限定定语从句。

离子是一种带电粒子，一种电子数不等于质子数的粒子。

Positively charged ions are called cations (pronounced “cat-ions”). The sodium ion is a cation.

带正电荷的粒子称为阳离子（音为阳－离子）。钠离子是阳离子。

If a chlorine atom (Cl) could gain an electron, it would have the same electron structure as the noble gas argon (Ar).

如果氯原子（Cl）能够得到一个电子，它将与惰性气体氩（Ar）具有相同的电子结构。

The chlorine atom, having gained an electron, becomes negatively charged. It has 17 protons (17+) and 18 electrons (18-). It is written Cl- and it called a chloride ion.

having gained an electron动名词形式做定语，修饰chlorine atom

获得一个电子的氯原子带有负电荷。它具有17个质子（17+）和18个电子（18－），写作Cl－，称为氯离子。

Negatively charged ions are called anions (pronounced “ann-ions”). The chloride ion is an anion.

带负电荷的粒子称为阴离子（音为阴－离子）。钠离子是阴离子。

A sodium forms a less reactive species, a sodium ion, by losing an electron.

a less reactive species, a sodium ion同位语

钠原子通过失去一个电子形成不活泼的钠离子。

A chlorine atom becomes a less reactive chloride ion by gaining an electron.

氯原子通过得到一个电子形成不活泼的氯原子。

A chlorine atom cannot just pluck an electron from empty space, nor can a sodium atom kick out an electron unless something else is willing to take it on.

empty space 空白空间、真空空间，意为“凭空”、“无根据”

nor作连词，与助动词和情态动词连用，句中主语与动词倒置。

He can’t see, nor could he hear until a month ago. 他现在看不见，一个月之前他还听不见。

She isn’t rich, nor do I image that she ever will be. 她现在不富，我看她将来也富不了。

kick out 逐出、解雇、开除；意为“失去”

They kicked him out (of the club) for fighting.他因为斗殴而被开除（出俱乐部）。

something else 别的东西

take … on 接纳、承受

氯原子不能凭空获得一个电子，而钠原子也不能凭空失去一个电子，除非别的东西愿接受电子。

What happens when sodium come into contact with chlorine? The obvious. A chlorine atom removes an electron from a sodium atom.

come into contact 接触、相遇

The obvious 显而易见的

当钠与氯接触时发现了什么？很明显，氯原子从钠原子处拿走了一个电子。

The sodium ion and the chloride ion have electron arrangement s (electron configurations) like those of two noble gases (neon and argon, respectively).

electron arrangement电子排布

electron configurations电子结构

钠离子和氯离子的电子排布（电子结构）就象两个惰性气体（氖和氩，相应的）一样。

Not only do the ions have stable octets of electrons, they also have opposite charges.

它们具有稳定的电子八耦体结构，而且有相反的电荷。

Everyone knows that opposites attract.

每个人都知道异性相吸。

While this rule of thumb may not always work when applied to people, it works quite well for cations and anions.

rule of thumb单凭经验来做的方法，比较粗糙的方法，约略

应用化学专业英语词汇

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01 THE ELEMENTS AND THE PERIODIC TABLE 01 元素和元素周期表 The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom is referred to as the atomic number, or proton number, Z. The number of electrons in an electrically neutral atom is also equal to the atomic number, Z. The total mass of an atom is determined very nearly by the total number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus. This total is called the mass number, A. The number of neutrons in an atom, the neutron number, is given by the quantity A-Z. 质子的数量在一个原子的核被称为原子序数,或质子数、周淑金、电子的数量在一个电中性原子也等于原子序数松山机场的总质量的原子做出很近的总数的质子和中子在它的核心。这个总数被称为大量胡逸舟、中子的数量在一个原子,中子数,给出了a - z的数量。 The term element refers to, a pure substance with atoms all of a single kind. T o the chemist the "kind" of atom is specified by its atomic number, since this is the property that determines its chemical behavior. At present all the atoms from Z = 1 to Z = 107 are known; there are 107 chemical elements. Each chemical element has been given a name and a distinctive symbol. For most elements the symbol is simply the abbreviated form of the English name consisting of one or two letters, for example: 这个术语是指元素,一个纯物质与原子组成一个单一的善良。在药房“客气”原子的原子数来确定它,因为它的性质是决定其化学行为。目前所有原子和Z = 1 a到Z = 107是知道的;有107种化学元素。每一种化学元素起了一个名字和独特的象征。对于大多数元素都仅仅是一个象征的英文名称缩写形式,一个或两个字母组成,例如: oxygen==O nitrogen == N neon==Ne magnesium == Mg

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U n i t1 1. 任何年满18岁的人都有资格投票。(be eligible to, vote) Anyone over the age of 18 is eligible to vote. 2. 每学期开学前，这些奖学金的申请表格就会由学校发给每一个学生。(apply for, scholarship) A form to apply for these scholarships is sent by the university to every student before the start of every semester. 3. 遵照医生的建议，我决定戒烟。(on the advice of) On the advice of my doctor, I decided to give up smoking. 4. 公园位于县城的正中央。(be located in) The park is located right in the center of town. 5. 这所大学提供了我们所需的所有材料和设备。(facilities) The university provides all the materials and facilities we desire. 1. 他们花了多年的时间寻找内心的平静，但是收效甚微。(search for) They spent many years searching for peace of mind, but with little success. 2. 这种新药的成功研制已经使许多疾病的治疗发生了根本性的变革。

化学专业英语翻译1

01.THE ELEMENTS AND THE PERIODIC TABLE 01元素和元素周期 表。 The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom is referred to as the atomic number, or proton number, Z. The number of electrons in an electrically neutral atom is also equal to the atomic number, Z. The total mass of an atom is determined very nearly by the total number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus. This total is called the mass number, A. The number of neutrons in an atom, the neutron number, is given by the quantity A-Z. 原子核中的质子数的原子称为原子序数，或质子数，卓电子数的电中性的原子也等于原子序数Z，总质量的原子是非常接近的总数量的质子和中子在原子核。这被称为质量数，这个数的原子中的中子，中子数，给出了所有的数量 The term element refers to, a pure substance with atoms all of a single kind. To the chemist the "kind" of atom is specified by its atomic number, since this is the property that determines its chemical behavior. At present all the atoms from Z = 1 to Z = 107 are known; there are 107 chemical elements. Each chemical element has been given a name and a distinctive symbol. For most elements the symbol is simply the abbreviated form of

应用化学专业英语Unit5-万有志

The Periodic Table As our picture of the atom becomes more detailed, we find ourselves in a dilemma.当我们对原子了解的越来越详细时，我们发现我们其中处在两难之中己。With more than 100 elements to deal with, how can we keep all this information straight?由于超过100种元素要处理，我们怎样能理顺所有的信息？One way is by using the periodic table of the elements.一个方法是使用元素周期表。The periodic table neatly tabulates information about atoms. 周期表整齐地列出了原子信息的表格。It records how many protons and electrons the atoms of a particular element contain. 它记录了一个具体的元素的原子包含多少质子和电子。It permits us to calculate the number of neutrons in the most common isotope for most elements. 它允许我们为大多数元素计算最常见的同位素中的中子的数量。It even stores information about how electrons are arranged in the atoms of each element. 它甚至储存了每个元素的原子周围是如何安排电子的信息。The most extraordinary thing about the periodic table is that it was largely developed before anyone knew there were protons or neutrons or electrons in atoms. 关于周期表的最杰出的事情是在任何人知道在原子周围有质子、中子或者电子之前被提出来。 In 1869, Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev, a Russian chemist, published his periodic table of the elements. 在1869年，Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev，一位俄罗斯化学家，出版了他的元素周期表。Mendeleev prepared his table by taking into account both the atomic weights and the periodicity of certain properties of the elements. Mendeleev综合考虑元素的原子量和性质的相似性制成了他的元素周期表。The elements were arranged primarily in order of increasing atomic weight. 元素主要按照原子量增加的顺序排列。In a few cases, Mendeleev placed a slightly heavier element with similar chemical properties in the same row. 在一些情况里，Mendeleev把稍微重一点且性质相似的（元素）放在一列中。For example, he placed tellurium (atomic weight = 128) ahead of iodine (atomic weight = 127) because tellurium resembled sulfur and selenium in its properties, whereas iodine was similar to chlorine and bromine. 例如，他把碲(原子量= 128)排在碘(原子量= 127)前面，因为碲在它的特性方面类似硫和硒，而碘类似于氯和溴。 Mendeleev left a number of gaps in his table. Mendeleev在他的元素周期表中留下了许多空格。Instead of looking upon those blank spaces as defects, he boldly predicted the existence of elements as yet undiscovered. 他没有认为这些空格的出现是周期表的缺陷，而是大胆的预言还有未被发现的元素的存在。Furthermore, he even predicted the properties of some of these missing elements. 而且，他甚至预言一些这些未发现的元素的特性。In succeeding years, many of the gaps were filled in by the discovery of new elements. 在以后的许多年中，许多空格被发现的新元素填入。The properties were often quite close to those Mendeleev had predicted. 性质经常十分接近于Mendeleev已经预言的那些性质。The predictive value of this great innovation led to the wide acceptance of Mendeleev's table. 这个伟大革新的预言价值是Mendeleev的元素周期表被广泛接受。 It is now known that properties of an element depend mainly on the number of electrons in the outermost energy level of the atoms of the element. 现在知道一种元素的性质主要取决于元素原子最外层能级的电子数目。Sodium atoms have one electron in their outermost energy level (the third). 钠原子在它们的最外层能级(第3层)里有一个电子. Lithium atoms have a single electron in their outermost level (the second). 锂原子在他们的最外层能级(第2)里有一个单电子. The chemical properties of sodium and lithium are similar. 钠和锂的化学性质是相似的。The atoms of helium and neon have filled outer electron energy levels, and both elements are inert. 氦和氖的原子充满电子能级，并且两种元素都是无活动的。That is, they do not undergo chemical reactions readily. 也就是说，他们不容易经历化学反应。Apparently, not only are similar chemical properties shared by elements whose atoms have similar electron configurations (arrangements) but also certain configurations appear to be more stable (less reactive) than others. 显然，不仅是具有相似的电子构造(安排)的原子的元素具有相似的化学性质，而且某些构造看起来比其它（构造）是更稳定(更少活性)的。

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Unit 1 Chemical Industry 化学工业 1.Origins of the Chemical Industry Although the use of chemicals dates back to the ancient civilizations, the evolution of what we know as the modern chemical industry started much more recently. It may be considered to have begun during the Industrial Revolution, about 1800, and developed to provide chemicals roe use by other industries. Examples are alkali for soapmaking, bleaching powder for cotton, and silica and sodium carbonate for glassmaking. It will be noted that these are all inorganic chemicals. The organic chemicals industry started in the 1860s with the exploitation of William Henry Perkin‘s discovery if the first synthetic dyestuff—mauve. At the start of the twentieth century the emphasis on research on the applied aspects of chemistry in Germany had paid off handsomely, and by 1914 had resulted in the German chemical industry having 75% of the world market in chemicals. This was based on the discovery of new dyestuffs plus the development of both the contact process for sulphuric acid and the Haber process for ammonia. The later required a major technological breakthrough that of being able to carry out chemical reactions under conditions of very high pressure for the first time. The experience gained with this was to stand Germany in good stead, particularly with the rapidly increased demand for nitrogen-based compounds (ammonium salts for fertilizers and nitric acid for explosives manufacture) with the outbreak of world warⅠin 1914. This initiated profound changes which continued during the inter-war years (1918-1939). 1．化学工业的起源 尽管化学品的使用可以追溯到古代文明时代，我们所谓的现代化学工业的发展却是非常近代（才开始的）。可以认为它起源于工业革命其间，大约在1800年，并发展成为为其它工业部门提供化学原料的产业。比如制肥皂所用的碱，棉布生产所用的漂白粉，玻璃制造业所用的硅及Na2CO3. 我们会注意到所有这些都是无机物。有机化学工业的开始是在十九世纪六十年代以William Henry Perkin 发现第一种合成染料—苯胺紫并加以开发利用为标志的。20世纪初，德国花费大量资金用于实用化学方面的重点研究，到1914年，德国的化学工业在世界化学产品市场上占有75%的份额。这要归因于新染料的发现以及硫酸的接触法生产和氨的哈伯生产工艺的发展。而后者需要较大的技术突破使得化学反应第一次可以在非常高的压力条件下进行。这方面所取得的成绩对德国很有帮助。特别是由于1914年第一次世界大仗的爆发，对以氮为基础的化合物的需求飞速增长。这种深刻的改变一直持续到战后（1918-1939）。 date bake to/from: 回溯到 dated: 过时的，陈旧的 stand sb. in good stead: 对。。。很有帮助

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Applied chemistry speciality One、applied chemistry speciality-main courses: Training target：This specialized raise has the chemical basic theory, basic knowledge in strong experimental skills,can in scientific research institutions,colleges and universities and enterprises and institutions, engaged in scientific research,teaching and management work of the senior specialized talents. Training requirements：Students of this specialty mainly study the basic knowledge of chemistry,the basic theory,basic skills and related engineering knowledge,is the basic research and applied basic research of scientific thought and scientific experiment training,has good scientific literacy,have use knowledge and experimental skills in applied research,technology development and technology management of the basic skills. Main courses: Main subject:chemical Main course:Inorganic chemistry、,analytical chemistry(including instrument analysis),organic chemistry,physical chemistry(including structural chemistry,chemical engineering foundation and chemical mapping. The main practice teaching links include production practice,graduation thesis,general arrangement and a week of twenty. Length of schooling:four years awarded degree：physical or Bachelor's Similar professional:chemical applied chemistry chemical biology molecular science and engineering chemical engineering and technology Two、Four chemistry： （Inorganic chemistry,analytical chemistry,organic chemistry,physical chemistry） Inorganic chemistry：Inorganic chemistry relative to organic chemistry, the non carbon.However,some carbon compounds,such as carbon monoxide,carbon dioxide,carbon disulfide,carbonic acid compounds,

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1 Unit5元素周期表 As our picture of the atom becomes more detailed 随着我们对原子的描述越来越详尽，我们发现我们陷入了进退两难之境。有超过100多中元素要处理，我们怎么能记的住所有的信息？有一种方法就是使用元素周期表。这个周期表包含元素的所有信息。它记录了元素中所含的质子数和电子数，它能让我们算出大多数元素的同位素的中子数。它甚至有各个元素原子的电子怎么排列。最神奇的是，周期表是在人们不知道原子中存在质子、中子和电子的情况下发明的。Not long after Dalton presented his model for atom( )在道尔顿提出他的原子模型（原子是是一个不可分割的粒子，其质量决定了它的身份）不久，化学家门开始根据原子的质量将原子列表。在制定像这些元素表时候，他们观察到在元素中的格局分布。例如，人们可以清楚的看到在具体间隔的元素有着相似的性质。在当时知道的大约60种元素中，第二个和第九个表现出相似的性质，第三个和第十个，第四个和第十一个等都具有相似的性质。 In 1869,Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev,a Russian chemist, 在1869年，Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev ,一个俄罗斯的化学家，发表了他的元素周期表。Mendeleev通过考虑原子重量和元素的某些特性的周期性准备了他的周期表。这些元素的排列顺序先是按原子质量的增加,,一些情况中, Mendeleev把稍微重写的元素放在轻的那个前面.他这样做只是为了同一列中的元素能具有相似的性质.例如,他把碲(原子质量为128)防在碘(原子质量为127)前面因为碲性质上和硫磺和硒相似, 而碘和氯和溴相似. Mendeleev left a number of gaps in his table.Instead of Mendeleev在他的周期表中留下了一些空白。他非但没有将那些空白看成是缺憾，反而大胆的预测还存在着仍未被发现的元素。更进一步，他甚至预测出那些一些缺失元素的性质出来。在接下来的几年里，随着新元素的发现，里面的许多空格都被填满。这些性质也和Mendeleev所预测的极为接近。这巨大创新的预计值导致了Mendeleev的周期表为人们所接受。 It is known that properties of an element depend mainly on the number of electrons in the outermost energy level of the atoms of the element. 我们现在所知道的元素的性质主要取决于元素原子最外层能量能级的电子数。钠原子最外层能量能级（第三层）有一个电子，锂原子最外层能量能级（第二层）有一个电子。钠和锂的化学性质相似。氦原子和氖原子外层能级上是满的，这两种都是惰性气体，也就是他们不容易进行化学反应。很明显，有着相同电子结构（电子分布）的元素的不仅有着相似的化学性质，而且某些结构也表现比其他元素稳定（不那么活泼） In Mendeleev’s table,the elements were arranged by atomic weights for 在Mendeleev的表中，元素大部分是按照原子数来排列的，这个排列揭示了化学性质的周期性。因为电子数决定元素的化学性质，电子数也应该（现在也确实）决定周期表的顺序。在现代的周期表中，元素是根据原子质量来排列的。记住，这个数字表示了在元素的中性原子中的质子数和电子数。现在的周期表是按照原子数的递增排列，Mendeleev的周期表是按照原子质量的递增排列，彼此平行是由于原子量的增加。只有在一些情况下（Mendeleev注释的那样）重量和顺序不符合。因为原子质量是质子和中子质量的加和，故原子量并不完全随原子序数的增加而增加。原子序数低的原子的中子数有可能比原子序数高的原

新视野大学英语课后习题翻译答案

新视野大学英语课后习 题翻译答案 -CAL-FENGHAI.-(YICAI)-Company One1

新视野大学英语（第二版）读写教程2 1至7单元课后翻译答案总结 IA：她连水都不愿意喝一口，更别提留下来吃饭了。 She wouldn’t take a drink , much less would she stay for dinner. 他认为我在对他说谎，但实际上我讲的是实话。 He thought I was lying to him , whereas I was telling the truth. 这个星期你每天都迟到，对此你怎样解释 How do you account for the fact you have been late every day this week 他们利润增长的部分原因是采用了新的市场策略。 The increase in their profits is due to their new market strategy. 这样的措施很可能会带来工作效率得提高。 Such measures are likely to result in the improvement of work efficiency.

我们已经在这个项目上投入了大量时间和精力，所以我们 只能继续。 We have already poured a lot of time and energy into the project , so we have to carry on. IIA: 尽管她是家里的独生女，他父母也从不溺爱她。 Despite the fact that she is the only child in the family , her parents never baby her . 迈克没来参加昨晚的聚会，也没有给我打电话作任何解 释。 Mike didn’t come to the party last night , nor did he call me to give an explanation. 坐在他旁边的那个人确实发表过一些小说，但绝不是什么 大作家。 The man sitting next to him did publish some novels , but he is by no means a great writer. 他对足球不感兴趣，也从不关心谁输谁赢。 He is not interested in football and is indifferent to who wins or loses.

应用化学专业英语及答案

黄冈师范学院 2009—2010学年度第一学期期末试卷考试课程：专业英语考核类型：考试A卷 考试形式：闭卷出卷教师：杨一思 考试专业：化学考试班级：应用化学200601 一、Translate the following into English（20 points） 1.过滤 2.浓缩 3.结晶化 4.吸附 5. 蒸馏6．超临界的 7.二氯甲烷 8.热力学平衡 9.亲电性 10.表面张力 11.共轭的 12.酮 13.平衡常数 14.丙基 15.丁基 16.亚甲基 18.环己酮 19.同位素 20.标准熵 二、Translate the following into Chinese（20 points） 1. methyl propanoate 2. rate constant 3. ethyl methyl ketone 4. free energy 5. radical intermediate 6. isobutyl methyl ether 7. 3-chloropropene 8. primary radical 9. n-propyl bromide 10. bond energy 11. circulating electrons 12. local magnetic fields 13. tetramethylsilane 14. mass to charge ratios 15 phenylamine 16 amide 17. amine 18. nucleophile 19. perchlorate 20. carbocation 三、Translation the following into chinese （40 points） A卷【第1页共 3 页】

大学英语 课后翻译答案

Unit 1 1.3000多辆汽车因刹车问题昨日被召回（because of；recall） 1. More than 3000 cars were recalled yesterday because of a brake problem. 2.他尽管病得很重，但还是来参加会议了。（despite） 2. He came to the meeting despite his serious illness. 3.要确保同样得错误今后不再发生了。（see it that） 3. See to it that the same mistake won't happen again. 4.现在他们之间的了解多了一些，他们相处得就好些了。（now that） 4. Now that they've got to know more about each other，they get along better. 5.此时我发现自己被五六个男孩子围住了。（find oneself） 5. Then Ifound myself surrounded by five or six boys. 6.在这幸福的时刻，我向你致以最美好的祝愿。（on occasion） 6. I send you my best wishes on this happy occasion. Unit3 1)很多事情导致了我与那家公司断绝关系。(contribute to) A lot of things contributed to the end of my relationship with that company. 2.面对严峻的疾病，她表现出了巨大的勇气。（in the face of） She showed great courage in the face of serious illness. 3.我们得出结论，她讲的是真话。（come to） We came to the conclusion that she was telling the truth. 4他的秘书没有告诉他那次会议的情况。（fail to）