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英国文学复习资料

英国文学复习资料
英国文学复习资料

British Literature 英国文学

一、The Middle Age 中世纪文学( 约5 世纪---1485)

Geoffrey Chaucer 杰弗里·乔叟(1343---1400)

Chaucer is regarded as the first short story teller and the first modern poet in English literature. He innovate the heroic couplet and he is regarded as “Father of English Poetry”

首创英雄诗行,即五步抑扬格双韵体(the heroic couplet),被誉为“英国诗歌之父”。乔叟翻译过法国诗歌,其早期的文学创作受到法国文学的影响。两次游历欧洲文艺复兴的发源地意大利后,乔叟接触到意大利文学,深受以但丁(Dante, 1265---1321)、彼特拉克(Petrarch, 1304---1347)和薄伽丘(Boccaccio, 1313---1375)等作家为代表的意大利人文主义文学的影响。乔叟去世后安葬在威斯敏斯特教堂(Westminster Abbey),从此威斯敏斯特教堂的一角便成为大诗人安息的“诗人角”(the Poet’s Corner)

代表作:《公爵夫人之书》(Book of the Duchess)(1836)

《声誉之宫》(The House of Fame)(1374---1384)

《百鸟会议》(The Parliament of Fowls)(1380)

《特罗勒斯与克丽西德》(Troilus and Criseyde)(1380---1385)

《坎特伯雷故事集》(The Canterbury Tales)(1386---1400)

二、Renaissance 文艺复兴时期文学(15世纪后期---17世纪初)

1、William Shakespeare 威廉·莎士比亚

莎士比亚从1590年起至1613年,一共创作了38(或39)部戏剧包括悲剧、戏剧、编年史剧、传奇剧等,另外还创作有154首十四行诗和2首长诗(Venus and Adonis,1593)。

Ben Johnson (本·琼森,莎士比亚同时代戏剧家)wrote in the dedication to the edition that “he was not of an age, but for all time!”(他不属于一个时代,而是)属于永远。

四大悲剧:《哈姆雷特》Hamlet(1601)《奥赛罗》Othello (1604)《李尔王》King Lear(1605)《麦克白》Macbeth(1606)《安东尼与克莉奥佩特拉(埃及艳后)》Anthony And Cleopatra(1606---1607)

《泰特斯·安特洛尼克斯》《裘力斯·凯撒》《科利奥兰纳斯》《特洛埃围城记》

《雅典的泰门》等

四大喜剧:《威尼斯商人》The Merchant of Venice(1596)

《仲夏夜之梦》 A Midsummer Night’s Dream

《皆大欢喜》As You Like It

《第十二夜》Twelfth Night(1600)

《冬天的故事》Winter’s Tale(1610)《暴风雨》The Tempest(1612)

《错中错》《终成眷属》《无事生非》《一报还一报》《驯悍记》《辛白林》

《温莎的风流娘们》《爱的徒劳》《维洛那二绅士》《泰尔亲王佩力克尔斯》等

悲喜剧(正剧):《罗密欧与朱丽叶》Romeo and Juliet(1595)

历史剧:《亨利四世(上篇)》Henry IV, Part I(1597)《亨利四世(下篇)》

《亨利五世》《亨利六世(上篇)》《亨利六世(中篇)》《亨利六世(下篇)》《亨利八世》《约翰王》《里查二世》《里查三世》

十四行诗:《爱人的怨诉》《鲁克丽丝失贞记》《维纳斯和阿多尼斯》

《热情的朝圣者》《凤凰和斑鸠》等

2、Francis Bacon 弗朗西斯·培根(1561---1626)

Francis Bacon went to Trinity College of Cambridge University(剑桥大学三一学院)at twelve. He took up law after graduation, and soon became successful. He became a member of the House of Commons(下议院)at the age of twenty-three.

Bacon was the founder of English materialist philosophy, as well as of modern science in England.

培根是与莎士比亚同时代的人,是现代科学的奠基人,马克思称他为“英国唯物主义及现代实验科学之父”。

代表作:《学术的推进》Advancement of Learning(1605)(总结前人知识,并归类)《新工具》(拉丁文)New Instrument(1620)(阐述了归纳法inductive method)

《新大西岛》New Atlantis(1626)(乌托邦Utopia性质的作品)

《论说文集》Essays(1597---1625)(题材涉及政治、人情、处世、经营、修身)《论说文集》:《论婚姻和单身》Of Marriage and Single Life

《论读书》Of Studies

三、17th-century 17世纪文学

Poets 诗人

1、John Donne 约翰·邓恩(1572—1631)

John Donne comes from what is known as the metaphysical school(玄学派)of poetry in the Jacobean era. This period was just after the time of Shakespeare. The metaphysical poets used a lot of the scientific ideas of the time in their poetry. John Donne is regarded as the very important represent of metaphysical poets(玄学派诗人重要代表)。

邓恩的作品主要包括诗歌、书简和布道文等。他的诗歌以爱情、讽刺、宗教等为题材,诗歌语言接近口语,描述富于故事性和戏剧性,诗歌中有许多“别出心裁的比喻”(conceit)十分奇特。

代表作:诗集《歌与十四行诗》(Songs and Sonnets):《早安》The Good-Morrow

《破晓》Break of Day

《挽歌集》(Elegies):第16首(On His Mistress)

第19首(To His Mistress Going to Bed)

《圣十四行诗》(Holy Sonnets):第7首(At the Round Earth’s Imagined Corner, Below)

第10首(Death Be Not Proud)

《跳蚤》The Flea

2、John Milton约翰·弥尔顿(1608-1674)

弥尔顿的一生和创作大约可分为三个时期:

a. 他16岁时入剑桥大学,并开始用拉丁文和英文写诗;

b. 1638---1639年间,他前往欧洲旅行,并同当时被囚禁的伽利略见过面,这一时期的主要作品是一些短

诗,如《利西达斯》(Lycidas)(1637)。1639年,英国革命即将爆发,他返回英国,积极投身英国革命,在20多年中发表了大量散文和政论文(political pamphlets)

c. 1652年,他双目失明。1660年王政复辟,弥尔顿被捕,很快被释放。从此开始了他的第三时期的创作,

先后完成了最著名的以圣经故事为题材的三部长篇诗作:

《失乐园》Paradise Lost(1667)

《复乐园》Paradise Regained(1671)

《力士参孙》Samson Agonistes(1671)

四、The Age of Enlightenment 启蒙运动时期文学(17世纪后期---18世纪中期)Adventure Fiction Writers冒险小说家

1、Daniel Defoe 丹尼尔·笛福(1660-1731)

丹尼尔·笛福被誉为“英国小说之父”,写有小说、国内外旅行游记、人物传记及其他纪实性作品以及有关经商贸易的著作。

代表作:《鲁宾逊漂流记》The Life and Strange Surprising Adventure of Robinson Crusoe(1719)(此部小说被认为是现实主义小说的创始之作,为笛福赢得“英国小说之父”的称号)《辛格顿船长》Captain Singleton(1720)

《摩尔·弗兰德斯》Moll Flanders(1722)

《大疫年日记》 A Journal of the Plague Year(1722)

《罗克萨娜》Roxana(1724)

Comments on the significance of the novel “Robinson Crusoe”:Robinson Crusoe is one of the protagonists drawn most successfully in English novels. Throughout his characterization of Crusoe, Defoe depicts him as a hero, struggling against nature and human fate with his indomitable will and hand, and eulogizes creative labor, physical and mental, an allusion to the glorification of the bourgeois creativities when it was a rising and more energetic class in the initial stage of its historical development. From an individual laborer to a master and colonizer, Crusoe seems to have gone through various stages of human civilization.

2、Jonathan Swift 乔纳森·斯威夫特(1667-1745)

Jonathan Swift ,churchman, political writer and poet, is the foremost satirist in the English language and one of the satiric masters of all time.

斯威夫特的文笔以讽刺见长,是讽刺文学的一代宗师,也是英国文学史上最伟大的讽刺散文作家。

代表作:《一只桶的故事》 A Tale of a Tub(1697)

《书籍之战》The Battle of the Books(1697)

《布商来信》The Draper’s Letter(1724)

《格列佛游记》Gulliver’s Travels(1726)

《一个温和的建议》 A Modest Proposal(1729)

《给黛拉的日记》Journal to Stella(1766)

(后人根据斯威夫特给其女友写的信汇编而成,是英语日记文学中很重要的一部作品)五、Romanticism 浪漫主义时期文学(1789---1832)

Romantic Poets 浪漫主义诗人

1、William Blake 威廉·布莱克(1757-1827)

威廉·布莱克是18世纪末19世纪初英国著名的画家,英国文学史上最复杂、最有个性的诗人之一。布莱克的早期诗歌以颂扬爱情、向往欢乐与和谐为主题,打破了18世纪新古典主义(Neoclassicism)的教条,用歌谣和无韵体诗来书写理想和生活,诗歌语言质朴,形象鲜明,富有音乐感,充满瑰丽的想象和奔放的激情。后期诗作明显具有神秘主义倾向和宗教色彩,用象征的手法来表达深邃思想。

代表作:《诗的素描》Poetical Sketches(1783)《天真之歌》Songs of Innocence(1789)《塞尔书》The book of Thel(1789)《经验之歌》Songs of Experience(1794)《天堂与地狱的结合》The Marriage of Heaven and Hell(1790)

《阿尔比昂的女儿们之梦想》Visions of the Daughters of Albion(1793)

《罗斯之歌》The Song of Los(1795)

《羔羊》The Lamb(《天真之歌》)《老虎》The Tiger(《经验之歌》)

《病玫瑰》The Sick Rose

2、Robert Burns 罗伯特·彭斯(1759-1796)

Robert Burns, the greatest Scottish peasant poet. 英国苏格兰著名的农民诗人

代表作:《苏格兰方言诗集》Poems, Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect(1786)《自由树》The Tree of Liberty(1794)

《苏格兰人》Scots, Wha Hae(1793)(该两首具有民主进步思想)

讽刺诗:《威利长老的祈祷》Holy Willie’s Prayer(1785)

《两只狗》The Two Dogs(1786)(讽刺诗)

抒情诗:《我的心在高原上》My Heart’s in the Highlands

《一朵红红的玫瑰》 A Red, Red Rose(1749)

《约翰·安德生,我的爱人》John Anderson, My Jo(1796)

整理和改编:《昔日时光》(又名《友谊地久天长》)(叙旧诗)Auld Lang Syne(1788)

3、William Wordsworth 威廉·华兹华斯(1770-1850)

华兹华斯认为,诗歌是“强烈感情的自然流露”,提出废止古僻生涩的诗歌用语,改用通俗生动的民间歌谣和口语语汇的主张,引起了强烈的反响。1843年已是古稀之年的华兹华斯被封为“桂冠诗人”(Poet Laureate)。他与柯勒律治(Coleridge)、骚塞(Robert Southey)一起被称为“湖畔派诗人”(The Lakers).他的诗歌格调清新、形象生动、语言质朴,对英国诗坛的变革产生了深远的影响,享有“自然诗人”的美誉。

The were called “Lakers” because they were then living in the Lake District, and the were famous for a volume of poems published in London in 1798 under the title Lyrical Ballads 《抒情歌谣集》。

代表作:《丁登寺杂咏》Lines Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey(1798)《不朽颂》Ode:Intimations of Immortality(1807)

《孤独的收割女》The Solitary Reaper(1805)

《露茜》Lucy Poems(1799)(组诗)

《序曲》The Prelude(1798---1839)(自传体长诗)

《我好似一朵流云独自漫游》I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud(1804)(抒情诗代表作之一)

4、Samuel Taylor Coleridge 塞缪尔·泰勒·柯勒律治(1772-1834)

代表作:《古舟子咏》The Rime of the Ancient Mariner(1789)

《克里斯塔贝尔》“Christabel”(1816)

《忽必烈汗》“Kubla Knan(1816)(梦幻诗)

《文学传记》Biographia Literaria(1817)(文学评论著作,全面总结了他与华兹华斯的文

学实践和创作思想)

5、George Gordon Byron 乔治·戈登·拜伦(1788---1824)

拜伦1805年曾就读于剑桥大学三一学院,成年后为上议院的议员。

代表作:《闲散时刻》(诗集)Hours of Idleness(1807)

(读书期间出版,遭到《爱丁堡评论》(Edinburgh Reviewers)杂志的攻击,他以《英国诗人

与苏格兰评论家》(English Bards and Scotch Reviewers,1809)一诗进行回击,引起轰动《恰尔德·哈罗德游记》Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage

《异教徒》The Giaour(1813)(叙事诗)

《阿比多斯的新娘》The Bride of Abydos(1813)

《柯林斯之围》The Siege of Corinth(1816)

《曼弗雷德》Manfred(1817)

《该隐》Cain(1821)

《唐璜》Don Juan(1818---1823)

《她在美中行》She Walks in Beauty(歌颂女性美的抒情诗)

《当男人没有在家战斗的自由时》When a Man Hath No Freedom to Fight for at Home

拜伦的长诗中有许多充满反叛精神的人物形象,如恰尔德·哈罗德和曼弗雷德等,这些人物崇尚自由,嫉恶如仇,往往傲视万物,有极强的个人荣誉感,被称为“拜伦式的英雄”(Byronic hero)

6、Percy Bysshe Shelly 波西·比希·雪莱(1792---1822)

Shelly was a revolutionary and an idealist, a dedicated seeker of an ideal world where love and brotherhood of man prevail. His poetry expresses his spirit of rebellion and his love of man and of freedom. He uses the objects of nature which he worshiped, as images of his internal state.

雪莱出身于贵族家庭,1810年10月进入牛津大学,半年后,因印发《无神论的必然性》(The Necessity of Atheism)小册子而被开除。(In this pamphlet, he challenged the evidence for God’s existence)

雪莱被誉为“诗人中的诗人”(The poet among poets)

代表作:《麦布女王》Queen Mab(1813)(长诗)

《伊斯兰的反叛》The revolt of Islam(1817)(长诗)

《钦契》The Cenci(1819)(诗剧)

《解放了的普罗米修斯》Prometheus Unbound(1819)(诗剧)

《西风颂》Ode to the West Wind(1819)(抒情诗)

《阿多尼》Adonais

《云》The Cloud

《致云雀》To a Sky Lark

7、John Keats 约翰·济慈(1795---1821)

John Keats is a lyricist of the highest rank. His own poetic definition:poetry should strike the readers as wording of his own highest thought. John Keats’ motto(格言):Beauty is truth, truth beauty.(美即是真,真即是美)(生活的本真是艺术美的源泉,艺术之美则使生活的本真得以永存)

代表作:《恩底弥翁》Endymion 《伊莎贝拉》Isabella(1820)《圣阿格尼斯之夜》The Eve of St. Agnes(1820)《赫披里昂》Hyperion

《夜莺颂》Ode to the Nightingale(1819)《至秋天》To Autumn

《希腊古瓷颂》Ode to Grecian Urn(1819)

六、The Realism现实主义时期文学(19世纪30年代---1918)

The Victorian age维多利亚时代(1832年---1902年)

维多利亚时代英国诗歌表现出与浪漫主义截然不同的诗风,诗人们不再沉湎与主观感情的发泄,而是注重形式的典雅,对诗艺精益求精。与诗歌相比,19世纪英国小说成就更为辉煌。沃尔特·司各特(Walter Scott, 1771---1832)的浪漫主义小说为他赢得“西欧小说之父”的声誉。

1、Jane Austen 简·奥斯丁(1775-1817)

Jane Austen was the first to write novels of realism in the 19th century, though she spent most of her lifetime in the 18th century. Especially she was the writer of the two centuries, and her works were the product in the crossing of the two centuries.

She was highly praised by Sir Walter Scot who said “That young lady has a talent for describing the involvement and feelings and characters of the ordinary life which is to me the most wonderful I ever met with”in Quarterly Review.

代表作:《理智与情感》Sense and Sensibility(1811)

(原名《埃莉诺与玛丽安娜》)Elinor and Marriane

《傲慢与偏见》Pride and Prejudice(1813)

(原名《最初的印象》)First Impression

《曼斯菲尔德》Mansfield Park(1814)

《爱玛》Emma(1816)

《诺桑觉寺》Northanger Abbey(1818)

《劝导》Persuasion(1818)

2、The Bronte sisters 勃朗特三姐妹

The story of the three Bronte sisters, Charlotte, Emily and Anne, all literary, all talented and all dying young, is one of the saddest pages in the history of English literature.

a、Charlotte Bront?夏洛蒂·勃朗特(1816---1855)

夏洛蒂文笔华丽,以想象力的自由驰骋见长。

代表作:《简爱》Jane Eyre(1847)《雪莉》Shirley(1849)《维莱特》Villette(1853)《教师》The Professor(1857)

《柯勒、埃利斯和阿克顿·贝尔诗集》Poems by Currer, Ellis, and Acton Bell(1846)

(勃朗特三姐妹诗歌合集)b、Emily Bront?艾米莉

艾米莉充满幻想和激情,甚至有“现代主义”的某些特点。

代表作:《呼啸山庄》Wuthering Heights(1847)

c、Anne Bront?安妮(1820---1849)

安妮完全按生活的原貌再现生活,没有过分的夸张,决不把生活浪漫化或情节戏剧化,风格朴素淡雅,真挚自然,有节制,有分寸感(风格接近简·奥斯丁)

代表作:《阿格尼斯·格雷》Agnes Grey(1847)

3、Charles Dickens 查尔斯·狄更斯(1812-1870)

Dickens was the greatest representative of English realism. He is particularly famous for his vivid comic characteristics and his forceful social criticism. His work are among the most enduring novels of the Victorian Age and the great classics in all fiction.

狄更斯是维多利亚时代最伟大的批评现实主义小说家,他特别注意描写生活在英国社会底层的“小人物”的生活遭遇,深刻地反映了当时英国复杂的社会现实,为英国批判现实主义文学的开拓和发展做出了卓越的贡献

代表作:《博兹札记》Sketches by Boz(1836)

《匹克威克外传》The Pickwick Papers(1836)

《雾都孤儿》Oliver Twist(1837---1839)

《老古玩店》The Old Curiocity Shop(1840---1841)

《圣诞颂歌》 A Christmas Carol(1843)

《董贝父子》Dombey and Son(1846---1848)

《大卫·科波菲尔》David Copperfield(1849---1850)

《写给孩子看的英国历史》 A Child's History of England(1851---1853)

《荒凉山庄》Bleak House(1852---1853)

《艰难时世》Hard Times(1854)

《小杜瑞特》Little Dorrit(1855---1857)

《双城记》 A Tale of Two Cities(1859)

《远大前程》Great Expectations(1860---1861)

《我们共同的朋友》Our Mutual Friend(1864---1865)

《艾德温·德鲁德之谜》The Mystery of Edwin Drood(未完成,1870年)

4、Thomas Hardy 托马斯·哈代(1840-1928)

代表作:《绿荫树下》Under the Greenwood Tree(1872)

《一双湛蓝的眼》 A Pair of Blue Eyes(1873)

《远离尘嚣》Far from the Madding Crowd(1847)

(英国农村恬静景象和明朗的田园生活)

《还乡》The Return of the Native

(确立了哈代重要作家的地位,标志着作家开始转向悲剧题材)《卡斯特桥市长》The Mayor of Casterbridge(1886)(展示一场性格悲剧)

《德伯家的苔丝》Tess of the D’Urbervilles(1891)

(副标题“一个纯洁的女人”A Pure Woman)《无名的裘德》Jude the Obscure(1895)

《列王》the Dynasty(1904---1908)以拿破仑战争为题材的三卷本诗剧

Victorian Poets维多利亚时代诗人

1、Alfred Tennyson 阿尔弗雷德·丁尼生(1809-1892)

The success of his 1842 Poems made Tennyson a popular poet, and in 1845 he received a Civil List (government) pension of £200 a year, which helped relieve his financial difficulties; the success of "The Princess" and “In Memoriam” and his appointment in 1850 as Poet Laureate(桂冠诗人)finally established him as the most popular poet of the Victorian era.

He also had a lifelong fear of mental illness, for several men in his family had a mild form of epilepsy, which was then thought a shameful disease.

1850年,丁尼生被封为桂冠诗人。丁尼生是维多利亚时期的主要诗人,他的诗歌语言极富音乐感和表现力。

代表作:《亚瑟王之死》The Passing of Arthur(1842)

《公主》The Princess(1847)(written in blank verse,无韵诗)

《悼念》In Memoriam(1850)表述了自己对宗教与上帝的怀疑

《毛黛》Maud(1855)

《伊诺克·阿登》Enoch Arden(1864)

《国王之歌》Idylls of the King(1859---1885)

《鹰》The Eagle(诗的节奏主要为抑扬格四音部iambic tetrameter)

《溅吧,溅吧,溅吧》Break, Break, Break(为纪念早逝的好友哈勒姆而作)

2、Robert Browning 罗伯特·布朗宁(1812-1889)

Robert Browning is famous for his dramatic monologues(戏剧独白). His wife is paralyzing but talent, and they are called the Brownings.

布朗宁是位多产诗人,创作了大量的诗剧和诗歌,在维多利亚诗坛与丁尼生齐名。受其戏剧创作的影响,布朗宁善于在诗中运用“戏剧独白”。“戏剧独白”并非布朗宁首创,但“戏剧独白”诗体却是他对英国诗歌的一大贡献。

代表作:诗剧:《巴拉塞尔士》Paracelsus(1835)

《斯特拉福德》Strafford(1837)

《皮帕走过了》Pippa Passes(1841)

诗集:《戏剧抒情诗》Dramatic Lyrics(1842)

《戏剧传奇及抒情诗》Dramatic Romances and Lyrics(1845)

《男男女女》Men and Women(1855)

《剧中人物》Dramatic Personae(1855)

《指环与书》The Ring and the Book(1868)

《我已故的公爵夫人》My Last Duchess(戏剧独白)

3、Matthew Arnold 马修·阿诺德(1822-1888)

阿诺德的诗歌创作主要集中在1850年代,1860年后主要从事散文写作,写下了大量的文学评论和社会评论作品。

代表作:《迷途浪子》The Strayed Reveller (1849)

《诗集》Poems (1853)

《诗歌二集》Poems, Second Series (1855)

《评论集》Essays in Criticism (1865 and 1888)(评论著作)

《新诗集》New Poems (1867)

《文化与政府》Culture and Anarchy (1869)

《文学与教条》Literature and Dogma (1873)

《多佛海滩》Dover Beach

Modern Dramatists现代剧作家

1、Oscar Wilde奥斯卡王尔德(1854-1900)

Oscar Wilde established himself both as a writer and a spokesm an for the school of Art for Art’s sake.

他是19世纪唯美主义(Aesthetic Movement)在英国的代言人,“为艺术而艺术”的倡导者,认为生活是丑恶的,只有美才具有永恒的价值。

Aestheticism:a kind of sensitive to article beauty and the devotion to or emphasis on beauty or the cultivation of the arts.

Aestheticism Doctrine:beauty is the basic principle from which all other principles especially moral principles are originated.

代表作:《道林格雷的画像》The Picture of Dorian Gray(1891)(唯美主义小说)《莎乐美》Salome(1893)(诗剧)

《温德米尔夫人的扇子》Lady Winder mere’s Fan(1892)(剧作,风俗喜剧)

《一个无足轻重的女人》 A Woman of No Importance(1893)

《理想的丈夫》An Ideal Husband(1895)

《认真的重要性》The Importance of Being Earnest(1895)(他最成功的喜剧)《里丁狱之歌》The Ballad of Rending Goal(1898)

王尔德的作品在“五四”运动前就被介绍到中国来,在我国文学近代化过程中起过一定推动作用。

3、George Bernard Shaw乔治萧伯纳(1856-1950)

In 1925 he received the Nobel Price for Literature.

He greeted with Enthusiasm in Great October Socialist Revolution and hailed the Revolution in a pamphlet entit led “Dictatorship of the Proletariat”(无产阶级专政).

代表作:《伤心之家》Heartbreak Houses(about the decadence of prewar English society)《武器与人》Arms and man(1894)

《华伦夫人的职业》Mrs. Warren’s Profession(1898)

《人与超人》Man and Superman(1903)(a philosophical play)

《英国佬的另一个岛》John Bull’s Other Island(1904)

《巴巴拉上校》Major Barbara(1905)(a comedy)

《皮革马利翁》Pygmalion(1913)(a comedy)

又名《卖花女》(a flower girl),后改编成音乐剧《窈窕淑女》(My Fair Lady,1957)《圣女贞德》Saint Joan(1942)(a romantic historical drama)

《医生的窘境》The Doctor’s Dilemma(a tragedy)

《苹果车》The Apple Cart(1929)(an examination of monarchy)

Too true to be good

The Man of Destiny

Joseph Conrad 约瑟夫·康德拉(1857---1924)

康德拉一生共发表13部长篇小说和28部短篇小说,还有一些回忆录及政论、书信。

代表作:《阿尔迈耶的愚蠢》Almayer’s Folly(1895)

《水仙号上的黑家伙》The Negro on the Narcissus(1898)

《黑暗之心》Heart of Darkness(1899)

(代表作masterpiece,揭示了人性的黑暗. It’s a story about a colonist’s experience in Africa, and reveals the darkness of human nature.)

《吉姆老爷》Lord Jim(1900)

《诺斯特罗姆》Nordstromo(1904)

《在西方目光之下》Under the Western Eyes(1911)

《礁湖》The Lagoon

(与《黑暗之心》属于同类小说,探索人性本质,揭露人性的黑暗)七、The Modernism现代主义文学时期(1918---1945)

20th-Century British Poets

1、T.S. Eliot T. S. 艾略特(1888-1965)

He Wins Nobel Prize for Literature in 1948.

艾略特是现代主义诗歌运动的先锋,英国现代主义诗歌的代名词,他的诗作代表着英国现代主义诗歌的成就。

代表作:《普鲁弗洛克及其他》Prufrock and Other Observations(1917)首部诗集《圣林》The Sacred Wood: Essays on Poetry and Criticism(1920)文学评论集《荒原》The Waste Land(1922)

(被称为现代主义诗歌的典范,标志着中国现代诗的开端)《大教堂谋生案》Murder in the Cathedral(1935)诗剧

《家庭团聚》The Family Reunion(1939)诗剧

《传统与个人才能》Tradition and the Individual Talent 文论

《玄学派诗人》The Metaphysical Poets文论

《空心人》The Hollow Men(1925)诗歌

《圣灰星期三》Ash Wednesday(1930)诗歌

《四个四重奏》Four Quartets(1935---1942)长诗

2、William Butler Yeats威廉巴勒特叶芝(1865-1939)

Yeats received the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1923.

1924年,叶芝获得1923年度的诺贝尔文学奖。

叶芝去世后,艾略特称之为“我们时代最伟大的诗人”(二十世纪最伟大的诗人)

代表作:《漫游的奥辛和其他的诗》The Wanderings of Oisin and Other Poems (1889)(诗集)《苇风》The Wind among the Reeds (1899)(诗集)

(两者均为叶芝早期的诗作,受浪漫主义的影响融合进个人对爱尔兰乡间生活和民族神话的探索和思考)《责任》Responsibilities(1914)

(在创作前两部诗集后,叶芝对象征和面具(mask)理论进行探索,该部诗集的发表,标志着叶芝前期创作的终结,体现出他一直追求的诗歌与普通人生活的沟通)

《库尔的天鹅》The Wild Swans at Coole(1919)

《迈克尔·罗巴兹和舞者》Michael Robartes and the Dancer(1921)

《塔》The Tower(1928)

(在以上三部诗集中,叶芝构建出自己的神秘主义象征体系,诗作具有强烈的个人风格,充满辩证的思考,极具张力)

《幻象》 A Vision(1925)(完整地展示了叶芝复杂、晦涩的神秘主义体系)《旋梯及其他》The Winding Stair and Other Poems (1933)

(延续了《塔》的风格,重复运用多种意象,探讨人生与社会问题)《第二次来临》The Second Coming

Modernist Novelists 现代主义小说家

1、J ames Joyce 詹姆斯·乔伊斯(1882-1941)

James Joyce, Irish writer, was perhaps the most important fiction writer in the 20th century, and the fountainhead of the subjective movement in fiction. His works are characterized by experiment with language, symbolism and such narrative techniques as interior monologue and stream of consciousness.

乔伊斯被认为是继莎士比亚后英国文学史上最伟大的作家,他在小说领域取得的成就,代表着现代主义文学的一座高峰。确切地说,乔伊斯是个爱尔兰作家。

代表作:《都柏林人》Dubliners(1914)(短篇小说集)

《一个青年艺术家的画像》 A Portrait of the Artist as a Y oung Man(1916)自传性小说

(an autobiographical novel, it represented a turning point in modern

English fiction标志着英国小说的转折点)

《尤利西斯》Ulysses(1922)(代表作)

(Joyce’s masterpiece, it is considered his most mature work and the

single best fiction ever written since the beginning of the 20th century)《芬尼根的苏醒》Finnegans Wake(1939)

(将意识流(streams of consciousness)技巧推向极致)《阿拉比》Araby

(《阿拉比》是短篇小说集《都柏林人》的第三篇,笔法细腻,表现出福楼拜式(Flaubert)风格,他刻意追求细节描写高度精确,并赋予丰富的象征意义。《阿拉比》放弃了传统小说“冲突---高潮”的情节结构,按照“顿悟”来谋篇布局。“顿悟”(epiphany),根据乔伊斯自己的定义,是“一种突然的精神显现,或者是发生在卑鄙的言行或行动中,或者是发生在心灵本身一个难忘的阶段。”)

●乔伊斯对小说形式和内容进行的探索标志着英国小说史上重大突破。他塑造的布卢姆是20世纪文学

中“反英雄”的典型,反映了现代小说关于人的观念的变化;他的意识流打破了一时间为顺序的小说模式,改变了传统小说的时空观念;他对英语语言的创造性运用极大地丰富了英语的表意功能。

●《尤利西斯》小说情节简单主要记载迪达勒斯(Dedalous)、布卢姆(Bloom)和布卢姆的妻子莫莉

(Molly)三个人物的一天里的日常琐事,乔伊斯力图展现的是生活的本质和对人的精神世界的探索。

2、Virginia Woolf 弗吉妮娅·伍尔芙(1882-1941)

Virginia Woolf,English novelist, critic, and essayist, ranked as one of the country’s most distinguished writers between the two world wars.

伍尔芙是两战间唯一一名女作家。她一生中共创作过9部长篇小说及若干短篇小说,创作总体结构呈现一种循环模式。

代表作:《出航》The V oyage Out(1915)

《夜与日》Night and Day(1919)(这两部小说采用的是传统现实主义形式)

中期实验作品以意识流小说为主:

《雅各布的房间》Jacob’s Room(1922)

《达罗卫夫人》Mrs. Dalloway(1925)(被认为是她最成功的作品之一)

《到灯塔去》To the Lighthouse(1927)

《奥兰多》Orlando(1928)

《海浪》The Waves(1931)

《墙上的斑点》The Mark on the Wall

《岁月》The Years(1937)

《幕间》Between the Acts(1941)(最后这两部小说她的创作重心又回到了外部现实)意识流小说构成伍尔芙最引人注目的文学成就,她对女性存在的历史与现状独具慧眼的反思与洞察,使其成为女性主义批评史上先驱式人物。

伍尔芙与乔伊斯的不同之处在于她使用意识流技巧时常常从一个人物不露痕迹地跳到另一个人物,描绘出在同一时间不同空间人物的不同活动及思想。

意识流小说的另一代表作:普鲁斯特(Marcel Proust)的《追忆似水年华》(Remembrance of Things Past)

英国文学史复习资料(三年级专业生期末考试必备)[1] (1)

英国文学史资料British Writers and Works I. Old English Literature & The Late Medieval Ages 贝奥武夫:the national epic of the Anglo-Saxons Epic:long narrative poems that record the adventures or heroic deeds of a hero enacted in vast landscapes. The style of epic is grand and elevated. e.g. Homer?s Iliad and Odyssey Artistic features: https://www.sodocs.net/doc/1c13896042.html,ing alliteration Definition of alliteration: a rhetorical device, meaning some words in a sentence begin with the same consonant sound(头韵) Some examples on P5 https://www.sodocs.net/doc/1c13896042.html,ing metaphor and understatement Definition of understatement: expressing something in a controlled way Understatement is a typical way for Englishmen to express their ideas Geoffery Chaucer 杰弗里?乔叟1340(?)~1400 (首创“双韵体”,英国文学史上首先用伦敦方言写作。约翰·德莱顿(John Dryden)称其为“英国诗歌之父”。代表作《坎特伯雷故事集》。) The father of English poetry. It is ____alone who, for the first time in English literature, presented to us a comprehensive (综合的,广泛的)realistic picture of the English society of his time and created a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life. ( A ) A. Geoffrey Chaucer B. Matin Luther C. William Langland D. John Gower writing style: wisdom, humor, humanity. ① 坎特伯雷故事集: first time to use …heroic couplet?(双韵体) by middle English ②特罗伊拉斯和克莱希德 ③ 声誉之宫 Medieval Ages’ popular Literary form: Romance(传奇故事) Famous three:King Arthur Sir Gawain and the Green Knight Beowulf II The Renaissance Period A period of drama and poetry. The Elizabethan drama is the real mainstream of the English Renaissance. Renaissance: the activity, spirit, or time of the great revival of art, literature, and learning in Europe beginning in the 14th century and extending to the 17th century, marking the transition from the medieval to the modern world. Three historical events of the Renaissance – rebirth or revival: 1.new discoveries in geography and astrology

英国文学期末考试题目(英语专业必备)

.. ;.. 一.中古英语时期 Beowulf is the oldest poem in the English language, and the most important specimen (范例、典范)of Anglo-Saxon literature, and also the oldest surviving epic in the English language. The romance is a popular literary form in the medieval period(中世纪). It uses verse or prose to sing knightly a dventures or other heroic deeds. Geoffrey Chaucer, one of the greatest English poets, whose masterpiece, The Canterbury Tales(《坎特伯雷故事集》),was one of the most important influences on the development of English literature. Chaucer is considered as the father of English poetry and the founder of English realism. 二.文艺复兴Renaissance Renaissance r efers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th centuries. It marks a transition(过渡) from the medieval to the modern world. It started in Italy with the flowering of painting, sculpture(雕塑)and literature, and then spread to the rest of Europe. Humanism is the essence of Renaissance -----Man is the measure of all things. This was England’s Golden Age in literature. Queen Elizabeth r eigned over the country in this period. The real mainstream of the English Renaissance i s the Elizabethan drama. The most famous dramatists in the Renaissance E ngland are Christopher Marlowe and W illiam Shakespeare. The greatest of the pioneers of English drama was Christopher Marlowe. Francis Bacon was the best known essayist of this period. “Of Studies” is the most popular of Bacon’s 58 essays. Thomas More ——Utopia Edmund Spenser——The Faerie Queene 相关练习 1. Which is the oldest poem in the English language? A. Utopia B. Faerie Queene C. Beowulf D. Hamlet 2. _____ is the father of English poetry. A. Edmund Spenser B. William Shakespeare C. Francis Bacon D. Geoffrey Chaucer 3. ____ is not a playwright during the Renaissance period on England. A. William Shakespeare B. Geoffrey Chaucer C. Christopher Marlowe D. Ben Johnson 三.莎士比亚William Shakespeare “All t he world 's a stage, a nd all the men and women merely p layers.”——William Shakespeare William Shakespeare is considered the greatest playwright in the world and the finest poet who has written in the English language. Shakespeare understood people more than any other writers. He could create characters that have

罗经国《新编英国文学选读》(第4版)教材-第4章 15世纪(1400~1550)【圣才出品】

第4章15世纪(1400~1550) 4.1 复习笔记 Ⅰ. Historical background(历史背景) (1) The Hundred Years’ War(百年战争) The Hundred Years’War continued and in 1415 at the Battle of Agincourt King Henry Ⅴ (1413~1422) defeated the French army and claimed himself the heir to the French throne. 百年战争还在持续,在1415年的阿金库尔战役中,亨利5世(1413~1422)战胜了法国军队,并宣布自己是法国的继承者。 (2) The War of the Roses (1455~1485)(玫瑰战争) The War of the Roses, or the Thirty Years’ War, was a series of civil wars fought between the two great families, both of which claimed the right to the English throne. It lasted for thirty years until King Henry Ⅶ defeated Richard Ⅲ(1483~1485) at the Battle of Bosworth and ended the civil war. 玫瑰战争,又叫三十年战争,是发生在两个家族之间的一系列内战,他们都宣称自己有权统治英国。它持续了30年,直到亨利7世在博斯沃思战争(1483~1485)中打败理查德3世,内战宣告结束。 (3) The discovery of America and the new sea routes(美洲大陆和新航海线路的发现) In 1492, a Genoese mariner, Christopher Columbus (ca.1436~1506) who believed that he could reach India by sailing west, landed in America with the

英国文学史复习资料

Beowulf English literature began with the Anglo-Saxon settlement in England.Beowulf is the national epic of the English people. Beowulf is a folk legend brought to England by Anglo-Saxons from their continental homes.Its main stories are evidently folk legends of primative Northern tribes.The most striking feature of Beowulf is the use of alliteration(头韵).In alliterative verse,certain accented word in a line begin with the same consonant sound,there are generally 4 accents in a line,three of which show alliteration.Other features are the use of metaphors and of understatements(掩饰). ―Ring-giver‖ is used for king, ―sea-wood‖for ship.Ironical humour is often regarded as a permanentcharacteristic of English. Chaucer (About 1340-1400.) His literature career can be divided into three periods:French Period (The Romaunt of the Rose) ,Italian Period,England period.Troilus and Criseyde is his longest complete poem(8000 lines) and his greatest artistic achievement.The Canterbury Tales is Chaucer’s masterpiece and one of the monumental works in English literature.Taking the stand of the rising bourgeoisie,he affi rms men and women’s right to pursue their happiness on earth and opposes the dogma of asceticism(禁欲主义) preached by the church.As a forerunner of humanism,he praises man’s energy,intellect,quick wit and love of life.Chaucer’s language,called Middle English,is vivid and exact.Contribution to English poetry lies chiefly in the fact that he introduced from France the rhymed stanza of various types,especially the rhymed couplet(双韵诗体)of 5 accents in iambic(抑扬格) meter(the heroic couplet)to English poetry,instead of the old Anglo-Saxon alliterative verse. Marlowe(1564-1593) 1.these plays show the spirit of the rising bourgeoisie. 2.the theme of the plays is the praise of individuality freed from the restraintsof medieval dogmas and law,and the conviction of the boundless possiblity of human efforts in conquering the universe. 3.the heroes in his plays are merely individualists. He was the greatest of the pioneers of English drama.He is the father of drama and tragedy. Shakespeare(1564-1616) The first period(1590-1594) the apprenticeship part The second period(1595-1600)the historical part. His sonnets written in this period. The sonnet is a poem in 14lines with one or the other rhyme scheme,a form much in vogue in Renaissance Europe,especially in Italy,France and England.In 1609 appeared. The third period(1601-1607)the tragedy part The forth peorid(1608-1612)the comedt and tragedy part narrative 1593 his first published poem. Feature:1.he is one of the founders of realism in world literature.2.his dramatic creation often used the method of adoptation.3.His long experience with the stage and his intimate knowledge of dramatic art thus acquired make him a master hand for playwriting.4.he is skilled in many poetic forms.5.he was a great master of the English language. Milton(1608-1674) Early poems: and . His work as the spokesman of the revolution.is Milton’s masterpiece.12 books,written in blank verse. https://www.sodocs.net/doc/1c13896042.html,ton was political in both life and his art. 2.He wrote the greatest epic in English literature. 3.he is a master of blank verse.He first used blank verse in non-dramatic works. 4.he is a great stylist. 5.he has always been admired for his sublimity of thought and majesty of expression. The Enlightenment and classicism in English Literature Enlightenment The eighteenth-century England is also known as the Age of Enlightenment or the Age of Reason. The Enlightenment Movement was a progressive movement which flourished in France and swept through the whole Western Europe at the time.The Enlightenment was an expression of struggle of the then progressive class of bourgeoisie against feudalism. The movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. Its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas.The enlighteners fought against class inequality, stagnation, prejudices and other survivals of feudalism. The enlighteners celebrated reason or rationality, equality and science. They held

英国文学史期末复习重点

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