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新人教版八年级上册《1.2 运动的描述》同步练习卷(1)(附解析)

新人教版八年级上册《1.2 运动的描述》同步练习卷(1)(附解析)
新人教版八年级上册《1.2 运动的描述》同步练习卷(1)(附解析)

新人教版八年级上册《1.2 运动的描述》同步练习卷(1)

一、单选题(本大题共12小题,共79.0分)

1.下列现象中不属于机械运动的是()

A. 一江春水向东流

B. 大脑运转

C. 海水奔腾

D. 春风拂面

2.下列关于参照物的说法中,正确的是()

A. 只有地面上静止的物体才能作为参照物

B. 运动的物体不能作为参照物

C. 研究某一物体的运动,必须选定参照物

D. 物体的运动状态与选择的参照物无关

3.中国的高铁技术世界一流,如图所示是几枚硬币

“静静”立于高速行驶列车的窗台上的照片,认为

硬币处于静止状态所选择的参照物是()

A. 车内的座椅

B. 路边的树木

C. 窗外

的楼房 D. 远处的高山

4.2017年4月22日,天舟一号货运飞船与天宫二号空间

实验室首次完成自动交会对接,“天舟一号”与“天

宫二号”对接完成后,下列说法正确的是()

A. “天舟一号”相对于“天宫二号”是运动的

B. “天舟一号”和“天宫二号”相对于地球是运动的

C. “天舟一号”相对于地球是静止的,“天宫二号”相对于地球是运动的

D. “天舟一号”相对于地球是运动的,“天宫二号”相对于地球是静止的

5.战机空中加油时的情景如图所示,下列判断正确的是()

A. 以地面为参照物,加油机是静止的

B. 以加油机为参照物,战机是运动的

C. 以地面为参照物,加油机和战机都是静止的

D. 以战机为参照物,加油机是静止的

6.运动会上百米赛跑,当甲同学超越乙同学时,有人认为乙同学在后退,他所选的参

照物是()

A. 甲同学

B. 乙同学

C. 起点的发令员

D. 终点的裁判员

7.甲乙两辆汽车行驶在平直的公路上,甲车上的乘客看乙车在向北运动。乙车上的乘

客看到甲车和树木都向南运动,则以下说法中正确的是()

A. 甲乙车可能都向南运动

B. 甲车可能向北运动,乙车一定向北运动

C. 甲车一定向北运动乙车可能向南运动

D. 甲车一定在向南运动,乙车一定向北运动

8.如图甲所示,棋盘上摆放着三枚棋子,图乙是三岁的小宁移动棋子后的情况。相对

于棋盘,位置发生了变化的棋子是()

A. 只有3

B. 只有2和3

C. 只有1和3

D. 1、2和3

9.星期天,小雨去逛书城,如图所示,乘坐电梯上楼的过

程中,我们说小雨是“静止”的,所选择的参照物是()

A. 商场大楼

B. 所乘坐的电梯

C. 一楼地面

D. 货架上的商品

10.如图所示,小军坐在高速行驶的高铁车厢里,看到车外的

树木风驰电掣般向后运动,远处的村庄和田野也在缓缓后

退。下列说法中正确的是()

A. 小军是运动的

B. 以车厢为参照物,小军是静止的

C. 村庄是运动的

D. 以车厢为参照物,村庄是静止的

11.如图所示,在新型汽车的研制中,将汽车模型放在风洞中固

定不动,让风(流动的空气)高速迎面吹来,真实地模拟汽车

在空气中高速运动的情形。在此情境中下列说法正确的是

()

A. 汽车模型相对于风洞是运动的

B. 汽车模型相对于风是运动的

C. 风相对于风洞是静止的

D. 风相对于地面是静止的

12.观察图中的烟和小旗,关于甲、乙两车相对于房子的运动情况,下列说法中正确的

是()

A. 甲乙两车一定向左运动

B. 甲乙两车一定向右运动

C. 甲车可能运动,乙车向右运动

D. 甲车可能静止,乙车向左运动

二、填空题(本大题共6小题,共18.0分)

13.有下列一些变化:①五四爱国运动;②珠穆朗玛峰在长高;③太阳升上天空;④

铁生锈了;⑤改革开放以来,人们的生活发生了天翻地覆的变化,人们的思想也在变化;⑥苹果腐烂。以上变化属于机械运动的是______(填序号);不属于机械运动的是______(填序号)。

14.“小小竹排江中游,巍巍青山两岸走”以竹排为参照物,青山是______的;以树木

为参照物,青山是______的。(以上两空均填“运动”或“静止”)我们平常所说的运动和静止都是相对于______而言的。

15.如图所示是“辽宁号”航母指挥员正在用“走你”的动作

指挥飞机起飞的情景。飞行员看到指挥员向后退去,是以

______为参照物。以飞机为参照物,飞行员是______的,

辽宁舰是______的。

16.下图为高空跳伞运动员在极速下降过程中的一个画面,在图示的情景中,以地面为

参照物,他们是________的,以其中一个运动员为参照物,其他运动员是_________的。(选填“静止”或“运动”)

17.地球自转的方向为自西向东,太空中的地球同步卫星相对于学校操场是______(选

填“静止”或“运动”)的。

18.发射中的卫星,相对于运载火箭是______的,相对于地球是______的,而从大的角

度看,一切物体都在______。(均选填“运动”或“静止”)

三、综合题(本大题共1小题,共3.0分)

19.2015年3月17日,我国具有自主知识产权的新型喷气式客机ARJ21?700(如图)完

成首次航线演示飞行。一位试乘员描述了飞机起飞时的场景:接到控制塔信号后,飞机启动并加速,跑道往后移动越来越快。突然飞机离开了地面,喷气发动机的推动力使它疾驶空中。

(1)试乘员看到窗外的跑道往后移动时以______(选填“地面”、“跑道”或“飞

机”)为参照物的。

(2)飞机水平飞行时,试乘员从右侧舷窗看到如图甲所示的“天地分界线”。当试

乘员从右侧舷窗看到的“天地分界线”如图乙所示时,飞机可能在______(选填“斜向上爬升”、“斜向下俯冲”或“竖直向上爬升”)。

答案和解析

1.【答案】B

【解析】解:A、一江春水向东流,水的位置发生了变化,属于机械运动,故A不符合题意;

B、大脑运转,是生命活动现象,不是位置的变化,不属于机械运动,故B符合题意;

C、海水奔腾,海水的位置发生了变化,属于机械运动,故C不符合题意;

D、春风拂面,空气的位置相对于人发生了变化,属于机械运动,故D不符合题意。

故选:B。

在物理学中,把物体位置的变化叫机械运动。

本题考查了学生对机械运动的了解,判断一个物体是否在做机械运动,关键是要看它的位置是否在发生变化。

2.【答案】C

【解析】解:A、参照物可任意选择,既可以是运动的物体,也可以是静止的物体,具体选哪一种物体为参照物,是以研究问题的方便而定的,故A错误;

B、参照物可任意选择,既可以是运动的物体,也可以是静止的物体,故B错误;

C、研究某一物体的运动,必须选定参照物,故C正确;

D、物体的运动状态与选择的参照物有关,参照物不同,物体的运动状态可能不同,故D错误。

故选:C。

在研究机械运动时,人们事先假定不动的物体叫参照物。参照物的选择是可以任意的,但为了研究问题方便,应选择最合适的参照物。

解答本题的关键是掌握参照物的概念,理解运动和静止的相对性。但要注意,参照物一般不选研究对象本身,因为机械运动是相对“另一个物体“的运动,选研究对象本身做参照物,研究对象只可能处在唯一的静止状态。

3.【答案】A

【解析】解:A、以车内的座椅为参照物,硬币的位置没有变化,所以是静止的。故A 符合题意;

B、以路边的树木为参照物,硬币的位置时刻变化,所以是运动的。故B不符合题意;

C、以窗外的楼房为参照物,硬币的位置时刻变化,所以是运动的。故C不符合题意;

D、以远处的高山为参照物,硬币的位置时刻变化,所以是运动的。故D不符合题意。故选:A。

研究物体的运动时,必须事先选定一个标准的物体,这个事先被选作标准的物体叫参照物。如果被研究的物体相对于这个标准位置发生了改变,则是运动的;如果被研究的物体相对于这个标准位置没有发生了改变,则是静止的。

一个物体的运动状态的确定,关键取决于所选取的参照物,所选取的参照物不同,得到的结论也不一定相同,这就是运动和静止的相对性。

4.【答案】B

【解析】解:A、“天舟一号”与“天宫二号”成功对接后,它们之间没有位置变化,所以是相对静止的。故A错误;

B、C、D、“天舟一号”与“天宫二号”成功对接后,它们之间相对于地球有位置变化,所以是运动的,故B正确;CD错误。

故选:B。

在研究物体运动时,要选择参照的标准,即参照物,物体的位置相对于参照物发生变化,则运动,不发生变化,则静止。

此题考查运动和静止的相对性,常见题目。

5.【答案】D

【解析】解:AC、加油过程中,若以地面为参照物,加油机、战机和地面的位置在不断发生变化,所以说它们是运动的。故AC错误。

B、以加油机为参照物,加油机与战机之间位置没有发生变化,战机是静止的,故B错误;

D、以战机为参照物,加油机与战机之间的位置没有发生变化,加油机是静止的,故D 正确。

故选:D。

看被研究的物体与所选的标准,即参照物之间的相对位置是否发生了改变,如果发生改变,则物体是运动的;如果未发生变化,则物体是静止的。

本题主要考查学生对运动和静止的相对性的理解和掌握,研究同一物体的运动状态,如果选择不同的参照物,得出的结论可以不同,但都是正确的结论。

6.【答案】A

【解析】

【分析】

此题主要考查了运动和静止的相对性,在判断物体运动和静止时,关键看物体相对于参照物的位置是否发生了变化。

在研究物体运动时,要选择参照的标准,即参照物,物体的位置相对于参照物发生变化,则运动,不发生变化,则静止。

【解答】

A、当甲同学超越乙同学时,以甲同学为参照物,乙同学离甲越来越远,所以感觉乙在后退。故A符合题意;

B、研究乙同学的运动状态,如果以乙同学为参照物,位置,没有变化。故B不符合题意;

C、以起点的发令员为参照物,甲和乙都是向终点运动的。故C不符合题意;

D、以终点的裁判员为参照物,甲和乙都是向终点运动的。故D不符合题意。

故选A。

7.【答案】B

【解析】解:(1)乙车上的乘客看到路边的树木向南运动,说明乙车一定向北运动;(2)甲车上的乘客看到乙车向北运动,乙车上的乘客看到甲车向南运动,此时甲车有三种可能:一是甲车静止不动;二是甲车向南运动;三是甲车也向北运动,但速度比乙车慢。故B正确,ACD错误。

故选:B。

判断一个物体的运动情况,一定是相对参照物而言,选择不同的参照物,物体的运动情况会不一样。

解决此类问题时首先抓住以地面、树木或建筑物为参照物判断出其中一个物体的运动情况,再根据它们之间的关系逐个分析,考查了学生的分析判断能力。

8.【答案】D

【解析】解:由图可知棋子①②③的位置,相对于棋盘都发生了变化,故D正确,ABC 错误。

故选:D.

以棋盘为参照物,看哪个棋子的位置相对于棋盘发生了变化。

此题考查了物体位置的变化,属于基础知识的应用,难度不大。

9.【答案】B

【解析】解:小雨乘电梯匀速上楼,小雨和所乘坐的电梯之间位置没有发生改变,所以以所乘坐的电梯为参照物,小雨是静止的;

故选:B。

解答此题的关键是看被研究的物体与所选的标准,即参照物之间的相对位置是否发生了改变,如果发生改变,则物体是运动的;如果未发生变化,则物体是静止的。

此题主要考查学生对参照物的选择、运动和静止的相对性以及惯性的理解和掌握,研究同一物体的运动状态,如果选择不同的参照物,得出的结论可以不同,但都是正确的结论。

10.【答案】B

【解析】解:运动和静止是相对的,判断物体的运动和静止,首先确定一个参照物,如果被研究的物体和参照物之间没有发生位置的改变,被研究的物体是静止的,否则是运动的。

A、小军坐在行驶的列车上,小军和树木之间发生了位置的改变,以树木、远处的村庄或田野为参照物,小军是运动的;

B、以车厢为参照物,小军与车厢之间没发生位置的改变,故以车厢为参照物,小军是静止的,故B正确;

C、以小军为参照物,树木、远处的村庄或田野是运动的,故C错误;

D、以车厢为参照物,树木、远处的村庄或田野是运动的,故D错误;

故选:B。

解答此题的关键是看被研究的物体与所选的标准,即参照物之间的相对位置是否发生了改变,如果发生改变,则物体是运动的;如果未发生变化,则物体是静止的。

研究同一物体的运动状态,如果选择不同的参照物,得出的结论可以不同,但都是正确的结论。

11.【答案】B

【解析】解:A、汽车模型相对于风洞位置没有发生改变,所以是静止的,故A错误;

B、汽车模型相对于风位置在不断发生改变,所以是运动的,故B正确;

C、风相对于风洞位置在不断发生改变,所以是运动的,故C错误;

D、风相对于地面位置在不断发生改变,所以是运动的,故D错误。

故选:B。

同一物体是运动还是静止,取决于选择的参照物,参照物不同,其运动和静止的状态可能不同。这就是运动和静止的相对性。

了解运动与静止的相对性,知道在判断物体的运动与静止时,选择的参照物不同,其运动和静止的状态可能不同。

12.【答案】D

【解析】解:

由图中的信息可以判断出:因为房子的烟向左飘,所以风是向左吹。

所以甲车运动状态有三种可能:1、向右运动;2、静止;3、向左运动,且速度小于风速。

因为乙车旗向右飘,所以乙车只能向左运动,且速度要大于风的速度。

故ABC选项错误,D选项正确。

故选:D。

研究物体的运动情况时,首先要选取一个物体作为标准,这个被选作标准的物体叫做参照物。研究对象的运动情况是怎样的,就看它与参照物的相对位置是否变化。由此来突破此题。

一个物体的运动状态的确定,关键取决于所选取的参照物。所选取的参照物不同,得到的结论也不一定相同。这就是运动和静止的相对性。

13.【答案】②③;①④⑤⑥

【解析】解:

①五四运动属于政治运动,不是机械运动;

②珠穆朗玛峰在长高,珠穆朗玛峰相当于地球的位置发生了变化,是机械运动;

③太阳升上天空,太阳的位置发生了变化,是机械运动;

④铁生锈了,铁的位置没有变化,属于化学变化,不是机械运动;

⑤改革开放以来,人们的生活发生了天翻地覆的变化,人们的思想也在变化,不是机械运动;

⑥苹果腐烂,是苹果发生了化学变化,不是机械运动。

故答案为:②③;①④⑤⑥。

一个物体相对于另一个物体位置的改变叫机械运动,根据机械运动的定义即可解答。

判断一个物体是否做机械运动,关键是要看它的位置是否在发生变化,不要和政治运动、

生物运动、分子运动相混淆。

14.【答案】运动静止地面

【解析】解:以竹排为参照物,青山的位置在发生变化,所以是运动的;以树木为参照物,青山的位置没有发生变化,是静止的。

我们平常所说的运动和静止都是相对于地面而言的。

故答案为:运动;静止;地面。

判断物体的运动情况,就看被选作标准的参照物,如果物体相对于参照物的位置变了,则物体是运动的,否则物体就是静止的。

此题考查了参照物的选择与运动静止的相对性,属于对基础知识的考查。

15.【答案】飞机静止运动

【解析】解:

飞行员起飞过程中,以飞机为参照物,指挥员和飞机之间发生了相对位置的改变,所以飞行员看到指挥员向后退去;

正在起飞的舰载机相对于飞行员的位置没有发生改变,因此以飞机为参照物,飞行员是静止的;

飞机相对于辽宁舰的位置不断发生改变,因此以飞机为参照物辽宁舰是运动的。

故答案为:飞机;静止;运动。

判断物体的运动和静止,首先选择一个参照物,被研究的物体和参照物之间如果发生位置的变化,被研究的物体是运动的,否则是静止的。

本题考查了运动和静止的相对性,属于基础题目。选取参照物时,要以物理情景中出现的物体为参照物。

16.【答案】运动静止

【解析】

【分析】

在研究物体运动时,要选择参照的标准,即参照物,物体的位置相对于参照物发生变化,则运动,不发生变化,则静止。

此题考查运动与静止的相对性,物体的运动和静止是相对于参照物而言的,选取的参照物不同,结论不同。

【解答】

跳伞运动员在极速下降过程中,若以地面为参照物,跳伞运动员的位置不断发生变化,所以是运动的;

以其中一个运动员为参照物,其他运动员的位置没有发生变化,则说明其他运动员是静止的。

故答案为:运动;静止。

17.【答案】静止

【解析】解:地球同步卫星和学校操场之间没有发生位置的改变,所以以学校操场为参照物,同步卫星是静止的。

故答案为:静止。

判断一个物体是不是做机械运动,就看它相对于另一个物体的位置是否发生变化。

明确运动与静止的相对性,看物体相对于参照物的位置是否发生改变,是解答的关键。

18.【答案】静止运动运动

【解析】解:发射中的卫星,相对于运载火箭之间没有位置变化,是静止的,相对于地球之间有位置变化,是运动的;

运动是绝对的,静止是相对的,故从大的角度看,一切物体都在运动。

故答案为:静止;运动;运动。

(1)在研究物体运动时,要选择参照的标准,即参照物,物体的位置相对于参照物发生变化,则运动,不发生变化,则静止。

(2)运动是绝对的,静止是相对的。

此题主要考查了运动和静止的相对性,在判断物体运动和静止时,关键看物体相对于参照物的位置是否发生了变化。

19.【答案】飞机斜向下俯冲

【解析】解:(1)由题意可知,跑道与飞机的位置发生变化,所以当以飞机为参照物时,跑道是向后运动的;

(2)当客机斜向上爬升时,飞行员以飞机为参照物时,将看到右侧舷窗的“天地分界线”倾斜向下的,

当客机斜向下俯冲时,飞行员以飞机为参照物时,将看到右侧舷窗的“天地分界线”倾斜向上,

当客机竖直向上爬升,飞行员以飞机为参照物时,将看到右侧舷窗的“天地分界线”还

是水平的,且与飞机的距离越来越远,

当客机竖直向下俯冲时,飞行员以飞机为参照物时,将看到右侧舷窗的“天地分界线”还是水平的,且与飞机的距离越来越近。

故答案为:(1)飞机;(2)斜向下俯冲。

运动和静止是相对的,判断物体的运动和静止,首先确定一个参照物,如果被研究的物体和参照物之间没有发生位置的改变,被研究的物体是静止的,否则是运动的。

判断一个物体的运动和静止,首先确定一个参照物,再判断被研究的物体和参照物之间的位置是否变化。

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八年级上册第一单元测试题 一、单项选择 1.----- _________ did you do last night ? ------ I played computer games in my bedroom. A. What B. How C. Why D. Where 2. Most of the ______ ______ very hot . A. city ; is B. city ; are C. cities ; is D. cities ,was 3. I spend 2 hours doing my homework and I need _____ to finish it A. the other hour B.another one hour C. one another hour D.an hour more 4. -------_______ did you ________the summer vacation? ------- It was terrible . I have too much homework to do . A.What; think B. How , liked C. How; think of D. How ; feel about 5.When it’s very hot , I _______ swimming in the pool . A. would like B. want C. feel like D. decide 6. The children are too young to look after ______. A. myself B. themselves C. they D. yourself 7. It’s only 19:00, we decide ______ home A. going B. go to C. not to go D. not to go to 8. We had great fun ________the volleyball match between the Chinese team and Japanese team. A. watch B. watched C. watches D. watching 9. How about ________a drink? A. have B. to have C. had D. having 10. The teacher made me ________at school because I didn’t finish my homework yesterday. A. stay B. staying C. to stay D. stayed 11. ------ Is _______ here ? -------Bob is not here. A. everyone B. anyone C.someone D.nobody 12. I had ________money for a taxi,so I walked home. A. no B. some C. any D. a little 13. I found an elephant ________across the river. A. walks B. walked C. to walk D. walking 14. I ________you yesterday afternoon,but you ________at home. A. call,aren’t B. am calling,aren’t C. called,were D. called,weren’t 15.A quarter ______, we felt very thirsty. A. late B. after C. later D. behind 16.There are ______ people ,so it’s very crowded (拥挤的) . A. quite a few B. a lot C. a little D. few 17.Dogs are like ______to us and they are ______ to us. A. friends ; friend B. friends ; friendly C. friendly ; friends D. friend ; friendly 18.We are _______ when we hear the ________ news -we don’t have classes tomorrow. A. exciting; excited B.excited, excited C. excited; exciting D. exciting;exciting 19. The food there is ________.I’ll take you there next time. A. delicious B. terrible C. awful D. wonder 20.We had great fun ________in the water last weekend. A. play B. played C. playing D. to play 21. The food is ________, but I have ________ to buy. A. enough expensive ; enough money B. cheap enough ; enough money C. expensive enough ; money enough D. enough expensive ; money enough 22.There isn’t ______ with your bicycle, you can ride home. A. something wrong B. anything wrong C.wrong something D. nothing wrong 23. ---- I usually go there by train. ------Why not _________ by boat ? A.to try going B.try to go C.to try to go D.try going

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