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研究生科技英语阅读课文翻译(1-10)

研究生科技英语阅读课文翻译(1-10)
研究生科技英语阅读课文翻译(1-10)

Unit 1 Genetically modified foods -- Feed the World?

If you want to spark a heated debate at a dinner party, bring up the topic of genetically modified foods. For many people, the concept of genetically altered, high-tech crop production raises all kinds of environmental, health, safety and ethical questions. Particularly in countries with long agrarian traditions -- and vocal green lobbies -- the idea seems against nature.

如果你想在某次晚宴上挑起一场激烈的争论,那就提出转基因食品的话题吧。对许多人来说,高科技的转基因作物生产的概念会带来诸如环境、健康、安全和伦理等方面的各种问题。特别是在有悠久的农业生产传统和主张环保的游说集团的国家里,转基因食品的主意似乎有悖自然。

In fact, genetically modified foods are already very much a part of our lives. A third of the corn and more than half the soybeans and cotton grown in the US last year were the product of biotechnology, according to the Department of Agriculture. More than 65 million acres of genetically modified crops will be planted in the US this year. The genetic is out of the bottle.

事实上,转基因食品已经成为我们生活重要的一部分。根据农业部的统计,美国去年所种植玉米的1/3,大豆和棉花的一半以上都是生物技术的产物。今年,美国将种植6500多万英亩的转基因作物。基因妖怪已经从瓶子里跑出来了。

Yet there are clearly some very real issues that need to be resolved. Like any new product entering the food chain, genetically modified foods must be subjected to rigorous testing. In wealthy countries, the debate about biotech is tempered by the fact that we have a rich array of foods to choose from -- and a supply that far exceeds our needs. In developing countries desperate to feed fast-growing and underfed populations; the issue is simpler and much more urgent: Do the benefits of biotech outweigh the risks?

但是,显然还有一些非常现实的问题需要解决。就像任何一种要进入食物链的新食品一样,转基因食品必须经过严格的检验。在富裕的国家里,由于有大量丰富的食品可供选择,而且供应远远超过需求,所以关于生物技术的争论相对缓和一些。在迫切想要养活其迅速增长而又吃不饱的人口的发展中国家,问题比较简单,也更加紧迫:生物技术的好处是否大于风险呢?

The statistics on population growth and hunger are disturbing. Last year the world's population reached 6 billion. And by 2050, the UN estimates, it will probably near 9 billion. Almost all that growth will occur in developing countries. At the same time, the world's available cultivable land per person is declining. Arable land has

declined steadily since 1960 and will decease by half over the next 50 years, according to the International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-Biotech Applications (ISAAA).

关于人口增长和饥饿的统计数字读来令人感到不安。去年,世界人口达到了60亿。联合国预测,到2D0年,这个数字很可能将接近90亿,而增加的人口几乎都来自发展中国家。与此同时,世界人均耕地正在减少。国际农业生物工程应用技术采购管理局(ISAAA)称,自1960年以来,耕地面积一直持续下降,并将在今后50年减少一半。

The UN estimates that nearly 800 million people around the world are undernourished. The effects are devastating. About 400 million women of childbearing age are iron deficient, which means their babies are exposed to various birth defects. As many as 100 million children suffer from vitamin A deficiency, a leading cause of blindness. Tens of millions of people suffer from other major ailments and nutritional deficiencies caused by lack of food.

联合国估计,世界上有近8亿人口营养不良。它产生的效应是破坏性的。大约有4亿的育龄妇女体内缺铁,也就是说,她们的婴儿将可能有各种天生的缺陷。数量多达1亿的儿童缺乏维生素A,这是导致失明的主要原因。还有数千万的人患有因食物匮乏而导致的其他严重疾病和营养不良症。

How can biotech help? Biotechnologists have developed genetically modified rice that is fortified with beta-carotene -- which the body converts into vitamin A -- and additional iron, and they are working on other kinds of nutritionally improved crops. Biotech can also improve farming productivity in places where food shortages are caused by crop damage attribution to pests, drought, poor soil and crop viruses, bacteria or fungi.

生物技术对此能做些什么呢?生物技术专家已经培育出了含有β—胡萝卜素(身体可将之转化为维生素A)和更多铁元素的转基因水稻,目前正在研究培育其他一些增进营养成分的农作物。生物技术还可以帮助提高因虫害、干旱、土壤贫瘠和作物病毒、细菌或真菌导致作物减产而出现食物匮乏的地区的农业生产率。

Damage caused by pests is incredible. The European corn borer, for example, destroys 40 million tons of the world's corn crop annually, about 7% of the total. Incorporating pest-resistant genes into seeds can help restore the balance. In trials of pest-resistant cotton in Africa, yields have increased significantly. So far, fears that genetically modified, pest-resistant crops might kill good insects as well as bad appear unfounded.

虫害带来的损失令人难以置信。例如,欧洲玉米螟每年毁掉4000万吨玉米,

占世界玉米总产量的7%。把抗虫害的基因植入种子可以帮助避免这一损失。在非洲进行的抗虫害棉花试验中,棉花的产量已大幅度提高。有人担心,抗虫害的转基因作物不仅将害虫杀死,而且有可能连益虫也一起杀死,但到目前为止,这种担心似乎没有根据。

Viruses often cause massive failure in staple crops in developing countries. Two years age, Africa lost more than half its cassava crop -- a key source of calories -- to the mosaic virus. Genetically modified, virus-resistant crops can reduce that damage, as can drought-tolerant seeds in regions where water shortages limit the amount of land under cultivation. Biotech can also help solve the problem of soil that contains excess aluminum, which can damage roots and cause many staple-crop failures. A gene that helps neutralize aluminum toxicity in rice has been identified.

病毒常常在发展中国家造成主要粮食作物的大面积歉收。两年前,花叶病毒使非洲损失了超过一半的木薯,而这种作物是当地人的主要食物。转基因的抗病毒作物可以减少这种损失,就像抗干旱种子在可耕地面积因缺水而受到限制的地区起到的作用一样。含铝过高的土壤会损伤作物的根系并使许多主要作物歉收,对于这种问题生物技术也能帮助解决。目前,研究人员已经识别出一种有助于中和水稻里铝的毒性的基因。

Many scientists believe biotech could raise overall crop productivity in developing countries as much as 25% and help prevent the loss of those crops after they are harvested.

许多科学家认为,生物技术能够把发展中国家的农业总产量提高25%,并且帮助防止作物收割后遭受损失。

Yet for all that promise, biotech is far from being the whole answer. In developing countries, lost crops are only one cause of hunger. Poverty plays the largest role. Today more than 1 billion people around the globe live on less than ' 1 a day. Making genetically modified crops available will not reduce hunger if farmers cannot afford to grow them or if the local population cannot afford to buy the food those farmers produce.

尽管具有这么多潜力,生物技术还远远不能解决全部问题。在发展中国家,作物歉收只是造成饥饿的一个原因。贫穷才是罪魁祸首。今天,全世界有超过10亿人口每天靠不到1美元维持生计。如果农民没钱种植转基因作物或当地人买不起农民种出的粮食,培育转基因作物就无法减少饥饿。

Nor can biotech overcome the challenge of distributing food in developing countries. Taken as a whole, the world produces enough food to feed everyone -- but much of it is simply in the wrong place. Especially in countries with undeveloped

transport infrastructures, geography restricts food availability as dramatically as genetics promises to improve it.

此外,生物技术也无法克服在发展中国家分配粮食的难题。从整体上看,世界生产的粮食足够养活所有人,但大部分粮食却不是在需要的地方。尤其在运输基础设施落后的国家,地理条件对食物供给的限制正如遗传学为食物供给带来的希望一样大。

Biotech has its own "distribution" problems. Private-sector biotech companies in the rich countries carry out much of the leading-edge research on genetically modified crops. Their products are often too costly for poor farmers in the developing world, and many of those products won't even reach the regions where they are most needed. Biotech firms have a strong financial incentive to target rich markets first in order to help them rapidly recoup the high costs of product development. But some of these companies are responding to needs of poor countries. A London-based company, for example, has announced that it will share with developing countries technology needed to produce vitamin-enriched "golden rice".

生物技术也面临自身的“分配”问题。许多转基因作物方面的尖端研究都是富国的私营生物技术公司进行的。对发展中国家的穷苦农民来说,这些公司的产品通常显得过于昂贵,而且这些产品中的大部分甚至无法到达最需要的地区。强大的经济刺激促使生物技术公司把富裕国家的市场作为第一目标,以便能够尽快回收产品开发的高额成本。不过,有些公司已开始对贫穷国家的需要做出反应。例如,一家总部在伦敦的公司已经宣布,它愿意和发展中国家一起分享生产维生素增强型的“金水稻”所需的技术。

More and more biotech research is being carried out in developing countries. But to increase the impact of genetic research on the food production of those countries, there is a need for better collaboration between government agencies -- both local and in developed countries -- and private biotech firms. The ISAAA, for example, is successfully partnering with the US Agency for International Development, local researches and private biotech companies to find and deliver biotech solutions for farmers in developing countries.

发展中国家正在进行越来越多的生物技术研究。但是,为扩大遗传学研究对这些国家的粮食生产的影响,政府各部门(包括当地政府部门和发达国家的政府部门)与私营生物技术公司之间需要更好的合作。例如,国际农业生物工程应用技术采购管理局目前正与美国国际发展署、当地的研究人员以及私营的生物技术公司进行成功的合作,以帮助发展中国家的农民寻求生物技术方面的解决办法。

Will "Franken foods" feed the world? Biotech is not a panacea, but it does

promise to transform agriculture in many developing countries. If that promise is not fulfilled, the real losers will be their people, who could suffer for years to come.

“弗兰肯食品”能养活世界吗?生物技术虽不是万灵药,但它确实有希望改造许多发展中国家的农业。如果这种希望不能实现,真正的受害者将是这些国家的人民,他们可能会在未来的岁月里遭受苦难。

Unit 2 The Biology of Skin Color:Black and White 10年之前当时在西澳大学的人类学家Nina Jalonski被要求做一项关于人类皮肤的演说。作为灵长类进化研究的专家,她决定对肤色的进化史研讨一番,可是当她对课题进行文献研究时,结果却使她倍感失望。在1970年之前的较为新的理论都存在种族主义,而另外的文献则相当缺乏说服力。比如,有研究发表说白色皮肤可以更好的抵御寒冷。1970年之后,研究人员渐渐认识到对于研究皮肤这样的课题变的无足轻重,因为这样的研究总是收获甚微。Jalonski说:这个事实人人皆知,只是无人再议而已。

不久之后,Jablonski和她的丈夫Geoge Chaplin(一位地理信息系统专家)发表了第一份综合性肤色论。该文章发表于人类进化日报中,该文章说明了肤色与全球光线强度之间存在强烈且可预测的关联。但同时他们的发现也产生了一个深层次且令人吃惊的结论:肤色与维他命存在密切的联系。

作为加利福尼亚学术研究部门的领导,Jablonski首先假设我们最早的人类祖先有着与大猩猩(生物学角度最密切)类似的皮肤。在450万年到200万年以前,早起人类从热带雨林中脱离,开始走向非洲东部大草原。在以前的大草原上,人们不仅仅要更多的暴露于阳光下,而且他们忙于收集食物。哺乳动物的大脑非常害怕过热,只需要5、6个级别的热量就能使他们中暑,因此我们祖先不得不发明更好的解暑办法。

答案很简单,那就是通过蒸发带走热量。早起人类可能汗腺极少就像大猩猩一样,汗腺可能主要集中于他们的手掌中和脚底。然而有时,某些个体会比通常的个体长更多汗腺。这些汗腺更多的人,他们可以在热量驱逐他们躲在阴凉下之前有更长的时间去找食物。因此他们能得到更多食物,使得他们能孕育更健康的后代,并且将发达的汗腺遗传给后代。

在几百万年的自然选择后,人类的身体上已经拥有大约200万个汗腺。人类的皮肤相对于大猩猩的毛减少许多。加利福尼亚大学的人类学家Adrienne Zihlaman说:这样使得我们人类在沐浴后毛发干燥的更快。

然而,缺少毛发的皮肤非常容易遭到紫外线的破坏。科学家提出了一种假说:人类的肤色由黑色素所决定,而黑色素可以吸收或者分解紫外线。但是紫外线是什么呢?一些研究人员只出它是皮肤癌的起因。癌症通常是由于人体的恶性增

殖,是由日常生活习惯引起的。还有一些事实表明阳光晒过的乳腺将影响女性哺乳,但是较为黝黑的皮肤可以有效保护这些哺乳女性。

Jablonski在澳大利亚准备演讲期间,她曾做过关于紫外线对叶酸(一种维他命B的混合物)的影响的研究。研究表明如果你的皮肤白净那么强烈的阳光会使得叶酸等级减半。Jablonski发现这个关系仅用了几周的时间。在胚胎开发的高级阶段,Jablonski了解到过低的叶酸水准与神经管损伤相关,比如脊柱裂或先天无脑畸形(婴儿生来就没有健全的大脑和脊柱)。

Jablonski随后通过三篇文献得知孩子的神经管损伤与它的母亲孕期暴露于紫外线下密切相关。而且她发现叶酸与精液水平密切相关——通过抑制叶酸可以起到避孕作用。(Jablonski说:叶酸无处不在,它几乎影响我们的全身上下)。她现在发现了一些有趣的证明:叶酸让会我们慢慢进化出黑色皮肤,但是为什么有人皮肤却很白呢。

追溯到1960年,生物学家W.FarsworthLooms曾发表说肤色与人体的维生素D 水平相关。而维他命D可以帮助人体吸收钙质构成坚硬的骨骼,尤其是快速发育的胚胎。(孕期需要很多的维生素D,这也就解释了为什么从世界范围来看女性的皮肤要比男性白皙。)不同于叶酸,维生素D需要紫外线的配合以发挥作用。Loomis坚信生活在北方的人由于那里光线较弱所以他们的皮肤较为白以便吸收更多的紫外线;而生活在热带地区的人们则长有黑色皮肤以便阻挡阳光,使得身体吸收较为均衡的维生素D不至于过量(过量的维生素D会有毒性)。

由于Jablonski的研究Loomis的部分研究成果已经被证明是错误的。Jablonski 说:你可以永远不乏获得过量维生素D,因为只有极少数的人们会发生鱼肝油过量。但是Loomis对于皮肤白皙的论点是正确的,这个论点完美的证明了Jablonski 对于叶酸和黑色皮肤的论点。接下的任务就是找到数据说明肤色与光线强度的关系。

到80年代,研究人员只能估算紫外线到达地球表面的量,但是在1978年的时候NASA启动了全球臭氧光谱绘制计划。三年后,Jablonski和Chaplin利用全球紫外线光谱数据,并且拿这些数据与他们统计的50个国家和地区的人们肤色进行对比。令他们兴奋不已的是,他们提出的结论完全正确:紫外线越弱,人们的肤色越白皙。Jablonski之后又统计了50个不同地区的严重缺少维生素D的人群。Jablonski说:这个人类历史解决维生素D缺乏是在他们学会钓鱼后,因此他们可以获得更加丰富的实物后,维生素D的问题就已经解决了。

人类的历史中绝大多数时间用来不停地移动,因为这样他们在面对各种环境中才学会了使用工具,制作衣服,解决居住问题并且产生了自己的饮食习惯。但是Jablonski的论点指出我们的适应力非常强。热带的人们拥有黑色皮色以便他们阻挡紫外线以便他们保护自己的叶酸水平。而远离赤道的人们在漫长的冬季

中,长出了白皙的皮肤以便产生足够的维生素D。

Jablonski希望她的研究可以改善人们饮食中的维生素D和叶酸的摄入量。比如,总所周知黑色皮肤的人去阴雨地带生活会产生像佝偻病等这样由于缺少维生素D而产生的症状。更重要的是,Jablonski希望人们可以通过她的研究改变会不同肤色的人们的看法。Jablonski说:我们应该将这个理论传播到热带地区,让人们去了解它,用它去解决分歧、误解等等,它完全有这个能力.

Unit 3 Can Dirt Do A Little Good?不干不净孩子没病?

正如最近一部电影《阳光宝贝》(Babies)所展现的,世界各地的宝宝都如此可爱迷人,但他们所处的卫生条件却各不相同。影片追随四个身处不同地方的婴儿在这个世界上第一个年头里的生命历程。彭力交(Ponijao)出生在纳米比亚(Namibia)一个游牧民族家庭,从小喝

Infants are enchanting all over the world, as the new movie 'Babies' shows. But their standards of hygiene sure vary.

如最近一部电影《阳光宝贝》(Babies)所展现的,世界各地的宝宝都如此可爱迷人,但他们所处的卫生条件却各不相同。

The film captures the first year of life for four diverse babies. In a nomadic family in Namibia, Ponijao drinks from muddy streams, chews on dry bones and uses her many siblings' body parts as toys.

影片追随四个身处不同地方的婴儿在这个世界上第一个年头里的生命历程。彭力交(Ponijao)出生在纳米比亚(Namibia)一个游牧民族家庭,从小喝脏水,啃干骨头,和她的许许多多个兄弟姐妹们扭打,作为自己的玩耍方式。

On a small family farm in Mongolia, a rooster struts around little Bayar's bed, a goat drinks from his bathwater and livestock serve as babysitters.

在蒙古国一个家庭小农场里,一只大公鸡在小小的巴亚尔(Bayar)的床边来回踱步,一只山羊过来喝他的洗澡水,周围的家畜就是照料他的保姆。

By contrast, Mari, growing up in high-rise, high-tech Tokyo, and Hattie, whose doting parents live a 'green' lifestyle in San Francisco, both have modern conveniences and sanitation.

与此形成鲜明对比的是,玛丽(Mari)出生在高楼林立的科技之城东京,海蒂(Hattie) 的父母将其视为掌上明珠,在旧金山过着“绿色”的生活方式,两个孩子都享受着便捷的现代生活和干净的卫生环境。

Statistically, Mari and Hattie are healthier. Some 42 out of 1,000 children in Namibia, and 41 out of 1,000 in Mongolia die before their 5th birthday; compared with only 8 in 1,000 in the U.S. and only 4 in Japan.

数据显示,玛丽和海蒂的身体更健康。在纳米比亚,每1000个孩子中约有42个在过五岁生日前夭折,蒙古为41个;而在美国和日本,这一数字仅为8个和4个。

Yet the upscale urban infants are at higher risk for some health problems -- including allergies, asthma and autoimmune diseases like Type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis and inflammatory bowel disease -- than the babies in the rural developing world.

不过,城市里的宝宝虽然生活条件优越,但与欠发达国家农村地区的宝宝相比,患上某些疾病的风险更高,包括过敏症、哮喘,以及1型糖尿病、多发性硬化和炎症性肠病等自身免疫性疾病。

While the film makes no mention of hygiene in any of the countries, its images evoke an intriguing medical controversy: Are we too clean, with our preoccupation for hand-sanitizers, disinfectants and anti-microbial products? Now, there's research that suggests there may be a way to get the best of both worlds.

虽然《阳光宝贝》所表达的主旨并非任何一个国家的卫生状况,但片中很多画面引发了一场医学方面的有趣争论。对我们这些非常看重消毒剂、杀菌剂和抗菌产品的城市人来说,到底有没有必要让自己的生活环境太干净?现在,有一项研究认为,也许有一种方法可以拉近两个世界的距离,让彼此取长补短。

According to the 'hygiene hypothesis,' first proposed in 1989, exposure to a variety of bacteria, viruses and parasitic worms early in life helps prime a child's immune system, much like sensory experiences program his brain. Without such early instruction, the immune system may go haywire and overreact with allergies to foods, pollen and pet dander or turn on the body's own tissue, setting off autoimmune disorders.

根据1989年首次提出的“卫生假说”(hygiene hypothesis)理论,孩子在成长早期如果接触多种病毒、细菌和寄生虫,将有利于其免疫系统的发展,似乎这样能促进大脑对其做出更好的防御准备。反之,如果缺乏这类早期接触,免疫系统就可能出现紊乱,做出过激反应,如对食物、花粉和宠物毛屑过敏等,或者引发人体机理问题,出现自身免疫失调。

Many of these microorganisms evolved symbiotically with humans over millions of years -- the so-called 'old friends' theory. But where they've been eradicated, a key part of human development has been thrown off. 数百万年以来,许多微生物与人类形成一种共生共栖的关系,就像我们的“老朋友”一样;如果我们将某种微生物连根拔除,就等于错过了人体进化历程中的一个关键环节。

'The vast majority of microbes are harmless. There are only a few dozen that can

cause lethal infections,' says Thomas McDade, director of the Laboratory for Human Biology Research at Northwestern University.

“绝大多数微生物都是无害的,只有几十种微生物会引发致命感染。”美国西北大学(Northwestern University)人体生物研究实验室(Laboratory for Human Biology Research)主任麦克戴德(Thomas McDade)说道。

In 1998, about 1 in 5 children in industrialized countries suffered from allergic diseases such as asthma, allergies and rashes, according to the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood, a global research initiative. The incidence of peanut allergy in the U.S. tripled between 1997 and 2008, according to a report from Mount Sinai School of Medicine in New York.

“国际儿童哮喘及过敏研究”(International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood)是一项全球性的调查,其数据显示,1998年在发达国家中,只有约20%的孩子患有哮喘、过敏和疹子等过敏性疾病。纽约西奈山医学院(Mount Sinai School of Medicine)的一个报告称,从1997年到2008年,美国的花生过敏症发病率增长了两倍。

But such diseases are still relatively rare in Africa and rural Asia, as are Type 1 diabetes and multiple sclerosis.

然而,上述疾病在非洲和亚洲农村地区依然相对罕见,1型糖尿病和多发性硬化也是如此。

'The geographical distribution of allergic and autoimmune diseases is a mirror image of the geographical distribution of various infections diseases,' says a report by French researchers in a March issue of the journal Clinical & Experimental Immunology devoted to the hygiene hypothesis.

“过敏症和自身免疫性疾病的地域分布与各类感染性疾病的地域分布恰恰相反。”2010年一位法国研究人员在今年3月《临床与实验免疫学杂志》(Clinical & Experimental Immunology)上发表的一篇文章中说道。该杂志专门研究“卫生假说”理论。

Exposure to immune-stimulating germs may also lower the risk of heart disease, according to Dr. McDade. In a study of 1,700 Filipinos followed from birth to age 21 published this year in the journal Proceedings of the Royal Society, those who grew up around chicken, pigs and dogs and had bouts of diarrhea in childhood had lower rates of C-reactive protein, an inflammation marker that has been linked to cardiovascular disease, as young adults.

麦克戴德称,接触那些能刺激免疫机能的微生物还可能有助于降低心脏疾病的发病率。2010年,英国《皇家学会学报》(Proceedings of the Royal Society)发表

了一个报告:一项对1700名菲律宾人从出生到21岁的长期调查显示,那些从小在有鸡鸭猪狗的生活环境中长大、小时候得过几次痢疾的人,成年后体内C反应蛋白的浓度较低。C反应蛋白是一种炎症标志物,与心血管疾病有一定的关联。

There are other dangers lurking in muddy water and animal feces. Nearly 70% of the 8.8 million deaths of children under age 5 world-wide in 2008 were caused by infectious diseases, most frequently pneumonia, diarrhea and malaria, according to an analysis in the Lancet last week.

但脏水和动物排泄物也潜藏着其他一些危险。英国医学杂志《柳叶刀》(Lancet)2010年五月中旬发表的一篇分析报告称,在2008年全球880万5岁前夭折的孩子中,有近70%死于感染性疾病,最常见的是肺炎、痢疾和疟疾。

Even though rural Africa and Asia have made enormous strides in public health in the past decade, infant mortality stands at 31 per 1,000 in Namibia and 34 per 1,000 in Mongolia, compared to 7 per 1,000 in the U.S. and 3 per 1,000 in Japan.

虽然过去10年来非洲和亚洲的农村地区在公共卫生方面有了巨大进步,但纳米比亚的婴儿死亡率仍高达千分之31,蒙古为千分之34,而美国和日本的婴儿死亡率仅为千分之七和千分之三。

Scientists are still working on ways to separate good germs from bad ones; in the meantime, they have a few insights: Studies have shown that children who grow up with household pets have fewer allergies and less asthma than those who don't.

科学家仍在寻找办法把好的微生物与坏的微生物区分开来,在此过程中,他们有了几点深入发现。研究表明,从小和家庭宠物一起长大的孩子患过敏症和哮喘病的几率较低。

Michael Bell, an infectious disease specialist and deputy director of Healthcare Quality Promotion at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, says that people should be vigilant about wound care since bacteria can cause problems if they get into the blood stream, and he still advocates hand-washing. 'If you're not doing it 10 times a day, you're probably not doing it enough,' he says. But he and other experts say that regular soap and water are fine in most cases. Sterilizing hands is critical mainly for health-care workers and in hospitals, where disease-causing germs are prevalent and can easily spread.

美国疾病控制与预防中心(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)医疗质量改进部(Healthcare Quality Promotion)副主任及感染病专家贝尔(Michael Bell)说,人们应该警惕伤口感染,因为一旦病毒侵入血液,就会造成各种问题。他还是提倡人们勤洗手。“一天至少要洗10次手。”贝尔说。不过,他和其他一些专家表示,在大多数情况下,洗手用普通的肥皂和水就行了。手部消毒主要适用于医

疗工作者以及医院场所内,因为医院里的致病微生物较多,而且容易传播开来。

Many experts advise common sense. 'We don't want to say to children, 'OK, play by the dirty river bank and catch whatever you can,'' says Dr. Weinstock. 'But we can say there's nothing wrong with kids playing in the dirt. They don't have to live in total sanitation, and they won't die from eating something off the floor. It's probably more healthy than not.'

许多专家建议人们凭常识办事。“我们不会对孩子们说:‘好,去肮脏的河边玩吧,想抓什么就抓什么。’”温斯托克(Weinstock)医生说,“但可以这样讲,小孩子玩泥巴没什么大不了的,他们不必生活在完全干净的环境中,也不会因为吃掉到地上的东西就死掉。这样说不定会使他们更健康。”

Unit 4 Is Time Travel Possible?

Hello. My name is Stephen Hawking. Physicist, cosmologist and something of a d reamer. Although I cannot move and I have to speak through a computer, in my mind I am free. Free to explore the universe and ask the big questions, such as: is time trave l possible? Can we open a portal to the past or find a shortcut to the future? Can we ul timately use the laws of nature to become masters of time itself?

大家好,我是斯蒂芬-霍金,是物理学家、宇宙学家及梦想家,尽管身体不能活动,只能通过电脑与大家交流,但从内心中我是自由的,自由地探索宇宙,思考以下重大问题:时间旅行是否可行?能否打开一个回到过去的通道,或找到通向未来的捷径?我们最终能否利用自然规律成为掌控时间的主人?

To see how this might be possible, we need to look at time as physicists do - at the fourth dimension. It's not as hard as it sounds. Every attentive schoolchild knows that all physical objects, even me in my chair, exist in three dimensions. Everything has a width and a height and a length.

为了让这一切从虚幻变成现实,我们应以物理学家的角度来重新审视时间——即第四维。这个问题没有听上去那么晦涩难懂。每个好学的孩子都知道,任何物体都以三维形式存在,包括坐在轮椅上的我。一切物体都有宽度、高度和长度。But there is another kind of length, a length in time. While a human may survive for 80 years, the stones at Stonehenge, for instance, have stood around for thousands of y ears. And the solar system will last for billions of years. Everything has a length in tim e as well as space. Travelling in time means travelling through this fourth dimension.

此外,还有一种长度——时间的长度。例如,虽然一个人可能活了80岁,但

巨石阵的石头却数千年屹立不倒。太阳系的运行将持续数十亿年。一切物体都有时间以及空间的长度。时间旅行意味着我们要经过第四维。

To see what that means, let's imagine we're doing a bit of normal, everyday car tra vel. Drive in a straight line and you're travelling in one dimension. Turn right or left a nd you add the second dimension. Drive up or down a twisty mountain road and that a dds height, so that's travelling in all three dimensions. But how on Earth do we travel i n time? How do we find a path through the fourth dimension?

要想搞明白这一点,我们可以想象正在从事一种日常活动,比如开车。开车沿直线行驶,是在一维中旅行。向左转或是向右转,则是二维旅行。驱车上下山路意味着又多增加了高度,所以是在三维空间内。那么我们怎样才能实现时间旅行?怎样才能发现穿越第四维的通道呢?

Let's indulge in a little science fiction for a moment. Time travel movies often fea ture a vast, energy-hungry machine. The machine creates a path through the fourth di mension, a tunnel through time. A time traveller, a brave, perhaps foolhardy individua l, prepared for who knows what, steps into the time tunnel and emerges who knows w hen. The concept may be far-fetched, and the reality may be very different from this, b ut the idea itself is not so crazy.

让我们暂时从科幻电影中寻找答案吧。在此类电影中,通常会有一台巨大而高能耗的时间机器,这台机器产生通往第四维的通道——“时光隧道”。时光旅行者——勇敢但可能有些鲁莽的人,做好我们大家所知道的准备,然后走进时光隧道,来到一个他们想要到达的时间里。这一概念可能有些牵强,事实可能与之存在着天壤之别,但该想法本身不是那么的疯狂。

Physicists have been thinking about tunnels in time too, but we come at it from a different angle. We wonder if portals to the past or the future could ever be possible w ithin the laws of nature. As it turns out, we think they are. What's more, we've even gi ven them a name: wormholes. The truth is that wormholes are all around us, only they 're too small to see. Wormholes are very tiny. They occur in nooks and crannies in spa ce and time. You might find it a tough concept, but stay with me.

物理学家们也在思考时光隧道,但我们的角度不同。我们想搞清过去或未来的通道是否存在于自然规律中?事实证明,我们认为确实是这样的。而且,我们还给它们起了一个名字:虫洞。其实,虫洞无处不在,只是因为太小,我们肉眼看不到罢了。虫洞非常小,存在于时空的隐蔽处和缝隙里。你或许认为这是一个难以理解的概念,请耐心听我继续解释吧。

Nothing is flat or solid. If you look closely enough at anything you'll find holes a nd wrinkles in it. It's a basic physical principle, and it even applies to time. Even some

thing as smooth as a pool ball has tiny crevices, wrinkles and voids. Now it's easy to s how that this is true in the first three dimensions. But trust me, it's also true of the four th dimension. There are tiny crevices, wrinkles and voids in time. Down at the smalles t of scales, smaller even than molecules, smaller than atoms, we get to a place called t he quantum foam. This is where wormholes exist. Tiny tunnels or shortcuts through s pace and time constantly form, disappear, and reform within this quantum world. And they actually link two separate places and two different times.

任何物质都不是平整无暇和实心的,如果仔细观察,会发现它们上面都存在小孔和裂缝,这是一个基本的物理原理,同样适用于时间。即便是像台球一样的东西,上面也有裂缝、褶皱或空洞。现在容易说明这种情况也存在于第一个三维中。相信我,这一原理同样适用于第四维。时间也存在许多微小的裂缝、褶皱和空洞。在最小的刻度下——比分子甚至原子都小,我们来到一个称为量子泡沫(quantum foam)的地方,这是虫洞存在之处。时空中的微小隧道或捷径不停地在这个量子世界中形成、消失和重新形成。它们可以连接两个隔离的空间以及两个不同的时间。

Unfortunately, these real-life time tunnels are just a billion-trillion-trillionths of a centimetre across. Way too small for a human to pass through - but here's where the n otion of wormhole time machines is leading. Some scientists think it may be possible to capture a wormhole and enlarge it many trillions of times to make it big enough for a human or even a spaceship to enter.

不幸的是,现实生活中这种时光隧道非常狭小,即使发现了它们,我们也不能从这个缝隙穿过——可这正是“虫洞时间机器”概念的前进方向。部分科学家认为,或许有一天捕捉到一个虫洞,将它放大数万亿倍,令其足够的大,能让人甚至飞船进入。

Given enough power and advanced technology, perhaps a giant wormhole could even be constructed in space. I'm not saying it can be done, but if it could be, it would be a truly remarkable device. One end could be here near Earth, and the other far, far away, near some distant planet.

如果我们拥有足够的能量和先进的技术,将来或许甚至能在太空中建造一个巨型虫洞。我并不是说一定可以做到,但如果真的有这种装置,那么确实很了不起。一端在地球的附近,另一端则在遥远的星球附近。从理论上讲,虫洞或时光隧道不仅仅能把我们带到别的星球。一端在地球的附近,另一端则在遥远的星球附近。

Theoretically, a time tunnel or wormhole could do even more than take us to other planets. If both ends were in the same place, and separated by time instead of distance,

a ship could fly in and come out still near Earth, but in the distant past. Maybe dinosaurs would witness the ship coming in for a landing.

从理论上讲,虫洞或时光隧道不仅仅能把我们带到别的星球。如果两端在同一个地方,且由时间而非距离分离,在遥远的过去,飞船就能在地球附近自由出入。或许恐龙会看到飞船登陆的场景。

The fastest manned vehicle in history was Apollo 10. It reached 25,000mph. But to travel in time we'll have to go more than 2,000 times faster.

在人类历史上,速度最快的载人飞船“阿波罗”10号,速度为每小时2.5万英里(约合每小时4万公里),但要实现在时间中旅行,我们的速度必须是“阿波罗”10号速度的2000倍。

Now, I realize that thinking in four dimensions is not easy, and that wormholes are a tricky concept to wrap your head around, but hang in there. 如今,我意识到以四维方式思考并不容易,虫洞是一个令你绞尽脑汁的概念。

A well-known problem with time travel to the past, the problem of what we call paradoxes. Paradoxes are fun to think about. The most famous one is usually called the Grandfather paradox. I have a new, simpler version I call the Mad Scientist paradox.

一个原因可能是回到过去的时间旅行所存在的问题——我们称之为悖论,一个众所周知的问题。探讨悖论是一件很有趣的事情,最著名的悖论通常被称为“祖父悖论”。我有一个新的简化版本——“疯狂科学家”悖论。

I don't like the way scientists in movies are often described as mad, but in this case, it's true. This chap is determined to create a paradox, even if it costs him his life. Imagine, somehow, he's built a wormhole, a time tunnel that stretches just one minute into the past.

我不喜欢一些电影中科学家被描述成疯狂的群体,但在这种情况下,确实如此。这个家伙决心建立一个悖论,即便付出生命代价在所不惜。可以想见,他是在建造虫洞——仅需一分钟就来到过去的时光隧道。通过虫洞,这位科学家可以看到他一分钟以前的自我。

Through the wormhole, the scientist can see himself as he was one minute ago. But what if our scientist uses the wormhole to shoot his earlier self? He's now dead. So who fired the shot? It's a paradox. It just doesn't make sense. It's the sort of situation that gives cosmologists nightmares.

如果这位科学家利用虫洞向以前的自我开枪,会发生什么事情?他现在已经一命呜呼。那又是谁开的枪呢?这便是一个悖论,听上去毫无意义。但这却是那种让宇宙学家做噩梦的状况。

This kind of time machine would violate a fundamental rule that governs the entire universe - that causes happen before effects, and never the other way around. I believe things can't make themselves impossible. If they could then there'd be nothing to stop the whole universe from descending into chaos. So I think something will always happen that prevents the paradox. Somehow there must be a reason why our scientist will never find himself in a situation where he could shoot himself. And in this case, I'm sorry to say, the wormhole itself is the problem.

这种时间机器会违反整个宇宙所遵循的基本规则。我认为一切皆有可能。如果真是如此,那么就没有任何办法阻止整个宇宙陷入混乱。所以,我认为有些事情总会发生以阻止这种悖论。在某种程度上,这或许是科学家永远不会发现他面临向自己开枪境地的原因。在这种情况下,我只能遗憾地告诉大家,虫洞本身就是一个问题。

In the end, I think a wormhole like this one can't exist. And the reason for that is feedback. If you've ever been to a rock gig, you'll probably recognise this screeching noise. It's feedback. What causes it is simple. Sound enters the microphone. It's transmitted along the wires, made louder by the amplifier, and comes out at the speakers. But if too much of the sound from the speakers goes back into the mic it goes around and around in a loop getting louder each time. If no one stops it, feedback can destroy the sound system.

最后,我认为像这样的虫洞不能存在,原因就是反馈。如果你有到摇滚演唱会现场观看演出的经历,你可能会辨别出这种尖利的噪音。这就是反馈,引起反馈的原因很简单。声音进入麦克风,通过电线传播,经由扩音器令声音放大,在一个环状物内绕来绕去,每次令声音比上一次更大。如果没人阻止,反馈能够破坏音响系统。

The same thing will happen with a wormhole, only with radiation instead of sound. As soon as the wormhole expands, natural radiation will enter it, and end up in a loop. The feedback will become so strong it destroys the wormhole. So although tiny wormholes do exist, and it may be possible to inflate one some day, it won't last long enough to be of use as a time machine.

虫洞也会遇到这种问题,只不过声音换成了辐射。一旦虫洞变大,大自然的辐射物会进入,最终形成一个环路。反馈变得如此强劲,最终摧毁虫洞。虽然微型虫洞确实存在,也有可能在某一天不断膨胀,但持续时间不会太长久,所以不能当作时间机器使用。

Any kind of time travel to the past through wormholes or any other method is probably impossible, otherwise paradoxes would occur. So sadly, it looks like time

travel to the past is never going to happen. A disappointment for dinosaur hunters and a relief for historians.

任何通过虫洞和其他方式回到过去的时间旅行或许都是不可能的,否则,悖论就会出现.因此,遗憾的是,回到过去的时间旅行应该永远不会上演。对于寻找恐龙的人来说,这会令他们大失所望,但对于历史学家而言,他们可以彻底解脱了。

Unit 5 The end of e-mail age

Email has had a good run as king of communications. But its reign is over.

电子邮件作为通信之王经历了飞速发展。不过它的统治时代已经终结。

In its place, a new generation of services is starting to take hold -- services like Tw itter and Facebook and countless others vying for a piece of the new world. And just a s email did more than a decade ago, this shift promises to profoundly rewrite the way we communicate -- in ways we can only begin to imagine.

新一代服务开始取而代之,比如Twitter、Facebook和其他无数争着想在新世界中分一杯羹的服务。如同10多年前电子邮件的出现一样,这一转变有望深刻地改写人们通信的方式──以我们刚刚能够开始想像得到的方式。

We all still use email, of course. But email was better suited to the way we used to use the Internet -- logging off and on, checking our messages in bursts. Now, we are a lways connected, whether we are sitting at a desk or on a mobile phone. The always-o n connection, in turn, has created a host of new ways to communicate that are much f aster than email, and more fun.

当然,我们仍会使用电子邮件。不过电子邮件更适合以往人们使用互联网的方式──隔三差五地登录、登出、查看信息。如今,我们总是联着网,无论我们是坐在桌子前还是用手机。这种总是联网的状态产生了一系列新的通信方式,比电子邮件要快的多,也有趣的多。

Why wait for a response to an email when you get a quicker answer over instant messaging? Thanks to Facebook, some questions can be answered without asking the m. You don't need to ask a friend whether she has left work, if she has updated her pu blic 'status' on the site telling the world so. Email, stuck in the era of attachments, see ms boring compared to services like Google Wave, currently in test phase, which allo ws users to share photos by dragging and dropping them from a desktop into a Wave, and to enter comments in near real time.

如果你可以通过及时消息更快地得到答案,为什么还要等待电子邮件回复呢?由于Facebook的出现,有些问题不必问就已经知道答案了。如果一位朋友

更新了Facebook上的公开状态,告诉全世界她已经下班了,你就无需再问她了。与目前处于测试阶段的谷歌Wave等服务相比,拖着“附件”的电子邮件看起来要枯燥得多。通过谷歌Wave,用户可以把照片从桌面拖放到Wave中,与别人分享照片,并输入评论。

Little wonder that while email continues to grow, other types of communication se rvices are growing far faster. In August 2009, 276.9 million people used email across t he U.S., several European countries, Australia and Brazil, according to Nielsen Co., u p 21% from 229.2 million in August 2008. But the number of users on social-networki ng and other community sites jumped 31% to 301.5 million people.

难怪在电子邮件继续增长之际,其他类型的通信服务却在以更高的速度增长。据尼尔森(Nielsen Co.)的数据,2009年8月,美国、欧洲的几个国家、澳大利亚和巴西有2.769亿电子邮件用户,较2008年8月的2.292亿增长了21%。而社交网站和其他社群网站的用户数量飙升了31%,至3.015亿。

So, how will these new tools change the way we communicate? Let's start with the most obvious: They make our interactions that much faster.

那么,这些新的工具将如何改变我们通信的方式?让我们先看看最一目了然的方面:它们使我们的交流互动更快了。

Years ago, we were frustrated if it took a few days for a letter to arrive. A couple of years ago, we'd complain about a half-hour delay in getting an email. Today, we gri pe about it taking an extra few seconds for a text message to go through. In a few mon ths, we may be complaining that our cellphones aren't automatically able to send mess ages to friends within a certain distance, letting them know we're nearby. (A number o f services already do this.)

很多年前,如果信件要几天才能到达,我们会感到沮丧不已。几年前,如果电子邮件接收迟了半小时,我们就会抱怨连连。而今天,如果一条文字信息的传送多花了几秒钟的时间,我们就会发牢骚。几个月后,我们可能会抱怨自己的手机不能自动地向一定距离内的朋友发短信,让他们知道我们就在附近。(已经有很多服务提供这样的功能了。)

These new services also make communicating more frequent and informal -- more like a blog comment or a throwaway aside, rather than a crafted email sent to one per son. No need to spend time writing a long email to your half-dozen closest friends abo ut how your vacation went. Now those friends, if they're interested, can watch it unfol d in real time online. Instead of sending a few emails a week to a handful of friends, y ou can send dozens of messages a day to hundreds of people who know you, or just ba rely do.

这些新的服务还会使通信更频繁和随意──更像是博客评论或随便说出的话,而不是发给一个人的精雕细琢的电子邮件。无需花费时间给你那几个最好的朋友写长长的电子邮件,谈论你的假期过的如何。如今,如果这些朋友感兴趣的话,他们可以实时地在网上了解你的度假生活。你不是每周向屈指可数的几个朋友发送几封电子邮件,而是可以每天向数百个认识你或和你半生不熟的人发送几十条消息。

Consider Twitter. The service allows users to send 140-character messages to peop le who have subscribed to see them, called followers. So instead of sending an email t o friends announcing that you just got a new job, you can just tweet it for all the peopl e who have chosen to 'follow' you to see. You can create links to particular users in me ssages by entering @ followed by their user name or send private 'direct messages' thr ough the system by typing d and the user name.

你可以考虑用Twitter。这个服务使用户可以向注册阅读用户(即关注者,followers)发送140个字符的信息。因此,你不用向朋友发封电子邮件,宣布你刚刚找到了一份新工作,你只要向所有选择“关注(follow)”的人“推(tweet)”一下就可以了。你可以在信息中创建特殊用户链接,只要输入@再加上他们的用户名,也可以通过输入“d”加用户名通过系统发送私人“直接消息”。

Facebook is part of the trend, too. Users post status updates that show up in their f riends' 'streams.' They can also post links to content and comment on it. No in-box req uired.

Facebook也是这一趋势的一部分。用户可以更新状态,显示在朋友的“流”中。他们还可以发内容链接、对其进行评论。无需收件箱。

Dozens of other companies, from AOL and Yahoo Inc. to start-ups like Yammer I nc., are building products based on the same theme.

其他几十个企业都开始建立基于同样主题的产品,包括美国在线(AOL)、雅虎(Yahoo)和Yammer这样的初创企业。

David Liu, an executive at AOL, calls it replacing the in-box with 'a river that cont inues to flow as you dip into it.'

美国在线的一位高管David Liu说,收件箱的替代品好像是“在你踏入其中,一条仍继续流淌的河”。

But the speed and ease of communication cut both ways. While making communi cation more frequent, they can also make it less personal and intimate. Communicatin g is becoming so easy that the recipient knows how little time and thought was requir ed of the sender. Yes, your half-dozen closest friends can read your vacation updates. But so can your 500 other 'friends.' And if you know all these people are reading your

updates, you might say a lot less than you would otherwise.

不过,通信的速度和舒适性也是双刃剑。尽管可以使通信变得更频繁,却也可能使它变得更缺乏私密性。通信开始变得如此简单,收件人知道发件人只需很少的时间和思考。不错,你那几个最好的朋友可以阅读你的度假情况。不过你的其他500个“朋友”也可以。如果你知道所有这些人都在阅读你的更新,你可能就不会说那么多了。

Another obvious downside to the constant stream: It's a constant stream.

持续不断流动的信息有着另外一个显而易见的不利因素:它是持续不断的That can make it harder to determine the importance of various messages. When p eople can more easily fire off all sorts of messages -- from updates about their breakfa st to questions about the evening's plans -- being able to figure out which messages ar e truly important, or even which warrant a response, can be difficult. Information over load can lead some people to tune out messages altogether.

这可能会加大判断各种信息重要性的难度。当人们可以更容易地发送从早餐到夜生活计划的各种各样的信息时,能够判断出哪些信息是确实重要的,或哪些需要回复,都不是轻而易举的事。过量的信息可能会导致一些人干脆对全部信息都置之不理。

Such noise makes us even more dependent on technology to help us communicate.Without software to help filter and organize based on factors we deem r elevant, we'd drown in the deluge.

这样的“噪声”使我们更加依赖于技术来帮助交流。如果没有软件帮助我们根据我们认为相关的因素对信息进行过滤和组织,我们就会淹没在海量的信息中。

Perhaps the biggest change that these email successors bring is more of a public pr ofile for users. In the email world, you are your name followed by a 'dot-com.' That's i t. In the new messaging world, you have a higher profile, packed with data you want t o share and possibly some you don't.

或许电子邮件的这些接班人带来的最大变化是用户的公开信息增多。在电子邮件的世界里,你就是你的名字加上“.com”。仅此而已。在新的通信世界里,你的个人信息增多了,充满你希望与人分享的数据,可能还有一些你不希望与人分享的信息。

Such a public profile has its pluses and minuses. It can draw the people communic ating closer, allowing them to exchange not only text but also all sorts of personal info rmation, even facial cues. You know a lot about the person you are talking to, even bef ore you've ever exchanged a single word.

这样的公开信息有利也有弊。它可以让人们更近地交流,使他们不仅可以交流文字,还有各种各样的个人信息,甚至是面部表情。你会通过互联网非常了解和你对话的人,甚至是在你们真正开口说第一个字之前

Unit 6 Are Cell phone Safe?

While some studies have suggested that frequent use of cell phones causes increas ed risk of brain and mouth cancers, others have found no such links. But since cell ph ones are relatively new and brain cancers grow slowly, many experts are now recomm ending taking steps to reduce exposure.

一些研究显示,经常使用手机会增加得脑部和口腔癌症的几率。有的研究却没发现两者之间有什么联系。但是,手机算是个新兴事物,而脑癌发展也缓慢,许多专家还是建议减少使用手机。

Does your cell phone increase your risk of brain cancer? Does it affect your skin or your sperm viability? Is it safe for pregnant women or children? Should you keep it in your bag, on your belt, in your pants or shirt pocket? Should you use a hands-free headset? Are present cell phone safety standards strict enough?

手机会增加得脑癌的几率吗?会不会影响皮肤或者精子活性?使用手机对孕妇或孩子安全吗?应该把手机放在哪,包里、衣服口袋,还是挂在腰带上?打电话的时候要用耳机吗?现在的手机安全标准够不够严?

You don’t know? You’re not alone.

你不知道?这很正常。

With some 4 to 5 billion cell phones now in use worldwide and hundreds of studi es seeking evidence of their health effects published in peer-reviewed journals over th e last 10 years, there’s precious little scientific certainty over whether cell phones pose any danger to those using them. For nearly every study that reports an effect, another, just as carefully conducted, finds none. All of which leaves journalists, consumer adv ocates, regulatory agencies, politicians, industry spokespersons, and cell phone users a ble to choose and interpret the results they prefer, or ignore the ones they don’t.

如今,全世界共有40-50亿手机正在使用。过去十年里,成百上千的研究也在致力于寻找手机影响健康的证据,并在相关刊物上发表论文。但还没有确凿的证据能证明,使用手机损害健康。几乎没有研究发现手机对健康有不良影响。但这还是没影响到政治家、新闻记者、管理机构、产业发言人、消费者保护团体,还有消费者自己,选择他们喜好的结果去理解,忽略不喜欢的那些。

Do you, for instance, cite the studies that report adverse effects on sperm viabilit y and motility, due to exposure to cell phone radiation or the studies that showed no–

研究生英语综合教程(上)熊海虹课文翻译

Unit One 核心员工的特征 大卫·G.詹森1核心员工究竟是什么样子的?几乎每次进行调查时,我都会从雇主们那里听到“核心员工”这个名词。我请一位客户——一位正参与研究的人事部经理,给我解释一下。“每家公司都有少数几个这样的员工,在某个专业领域,你可以指望他们把活儿干好。 在我的小组中,有七名化工流程工程师和生物学家,其中有那么两三个人是我赖以生存的,”他说,“他们对我的公司而言不可或缺。当请你们公司替我们招募新人的时候,我们期待你们会去其他公司找这样的人:其他公司经理不想失去的员工。我们只招募核心员工。” 2这是一段充满了鼓动性的谈话,目的是把猎头们派往竞争对手的公司去游说经验丰富的员工们做一次职业变更。他们想从另一家公司招募核心员工。然而,每家公司也从新人中招人。他们要寻找的是完全一样的东西。“我们把他们和公司顶级员工表现出的特质进行对照。假如他们看起来有同样特征的话,我们就在他们身上赌一把。”只是这样有点儿冒险。 3“这是一种有根据的猜测,”我的人事经理客户说。作为未来的一名员工,你的工作是帮助人事部经理降低这种风险,你需要帮助他们认定你有潜力成为一名核心员工。 4特征1:无私的合作者 职业顾问和化学家约翰·费策尔最早提出了这个特征。关于这个特征,人们已经写了大量的文章。它之所以值得被反复谈及,是因为这一特征是学术界和企业间最明显的差别。“这里需要合作,”费策尔说,“企业的环境并不需要单打独斗,争强好胜,所以表现出合作和无私精神的员工就脱颖而出了。在企业环境中,没有这样的思维方式就不可能成功。” 5许多博士后和研究生在进行这种过渡的过程中表现得相当费力。因为生命中有那么长一段时间他们都在扮演一个独立研究者的角色,并且要表现得比其他年轻的优秀人才更出色。你可以藉此提高在公司的吸引力:为追求一个共同的目标和来自其他实验室和学科的科学家们合作——并且为你的个人履历上的内容提供事迹证明。这个方法,加上你在描述业绩时开明地使用代词“我们”,而不是“我”,能使公司对你的看法从“单干户”转变成“合作者”。更为有利的是,要在你实验室内部,以及在和你们实验室合作的人们之间,培养一个良好声誉:一个鼓励并发动合作的人——还要保证让那些会接听调查电话的人们谈及你的这个品质。 6特征2:紧迫感 唐-豪特是一位给aaas.sciencecareers@org 网站论坛频繁写稿的撰稿人。他之前是一名科学家。许多年前他转向了企业,并一直做到高级管理的职位。他在3M公司一个部门负责策略和商业开发工作,这个部门每年上缴的税收高达24亿多美元。他就是一个重视紧迫感的人。 7“一年365天,一周7天,一天24小时,生意始终在进行,那意味着一年365天,一周7天,一天24小时,竞争也同样在进行,”豪特说,“公司取胜的方法之一就是要更快地到达‘目的地’。这就是说,你不仅要把所有能支持公司快速运转的功能都调动起来,而且还得知道如何决定‘目的地’是哪里。这样,不仅对那些行动快速的人们,也对那些思维敏捷,并有勇气按自己的想法行事的人们都提出了要求。这需要全公司各部门的运作,而不仅仅是管理部门的工作。” 8特征3:风险容忍度 企业要求员工能承受风险。“一名求职者需要表现出仅凭不准确、不完整的信息就做出决策的能力。他或她必须能接纳不确定因素并冒着风险做出结论,”一位客户在职业描述中写道。 9豪特赞同这一说法。“商业成功通常有这样一个特质:那就是能接受不确定因素和风险——个人的,组织上的和财务上的。这就让许多科学家感到不适应,因为学术上的成功其实是依靠认真而严谨的研究。更进一步说,伟大的科学常常是由找寻答案的过程和答案本身两者同时来定义的。因此科学家们往往沉迷于过程。在企业里,你需要了解过程,但最终你会迷上答案,然后根据你认为该答案对你的企业所具有的意义来冒风险。像这样敢冒风险是一套技能组合,是所有雇主在他们最好的员工身上所寻找的东西。”

研究生英语系列教材上unit1-原文+翻译

研究生英语系列教材上unit1-原文+翻译

TRAITS OF THE KEY PLAYERS 核心员工的特征 What exactly is a key play? 核心员工究竟是什么样子的? A “Key Player” is a phrase that I've heard about from employers during just about every search I've conducted. 几乎每次进行调查时,我都会从雇主们那里听到“核心员工”这个名词。 I asked a client —a hiring manager involved in recent search — to define it for me. 我请一位客户——一位正参与研究的人事部经理,给我解释一下。 “Every company has a handful of staff in a given area of expertise that you can count on to get the job done. “每家公司都有少数几个这样的员工,在某个专业领域,你可以指望他们把活儿干好。 On my team of seven process engineers and biologists, I've got two or three whom I just couldn't live without,” he said. 在我的小组中,有七名化工流程工程师和生物学

家,其中有那么两三个人是我赖以生存的,”他说, “Key players are essential to my organization. “他们对我的公司而言不可或缺。 And when we hire your company to recruit for us, we expect that you'll be going into other companies and finding just: 当请你们公司替我们招募新人的时候,我们期待你们会去其他公司找这样的人: the staff that another manager will not want to see leave. 其他公司经理不想失去的员工。 We recruit only key players.” 我们只招募核心员工。” This in part of pep talk intended to send headhunters into competitor's companies to talk to the most experienced staff about making a change. 这是一段充满了鼓动性的谈话,目的是把猎头们派往竞争对手的公司去游说经验丰富的员工们做一次职业变更。

大学英语2翻译原文及答案

Unit1 1.背离传统需要极大的勇气 1) It takes an enormous amount of courage to make a departure from the tradition. 2.汤姆过去很腼腆,但这次却非常勇敢能在大庭广众面前上台表演了。 2) Tom used to be very shy, but this time he was bold enough to give a performance in front of a large audience. 3.很多教育家认为从小培养孩子的创新精神是很可取的。 3) Many educators think it desirable to foster the creative spirit in the child at an early age. 4.假设那幅画确实是名作,你觉得值得购买吗? 4) Assuming (that) this painting really is a masterpiece, do you think it’s worthwhile to buy/purchase it? 5.如果这些数据统计上市站得住脚的,那它将会帮助我们认识正在调查的问题。 5) If the data is statistically valid, it will throw light on the problem we are investigating. Unit2 1.该公司否认其捐款有商业目的。 1) The company denied that its donations had a commercial purpose.

研究生科技英语阅读课文翻译6

1 While some studies have suggested that frequent use of cell phones causes increased risk of brain and mouth cancers, others have found no such links. But since cell phones are relatively new and brain cancers grow slowly, many experts are now recommending taking steps to reduce exposure. by bruce stutz 一些研究显示,经常使用手机会增加得脑部和口腔癌症的几率。有的研究却没发现两者之间有什么联系。但是,手机算是个新兴事物,而脑癌发展也缓慢,许多专家还是建议减少使用手机。 2 Does your cell phone increase your risk of brain cancer? Does it affect your skin or your sperm viability? Is it safe for pregnant women or children? Should you keep it in your bag, on your belt, in your pants or shirt pocket? Should you use a hands-free headset? Are present cell phone safety standards strict enough? 手机会增加得脑癌的几率吗?会不会影响皮肤或者精子活性?使用手机对孕妇或孩子安全吗?应该把手机放在哪,包里、衣服口袋,还是挂在腰带上?打电话的时候要用耳机吗?现在的手机安全标准够不够严? 3 You don’t know? You’re not alone. 你不知道?这很正常。 4 With some 4 to 5 billion cell phones now in use worldwide and hundreds of studies seeking evidence of their health effects published in peer-reviewed journals over the last 10 years, there’s precious little scientific certainty over whether cell phones pose any danger to those using them. For nearly every study that reports an effect, another, just as carefully conducted, finds none. All of which leaves journalists, consumer advocates, regulatory agencies, politicians, industry spokespersons, and cell phone users able to choose and interpret the results they prefer, or ignore the ones they don’t. 如今,全世界共有40-50亿手机正在使用。过去十年里,成百上千的研究也在致力于寻找手机影响健康的证据,并在相关刊物上发表论文。但还没有确凿的证据能证明,使用手机损害健康。几乎没有研究发现手机对健康有不良影响。但这还是没影响到政治家、新闻记者、管理机构、产业发言人、消费者保护团体,还有消费者自己,选择他们喜好的结果去理解,忽略不喜欢的那些。 5 Do you, for instance, cite the studies that report adverse effects on sperm viability and motility, due to exposure to cell phone radiation or the studies that showed no —or mixed —results? 6 Do you cite the 2001 study that found increased incidence of uveal melanoma (a cancer of the eye) among frequent cell phone users, or the 2009 study by the same authors that, in reassessing their data, found no increase? 2001年的研究显示,常用手机的人患葡萄膜黑色素瘤(一种眼内癌症)几率会增大。2009年这些研究员又发表报告称,他们再分析当年的数据时,又不能确

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