雅思阅读考题回顾

雅思A类阅读考题回顾（第二季度）

Passage 2 资料考证来源于维基百科 After repairs, she plied for several years as a passe nger liner between Britain and America, before being converted to a cable-laying ship and la ying the first lasting”

Brunel worked for several years as assistant engineer on the project to create a tunnel unde r London's River Thames 题目配对 tunnel under river Thames -- which Brune was not responsibl e for it

Though ultimately unsuccessful, another of Brunel's interesting use of technical innovat ions was the atmospheric railway 配对建成不久就停止运营那项吧

Great Eastern was designed to cruise non-stop from London to Sydney and back (since engi neers of the time misunderstood that Australia had no coal reserves), and she remained the l argest ship built until the turn of the century. Like many of Brunel's ambitious projects, t he ship soon ran over budget and behind schedule in the face of a series of technical probl ems.great eastern 配对建设推迟了很对次和财务上不成功我配了两个

Great Britain is considered the first modern ship, being built of metal rather than wood, powered by an engine rather than wind or oars, and driven by propeller rather than paddle w heel. 配对成为广泛认可的标准忘了这个是不是第一题的段落包含信息题了

其他记不住了有个火车站什么的配对 Brunel 影响了反对者这个乱配的

Passage 3

According to science fiction writer Robert A. Heinlein, "a handy short definition of alm ost all science fiction might read: realistic speculation about possible future events, base d solidly on adequate knowledge of the real world, past and present, and on a thorough under standing of the nature and significance of the scientific method."

Vladimir Nabokov argued that if we were rigorous with our definitions, Shakespeare's pla y The Tempest would have to be termed science fiction.

Y/N/NG 第一题就纠结了题目是科幻小说很难下定义文中不是两种观点都有么但是自己答的 Y 然后信息配对有一道是The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress is a 1966 science fiction novel by Ame rican writer Robert A. Heinlein, about a lunar colony's revolt against rule from Earth.

这门书貌似是配对它成功预测了人类登月

Academic Reading 04/09/2010（重庆，湖北等考区）

雅思阅读真题题源号《九分达人》迷失的城

CAMEL allows archaeologists to survey ancient cities without digging in the dirt, disturbing sites

Like a dromedary that can travel

a long distance without taking a drink of water, the Oriental Institute’s CAMEL computer Overlying aerial photographs show the ancient city wall at Kerkenes Dag in Turkey.

project can traverse vast distances of ancient and modern space without pausing for the usual refreshment known best by archaeologists—digging in the soil.

CAMEL (the Center for Ancient Middle Eastern Landscapes) is at the leading edge of archaeology because of what it does not do and what it can do. First, it does not actually excavate. For a science based on the destructive removal of buried artifacts and an examination of them for meaning, CAMEL works in quite the opposite way: it aims to survey ancient sites and disturb them as little as possible.

What CAMEL can do however, is remarkable. It organizes maps, aerial photography, satellite images and other data into one place, allowing archaeologists to see how ancient trade routes developed and to prepare simulations of how people may have interacted, given the limitations of their space, the availability of resources and the organization of their cities.

CAMEL provides the wonderful opportunity “to see beyond the horizon,” said Scott Branting, Director of the project.

Branting oversees the CAMEL project from a second-floor computer lab at the Oriental Institute. As he walks around, he shows off the dozen PCs that form the nucleus of the project, which invites faculty and students to pore through electronic images from throughout the Middle East.

“;“The Near Eastern area is defined for the purposes of our collections as an enormous box stretching from Greece on the west to Afghanistan on the east, from the middle of the Black Sea on the north to the horn of Africa on the south,” he said as he turned on a computer to summon an image from the area.

Up popped an aerial surveillance photograph taken for defense purposes during the Cold War. The image showed mounds on the surface of the steppe regions of modern Iraq, sites that are among the hundreds unexplored there that are potentially valuable sites for future excavation when archaeologists can safely return.

“Because these images are images from the 1950s and 1960s, they show a terrain much different from what exists today,” he explained. Fields have covered much of the formally barren areas of the Middle East as irrigation has expanded farming. Sites that show up as mounds in photographs may today be leveled and hard to recognize. Some of the ancient material they contain, however, is still buried deep below the surface.

Besides the aerial surveillance photographs, the collection includes some photographs taken by small planes in the early days of aerial photography.

James Henry Breasted, founder of the Oriental Institute, was an early pioneer in the field and began taking photographs from a plane over sites in Egypt in 1920. Some of his early shots are a bit shaky, though, as he also experienced air sickness during that path-breaking effort.

When the Oriental Institute launched an excavation in the 1930s at Persepolis in Iran, the art of aerial photography had progressed greatly, and stunning pictures of the ancient Persian capital helped demonstrate the scope of the city in a way nothing else could. Some of those photographs are on the walls of the Persian Gallery of the Museum of the Oriental Institute, and others are part of the CAMEL database.

Oriental Institute scholars also used balloons rigged with cameras to catch overall shots of excavation sites.

In addition to the aerial photographs, the collection also includes shots taken by NASA, Digital Globe and other organizations from satellites.

Branting is in Turkey this summer working on a site that shows the value of nondestructive techniques such as those developed at CAMEL. He has been studying the ancient and mysterious city of Kerkenes Dag in central Turkey.

The city, surrounded by a wall, is a square mile, huge by ancient standards, and is the largest preclassical site in Anatolia, the name for the ancient region that now includes Turkey. The city is about 30 miles from Hattusa, the capital of the ancient Hittite Empire.

Although the city was an Iron Age site and was planned and built by powerful leaders capable of controlling a large work force, it is uncertain who held that power. Early scholars had speculated it may have been a rival to the Hittites, but a research team from the Oriental Institute established in 1928 that the city was built sometime after the fall of the Hittites in about 1180 .

Geoffrey Summers of the Middle East Technical University in Ankara directed a new dig at the site beginning in 1993. Branting joined the project in 1995 as an Oriental Institute graduate student. Researchers from the Middle East Technical University and the Oriental Institute then joined efforts to work on the project together.

From the beginning of the latest work at Kerkenes Dag, archaeologists have used nondestructive techniques to learn more about the site. Random trench work would probably not turn up much more information than was recovered in the 1928 Oriental Institute excavation, scholars have contended.

“By employing a range of obs ervational and remote sensing techniques across the entire area of the city, we have been able to fill in the blank spaces on an earlier map made by the Oriental Institute,” Branting said. The work, which includes the techniques used at CAMEL to map accurately a site with photographs, provided archaeologists a chance to work with a high degree of precision once digging began. Currently, another season of excavation is underway.

“Since so much can be seen on the surface at Kerkenes Dag, this has proved to b e a very effective technique,” Branting said.

Global Positioning System technology has allowed scholars to record the minute topography of the entire ground surface within the site. “Never before in archaeology has this technique been undertaken on such a grand scale. The terrain model is the basis for ongoing work to produce a virtual reconstruction of the entire city, neighborhood by neighborhood, building by building,” he said.

By using the techniques, the team was able to locate the gateway of the palace complex and find the first fragmentary inscriptions and reliefs to be recovered at the site. They have been able to date the site to the mid- to late-seventh century through the mid-sixth century .

Scholars believe the city may have been one referred to by Herodotus as Pteria, which was conquered by the Lydian King Croesus in a failed effort to block the advance of the Persian Empire.

“If the equation of Kerkenes Dag with Pteria holds true, then we can even more precisely date the massive destruction of the city to around 547 . and begin to understand something of its international importance,” Branting said

雅思阅读真题题源号《九分达人》-----消费Dematerialization

Until recently the role of consumption as a driving force for environmental change has not been widely explored. This may be due in part to the difficulty of collecting suitable data. The present chapter approaches the consumption of materials from the perspective of the forces for materialization or dematerialization of industrial products beyond

the underlying and obviously very powerful forces of economic and population growth. Examination can occur on both the unit and the aggregate level of materials consumption. Such study may make it possible to assess current streams of materials use and, based on environmental implications, may suggest directions for future materials policy.

The word dematerialization is often broadly used to characterize the decline over time in weight of the materials used in industrial end products. One may also speak of dematerialization in terms of the decline in “embedded energy” in industrial products. Colombo (1988) has speculated that dematerialization is the logical outcome of an advanced economy in which material needs are substantially Williams et al. (1987) have explored relationships between materials use and affluence in the United States. Perhaps we should first ask the question: Is dematerialization taking place? The answer depends, above all, on how dematerialization is defined. The question is particularly of interest from an environmental point of view, because the use of less material could translate into smaller quantities of waste generated at both the production and the consumption phases of the economic process.

But less is not necessarily less from an environmental point of view. If smaller and lighter products are also inferior in quality, then more units would be produced, and the net result could be a greater amount of waste generated in both production and consumption. From an environmental viewpoint, therefore, (de)materialization should perhaps be defined as the change in the amount of waste generated per unit of industrial products. On the basis of such a definition, and taking into account overall production and consumption, we have attempted to examine the question of whether dematerialization is occurring. Our goal is not to answer definitively the question whether society is dematerializing but rather to establish a framework for analysis to address this overall question and to indicate some of the interesting and useful directions for study. We have examined a number of examples even though the data are not complete.

Undoubtedly, many industrial products have become lighter and smaller with time. Cars, dwelling units, television sets, clothes pressing irons, and calculators are but a few examples. There is, of course, usually a lower bound regarding how small objects such as appliances can be made and still be compatible with the physical dimensions and limitations of human beings (who are themselves becoming larger), as well as with the tasks to be Apart from such boundary conditions on size and possibly weight of many industrial product units, dematerialization of units of products is perceived to be occurring.

An important question is how far one could drive dematerialization. For example, for the automobile, how is real world safety related to its mass? In a recent study, Evans (1985) found that, given a single-car crash, the unbelted driver of a car weighing about 2,000 pounds is about times as likely to be killed as is the unbelted driver of an approximately

4,000-pound car. The relative disadvantage of the smaller car is essentially the same when the corresponding comparison is made for belted drivers. For two-car crashes it was found that the driver of a 2,000-pound car crashing into another 2,000-pound car is about times as likely to be injured seriously or fatally as is the driver of a 4,000-pound car crashing into another 4,000-pound car. These results suggest one of the reasons that dematerialization by itself will not be a sufficient criterion for social choice about product design. If the product cannot be practically or safely reduced beyond a certain point, can the service provided by the product be provided in a way that demands less material? lb return to the case of transportation, substituting telecommunications for transportation might be a dematerializer, but we have no data on the relative materials demand for the communications infrastructure versus the transportation infrastructure to meet a given need. In any case, demands for communication and transportation appear to increase in tandem, as complementary goods rather than as substitutes for one another.

It is interesting to inquire into dematerialization in the world of miniaturization, not only the world of large objects. In the computer industry, for example, silicon wafers are increasing in size to reduce material losses in cutting. This is understandable if one considers that approximately 400 acres of silicon wafer material are used per year by IBM Corporation at a cost of about $100 million per acre. A processed wafer costs approximately $800, and the increase in total wafer area per year is about 10-15 percent. Although silicon wafers do not present a waste disposal problem from the point of view of volume, they are environmentally important because their manufacture involves the handling of hazardous chemicals. They are also interesting as an example of how the production volume of an aggressive new technology tends to grow because of popularity in the market. Moreover, many rather large plastic and metal boxes are required to enclose and keep cool the microchips made with the wafers, even as the world's entire annual chip production might compactly fit inside one 747 jumbo jet. Thus, such new industries may tend to be simultaneously both friends and foes of dematerialization.

The production of smaller and lighter toasters, irons, television sets, and other devices in some instances may result in lower-quality products and an incr eased consumer attitude to ”replace rather than repair.” In these instances, the number of units produced may have increased. Although

dematerialization may be the case on a per-unit basis, the increasing number of units produced can cause an overall trend toward materialization with time. As an example, the apparent consumption of shoes, which seem increasingly difficult to repair, has risen markedly in the United States since the 1970s, with about billion pairs of nonrubber shoes purchased in 1985, compared with 730 million pairs as recently as 1981 (Table 1).

In contrast, improvements in quality generally result in dematerialization, as has been the case for tires. The total tire production in the United States has risen over time (Figure 1), following from general increases in both the number of registered vehicles and the total miles of travel. However, the number of tires per million vehicle miles of travel has declined (Figure 2). Such a decline in tire wear can be attributed to improved tire quality, which results directly in a decrease in the quantity of solid waste due to discarded tires. For example, a tire designed to have a service life of 100,000 miles could reduce solid waste from tires by 60-75 percent (Westerman, 1978). Other effective tire waste reduction strategies include tire retreading and recycling, as well as the use of discarded tires as vulcanized rubber particles in roadway asphalt mixes.

Dematerialization of unit products affects, and is influenced by, a number of factors besides product quality. These include ease of manufacturing, production cost, size and complexity of the product, whether the product is to be repaired or replaced, and the amount of waste to be generated and processed. These factors influence one another as well (Figure 3). For example, the ease of manufacture of a particular product in smaller and lighter units may result in lower production cost and cheaper products of lower quality, which will be replaced rather than repaired on breaking down. Although a smaller amount of waste will be generated on a per-unit basis, more units will be produced and disposed of, and there may be an overall increase in waste generation at both the production and the consumption ends.

Another factor of interest on the production end is scale. One would expect so-called economies of scale in production to lead to a set of facilities that embody less material for a given output. Does having fewer, larger plants in fact involve significantly less use of material (or space) than having more, smaller ones? At the level of the individual product, the shift from mainframe computers to personal computers, driven by desires for local independence and convenience, may also be in the direction of materialization.

Among socioeconomic factors influencing society's demand for Mate- are the nature of various activities, composition of the work force, and

income levels. For example, as a predominantly agricultural society evolves toward industrialization, demand for materials increases, whereas the transition from an industrial to a service society might bring about a decline in the use of materials. Within a given culture, to what extent are materials use and waste generation increasing functions of income?

The spatial dispersion of population is a potential materializer. Migration from urban to suburban areas, often driven by affluence, requires more roads, more single-unit dwellings, and more automobiles with a consequent significant expansion in the use of materials. The movement from large, extended families sharing one dwelling to smaller, nuclear families may be regarded as a materializer if every household unit occupies a separate dwelling. Factors such as photocopying, photography, advertising, poor quality, high cost of repair, and wealth generally force materialization. Technological innovation, especially product innovation, may also tend to force materialization, at least in the short run. For example, microwave ovens, which are smaller than old-fashioned ovens, have now been acquired by most American households. However, they have come largely as an addition to, not a substitute for, previous cooking appliances. In the long term, if microwave ovens truly replace older ovens, this innovation may come to be regarded as a dematerializer. National security and war, styles and fashions, and fads may also function as materializers by accelerating production and consumption. Demand for health and fitness, local mobility, and travel may spur materialization in other ways.

The societal driving forces behind dematerialization are, at best, diverse and contradictory. However, the result may indeed be a clear trend in materialization or dematerialization. This could be determined only through collection and analysis of data on the use of basic materials with time, particularly for industry and especially for products with the greatest materials demand. Basic materials such as metals and alloys ., steel, copper, aluminum), cement, sand, gravel, wood, paper, glass, ceramics, and rubber are among the materials that should be considered. The major products and associated industries that would be interesting to study could well include roads, buildings, automobiles, appliances, pipes (metal, clay, plastic), wires, clothing, newsprint and books, packaging materials, pottery, canned food, and bottled or canned drinks.

第一篇：

1、达尔文进化论被拿来作鸟的研究拓展，动物多样性保护，是表格题，直接在文中找答案就行了

2、T/F/NG。1）某人的发现QUEST某人的理论；2）某鸟比某鸟随食物变化；3）02-03所有的种类都受到影响？4）有两个鬼研究整个岛；5）有证据表明物种。。。

第二篇：

电视瘾，matching题需要细找下，其它简单

第三篇

电脑不能完全代替纸在办公中的用途

此文较难，特别是七道LOH出现的干扰信息比较多，造成排除选择比较困难。

阅读第一篇主要是讲电脑在教学中的作用，做的各种混乱，题目也记不清了。第二篇是关于面部复原技术的，比起第一篇来真是简单的多了，特别是填空部分基本原文呈现，只要迅速定位就可以了，选择题混淆度也很低。第三篇是关于打哈欠的研究，第一部分是文章内容的完形填空，第二部分是与原文段落一一对应的选择题，第三部分是最可恨的yesno题目。个人感觉做阅读一定要先看题目，根据题目的情况决定是通读还是直接定位，即使是需要通读的文章，也建议将类似于主旨或者段落分类的题目放到最后做。因为这么短的时间内看文章基本记不住，全看完了基本也是白看，还是各个击破的好，免得还得回头重读。

Facial Reconstruction

When skeletal remains are found, and the victim remains unidentified after traditional means of identification fail, investigators may call upon the forensic artist to utilize the three-dimensional facial reconstruction technique. The three-dimensional process is initiated by placing the skull on a workable stand, where the skull can easily be tilted and turned in all directions. The skull must be positioned in the Frankfort Horizontal position. By utilizing proper tissue depth data determined by race, gender, and age. Artificial eyes are placed in the skull’s eye sockets, centered and at the proper depth. The tissue markers are glued directly onto the skull. Clay will be systematically applied directly on the skull, following the skull‘s contours; paying strict attention to the applied tissue markers. Various measurements are made, and logged, to determine nose thickness/length, mouth thickness/width, and eye placement. Information such as geographic location of where

the deceased lived, his or her lifestyle, and the various information provided to the artist by the Forensic Anthropologist and other professionals, is heavily relied upon when completing the reconstruction. Hair is accomplished by means of a wig, or by applying clay to represent hair. Various items (props), such as glasses, clothing, hats, etc. may be applied to better accentuate the features of the individual. Upon completion, the sculpture is photographed. All procedures are documented and working notes collected. When executed properly, this technique is proven to have a high success rate.

As with the three-dimensional technique, the two-dimensional reconstruction is used when unidentified skeletal remains are found. The two-dimensional reconstruction process is initiated by utilizing the same data as used for the Three-dimensional clay reconstruction. The process begins by gluing on the proper tissue markers in the proper pre-determined locations. The skull is then placed on a stand in the Frankfort Horizontal position. The skull is photographed; profile and frontal views, at a 1:1 scale, with a ruler positioned aside of the skull. The photos are then enlarged to life size dimension. The frontal and profile photos are then taped, in the Frankfort Horizontal position, directly aside one another, to two separate flat wood boards. Upon completion of the above process, transparent natural vellum sheets are taped directly over the printed photographs. Sketching begins, where the artist follows the contours of the skull, along with using the tissue markers as guidelines. Measurements for the mouth, nose, and eyes, is the same for the Two-dimensional process as it is with the Three-dimensional process. Hair type and style is determined by samples found on the scene by investigators, or by estimation determined by victim’s race, gender, and/or ethnic background.

Information provided by the Forensic Anthropologist and other professionals is utilized. All procedures are documented and working notes collected. This method has also been tried and proved over the years. Benefits of this method over the clay reconstruction are cost, and the time it takes to complete the reconstruction.

Another method of Two-dimensional identification is that of reconstructing a face from a decomposing body. Utilizing the artist’s knowledge of the face, how the soft tissue lies on the skull, and a general knowledge of how the human body reacts to decomposition, the artist can make educated estimations on how an individual may have appeared prior to death. All methods of facial reconstruction allow the investigators, and the media, the opportunity to put a face with the victim, and a chance of a quick identification – saving man-hours, and allowing the victim’s family to put the element of the unknown to rest.

阅读

第一篇是说如何成长为一个expert，当然你得一步一步来，菜鸟的时

候先记住这个业界的规则，然后积累经验能根据经验预测后面的事件

云云。之后expert有哪些厉害的地方呢，比如他能自检，特别有效率

，之类的吧，不难。

第二篇讨论A这个地方对世界环境的影响，说现在因为科技发展世界越

来越小，A虽然弹丸之地但能够影响全世界的气候（出到选择题）。然

后就分析A这里气候变化对外界的影响，还说到A这里如果冰不熔化的

话，有个G这个水藻还不知道是神马就会长得特别好，然后动物们就可

以不migration，留在那（题点）。后面有些忘了。

第三篇是讨论历史学家记录历史的方式，academic学者比较顽固，依

然固守着literature的方式，但是用影像记录已经越来越popular啦，

还有这样那样的好处，能让audience成为主体之类。还讨论了历史学

家用影像记录历史的难点，比如他们不愿意去学习新技术啦之类。文

章不难，题目搞的要死，一大题是内容与段落对应，一大题是YNNG。

我因为前面两篇做的挺快，留了30分钟给这篇，还是被它搞的要死…

阅读第一个是如何变成专家第二个是关于南极洲和全球气候第三个是现代技术和历史教学的

阅读3我也觉得蛮难的。。。

阅读第一个是关于从菜鸟到专家的过程，具体单词忘记了，填空题很多，TF题

第二个是南极对于全球气温，农业的影响，有which message contains in the paragraph 第三个是关于传统的文件记录跟现代运用moving image对历史学家记录历史的讨论谁还记得阅读最后的判断啊第一个和最后一个都是NOT GIVEN对吗？一个说学生的神马促进历史教学的进步还有一个是说科技发展让别的学术领域也发生了变化

阅读2旧1新，机经如下：

第一篇是说波利尼亚的人文特征

1. 科学家喜欢研究它是因为它小而且不容易到达我俩一个写NG 一个写T

2.有个人是第一个研究的我俩一个F 一个NG

3.这个人的研究数据既有关于这个岛也有另外一个地方的我俩一个T 一个F

4.忘是啥了，我俩都是T

填图： 2.我俩有个填 a liquid 的还有一个填的单词是V开头的， shell

后面我俩记得有个seabird 还有个 wing bond 还有个ore 神马的...

表格：forehead ；mothers； triangles；vertical lines

阅读第二篇文章是2009年1月10日的passage 2

相关内容： 2003年6月以来，欧洲许多国家和地区持续炎热和干旱：

意大利气温比常年同期偏高6—10℃；瑞士气温创200年来最高；意大

利北部、法国南部等国家和地区遭受了50年甚至百年以来最严重的大

旱。高温干旱致使河流、水位下降，航运受阻，农作物面临减产，森

林火灾频发，损失严重。虽然各地出现异常高温的具体原因不尽相同

，但总体上看应与全球变暖有一定关系。

判断题的答案，据回忆如下，供参考：

1. 今年温度比以往高出4度。（T）

2. 人是造成气温升高的原因。（T）

3. 一天要量两次气温。（NG）

4. 2003年以前的影响是冬天变冷但夏天并不会高温。（T）

5. 新滑雪场建立在高海拔的地方。（NG）

and 2002

floods

11.热死了很多人in 我俩一个hot （蒙的）一个France

12. 我俩都选D

阅读第三篇文章是2007年8月11日的passage 3

相关内容：文章介绍多用途的space technology。说到亚洲处于自然

灾害多发区，尤其需要新的技术。日本在军事方面的运用比较成功成功。亚洲进入这个领域是不需要其他的理由，因为说了他的经济意义

。文章第一段讲了过去和未来。第二段亚洲人需要新技术。第三段是

广泛应用。第四段先开始却落后日本。第五段逐渐独立。第六段,一些

非技术因素影响

List of headings题回忆如下，供参考，具体请参考上述相关内容。

A.过去发明和未来有关

B.回忆不详

C.空间技术的广泛应用

D. Asia需要新技术

E.因为更适用的人造卫星而独立

F.非技术因素。

匹配题共4道，

1. Northeast Asia需要观测植被的原因（发生过火灾）

2. 用来画地图的原因（可以拍下任何需要的地方）

3. 管理方法不能国际化的原因（依赖于过去发生的事情）

4. 用于medical方面的原因（有很多难以到达的地区）判断题回忆如下，供参考：

1. 可以通过测距预测地震（T）

2. 空间技术提高了亚洲的文化水平（literacy）（NG）

3. 中国在公元前500年（500BC）时就已经将火箭用于战争（F

）

4. 商业竞争阻碍亚洲技术发展（F）。

阅读第一篇讲THOMAS YOUNG，号称the last man who knows everything，讲此人各种领域各种全能，给大英百科全书编入46个词条，提出gas lighting等各种建议被政府采纳。此人本职是学医的，最后还讲了他家庭生活小八卦。

题目一个T/F/NG，一个简答，都是全文范围的……有点耗时间，

第二篇讲儿童心理学上的错误认知，就是几个实验，然后各路专家们给出不同解释云云。第一个研究的人组织了一个实验：一个小男孩把巧克力放进蓝色壁橱，他妈妈趁他不在把巧克力放进绿色壁橱，问围观全程的4岁小朋友们小男孩回来会在哪个壁橱里找，小朋友们全部回答说绿色的……俩专家们分别给出了解释。

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