国际商务英语阅读教程(第四版)-期末复习

Unit 1~2

Mercantilism 重商主义 Neomeicantilist 新重商主义者

Trade surplus 贸易顺差

Quota and tariff 配额和关税

Government intervention 政府干预

Zero-sum game 零和博弈

Positive-sum game 常和博弈

The theory of absolute advantage 绝对优势理论

The theory of comparative advantage 比较优势理论

Factor endowments 要素禀赋理论

Product life cycle 产品生命周期（+theory ……理论）

Economies of scale 规模经济

Diminishing returns 收益递减规律

Green revolution 绿色革命

Voluntary restriction 自动出口限制

Deposit 佣金

First mover advantage 先占优势

Barrier to entry 进入(市场)壁垒

Porter’s diamond theory 波特的钻石理论

National competitive advantage 国家竞争优势

The department of commerce 商务部

Letter of credit 信用证

Draft /bill of exchange 汇票

bill of lading B/L 提单

Sight draft 即期汇票

Time draft 远期汇票

Banker ‘s acceptance 银行承兑（+bill …汇票）

Trade acceptance 商业承兑汇票

Countertrade 对等贸易

Barter 易货贸易

Switch trading 转手贸易

Offset 抵消

Counter purchase 互购贸易

Compensation trade 补偿贸易

Mercantilism suggests that it is in a country’s best interest to maintain a trade surplus -- to export more than it imports（重商主义就是保持贸易顺差以实现一国的最大利益---出口超过进口）

Mercantilism advocates government intervention(介入) to achieve a surplus in the balance of trade （重商主义主张政府介入以便实现对外贸易顺差）

It views trade as a zero-sum game - one in which a gain by one country results in a loss by another （将贸易看成零和博弈，一个国家收益一个国家受损）

Absolute Advantage 绝对优势

Adam Smith argued that a country has an absolute advantage in the production of a product when it is more efficient than any other country in producing it

亚当斯密认为一个国家生产一种商品比其他任何国家效率都高时存在绝对优势

According to Smith, countries should specialize in the production of goods for which they have an absolute advantage and then trade these goods for the goods produced by other countries 按照亚当斯密的说法，各国应该专门生产具有绝对优势的商品，然后用他们交换其他国家生产的商品

The Benefit（好处） of Absolute Advantage and Free Trade

The Principle for International Division of Labor–Absolute Advantage 国际分工的原则---绝对优势

The Consequence（结果） of Division of Labor and Free Trade 分工的结果和自由贸易

1. To Production: the Flow of the Factor of Production 生产要素的流动； the Efficiency of Factor Distribution 要素分配效率；the Quantity of Production 产品质量。

2. To Consumer: Welfare from Free Trade自由贸易福利: low price of imports and more consumption 低价格的进口更多的消费

Comparative Advantage比较优势

Ricardo’s theory of comparative advantage suggests that countries should specialize in the production

of those goods they produce most efficiently and buy goods that they produce less efficiently from other countries, even if this means buying goods from other countries that they could produce more efficiently at home李嘉图的比较优势理论认为一个国家分工生产最有效率的产品，而从别国购买自己生产效率相对较低的产品，

甚至从别国购买自己更能有效生产的产品是有意义

choose bigger one in two advantages and smaller one in two disadvantages 两利取重两害取轻Heckscher-Ohlin Theory 俄林理论

Eli Heckscher and Bertil Ohlin argued that comparative advantage arises from differences in national factor endowments（天赋）– the extent to which a country is endowed with resources like land, labor, and capital赫克歇尔和俄林认为比较优势是由各国生产要素禀赋的差异引起的，指一国的一些资源比如土地，劳动力还有资本 To take advantage of factor of endowments

The Heckscher-Ohlin theory predicts that countries will export goods that make intensive use of those factors that are locally abundant, while importing goods that make intensive use of factors that are locally scarce

赫克歇尔-俄林理论预测一国将出口密集型使用本国充足要素的产品，进口密集使用本国稀缺要素的产品。

H-O vs Ricardo：Ricardo（comparative advantage stems from differences in productivity）；H-O（national factor endowments are responsible for the difference）

New Trade Theory 新贸易理论

New trade theory suggests that the ability of firms to gain economies of scale (unit cost reductions associated with a large scale of output) can have important implications for international trade

New trade theory suggests that:

through its impact on economies of scale, trade can increase the variety of goods available to consumers and decrease the average cost of those goods

贸易可以通过对规模经济的影响增加消费品的种类，降低这些商品的平均成本

in those industries when output required to attain economies of scale represents a significant proportion of total world demand, the global market may only be able to support a small number of enterprises

一些应该达到规模经济的产业，所生产的产品占世界总需求的比重较大，这样全球市场就只能容纳数量很少的企业Factor Endowments 要素禀赋

Factor endowments refer to a nation’s position in factors of production necessary to compete in a given industry 要素禀赋理论意味着国家态度对一个特定行业生产要素的竞争是很必要的A nation's position in factors of production can lead to competitive advantage国家对生产要素的使用态度可以导致比较优势These factors can be either basic (natural resources, climate, location) or advanced (skilled labor, infrastructure, technological know-how) 要素可以是基础的也可以是高等的

Economy of the scale规模效应

It refers to the ability to increase the output of a product with specialization owning to larger scale and lower unit costs.Economy of scale is derived by spreading fixed cost over a larger output,

First-Mover Advantages 第一进入者优势

Being a first mover can have important competitive implications, especially if there are economies of scale and the global industry will only support a few competitors

第一进入者有重要的竞争影响，特别是规模经济或者全球行业只有少量竞争者时

Firms that establish a first-mover advantage may dominate global trade in that product.

公司建立了第一个优势可能会在全球贸易中占主导地位

Product life cycle theory产品生命周期理论：as products mature，both the location of sales and of production chance，thereby affecting the pattern of exports and imports.

For many，especially technology products。The pattern is：US→other advanced countries→developing nations→US.It also proves H-O theory’s flaw（它也证明了H-O理论的缺陷）.

1.波特钻石理论

how to get successful in a particular industry: identified four attributes that promote or impede the creation of competitive advantage:如何在特定行业取得成功，确定了4大特性促进或阻碍竞争优势的建立

Focus on four national attributes: Factor endowments 要素禀赋；Demand conditions需求情况；Relating and supporting industries相关与支持产业；Firm strategy, structure, and rivalry 企业战略、结构与竞争对手。Two influences: governments and chance.

Instruments of trade policy（贸易干预工具）：

tariffs；subsidies；import quotas；local content requirements；administrative trade policies。

Business decisions concerning:

production location；first-mover advantage；government policy on competitiveness。

HOW L/C IS CONVEYED FROM BUYER TO SELLER：（信用证流转过程）

Inporter applies to local bank for the issuance of a letter of credit.If the bank is satisfied with the importer’s creditworthiness and agree to issue a letter of credit.The L/C opening bank sends the letter of credit to the exporter’s bank,the advising bank tells the exporter,then the exporter will ship the merchandise.

三大单证作用：Letter of credit (L/C) stands at the center of international commercial transactions.

A draft is an order written by an exporter instructing an importer, or an importer’s agent to pay a specified amount of money at a specified time.

Bill of lading is issued to the exporter by the common carrier transporting the merchandise. It serves three purposes: A receipt、A contract、and A document of title

2.对等贸易的主要类型和优缺点

Types of countertrade：Countertrade has evolved into a diverse set of activities that can be categorized as five distinct types of trading arrangements:【barter, counter purchase, offset, switch trading, and compensation or buyback】（易货、互购、兑销、转手贸易和补偿贸易）

The pros and cons of countertrade 1）advantage：

① The main attraction of countertrade is that it can give a firm a way to finance an export deal when other means are not available.

② Thus if a firm is unwilling to enter into a countertrade agreement, it may lose an export opportunity to a competitor that is willing to make a countertrade agreement.

2）disadvantage：① Countertrade contracts may involve the exchange of unusable or poor-quality goods that the firm cannot dispose of profitably

② In addition, even if the goods it receives are of high quality, the firm still needs to dispose of them profitably.

Unit 3

Strategic alliance 战略联盟

Licensing 许可证

Technology transfer 技术转让

Joint venture 合资经营

Contracting 承包经营

Partnership 合资人

Return on investment 投资回报率

Franchising 特许经营

Contract manufacturing 生产承包

Management contracting 管理承包

Cross-licensing 交叉许可

How lisencors get paid

Royalties/fees:initial payment;annual minimum;annual percentage;additional fees.

许可贸易(licensing trade)的优缺点advantage：

①Ease and low cost of entering a foreign market.

② A trial on foreign market without the risk of capital loss.

disadvantage：

①Possibility of potential competitor.

②lack of overall control.

③incomplete market exploration.

④Loss in flexibility and weak in diversification.

Profitability;ownership;innovation.

The licensor allows a foreign company to manufacture a complete product whereas in a franchise agreement the franchisor usually supplies an important ingredient for the finished product. Franchise agreements are perhaps best known in the nonalcoholic beverage and retail fast food industries. Evaluation of contract manufacturing（生产承包）

Advantage：1）minimum cash、time、personnel;2)control over marketing,after-sale service and trademark;3)circumvent entry barriers;4)label of “local made”;5)avoid intra-corporate pricing problem Disadvantage:1)profit shared;2)training a potential competitor;3)hard to find a satisfied manufacturer;4)little control on quality;5)critics of exploration or sweatshops.

Evaluation of management contracting（管理承包）

Advantage：1）local investor’s acquisition of a complete operational system;2)foreign marketer’s safe way into a market with option;3)a management without equity control or legal obligations;4)a guaranteed income&quick returns;5)avoid foreign exchange or other remittance;6)clarity in administration. Disadvantage：1)complex and expensive documentation;2)limitation of future management and

investment;3)shortage of personnel;4)if without option,potential competitor created.

Unit 4

Foreign direct investment 外国直接投资

Small and medium-sized firms 中小企业

Horizontal FDI 横向外国直接投资

Vertical FDI 纵向外国直接投资

Product life cycle 产品生命周期

Backward vertical FDI 后移纵向外国直接投资

Forward vertical FDI 前移纵向外国直接投资

Transportation costs 运输成本

Market impediments 市场阻碍

Market power 市场力量

Oligopoly 寡头垄断

Specialized assets 特殊资产

Landed cost GIF 卸至岸上

1.影响横向对外投资的因素HFDI

①Transportation costs运输费用(relevant to low value-weight ratio products)

②Market imperfections市场不完善(inpediments to export;inpendiments to license)

③Following competitors追随竞争者(interdependence in oligopoly industry;fist mover

advantage;imitative behavior)

④The product life cycle产品生命周期

2、影响纵向对外投资的因素VFDI

Market power:1)VFDI limits competition and strengthen control over source of raw materials and shut new entrants out;2)VFDI as an attempt to circumvent barriers by existing competitors in the host country. Market imperfections:1)imperfections to sale of know-how exist,that is no efficient producer in the host country which is able to extract raw materials.2)investment in specialized assets.

Unit 5

Bretton Woods System/conference 布雷顿森林体系

Fixed exchange rate 固定汇率制

OPEC 石油输出国组织 Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries

Floating exchange rate regime 浮动汇率制

Plaza Accord 和平广场协议

Louvre Accord 卢浮宫协议

Foreign exchange market 外汇市场

Deutsch bundes bank 德意志联邦银行 DBB

European Monetary System 欧洲货币体系 EMS

Exchange Rate Mechanism 汇率机制 ERM

European Currency Unit 欧元 ECU

Purchasing power parity 购买力平价 PPP

Treaty of maastricht 马斯特里赫特条约

Trade deficit 贸易赤字

Real interest 实际利息

Balance of payment 收支平衡表

Forward market 期货市场

Swaps 掉期交易

1. 布雷顿森林体系/固定汇率制瓦解的主要原因(why fixed exchange rate system collapsed)

①expansion of money supply:vienam war & welfare programs led to the inflation in US;

②worsening of US foreign trade position,

③Speculation in foreign exchange market

④Weakening dollars lose its credibility.

2. What are the reasons for the unexpected rise in the dollar between 1980 and 1985, and what are the reasons for the rapid fall of the US dollar between 1985 and 1987?

The reasons for the unexpected rise in the value of the dollar between 1980 and 1985:

①Strong economic growth in the US attracted heavy inflows of capital from foreign investors seeking high returns on capital assets.

②High real interest rate attracted foreign investors seeking high vellums on financial assets

③Political turmoil in other parts of the world.

The reasons for 1985 and 1987：

The fall in the value of the dollar between 1985 and 198 was caused by a combination of government intervention and market forces.

Merits analysis on the two system：

浮动汇率制：1）the removal of obigation to maintain exchange parity restored monetary;2)trade balance adjustment mechanism can work smoothly.

固定汇率制：1）monetary discipline help control money supply and speculative uncertainty;2)trade balance adjustment is not necessarily affecting exchange rate.

Implications for business strategies

Strategic flexibility:1)using forward exchange market to cover shot-term risks;2)dispersing production to different locations to hedge against fluctuations;3)switching suppliers for low value-added products.

IMF&world bank macroeconomic policies can result in contraction and expansion of monetary demand.

Corp-government relations:1)lobbying for intervention;2)imoetus for exchange rate mechanism.

Plaza accord:facilitate the depreciation of US dollar against other 4 hard currencies;

Louvre accord:stop the depreciation of US dollar against other 4 hard currencies to maintain a stable rate.

Unit 6

Common law 普通法

Code civil law 成文法

Roman law 罗马法

Uniform commercial code 统一商法典

Industrial property right 工业产权

Act of god 不可抗力

Element forces of nature 天灾自然因素

Arbitration 仲裁

Conciliation 调节

Mediation 调解

Litigation 诉讼

World court at the Hague 海牙国际法庭

Tribunals for arbitration 仲裁庭

U.N. convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral/Awards 联合国承认和执行外国仲裁裁决公约 London court of arbitration 伦敦仲裁庭

International Chamber of commerce 国际商会

What are the differences between two legal systems in solving commercial disputes?

①Under common law, commercial disputes are subjected to either civil or commercial laws;industrial

property right based on proof of agreement;performance of contract:act of god means extraordinary happenings not reasonably anticipated.

②Under Code law :commercial disputes are subjected to the commercial law; industrial property right

based on notarization or registration; performance of contract:act of god is extended to include unavoidable interferences such as strike or riots.

Unit 7

Intellectual property rights 知识产权

Trade mark, copyright, patents, trade secrets 商标权，版权，专利权，商业秘密

Intangible assets, tangible assets 无形资产，有形资产

Service mark 服务标志

Federial trademark dilution act 联邦商标稀释法案

Trademark registration 商标注册

Generic terms 通称

Infringement 侵权

GATT 关贸总协定 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade

1. What does intellectual property right consist of?（工业产权的组成）

①It consists of the products of individual’s minds—products that result from intellectual, creative processes.

③Trademarks, copyrights and patents are all forms of intellectual property

To obtain protection under the copyright act:a work must be orginal and fall into one of the following categories:literary works;musical works;dramatic works;pantomines and choreographic works;pictorial graphic and sculptural works;films and other audiovisual works;sound recordings.

The difference:federal law only prohibited the unauthorized use of the same mark on competing goods or services;trademark dilution laws protect distinctive or famous trademarks from certain unauthorized uses of the marks regardless of a showing of competition or a likelihood of confusion.

Copyright infringement（版权侵犯）：whenever the form or expression of an idea is copied,an infringement of copyright has occurred.those who infringe copyright may be liable for damages or criminal penalties.an exception to libility for copyright infringement is made under the “fair

use”doctrine.

International protection for intellectual property:

The Berne contention:An international copyright agreement，enacted in 1886.If an American writen a book ，his/her copyrightin the book must be recognized by every count that has signed the convrention.

Trips一trade-related Aspects of Inteliectual Property Rights,Trips Agreement was signed by over 140 nations in 1994.Trips Agreement way one of several documents that were annexed to the agreement that created WTO.

Unit 8

The TRIPS agreement 与贸易有关的知识产权协议

Need Hierarchy 需求层次理论（maslow’s hierarchy of needs：physiological 生理；safety 安全social 社会；esteem 尊重感；self-actualization 自我实现）

Self-reference criterion 自我参考标准

The adoption process 接纳过程理论

High-context cultures 高背景文化

Low-context cultures 低背景文化

Poly-chromic time 多元化时间观

Mono-chromic time 单一性时间观

Perception 观念

1. What are the characteristics of culture?（文化的特征）

①It is not innate, but learned

②The various facts of culture are interrelated-touch a culture in one place and everything else is affected.

③It is shared by the members of a group and defines the boundaries between different groups.

3. What is the concept of adoption process? How many stages will a person undergo before he can finally purchase a new product?

Adoption process─through which an individual passes from the time of his or her first knowledge of an innovation to the time of adopting or purchase of the innovation.

These st ages are as follows: ①awareness ②interest ③evaluation④trial ⑤adoption

Characteristics（特征） of Innovations:Relative advantage;Compatibility ;Complexity

;Divisibility;Communicability.

4. What are the adopter categories? What is the feature for early adopter?

Adopter categories are classifications of individuals within a market on the basis of their innovativeness. They include innovators、early adopters, the early majority, the late majority and laggards.

The future for early adopter: They tend to be younger, have higher social status and in a more favorable financial position than later adopter. They must be responsive to mass-media information sources and must learn about innovation form these sources because they cannot simply copy the behavior of earlier adopters.

High and low context by culture & profession

In low context cultures:Messages have to be explicit, A person's word is not to be relied on, Paperwork is important.

In high context cultures:less information is required in the verbal message. - A person’s value,

position, background are crucial

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新视野大学英语读写教程3(第三版)课后答案完整版

Unit 1 TEXT A Language focus Word in use [3] 1.whereby 2. pursuit 3. inhibit 4. maintain 5. patriotic 6. transcend 7. endeavor 8. dedication 9. prestige 10. nominate Word building [4] [5] 1.resultant 2. tolerant 3. pollutants 4. inhabited 5. participants 6. descendants 7. attendants 8. respectful 9. contestants 10. neglectful 11. resourceful 12. boastful Banked cloze [6] 1.eventually 2. premier 3. endeavor 4. bypass 5. handicaps Expressions in use [7] 1. removed from 2. failed in 3. in pursuit of 4. deviated from 5. precluded from 6. triumph over 7. work their way into

8. written off TEXT B Understanding the text [2] CBADBBCD Language focus Word in use [4] 1.indulge 2. propelled 3.aggravated 4.dazzled 5. alleviated 6.renowned 7.eloquent 8. destined 9.scorns 10. Applause Expression in use [5] up 2.in 3.on 4.up 5.to 6.on 7.as 8.out sentence structure [6] He prefers to start early rather than leave everything to the last minute She prefers to be the boss, to be in charge and to organize others rather than be organized by some whom she may not even rate very highly. My brother prefers to take the whole blame himself rather than allow it to fall on the innocent.

新世纪大学英语阅读教程(2)_参考答案

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积极英语阅读教程答案 【篇一：经典报刊英语综合教程答案】 text a iii. 1. b 2. a 3. b 4. b 5 c 6. a good student: a bright, industrious teen, upscale cap and gown, high-quality student, honors student, elite student, ambitious scholar a good school: a prestigious college, an ivy league college, top-flight school, selective institution iv 1. an entry-level luxury car 2. a top-rated program 3. a cash-strapped financial institution 4. a predominantly agrarian society 5. to be ready psychologically 6. a-level exams 7. a pink-collar worker 8. an intermediate-level course 9. money-strapped colleges and universities 10. a predominantly male job 11. low-level radioactive waste v 发现自己不知不觉的步入了教育领域的无人地带得了高分学费资助 尚无法承担四年沉重的经济负担学业上跟不上 开设综合性大学层次的高级核心课程提高某人的技能 填少数民族招生配额表有把握知道接受要求 一所面向大众和蓝领的教育机构学杂费 为优等生开设的课程资金短缺的州设定招生上限公立大学平均年龄学术声誉补习的本科生换职业的中年人 令人羡慕的学生—教授比正式注册的学生主要是白人女性

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15.圣瓦伦丁节的时尚 里·爱瑞克·舒密特 ? 尽管英国的许多圣徒节日在美国都被遗忘了，圣瓦伦丁节依旧是一个最受欢迎的节日。美国人是怎样喜欢上圣瓦伦丁节的?历史学家舒密特在下文中讲述了它的秘密。 19世纪40年代，圣瓦伦丁节在美国还不是一个很流行的节日。华盛顿的生日在2月，是美国革命重要的纪念日，而古老的圣瓦伦丁节无论在地位上还是在重要性上都比它逊色多了。垮越大西洋，从英国来到美国，大多数的英国圣徒节日已渐渐淡出人们的记忆，比如人们曾纪念过的那些忠实的信徒们、杰出的民间先知者、慈善家们，比如圣·阿格纳、圣·安娜、圣·菲斯、圣·西蒙以及圣·托马斯，所以人们有理由认为圣瓦伦丁节会像其他许多纪念日一样淡出人们的记忆。由于受到工业社会和新教的时间观念的严格制约，和其他许多散布于中世纪和早期现代日历中的圣徒日一样，圣瓦伦丁节似乎注定是要毯废止的。’新兴美国的年历不会像早期现代英国的年历一样列满教堂的圣徒纪念日行会仪式或王室纪念日，但却可能是独具特色的节日大拼盘，比如共和国庆典，各国移民的不同节日，福音派教会的复活节以及安息日等。和圣过自特里克日，样，圣瓦伦丁日最终被证明是个例外;但与圣·帕特里克日不同的是，创造并赴领圣瓦伦丁节在美国复兴的是商业而不是种族特点。2当然有关圣瓦伦丁日的民间信仰在早期的美国也得以长久地保存下来了，例如在历书上就经常标出这个节日，有时还附上一两首关于节日的韵律诗。一些代表性的传统意象也流传下来，1811年新泽西的柏林顿出版了一本圣瓦伦丁节的诗集，它唤起人们种种联想，如传统的乔臾式浪漫的求爱方式，美丽的春天，还有那些亲嘴的鸟儿，比如:知更鸟，黑鸟，鹤鹤，站在篱笆上的麻雀，欧掠鸟(燕八哥)，以及铿鸟等等，“它们在这节日里成群结队，在晨曦中发出腼腆的求爱宣言”。然而，在19世纪最初的几十年里，报刊几乎很少提到圣瓦伦丁节，而那些评论这个节日的作家们只把它当做几乎是独特的英国人的仪式，它只在伦敦特别流行而在美国却没有明显的吸引力和兴趣。小说家塞缪尔·伍德沃斯是美国最早的编年史作者之一，1832年曾指出:‘，2月14日英国人互送圣瓦伦丁节贺卡，通过抓阉来确定丈夫和配偶的习俗，美国人从未有过很多的尝试，而且现在也不了解。”1858年，《哈勃周刊》报道说，在1840年左右商人们首次寄出印有他们瓦伦丁节产品样品的“旅游代理”的信封，这些推销商们实际上“在大多数情况下是被迫而为，并解释说，这样做是为了使用特别的书信和记录他们所准备的特别销售季节。”19世纪4(j年代以前，这个节日在美国流行文化里无足轻重，不为人关注。 19世纪40年代和50年代，这个节日的命运发生了戏剧性的变化。“几年前，我们看到欧洲人庆祝这个节日的报道，而在这里却没有它的讯息。”《费城公共文摘》1845年评论道，“现在情况发生了变化，圣瓦伦丁节的书信，以及心形节日标志等都被引入。特别在纽约，这种半严肃、半滑稽的求爱方式，花言巧语的爱情宣言，今天都写在纸上，通过邮局来传递。成千上万封这样的信件被寄出……即使在一向严肃的费城，圣瓦伦丁节也为人们所推崇。”《费城公共文摘》在这个节日的欢欣鼓舞里看到了希望。怀着对恢复失传的民间传统和节庆的极度渴望，报纸高度赞扬这种复古的行为。“我们已经变得很通达了，所有古老的节日或圣日或纪念日几乎都从日历上被抹掉了……我们太过于算计了。”这