最新Unit 6 Risks新编大学英语第二版第四册课文翻译资料

Unit 6 Risks

Risks and You

At some time or other, all of us have played the part of a hypochondriac, imagining that we have some terrible disease on the strength of very minor symptoms. Some people just have to hear about a new disease and they begin checking themselves to see if they may be suffering from it. But fear of disease is not our only fear, and neither is risk of disease the only risk we run. Modern life is full of all manner of threats-to our lives, our peace of mind, our families, and our future. And from these threats come questions that we must pose to ourselves: Is the food I buy safe? Are toys for my children likely to hurt them? Should my family avoid smoked meats? Am I likely to be robbed on vacations? Our uncertainties multiply indefinitely.

Anxiety about the risks of life is a bit like hypochondria; in both, the fear or anxiety feeds on partial information. But one sharp difference exists between the two. The hypochondriac can usually turn to a physician to get a definitive clarification of the situation-either you have the suspected disease or you don't. It is much more difficult when anxiety about other forms of risk is concerned, because with many risks, the situation is not as simple.

Risks are almost always a matter of probability rather than certainty. You may ask, "Should I wear a seat belt?" If you' re going to have a head-on collision, of course. But what if you get hit from the side and end up trapped inside the vehicle, unable to escape because of a damaged seat belt mechanism? So does this mean that you should spend the extra money for an air bag? Again, in head-on collisions, it may well save your life. But what if the bag accidentally inflates while you are driving down the highway, thus causing an accident that would never have occurred otherwise?

All of this is another way of saying that nothing we do is completely safe. There are risks, often potentially serious ones, associated with every hobby we have, every job we take, every food we eat-in other words, with every action. But the fact that there are risks associated with everything we are going to do does not, or should not, reduce us to trembling neurotics. Some actions are riskier than others. The point is to inform ourselves about the relevant risks and then act accordingly.

For example, larger cars are generally safer than small ones in collisions. But how much safer? The answer is that you are roughly twice as likely to die in a serious crash in a

small car than in a large one. Yet larger cars generally cost more than small ones (and also use more gas, thus increasing the environmental risks!), so how do we decide when the reduced risks are worth the added costs? The ultimate risk avoider might, for instance, buy a tank or an armored car, thus minimizing the risk of death or injury in a collision. But is the added cost and inconvenience worth the difference in price, even supposing you could afford it?

We cannot begin to answer such questions until we have a feel for the level of risks in question. So how do we measure the level of a risk? Some people seem to think that the answer is a simple number. We know, for instance, that about 25,000 people per year die in automobile accidents. By contrast, only about 300 die per year in mine accidents and disasters. Does that mean that riding in a car is much riskier than mining? Not necessarily. The fact is that some 200 million Americans regularly ride in automobiles in the United States every year; perhaps 700,000 are involved in mining. The relevant figure that we need to assess a risk is a ratio or fraction. The numerator of the fraction tells us how many people were killed or harmed as the result of a particular activity over a certain period of time; the denominator tells us how many people were involved in that activity during that time. All risk levels are thus ratios or fractions, with values between 0 (no risk) and 1 (totally risky).

By reducing all risks to ratios or fractions of this sort, we can begin to compare different sorts of risks-like mining versus riding in a car. The larger this ratio, that is, the closer it is to 1, the riskier the activity in question. In the case just discussed, we would find the relative safety of car travel and coal mining by dividing the numbers of lives lost in each by the number of people participating in each. Here, it is clear that the riskiness of traveling by car is about 1 death per 10,000 passengers; with mining, the risk level is about 4 deaths per 10,000 miners. So although far more people are killed in car accidents than in mining, the latter turns out to be four times riskier than the former. Those ratios enable us to compare the risks of activities or situations as different as apples and oranges. If you are opposed to risks, you will want to choose your activities by focusing on the small-ratio exposures. If you are reckless, then you are not likely to be afraid of higher ratios unless they get uncomfortably large.

Once we understand that risk can never be totally eliminated from any situation and that, therefore, nothing is completely safe, we will then see that the issue is not one of avoiding risks altogether but rather one of managing risks in a sensible way. Risk management requires two things: common sense and information about the character and degree of the risks we may be running.

风险与你

1 在说不定的某个时候，我们大家都曾充当过疑病症患者的角色,只凭一些轻微的症状便怀疑自己得了某种可怕的病。有的人只要一听说一种新的疾病，就会去检查，看自己是否可能患了这种病。然而，对疾病的恐惧并非我们唯一的恐惧。同样，患病的危险也并非我们唯一会遇上的危险。现代生活中充满了各种各样的威胁，诸如对我们生命的威胁，对我们平和心境的威胁，对我们家人的威胁，对我们未来的威胁。从而产生了好些问题，我们不得不问自己：我买的食品安全吗？给孩子们的玩具会伤害他们吗？我们家的人是不是不该吃熏肉？我度假时会不会遭抢劫？我们的疑虑就无休止地增加。

2 对生活中风险的担忧与疑病症有相似之处；二者的恐惧或忧虑皆起因于信息不全面。但二者之间也存在一个明显的差别。疑病症患者通常可以求助于医生，以便澄清疑虑——要么你得了你所怀疑的疾病，要么你没得。但当涉及到其它形式的风险时，事情就要困难得多，因为对许多风险来说，情况并不那么简单。

3 风险几乎总是一个可能性的问题而无确定性可言。你也许会问：“我该不该系安全带？”如果你坐的车要与其它车正面相撞，那当然该系安全带。倘若你的车侧面被撞，结果你被困在车里，又因安全带装置遭破坏而无法挣脱，那怎么办呢？这是否意味着你该再花些钱在车内安一个保险气袋呢？同样，在正面相撞的情况下，保险气袋完全可以救你一命。但是，万一正当你在高速公路上开车时，保险气袋突然意外充气膨胀，从而导致了本来绝不会发生的事故，那又该如何是好？

4 上面说的这一切，只是从另一角度说明我们所做的事没有一件是百分之百安全的。有些风险——常常是潜在的重大风险——与我们的每个业余爱好、所做的每项工作、所吃的每种食物有关，换句话说，与所进行的任何活动有关。但我们又不能，也不该因危险存在于我们将要做的每件事，而变成战战兢兢的神经症患者。有些活动是比其它活动更危险。关键在于要让自己了解相应的风险，然后相机行事。

5 例如，两车相撞时，大车总的说来要比小车安全些。可究竟能安全多少呢？答案是这样：在一起严重的车祸中坐小车丧生的可能性是坐大车的两倍左右。然而，大车通常比小车贵（并且消耗更多的汽油，由此给环境带来了更大的风险！）。那么我们该怎样确定什么时候值得为降低风险增加花费呢？例如，避免风险最保险的做法也许是去买一辆坦克或装甲车，从而把撞车时死亡或受伤的风险降到最小。然而，即便你买得起，这笔额外的费用以及忍受坦克或装甲车所带来的不便是否值得呢？

6 在我们尚不知所涉及的风险程度之前，我们还无法回答这些问题。那么，我们该如何去衡量风险程度呢？有些人似乎认为答案只不过是一个简单的数字。例如，我们知道每年大约有25,000 人死于车祸。相比之下，每年只有大约300人死于矿山事故和灾难。这难道就意味着乘坐汽车要比采矿危险得多吗？未必。事实是，在美国每年大约有两亿人经常性地以车代步；而大概只有70万人从事采矿作业。我们评估一种风险时，所需要的有关数字是一

个比率或分数。该分数的分子告诉我们在某个特定时期由于从事某种特定活动而丧生或受伤的人数；其分母告诉我们在这一时期从事这种活动的总人数。这样，所有的风险程度都是由比率或分数表示，其大小介于0（无风险）到1（完全风险）之间。

7 通过把所有风险都简化为这种比率或分数，我们便可以开始比较不同种类的风险，如比较采矿与乘坐汽车。这个比率越大，也就是说它越接近1，那么有关活动的风险就越大。在刚才讨论的例子中，我们可以用每一活动中死亡的人数除以参与该活动的总人数，从而找出汽车旅行与采煤的相对安全性。此处，我们可以很清楚地看到，乘坐汽车旅行的风险是每一万人中大约有一人丧生；而就采矿而言，其危险程度是每一万矿工中大约有四人死亡。所以，尽管在车祸中丧生的人远比采矿要多，其实后者的风险是前者的四倍。这些比率使我们能够对毫不相干的活动或情形的危险性加以比较，即便差别如苹果与橘子那样大也能比较。如果你反对冒险，你就会选择风险比率较小的活动。如果你无所畏惧，那么你往往会对高比率不太在乎，除非它们大得令人难以承受。

8 我们一旦明白了风险是永远无法从任何情况中完全去除的，因而就没有绝对安全的事，我们也就会明白问题的关键不是要彻底避免风险，而是要理智地管理风险。风险管理需要两大要素：常识以及与我们可能要承担的风险的性质和程度相关的信息。

Health Risks

Opinion polls repeatedly tell us that the only thing Americans worry about more than the environment is their health. This is entirely understandable, for health is obviously preferable to illness. What makes today's preoccupation with health slightly surprising is that Americans are far healthier now than they have ever been. Many diseases that once struck terror into hearts have either been completely eliminated or brought under control. Although AIDS is a notable exception, few new mass killers have come along to replace the ones that have been eliminated.

Nonetheless, health—and the various threats to it—remains everyone's permanent concern. After all, more than half of us (57 percent) will die from either heart disease or cancer, if current trends continue.

One major problem with any comparison of health risks—especially life-threatening ones—is that they differ enormously in their immediacy. For instance, AIDS—if you get it—will probably be fatal after a number of years. Cancer induced by smoking or exposure to radiation, on the other hand, may take 20 to 30 years before its catastrophic effects show up. In making choices about health risks, therefore, it is important to bear in mind the likely time lag between taking a risk and suffering its consequences.

Those with a mind to "live for today" are apt to be indifferent to health risks that have a very long incubation period. Although this is short-sighted, it does make sense to discount long-term risks more than short-term ones. After all, when virtually any of us is confronted with the choice of doing something likely to kill us today versus doing something likely to kill us in two decades, the choice is going to be the lesser of the two evils.

One commonly used measure to deal with such problems is a concept called years of potential life lost (YPLL). The idea is that for a 25-year-old, doing something that will kill him in 5 years is much more "costly" than doing something that will kill him in 40 years. Both may involve the same element of risk—the same probability of eventually dying from that activity—but a risk that may cause immediate damage is much more costly than one for which the piper needn't be paid for a long time. In the first case, he will have his normal life span cut short by about 45 years; in the latter case, the deficit is about 5 years. Thinking about matters in this light inevitably causes a reassessment of many of the threats to health. For instance, heart disease is the single largest killer of Americans, way in front of cancer or strokes. However, heart disease tends to strike the elderly in much greater proportions than younger people. Cancer, by contrast, kills fewer people but tends to strike somewhat earlier than heart disease. Hence, more YPLLs are lost to cancer than to heart disease—despite the greater incidence of fatal heart cases. Specifically, cancers claim about 25 percent more YPLLs than heart disease (if we define the YPLL as a year of life lost before age 65).

The concept of YPLLs has an important, if controversial, influence on issues in health care economics. It is frequently argued that money devoted to medical research on curing diseases should be divided up on the basis of the number of lives lost to each disease. Thus, some critics of the massive levels of funding devoted to AIDS research claim that—compared to killers such as heart disease and cancer—AIDS receives a disproportionately high support. That criticism fails to consider the fact that AIDS, by virtue of striking people principally in their 20s and 30s, generates far more YPLLs than the bare figure of 20,000 deaths per year, bad as that is, might suggest. 10 Put differently, finding a cure for AIDS would be likely to add about 25 to 30 years to the life of each potential victim. Finding a cure for heart disease, although it might save far more lives, would probably add only another 5 to 10 years to the life of its average victim.

The assessment of the seriousness of a risk changes, depending upon whether we ask how many lives it claims or how many YPLLs it involves. Some of the differences are quite striking. For instance, accidental deaths appear relatively insignificant compared to

cancer and heart disease when we just count the deaths caused. But once we look at the number of lost years, accidents loom into first place among the killers of Americans. These data show that we need to ask not only how large a risk is but also when it becomes payable. Other things being equal, the sooner a risk causes damage or death, the more that risk is to be avoided.

健康威胁

1民意调查一再告诉我们，美国人最为担心的就是他们的健康，其次才是环境问题。这是完全可以理解的，因为身体健康显然比生病要好。美国人现在对健康如此关注，是有点令人吃惊，因为他们目前比以往任何时候都要健康得多。许多曾令人恐惧的疾病现在或者已经彻底根除，或者已得到控制。尽管艾滋病是个显著的例外，但是现在几乎没有什么新的能置许多人于死地的疾病出现，以取代那些已被根除的疾病。

2然而，健康以及对健康的各种威胁，仍然是人们永久关注的问题。毕竟，如果目前的趋势无法制止的话，我们中将有不止一半(57％)的人将死于心脏病或是癌症。

3将威胁健康的危险，特别是致命的危险，进行比较时，有一个主要的问题，就是这些危险的紧迫性有很大差异。例如艾滋病，如果你染上的话，很可能几年后就死亡。然而，由吸烟或辐射诱发的癌症，也许要经过20至30年的时间其灾难性的后果才会出现。因此，在对健康的各种危险做出选择时，务必要考虑进行冒险与承受其后果之间的时间间隔。

4那些一心要“今朝有酒今朝醉”的人们，往往对潜伏期较长的危害不放在心上。尽管这是一种目光短浅的行为，但不理会滞后期长的危险，重视近期危险还是有道理的。毕竟，如果我们真的面临选择，是去做今天就可能使我们丧命的事，还是去做20年后才可能使我们丧命的事，我们往往会两害相比取其轻。

5对待这类问题有种常用的计算方法，就是考虑可能少活的年数(YPLL)。其意思是，对一个25岁的人来说，去做一件使自己五年后丧生的事要比做一佴：40年后丧生的事“代价高昂”得多。二者同样都具有危险因素——即最终因从事某事而导致死亡的可能性相同——但是，会马上引起伤害的危险，要比一个很长时间不需付出代价的危险要昂贵得多。在第一种情形下，他的正常寿命减少了约45年，而在第二种情形下，减少了约5年。从这种角度看问题必然会对威胁健康的许多因素进行重新评估。例如，心脏病是夺去美国人性命的头号杀手，远远超过癌症或中风。然而，老年人患心脏病的比例大大超出了年轻人。相比之下，癌症的死亡人数虽然要少于心脏病的死亡人数，但患癌症的人群比较年轻。所以，尽管心脏病死亡率要大，但癌症损失的YPIfI要比心脏病多。具体来讲，与心脏病相比，癌症让人大约多损失了25％的YPLL(如果我们将YPI_L定义为65岁以前寿命缩短的年头)。

6 YPLL这一概念，尽管人们对它还有争议，却对保健经济学有着重要影响。人们经常争辩说，用于医学研究攻克疾病的资金应该按每种疾病死亡人数的多少来分配。因此，一些人士抨击将大量资金用于艾滋病研究。他们认为与其他致命的疾病如心脏病和癌症相比，艾滋病

得到了不成比例的高额资助。该批评没有考虑到这样一个事实：由于艾滋病的主要受害者为二三十岁的年轻人，尽管每年只造成20，000人死亡——该数字本身也不小了——但是艾滋病引起的YPLL要大得多，远比简单的死亡人数更值得我们重视。换句话说，找到治疗艾滋病的方法，将可能增加每位潜在的艾滋病患者25至30年的寿命。找到治疗心脏病的方法，虽然可能拯救更多人的生命，但对每位受害者来说只能增加平均5到10年的寿命。

7对一种危险的严重程度的估算会有差异，这要看我们是关注它所引起的死亡人数还是它所导致的YPLL的多少。有些差异很令人吃惊。比如，如果我们只算引起的死亡人数的话，与癌症和心脏病相比，意外死亡就显得无足轻重。然而，一旦我们关注所损失的YPLL，意外事故却赫然位居美国杀手榜的榜首。这些数据显示，我们不仅要探究危险程度的大小，而且要探究危险什么时候要我们付出代价。在其他因素都相等的情况下，危险所导致的损害或死亡来得越快，人们就越应该回避这种危险。

Risks from Nature and Technology

We live in an age when natural has come to mean "benign" and anything made by humans seems both artificial and suspect. But actually the natural and the benign are not necessarily the same thing. Nature does a lot of nasty things to us. Floods, storms, earthquakes, hurricanes, volcanoes, and tornadoes are just the tip of the iceberg. Most diseases are natural. Many naturally occurring substances are poisonous. The single largest source of cancer-producing radiation is radon gas, a byproduct of the decay of radioactive elements in the earth's crust. Other sources of cancer-causing radiation are cosmic rays and ordinary sunlight. Indeed, death itself is natural. If we have been able to prolong life beyond its traditional span of seventy years, that is because we have been clever enough to contrive ways of delaying the decay, disease, and destruction that is inflicted on us by nature.

Think about it another way. All plants, including those we eat, contain many naturally occurring pesticides. They have evolved these toxic—in many cases, carcinogenic—defenses against insects and other predators over millions of years. It has been estimated that we consume 10,000 times as many natural pesticides as artificial ones. In other words, nature is not benign. Other numbers prove this even more convincingly. It is a widely used rule of thumb among risk specialists that, in any given year, about 30 times as many people will die in natural disasters as in manmade ones.

In addition to natural catastrophes, there are still plenty of ways in which our technological society poses major threats to our lives and health, especially through damage to the environment in which we live. The unhappy fact is that we have some

grounds for thinking that many air and water pollutants may be risky, but we have as yet no dependable data on the size of the risk they pose. In other words, although we have a pretty good idea of the amount of the principal pollutants released into the air and water in the United States, there are very few studies on the health effects of specific concentrations of particular pollutants. Such studies are difficult to perform because there are too many variables outside our control. Is a certain oxide of nitrogen dangerous in a particular amount? Usually the answer is that we do not know.

Because everything is risky, it is meaningless to be told that this or that pollutant poses a "potential" risk—until we know what the risk level is. Unless we know whether a certain pollutant in certain concentrations kills 5,000 people a year or 1 person every decade, we cannot decide whether it poses an unacceptable risk. Scientists have generally not yet been able to identify the size of many of the risks posed by most of the pollutants in the environment.

In fact, such studies as there are raise doubts about the commonly assumed risks of some pollutants. In New York City, for instance, levels of sulfur dioxide fell more than 90 percent between 1969 and 1976 in response to the Clean Air Act of 1970. Despite this major shift in one of the most common air pollutants, daily mortality rates in New York did not change at all. No doubt New York City smells better, but it is unclear whether any lives were saved by the reduction in sulfur emissions.

The problem of assessing environmental risks is made worse by the official doublespeak on the subject. Consider but one example. From time to time, a federal agency will announce that it has identified a certain substance (natural or artificial) as a "possible human carcinogen". Such announcements are generally greeted with much wringing of hands from the general public, who suppose that one more item must be taken off their menus. The facts, however, are quite otherwise. To qualify as a possible human carcinogen, there must be evidence that the substance in question produces cancer in rats when they receive doses of the substance that are often a million times stronger than a human being receives, even allowing for differences in body weight. Even if we suppose that the likelihood of cancer varies directly with the level of exposure and that whatever is carcinogenic to rats is dangerous to humans (and both assumptions are dubious), these figures mean that the likelihood of a human being getting cancer from normal exposures to the substance is about a million times smaller than the rat's chances. If you reflect on the other risk statistics, it will become clear that such a risk is extraordinarily low—in fact, it is about as close to "safe" as we normally get in this life.

Accordingly, the discovery that something is a possible human carcinogen is the discovery that it may be less harmful than many of the things we routinely do.

寻求刺激者

1 “简单的冒险”已成为一种新兴的假日娱乐项目。如今在西方每逢节假日，游客都有很多旅游胜地和娱乐项目可以选择。但同时大多数旅行代理商都认为传统的海滩度假已不再时髦，越来越多的人在寻找新的娱乐项目。

2英国林顿·库柏旅行社的彼得·伊文思解释说：“我们绝大多数顾客都喜欢冒险性的活动。沙滩度假已经是过去的事情了，人们对此已不再觉得稀奇了。我们目前正在努力做的就是开发新颖而又刺激的活动项目。”

3像彼得·伊文思这样的旅行代理商提供的活动内容丰富，从漂流非洲赞比西河，直到攀登世界最高峰。尽管这样，仍有一些游客还觉得不够刺激。于是他们转向了所谓的“极限运动”，诸如“空中冲浪”(与水上冲浪相似，但在自由落体跳伞过程中进行)、“极限自由滑雪”(从悬崖顶滑下来)。

4这些运动主要的魅力在于它们有伤亡的风险。布伦丹·柯纳是一位驻华盛顿的记者，一直关注极限运动的兴起。他认为这种运动确实存在风险。风险的严重程度各不相同，可能是市内危险运动如穿直立式旱冰鞋溜冰引起的手腕骨折等创伤，也可能严重到丧失生命——那些热衷于进行低空跳伞这类高风险运动的人会有这种危险。

5柯纳介绍说：“低空跳伞是指乘降落伞从固定的物体，比如摩天大楼，或河流的峡谷顶上往下跳。我看到过一些关于这项运动的数据，大约每700次低空跳伞中就有一次是致命的。相比之下，传统的跳伞运动每90，000次才有一次是致命的。”

6很多人还没有做好充分准备就去尝试高风险运动，这使得情况更糟糕。例如，攀登高山成了近几年越来越流行的一项运动，可是很多人似乎并不了解其中的风险。去年夏天，欧洲最高的阿尔卑斯山脉有90多个登山者遇难，其中有一天就死了12人。今年夏天，攀登事故的死亡人数估计仍会居高不下。这并不是因为山脉本身变得越来越危险了，而是由于更多的攀登者没有足够的经验和必要的设备。比如去年就有报道说，有登山者只穿着短裤和网球鞋就试图徒步穿过冰河，在他们当中只有十分之一的人配有合格的登山向导。

7那么，为什么有越来越多的人想冒险和体验危险呢?部分原因是近年来冒险的机会急剧增

加。现在的旅游公司几乎可以把游客带到世界上任何地方，从珠穆朗玛峰到南极。在国内，公司排着队向人们提供体验危险的机会。例如，现在在世界各地的城市里，你都会看到一种叫蹦极跳的运动。人们只要用一根有弹性的绳索拴住脚腕，就可以把自己从高高的塔顶抛下去。

8杰罗姆·斯梅尔是英国新近一家极限运动杂志的编辑，他认为这些运动虽然危险性高，却能帮助人们拓展视野。“越来越多的人愿意进行这项活动，是因为这是体验人生的捷径，”他说。“他们付了钱就能体验到那种因分泌肾上腺素而产生的兴奋，这是一般人在正常情况下无法体验的。而且我认为极限运动还可以使人们逃避朝九晚五的生活方式，而过着这种平淡生活的人不在少数。”

9布伦丹·柯纳同意这种说法。他认为极限运动在美国之所以盛行是人们对自己过于安逸舒适的生活的反动。

10“我们生活在人类历史上法律诉讼最多的时代。为了防止有人受到起诉，金属攀登架和秋千被搬出了孩子们的操场。如今的美国生活充满了各种各样的规章制度，以保证尽可能地安全。”

11柯纳认为过于强调安全性是与美国的冒险精神相违背的。美国自早期的拓荒者开始就崇尚冒险，这种精神一直可以在电影里看到。“看看我们的好莱坞电影，里面有各种各样的动作明星。当人们环视周围枯燥的郊区环境时，不禁要问‘哪儿有适合我的刺激和惊险啊?’。”12而且心理学家们也赞同此观点。他们相信人们的生活中需要一点刺激。英国设菲尔德大学心理学教授巴里·冈特解释道：

13“从根本上说，追求新鲜事物是人的基本需求，人们时不时地会想要冒一点险，以便在应对周围的环境时感到更得心应手。”

14寻找挑战以证明自己勇气和胆量的欲望似乎显示了典型的阳刚之气，但是，虽然极限运动的主要倡导者和支持者是年轻小伙子，该运动也吸引了女性。

15不仅仅是旅行社一直在充分利用人们对冒险运动的向往。软饮料的生产商百事公司也把极限运动的理念结合到了最近的广告中，宣传的对象就是年轻人。百事公司英国市场的经理西蒙·洛登认为利用危险体育做广告能在年轻人中引起共鸣。

16“充分享受生活，享受今天，是Pepsi MaX饮料的全部理念。极限运动真正实现了这个愿望。不管年轻人是否真的从事这项运动，但至少能够使他们心生向往，说：‘是的，我愿意这样做。’况且，从极限运动中我们享受到了怎样的飘飘欲仙的感觉啊——那是真正的飘飘欲仙!”

必修一课文及翻译

必修一 Unit 1 Friendship ANNE’S BEST FRIEND Do you want a friend whom you could tell everything to, like your deepest feelings and thoughts Or are you afraid that your friend would laugh at you, or would not understand what you are going through Anne Frank wanted the first kind, so she made her best friend. Anne lived in Amsterdam in Netherlands during Would WarⅡ.Her family was Jewish so they had to hide or they would be caught by the German Nazi .She and her family hid away for nearly twenty-five months before they were discovered. During that time the only true friend was her diary. She said ,”I don’t want to set down a series of facts in a diary as most people do ,but I want this diary itself to be my friend, and I shall call my friend Kitty .”Now read how she felt after being in the hiding place since July 1942. Thursday 15th June 1944 Dear Kitty, I wonder if it’s because I haven’t been able to be outdoors for so long that I’ve grown so crazy about everything to do with nature. I can well remember that there was a time when a deep blue sky, the song of the birds, moonlight and flowers could never have kept me spellbound. That’s changed since I was here. …For example, one evening when it was so warm, I stayed awake on purpose until half past eleven in order to have a good look at the moon by myself. But as the moon gave far too much light, I didn’t dare open a window. Another time five months ago, I happened to be upstairs at dusk when the window was open. I didn’t go downstairs until the windo w had to be shut. The dark, rainy evening, the wind, the thundering clouds held me entirely in their power; it was the first time in a year and a half that I’d seen the night face to face…. …Sadly…I am only able to look at nature through dirty curtains han ging before very dusty windows. it’s no pleasure looking through these any longer because nature is one thing that really must be experienced. Your, Anne 安妮最好的朋友 你想不想有一位无话不谈能推心置腹的朋友或者你会不会担心你的朋友会嘲笑你，会不理解你目前的困境呢安妮弗兰克想要的是第一种类型的朋友，所以她把的日记当作自己最好的朋友。 在第二次世界大战期间，安妮住在荷兰的阿姆斯特丹。她一家人都是犹太人，所以他们不得不躲藏起来，否则就会被德国的纳粹分子抓去。她和她的家人躲藏了将近25个月之后才被发现。在那段时期，她的日记成了她唯一忠实的朋友。她说：“我不愿像大多数人那样在日记中记流水账。我要把我的日记当作自己的朋友，我把我的这个朋友叫做基蒂。”现在，来看看安妮自1942年7月起躲进藏身处后的那种心情吧。 1944年6月15日，星期四 亲爱的基蒂： 我不知道这是不是因为我太久不能出门的缘故，我变得对一切与大自然有关的事物都无比狂热。我记得非常清楚，以前，湛蓝的天空、鸟儿的歌唱、月光和鲜花，从未令我心迷神

Unit-10-Agriculture新编大学英语第二版第一册课文翻译讲课稿

Unit 10 Agriculture Farming for the Future [1] Every year, more people face poverty and hunger and more of the earth's resources are ruined. The problems are enormous, but many experts believe that the situation is not hopeless. The solution will require big changes in how we think about agriculture, food, and our planet. [2] First of all, farmers everywhere need to develop methods that are less destructive to the environment. The change from single crop farming to a mixed crop system would be one important step. The planting of several different crops improves the soil and helps prevent erosion. Erosion could also be prevented by planting trees to protect the fields from the wind. Another way farmers could improve the soil is to avoid deep plowing. In fact, only a slight plowing is necessary if proper methods are used. [3] If the soil were treated better, farmers would not need to use chemical fertilizers. They could use natural animal and vegetable products instead. With mixed crops, farmers would need fewer toxic chemical insecticides. They could use biological methods of controlling insects and disease. [4] Farmers could also help save the earth's precious supplies of water and petroleum. To save water, they could plant more water-efficient plants instead of the standard types of wheat or corn. They could also use watering systems that are much less wasteful. To save petroleum, farmers could make use of bio-gas generators which could be fueled by the vegetable and animal wastes of the farms. In less-developed countries, bio-gas generators could reduce the need for firewood and so help save forests, as well. [5] In less-developed countries, the small farmers need help. They need to learn more about crops that are better suited to local conditions. They need to learn how to limit erosion and make the best use of their resources. These farmers will never be successful without land and economic reform. This should be the aim of governments and international agencies. The current industrial and cash crop policies are only making the situation worse. [6] Industrialized countries could use their economic resources to help bring about these changes. They could make some changes in their own policies. At present, much food is wasted in these countries for political reasons. In Europe and in North America, tons of fruit and dairy products are thrown away every year. Eating habits, too, could be changed in these countries. For example, people often eat foods from distant places instead of local foods. The transportation of the imported foods adds to the global pollution problem. People in industrialized countries also eat a lot of meat, especially beef.

前赤壁赋原文及赏析翻译

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山间之明月，耳得之而为声，目遇之而成色，取之无禁，用之不竭。是造物者之无尽藏也，而吾与子之所共适。”(共适一作：共食) 客喜而笑，洗盏更酌。肴核既尽，杯盘狼籍。相与枕藉乎舟中，不知东方之既白。 2965 辞赋精选，高中文言文，古文观止，写景，饮酒，感叹，哲理 译文及注释 佚名 译文 壬戌年秋，七月十六日，苏轼与友人在赤壁下泛舟游玩。清风阵阵拂来，水面波澜不起。举起酒杯向同伴敬酒，吟诵着与明月有关的文章，歌颂窈窕这一章。不多时，明月从 东山后升起，徘徊在斗宿与牛宿之间。白茫茫的雾气横贯江面，清泠泠的水光连着天际。 任凭小船儿在茫无边际的江上飘荡，越过苍茫万顷的江面。（我的情思）浩荡，就如同凭 空乘风，却不知道在哪里停止，飘飘然如遗弃尘世，超然独立，成为神仙，进入仙境。 这时候喝酒喝得高兴起来，用手叩击着船舷，应声高歌。歌中唱道：“桂木船棹呵香 兰船桨，迎击空明的粼波，逆着流水的泛光。我的心怀悠远，想望伊人在天涯那方”。有 吹洞箫的客人，按着节奏为歌声伴和，洞箫呜呜作声：像是怨恨，又像是思慕，像是哭泣，又像是倾诉，尾声凄切、婉转、悠长，如同不断的细丝。能使深谷中的蛟龙为之起舞，能

新编大学英语1翻译答案

一、 1、当我知道详细情况时，我意识到我不该在办公室发脾气。 When I knew the details ,I realized that I shouldn’t have lost the temper at the office. 2、我和鲍勃不是很熟，不过我们偶尔出去喝一杯。 I don’t know Bob very well ,but we go out for a drink occasionally. 3、会议应该在周二召开，但我们不得不推迟。 The meeting is supposed to be held on Tuesday, but we have to put it off. 4、我国政府采取行动使那个国家的所以中国人回到了祖国。 Our government took action to get all the Chinese back to homeland in that country. 5、包括周末在内，仅仅还有12天时间可以用来买圣诞礼物。 Including the weekend ,there is only 12days to buy Charismas presents. 6、如不立即采取行动，许多野生动物就会因饥饿而死亡。 Without taking action immediately ,many kinds of wild animals would die from hunger. 三、 1、除非你有经验，否则你得不到这份工作。 You won’t got this job unless you have got the experience. 2、我把大部分时间都花在研究中美文化差异上了。 Most of my time is spent studying the differences between Chinese and American culture. 3、这句话意思很清楚，绝不会引起误会。 This sentence is so clear that it can’t cause any misunderstanding. 4、他希望能给予她比现在更多的帮助。 He hopes he could give her more help than he does. 5、要记得邀请她来参加生日晚会，不然她会抱怨的。 Remember to invite her to the birthday party ,or she would complain. 6、主任说，你必须把购置设备的2500美元加到成本中去。 The Director said ,you have to add 2500 dollars for equipment purchase to the cost. 7、了解自己的长处、弱点以及所处的环境很重要。 It’s important to be aware of your strengths, weaknesses and the environment you are in. 8、如果你继续对大家这么粗鲁，不久你就会发现自己什么朋友都没有了。 You will find yourself without any friends at all if you keep on being so rude to everyone. 四、 1、做出贡献的人太多了，无法一一提及。 The individuals who have contributed are far too many to mention. 2、半夜里，嘈杂声把我们吵醒了。 The noise woke us up in the middle of the night. 3、他不应该对我说的话感到生气，那仅仅是个玩笑而已。 He shouldn’t have been angry at what I said, it was nothing more than a joke. 4、我们邀请了所以的朋友去野餐，但是由于下雨只来了其中5位。 We invited all our friends to the picnic ,but it rained and only 5 of them showed up. 5、婚姻被视为一件严肃的事。 Marriage is viewed as a serious matter. 6、令我失望的是，这部电影并不像我期待得那么好。 To my disappointment ,the movie didn’t live up to my expectations. 七、

高中英语必修一课文及其翻译

Anne’s Best Friend Do you want a friend whom you could tell everything to, like your deepest feelings and thoughts? Or are you afraid that your friend would laugh at you, or would not understand what you are going through? Anne Frank wanted the first kind, so she made her diary her best friend. Anne lived in Amsterdam in the Netherlands during World War Ⅱ. Her family was Jewish so nearly twenty-five months before they were discovered. During that time the only true friend was her diary. She said, ”I don’t want to set down a series of facts in a diary as most people do, but I want this diary itself to be my friend, and I shall call my friend Kitty.” Now read how she felt after being in the hiding place since July 1942. Thursday 15th June, 1944 Dear Kitty, I wonder if it’s because I haven’t been able to be outdoors for so long that I’ve grown so crazy about everything to do with nature. I can well remember that there was a time when a deep blue sky, the song of the birds, moonlight and flowers could never have kept me spellbound. That’s changed since I was here. …For example, one evening when it was so warm, I stayed awake on purpose until half past eleven in order to have a good look at the moon by my self. But as the moon gave far too much light, I didn’t dare open a window. Another time five months ago, I happened to be upstairs at dusk when the window was open. I didn’t go downstairs until the window bad to be shut. The dark, rainy evening, the wind, the thundering clouds held me entirely in their power; it was the first time in a year and a half that I’d seen the night face to face… …Sadly …I am only able to look at nature through dirty curtains hanging before very dusty windows. It’s no pleasure looking through these any longer because nature is one thing that really must be experienced. Yours, Anne

赤壁之战课本原文及翻译

赤壁之战 司马光 （一） 初，鲁肃闻刘表卒，言于孙权（状语后置）曰：“荆州与国邻接，江山险固，沃野万里，士民殷富，若据而有之，此帝王之资也。 当初，鲁肃听说刘表死了，就对孙权说：“荆州与我国接邻，地理形势险要、坚固，肥沃的土地方圆万里，百姓殷实富裕，如果占有它，这就是开创帝王事业的凭借。 今刘表新亡，二子不协，军中诸将，各有彼此。 现在刘表刚死，他（刘表）的两个儿子（刘琦、刘琮）不和睦，军队中的那些将领，有的拥戴刘琦，有的拥戴刘琮。 刘备天下枭雄（判断），与操有隙，寄寓于表（状语后置），表恶其能而不能用也。 刘备是天下的豪杰，跟曹操有仇，寄居在刘表那里，刘表嫉妒他的才能而不重用（他）。 若备与彼协心，上下齐同，则宜抚安，与结盟好；如有离违，宜别图之，以济大事。 如果刘备同他们（指原属刘表手下的人）荆州方面的人同心协力，上下一致，（我们）就应当安抚他们，与他们结盟友好；如果他们有所背离（指刘表和荆州将领不能合作），（我们）就该另外筹划这件事情，以成就（我们的）大业。 肃请得奉命吊表二子，并慰劳其军中用事者，及说备使抚表众，同心一意，共治曹操，备必喜而从命。 我请求奉您之命去慰问刘表的两个儿子，并慰劳（他们）军中掌权的人物，以及劝说刘备使他安抚刘表的部下，同心一意，共同对付曹操，刘备一定会高兴而听从我们的意见。 如其克谐，天下可定也。今不速往，恐为操所先（被动句）。” 如果这件事能够成功，天下就可以安定下来了。现在不赶快前往，恐怕就被曹操占了先机（抢先）。” 权即遣肃行。到夏口，闻操已向荆州，晨夜兼道，比至南郡，而琮已降，备南走，肃径迎之，与备会于当阳长坂（状语后置）。 孙权立刻派鲁肃前往。（鲁肃）到夏口，听说曹操已向荆州进军，（于是）日夜赶路，等（鲁肃）到了南郡，（刘表的二儿子）刘琮已投降曹操，刘备向南逃跑，鲁肃直接迎向前去，与刘备在当阳县长坂

Unit-6-A-World-of-Mystery新编大学英语第二版第一册课文翻译

Unit 6 A World of Mystery The Bermuda Triangle [1] On 5th December 1945, Flight 19, which consisted of five US Navy planes, took off from Fort Lauderdale, Florida in fine weather. There was a total of fourteen men on board the planes. The planes were in good condition; they had the best equipment on board including compasses and radios, and they also carried life rafts. The planes could float on water for ninety seconds. One and a half hours after the take-off, a radio message from one of the planes was heard at the control tower at Fort Lauderdale. [2] "I don't know where we are." [3] After that the planes could no longer speak to the control tower, but they could speak to and hear each other, and the control tower could hear them. [4] "The magnetic compass is going crazy." [5] "We're completely lost." [6] No other messages were heard after that. Nobody else heard from the planes or saw them again. Three hundred planes and many boats searched the area, but not one trace of Flight 19 was found. Then one of the planes that was sent to look for them also disappeared completely. [7] These planes had disappeared in a very mysterious part of the world in the western Atlantic Ocean where lots of strange events have taken place. The mystery started long before 1945, and since that year many other ships and planes have also disappeared in this area. It is called the Bermuda Triangle. It is a large, triangular area of the ocean with the island of Bermuda at its northern tip. [8] Planes and ships disappear in other parts of the world, but there are more disappearances in the Triangle than in other areas. For years now scientists and others have been puzzled by this mystery. There have been many attempts to explain why people, planes and ships disappear in such high numbers here . [9] One writer, John Spencer, believes that the ships and planes have been carried off from the sea and sky by flying saucers or UFOs from another planet. Since there are millions of other planets in the universe, Spencer believes there must be other intelligent creatures somewhere in the universe. These creatures are interested in collecting humans and their equipment so that they can examine them carefully. [10] Another theory is that the geography of the area is responsible for the disappearances of the ships and planes. Bermuda lies on an earthquake belt. Underwater earthquakes result in large waves appearing suddenly. These waves are so big that they can break a ship into pieces. In the air, a similar thing can happen to airplanes because of

新编大学英语3课文原文

Book 3 Unit 1 Personality The Misery of Shyness Shyness is the cause of much unhappiness for a great many people. All kinds of people describe themselves as shy: short, tall, dull, intelligent, young, old, slim, overweight. Shy people are anxious and self-conscious; that is, they are excessively concerned with their own appearance and actions. Worrisome thoughts are constantly swirling in their minds: What kind of impression am I making? Do they like me? Do I sound stupid? I'm ugly. I'm wearing unattractive clothes. It is obvious that such uncomfortable feelings must affect people adversely. A person's self-concept is reflected in the way he or she behaves, and the way a person behaves affects other people's reactions. In general, the way people think about themselves has a profound effect on all areas of their lives. For instance, people who have a positive sense of self-worth or high self-esteem usually act with confidence. Because they have self-assurance, they do not need constant praise and encouragement from others to feel good about themselves. Self-confident people participate in life enthusiastically and spontaneously. They are not affected by what others think they "should" do. People with high self-esteem are not hurt by criticism; they do not regard criticism as a personal attack. Instead, they view a criticism as a suggestion for improvement. In contrast, shy people, having low self-esteem, are likely to be passive and easily influenced by others. They need reassurance that they are doing "the right thing". Shy people are very sensitive to criticism; they feel it confirms their inferiority. They also find it difficult to be pleased by compliments because they believe they are unworthy of praise. A shy person may respond to a compliment with a statement like this one: "You're just saying that to make me feel good. I know it's not true." It is clear that, while self-awareness is a healthy quality, overdoing it is detrimental, or harmful. Can shyness be completely eliminated, or at least reduced? Fortunately, people can overcome shyness with determined and patient effort in building self-confidence. Since shyness goes hand in hand with lack of self-esteem, it is important for people to accept their weaknesses as well as their strengths. For example, most people would like to be "A" students in every subject. It is not fair for them to label themselves as inferior because they have difficulty in some areas. People's expectations of themselves must be realistic. Dwelling on the impossible leads to a sense of inadequacy, and even feelings of envy, or jealousy. We

《新编大学英语》第一册课后翻译练习参考答案

Book 1 Translation Exercises Unit 1 Translation 1) 我累了。昨晚我不该那么晚睡觉。(should not + 动词完成式) 2) 我和鲍勃不是很熟，不过我们偶尔一起出去喝一杯。(occasional) 3) 我们应该到火车站接她。(be supposed to) 4) 你可以清楚地看到有人快要淹死, 而你却没有采取行动救他们。(drown, take action) 5) 包括周末在内，仅仅还有12天时间可以用来买圣诞礼物。(including) 6) 如果不立即采取行动，许多种野生动物就会因饥饿而死亡。(without, hunger) I’m tired. I shouldn’t have gone to bed so late last night. I don’t/didn’t know Bob very well, but we go/went out for an occasional drink together. We’re supposed to meet her at the train station. You could clearly see people drowning, but/and yet you took no action to save them. Including weekends, there are only twelve more days to buy Christmas presents. Without immediate action, many kinds of wild animals would die from hunger. Unit 2 Translation 1) 那首歌总是使她回想起在芝加哥度过的那个夜晚。(remind…of…) 2) 街角处刚巧有一位警察，我便向他问路。(happen to, corner) 3) 由于天气恶劣，今天所有去纽约的航班都延误了。(delay) 4) 谁有责任谁就必须赔偿损失。(whoever, responsible) 5) 我找不到我的支票簿。我准是把它留在家里了。(checkbook, must have) 6) 到足球比赛快开始时，暴风雨已经停了。(by the time) That song always reminded her of the night spent in Chicago. There happened to be a policeman on the corner, so I asked him the way. All flights to New York today are/were delayed because of the bad weather. Whoever is responsible will have to pay for the damage. I can’t find my checkbook. I must have left it at home. By the time the football match was going to start, the storm had already stopped. Unit 3 Translation 1) 除非你有经验，否则你得不到这份工作。(unless) 2) 我把大部分时间花在研究中美文化的差异上了。(spend) 3) 这句话意思极清楚，决不会引起误解。(so…that) 4) 他希望能够给予她比现在更多的帮助。(more than) 5) 穿上外套，否则你会感冒的。(or) 6) 她的收藏品中增加了一张毕加索(Picasso)的画。(add…to…) 7) 我没意识到以前曾来过这儿。(be aware of) 8) 如果你继续对每个人这么粗鲁，你很快就会发现自己什么朋友都没有了。(find oneself without) 1）You won’t get the job unless you’ve got the experience. 2) Most of my time is spent studying the differences between Chinese and American culture. The statement/sentence is so clear that it can’t cause any misunderstanding. He wishes that he could give her more help than he does. She has added a Picasso to his collection.

赤壁之战 翻译

赤壁之战翻译 当初，鲁肃听说刘表死，就对孙权说：“荆州与我国接邻，地理形势险要、坚固，肥沃的土地方圆万里，百姓殷实富裕，如果占有它，这就是开创帝王事业的凭借。现在刘表刚死，他（刘表）的两个儿子（刘琦、刘琮）不和，军队中的那些将领，有的拥戴刘琦，有的拥戴刘琮。 刘备是天下的豪杰，跟曹操有仇，寄居在刘表那里，刘表嫉妒他的才能而不重用（他）。如果刘备同他们（指原属刘表手下的人）荆州方面的人同心协力，上下一致，（我们）就应当安抚他们，与他们结盟友好；如果他们有所背离（指刘表和荆州将领不能合作），（我们）就该另外筹划这件事情，以成就（我们的）大业。我请求奉您之命去慰问刘表的两个儿子，并慰劳（他们）军中掌权的人物，以及劝说刘备使他安抚刘表的部下，同心一意，共同对付曹操，刘备一定会高兴而听从我们的意见。如果这件事能够成功，天下就可以安定下来了。现在不赶快前往，恐怕就被曹操占了先（抢先）。”孙权立刻派鲁肃前往。（鲁肃）到夏口，听说曹操已向荆州进军，（于是）日夜赶路，等（鲁肃）到了南郡，（刘表的二儿子）刘琮已投降曹操，刘备向南逃跑，鲁肃直接迎向前去，与刘备在当阳县长坂坡相会。鲁肃转达孙权的意旨，（和刘备）讨论天下大事和当前行势，表示恳切慰问的心意，并且问刘备说：“刘豫州现在想到哪里去？”刘备说：“我和苍梧太守吴巨有老交情，想去投奔他。”鲁肃说：“孙讨虏（孙权，曹操曾以汉献帝的名义授给他讨虏将军的名号）将军聪明仁惠，敬重以礼相待贤能之士，江南的英雄豪杰都归附他，已经占据了六个郡，兵精粮足，足够用来成就大业。现在为您打算，不如派遣最亲信的人，主动同东边吴国结盟，以共同成就一番世代相传的事业。（但是您）却打算投奔吴巨，吴巨是个平庸的人，又处在偏僻边远的州郡，快要被别人吞并了，（这样的人）难道可以托身吗？”刘备（听了）很高兴。鲁肃又对诸葛亮说：“我是子瑜的朋友。”就同刘备等定下了交情。（另译）两个人随即（也因子瑜的关系）交了朋友。子瑜就是诸葛亮的哥哥诸葛瑾，在江东避乱，（现在做）孙权的长史。刘备采纳了鲁肃的建议，（率兵）进驻鄂县的樊口。 曹操从江陵将要顺着长江东下，诸葛亮对刘备说：“事情很危急，请（让我）奉命向孙将军求救。”于是就同鲁肃一起去拜见孙权。诸葛亮在柴桑会见到了孙权，劝孙权说：“（现在）天下大乱，将军（您）在江东起兵，刘豫州在汉水以南招收兵马，同曹操共同争夺天下。现在曹操削平大乱（消灭各地割据势力），（中原地区）大致已稳定局面，就（南下）攻破荆州，声威震动天下。英雄没有施展武力的地方了，所以刘豫州逃到这里，希望将军估量自己的力量来对付这个局面！ 如果能够拿（江东）吴、越的兵力同中原（的曹操）对抗，不如趁早同他断绝关系；如果不能，为什么不放下武器、捆起铠甲，向（曹操）投降（向北朝拜称臣）呢！现在将军外表上假托服从（曹操）的名义，而内心里却怀着犹豫不决的心思，事情紧迫而又不能决断，灾祸降临就没有多少时候了！”孙权说：“假若像您所说，刘豫州为什么不投降曹操呢？”诸葛亮说：“田横，（不过是）齐国的一个壮士罢了，还能恪守节义不肯受辱；何况刘豫州（是）汉王室的后代，英明才智超过当世，众人仰慕敬重他，好像水流入大海一样。如果大事不能成功，就是天意，又怎能甘心屈服在曹操之下呢？”孙权激怒的说：“我不能拿整个东吴的土地，十多万将士，来受别人控制，我的主意已经决定