Lesson 1 课文参考译文

课文参考译文

第一课A

世界英语：是福是祸？

汤姆·麦克阿瑟

（1）2000 年，语言学家、威尔士人格兰维尔·普莱斯，在他编辑的《英国与爱尔兰的语言》中发表了如下的观点：

因为英语是个杀手。正是英语，导致坎伯兰语、康沃尔语、诺恩语和马恩语灭亡。在那些岛屿的部分地区，还有较大规模的群体讲比英语更古老的当地语言。但是，现在日常生活中，英语无处不在，人人—或者说—几乎人人都懂英语。英语威胁到那三种遗留的凯尔特语：爱尔兰语、苏格兰盖尔语和威尔士语，……所以必须意识到，从长远来看，这三种语言的未来……十分危险。（第141 页）

在此几年前，1992 年，英国学者罗伯特．菲利普森（他如今在丹麦工作）在牛津大学出版了一本书，名为《语言领域的帝国主义》。在书中，他指出，主要的英语国家、世界范围内英语教学产业，尤其是英国文化委员会，实施的是语言扩张政策。他还把这种政策和他所称的“语言歧视”（这个情况类似于“种族歧视”、“性别歧视”）联系在一起。在菲利普森看来，以“白人”为主的英语世界中，起主导作用的机构和个人，或故意或无意，鼓励或者至少容忍英语大肆扩张，他们当然不反对英语的扩张。英语的扩张开始于大约三个世纪以前，最初表现形式是经济与殖民扩张。

（2）菲利普森本人为英国文化委员会工作过几年。和他一样，还有一些母语为英语的学者，也试图强调英语作为世界语言的危险。在过去几十年里，人们从三个群体的角度，就英语的国际化进行了广泛的讨论。第一个群体是ENL 国家，英语是母语（这个群体也叫“内部圈”）；第二个群体是ESL 国家，英语是第二语言（“外部圈”）；第三个群体是EFL 国家，英语是外语（“扩展圈”）。二十世纪八十年代，这些词语开始流行。从那时起，这第三圈实际上已扩展到全球范围。

（3）从来没有像英语这样的语言，这既有利也有弊。曾经有许多“世界语言”，例如：阿拉伯语、汉语、希腊语、拉丁语和梵语。总的来说，我们现在认为这些语言比较好，经常以赞美、感激的语气谈论与它们相关的文化以及它们给世界带来的变化。我们这样的态度，没有什么不妥，因为那些语言现在都不构成严重威胁。

（4）我们现在可以冷静地讨论古汉语对东亚或古拉丁语对西欧的影响。但是，我们与英语关系太紧密，无法同样冷静地分析、评价英语。在对英语的审判中，陪审团还没有露面，可能需要好几个世纪才能作出裁决。但即使如此，值此欧洲语言年，我们可以提出这个问题：普莱斯和菲利普森就我此时使用的语言对我们提出的警告是否有道理。

（5）当然，不难发现有这种情形：人们也许咒骂英语。澳大利亚就是一个例子。澳大利亚常被看成是不折不扣的英语国家。到那里的第一批欧洲人经常使用拉丁语描述、谈论这个地方。“澳大利亚”这个词就是拉丁语。显然，当时没有人想到只称它为“南方土地”（这是“澳大利亚”的含义）。此外，在澳大利亚南部，有一大片土地叫“纳拉伯平原（n ullarbor Plains）”。其

中，第一个词听起来象土著语言，但n ullarbor 是拉丁语，意思是“没有树木”。最重要的是，早期的定居者把这个大陆称为“terra nullius”。1999 年“e ncarta World e nglish d ictionary” 是这样解释“terra nullius” 这个拉丁词组的：

……指这个想法和法律概念：第一批欧洲人到达澳大利亚时，这片土地不属于任何人，因此可以随意定居。这种观点已被判定是没有法律效力的。

但是，只是最近才这样判定的。欧洲人来的时候，澳大利亚人口稀少—不过有人居住—无论从哪个海岸到哪个海岸。当时部落和语言都有几百种，其中许多语言现在已经灭亡了，而正在灭亡的更多。这些死亡的和正在死亡的语言，大都被多种混杂英语或者通用的澳大利亚英语所取代。取决于你的立场，这或者是令人哀伤的损失，或者是进步的代价。

（6）但是，同时有一个问题：土著语言的灭亡能完全归咎于英语吗？最早发现澳大利亚的欧洲人是荷兰人，他们的语言本可以成为殖民与定居中使用的语言。任何定居者的语言都可能有同样的作用。例如，如果蒙古人能维持他们幅员辽阔的欧亚帝国，蒙古语可能就会成为世界语言，传播到澳大利亚。再例如，如果历史有一些变化，那么今天世界语言可能是阿拉伯语。如今，阿拉伯语在西亚和北非是一种强大的语言，影响到许多其它较小的语言，包括科普特语和柏柏尔语。西班牙语对所谓“拉丁”美洲的土著语言产生了消极影响，而俄语从欧洲传到西伯利亚太平洋地区。如果英语是个祸害，是个杀手，那可能仅仅是因为任何大的语言都可能会影响到、威胁到较小的语言。

（7）但许多人认为英语是有益的。我这里暂不讨论任何世界语言具有的明显优势，例如：交流网络庞大、文学与传媒体系发达、文化与教育机构强大。让我们看看与此不同的问题：政治、公平与平等。这里我用南非为例来说明。十年前，南非结束了种族隔离为原则的统治。在南非语（这种语言来源于荷兰语）中，这种制度叫“apartheid”。出现这种制度，是因为欧洲血统的南非人群体—血统主要是荷兰的欧洲定居者—认为自己优于他们建立殖民地的当地人。

（8）说英语的、英国裔的南非人不是非常积极反对种族隔离制度。黑人的反对力量中，成员使用多种语言，他们起初缺少力量与组织。但是，使这种反对力量增强、更有组织的语言是英语。对于他们来说，英语成为自由与团结的主要语言，而不是用来压迫的语言。今天，南非有十一种官方语言-- 英语、南非语和九种当地语言，包括祖鲁、恩德比利语和茨瓦纳语。但这九种语言中，南非黑人使用（或准备使用）哪一种作为本国通用语言呢？除了母语之外，他们希望子女还能熟练讲、写哪种呢？答案是，哪一种也不是。他们所希望的是英语，而且他们特别希望有与非洲相适宜的英语。

（9）所以，对于澳大利亚土著人来说，是个祸害，而对南非的土著人来说，却有一些好处。……

（10）那么，在当今全球化而多样性受到威胁的世界里，我们应该怎样看待英语？在我看来，答案似乎很清楚。与很多事物一样，英语有时是福、有时是祸—对于个人、群体、国家甚至国家联盟，都是如此。东亚“阴”、“阳”的象征意义也许能很好地说明这个问题。阴中有阳，阳中有阴。两者虽相反，但共存。就我们这里的问题来说，指的是在同一交流圈内。这种象征意义说明，使用世界通用语言的人应该努力尽可能用其利而避其弊。

第一课B

一大堆相矛盾的语言忌讳

蒂莫西·基弗

（1）2002 年初，位于美国西北部的华盛顿州引起媒体轰动。当时，该州通过法律，禁止在官方场合使用“o riental（东方的）”这个词语。而应该使用“a sian（亚洲的）”这个词。这个新法律只禁止用“o riental（东方的）”指人。所以，有一个法律提到“少数民族”包括“o rientals（东方人）”，这就要改成“a sians（亚洲人）”；而另一法律提到“o riental medicine（东方医学）”则不变。该法律的提案人是韩裔美国人、州参议员保罗·信，他说这个法律通过的原因是，“o riental（东方的）”是“贬义词”，“令人厌恶”。

（2）“o riental”来源于拉丁语的“oriens”，意思是“升起的太阳”或“东方”。因为亚洲位于欧洲以东，“o riental”就有了“亚洲的”意思。“The Orient”、“Far e ast”和“e ast a sia”这三个名词词组，都是指亚洲大陆的东部。具有讽刺意味的是，俄罗斯东部通常不在东方和东亚所指的含义之内，尽管俄罗斯向东部延伸范围比其它任何欧亚大陆的国家都远。

（3）信先生和其他批评“o riental”这个词的人认为，这个词令亚洲人厌恶，因为它

暗示出一种以欧洲为中心的世界观。在美国的太平洋海岸，即华盛顿州所在位置，所谓的“o riental（东方）”是在西面，不在东面。

（4）这个论点的问题是：有许多被广泛接受的地理词汇来源于这类过时的世界观。我的家乡是威斯康星州，那里属于被称为“中西部”的地区。但我住在美国东部地区。出现这

个词语，是因为人们是自东向西定居美国的。对于十八世纪末、十九世纪初从大西洋海岸

开始定居的人，任何在阿帕拉契亚山以西的东西都被看成是“西部”。

（5）不久以前，欧洲人和美国人还愿意使用“n ear e ast（近东）”这个词来指从埃及到

伊朗的这片区域。近几十年来，“Middle East（中东）”已经取而代之。这两个词语和“Far e ast （远东）”或“o rient（东方）”一样，只有把欧洲作为参照物时才有意义。

（6）在这方面，其它语言和英语一样糟糕。阿拉伯世界以西奈半岛为界，把自己分成Maghrib（西方）和Mashriq（东方）两部分。具有讽刺意味的是，把古代世界分成亚洲和欧洲两个部分，这可能是希腊人从腓利基人（今天黎巴嫩人的祖先）那里借用来的。其实，“欧洲”和阿拉伯的“Maghrib”很可能来源于闪米特族的同一个词根，意思是“太阳落下”。中国满不在乎地自称是“中央之国”，对于这样的文明，我们能说什么呢？

（7）在这样的语言问题上要求精确，这或许有些过分。无论认为“o riental（东方人）”一词令人厌恶，这是否有道理，在过去的几十年中，该词已经渐渐不被用来指亚洲人或亚裔美国人了。在今天的英语中，用“o riental（东方人）”一词来指人时，往好了说，听起来

过时，往坏了说，则有贬义。

（8）然而，虽然说一个人是“东方人”也许不再妥当，但该词在指物的很多短语中仍是

标准用法。例如，“东方地毯”指通常从土耳其或中亚进口的地毯，它们的价格极贵( 通常

是数千美元)，受到青睐。

（9）英语中还有许多其它显然具有矛盾倾向的、与种族相关的词。“中国城（Chinatown）”意思是中国移民居住的地区，是个恰当的词语。但是，用Chinaman 指中国人，这在二十世纪上半叶的美国，可就令人厌恶，尽管该词是从“中国人”一词直接翻译来的。

而“Frenchman”，意思是法国人，则完全是个中性的词语。

（10）美国佬在说到亚洲人时必须采取的小心态度，与说到撒哈拉沙漠以南非洲人后裔的美国人时所需要的精心考虑相比，那算不了什么，因为说到后者时就像走过地雷阵。“Colored person( 有色人)”一词现在令人厌恶，然而在美国国内战争(1861—1865) 之后

一百年中的大部分时间内，却被认为是个文明的词语。而另一方面，“person of color( 有色人)”，指任何非欧洲种族的人，却是可以接受的词语，而且在某些意识形态的圈子内，是

一个受欢迎的词语。用来指美国黑人的“n egro”( 西班牙语“黑”的意思)，在二十世纪六十年代让位于“black( 黑人)”或者“Black”，但到了八十年代又被“a fro-a merican”(非洲裔美国人) 所取代，到了90 年代又让位于“a frican-a merican（非洲裔美国人)”或者

“a frican a merican”。

（11）人们可以说“黑人”和“白人”，但若有人建议说“红人”( 美洲印第安人-- 顺便说一下，他们是加拿大的“第一民族”) 或者“黄人”( 亚洲人)，这可不好。“r eds( 红人)”

只是用于政治问题，但“Browns（棕人）”有时却用来指祖先是印第安人或是印第安人与欧洲人混血的拉美人。

（12）我们怎么看待这一大堆相矛盾的语言忌讳呢？可从中了解两点：首先，母语不是英

语的人用英语谈论民族和种族时必须谨慎，因为在这一领域，英语充满着陷阱。第二，与其他种族相关的、冒犯性的词汇数量多，说明美国从来没有完全心甘情愿地接受多种族社会的状况。语言反映了文化，美国英语中贬义的、与种族有关的词汇数量很大，表明美国仍然存在着民族、种族间的紧张关系。

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