99年考研英语真题(张剑)
1999年年全真试题
Part ⅠCloze Test
Directions：
For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked ［A］, ［B］, ［C］and ［D］. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)
Industrial safety does not just happen. Companies 1 low accident rates plan their safety programs, work hard to organize them, and continue working to keep them 2 and active. When the work is well done, a 3 of accident free operations is established 4 time lost due to injuries is kept at a minimum.
Successful safety programs may 5 greatly in the emphasis placed on certain aspects of the program. Some place great emphasis on mechanical guarding. Others stress safe work practices by 6 rules or regulations. 7 others depend on an emotional appeal to the worker. But, there are certain basic ideas that must be used in every program if maximum results are to be obtained.
There can be no question about the value of a safety program. From a financial standpoint alone, safety 8 . The fewer the injury 9 , the better the workman’s insurance rate. This may mean the difference between operating at 10 or at a loss.
1.［A］at ［B］in ［C］on ［D］with
2.［A］alive ［B］vivid ［C］mobile ［D］diverse
3.［A］regulation ［B］climate ［C］circumstance ［D］requirement
4.［A］where ［B］how ［C］what ［D］unless
5.［A］alter ［B］differ ［C］shift ［D］distinguish
6.［A］constituting ［B］aggravating ［C］observing ［D］justifying
7.［A］Some ［B］Many ［C］Even ［D］Still
8.［A］comes off ［B］turns up ［C］pays off ［D］holds up
9.［A］claims ［B］reports ［C］declarations ［D］proclamations
10.［A］an advantage ［B］a benefit ［C］an interest ［D］a profit
Part ⅡReading Comprehension
Directions:
Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked ［A］, ［B］, ［C］and ［D］. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (40 points)
Passage 1
It’s a rough world out there. Step outside and you could break a leg slipping on your doormat. Light up the stove and you could burn down the house. Luckily, if the doormat or stove failed to warn of coming disaster, a successful lawsuit might compensate you for your troubles. Or so the
thinking has gone since the early 1980s, when juries began holding more companies liable for their customers’ misfortunes.
Feeling threatened, companies responded by writing ever longer warning labels, trying to anticipate every possible accident. Today, stepladders carry labels several inches long that warn, among other things, that you might—surprise!—fall off. The label on a child’s Batman cape cautions that the toy “does not enable user to fly”.
While warnings are often appropriate and necessary—the dangers of drug interactions, for example—and many are required by state or federal regulations, it isn’t clear that they actu ally protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured. About 50 percent of the companies lose when injured customers take them to court.
Now the tide appears to be turning. As personal injury claims continue as before, some courts are beginning to side with defendants, especially in cases where a warning label probably wouldn’t have changed anything. In May, Julie Nimmons, president of Schutt Sports in Illinois, successfully fought a lawsuit involving a football player who was paralyzed in a game while wearing a Schutt helmet. “We’re really sorry he has become paralyzed, but helmets aren’t designed to prevent those kinds of injuries, ” says Nimmons. The jury agreed that the nature of the game, not the helmet, was the reason for t he athlete’s injury. At the same time, the American Law Institute—a group of judges, lawyers, and academics whose recommendations carry substantial weight—issued new guidelines for tort law stating that companies need not warn customers of obvious dangers or bombard them with a lengthy list of possible ones. “Important information can get buried in a sea of trivialities, ” says a law professor at Cornell Law School who helped draft the new guidelines. If the moderate end of the legal community has its way, the information on products might actually be provided for the benefit of customers and not as protection against legal liability.
11. What were things like in 1980s when accidents happened?
［A］Customers might be relieved of their disasters through lawsuits.
［B］Injured customers could expect protection from the legal system.
［C］Companies would avoid being sued by providing new warnings.
［D］Juries tended to find fault with the compensations companies promised.
12. Manufacturers as mentioned in the passage tend to.
［A］satisfy customers by writing long warnings on products
［B］become honest in describing the inadequacies of their products
［C］make the best use of labels to avoid legal liability
［D］feel obliged to view customers’safety as their first concern
13. The case of Schutt helmet demonstrated that.
［A］some injury claims were no longer supported by law
［B］helmets were not designed to prevent injuries
［C］product labels would eventually be discarded
［D］some sports games might lose popularity with athletes
14. The author’s attitude towards the issue seems to be.
［A］biased ［B］indifferent ［C］puzzling ［D］objective
Passage 2
In the first year or so of Web business, most of the action has revolved around efforts to tap the consumer market. More recently, as the Web proved to be more than a fashion, companies have started to buy and sell products and services with one another. Such business to business sales make sense because business people typically know what product they’re looking for.
Nonetheless, many companies still hesitate to use the Web because of doubts about its reliability. “Businesses need to feel they can trust the pathway between them and the supplier,” says senior analyst Blane Erwin of Forrester Research. Some companies are limiting the risk by conducting online transactions only with established business partners who are given access to the company’s private intranet.
Another major shift in the model for Internet commerce concerns the technology available for marketing. Unt il recently, Internet marketing activities have focused on strategies to “pull” customers into sites. In the past year, however, software companies have developed tools that allow companies to “push” information directly out to consumers, transmitting mark eting messages directly to targeted customers. Most notably, the Pointcast Network uses a screen saver to deliver a continually updated stream of news and advertisements to subscribers’ computer monitors. Subscribers can customize the information they want to receive and proceed directly to a company’s Web site. Companies such as Virtual Vineyards are already starting to use similar technologies to push messages to customers about special sales, product offerings, or other events. But push technology has earned the contempt of many Web users. Online culture thinks highly of the notion that the information flowing onto the screen comes there by specific request. Once commercial promotion begins to fill the screen uninvited, the distinction between the Web and television fades. That’s a prospect that horrifies Net purists.
But it is hardly inevitable that companies on the Web will need to resort to push strategies to make money. The examples of Virtual Vineyards, Amazon .com, and other pioneers show that a Web site selling the right kind of products with the right mix of interactivity, hospitality, and security will attract online customers. And the cost of computing power continues to free fall, which is a good sign for any enterprise setting up shop in silicon. People looking back 5 or 10 years from now may well wonder why so few companies took the online plunge.
15. We learn from the beginning of the passage that Web business.
［A］has been striving to expand its market
［B］intended to follow a fanciful fashion
［C］tried but in vain to control the market
［D］has been booming for one year or so
16. Speaking of the online technology available for marketing, the author implies that.
［A］the technology is popular with many Web users
［B］businesses have faith in the reliability of online transactions
［C］there is a radical change in strategy
［D］it is accessible limitedly to established partners
17. In the view of Net purists, .
［A］there should be no marketing messages in online culture
［B］money making should be given priority to on the Web
［C］the Web should be able to function as the television set
［D］there should be no online commercial information without requests
18. We learn from the last paragraph that.
［A］pushing information on the Web is essential to Internet commerce
［B］interactivity, hospitality and security are important to online customers
［C］leading companies began to take the online plunge decades ago
［D］setting up shops in silicon is independent of the cost of computing power
Passage 3
An invisible border divides those arguing for computers in the classroom on the behalf of students’ career prospects and those arguing for computers in the classroom for broader reasons of radical educational reform. Very few writers on the subject have explored this distinction—indeed, contradiction—which goes to the heart of what is wrong with the campaign to put computers in the classroom.
An education that aims at getting a student a certain kind of job is a technical education, justified for reasons radically different from why education is universally required by law. It is not simply to raise everyone’s job prospects that all children are legally required to attend school into their teens. Rather, we have a certain conception of the American citizen, a character who is incomplete if he cannot competently assess how his livelihood and happiness are affected by things outside of himself. But this was not always the case; before it was legally required for all children to attend school until a certain age, it was widely accepted that some were just not equipped by nature to pursue this kind of education. With optimism characteristic of all
industrialized countries, we came to accept that everyone is fit to be educated. Computer education advocates forsake this optimistic notion for a pessimism that betrays their otherwise cheery outlook. Banking on the confusion between educational and vocational reasons for bringing computers into schools, computered advocates often emphasize the job prospects of graduates over their educational achievement.
There are some good arguments for a technical education given the right kind of student. Many European schools introduce the concept of professional training early on in order to make sure children are properly equipped for the professions they want to join. It is, however, presumptuous to insist that there will only be so many jobs for so many scientists, so many businessmen, so many accountants. Besides, this is unlikely to produce the needed number of every kind of professional in a country as large as ours and where the economy is spread over so many states and involves so many international corporations.
But, for a small group of students, professional training might be the way to go since well developed skills, all other factors being equal, can be the difference between having a job and not. Of course, the basics of using any computer these days are very simple. It does not take a lifelong acquaintance to pick up various software programs. If one wanted to become a computer engineer, that is, of course, an entirely different story. Basic computer skills take—at the very longest—a couple of months to learn. In any case, basic computer skills are only complementary to the host of real skills that are necessary to becoming any kind of professional. It should be observed, of course, that no school, vocational or not, is helped by a confusion over its purpose.
19. The author thinks the present rush to put computers in the classroom is.
［A］far reaching ［B］dubiously oriented
［C］self contradictory ［D］radically reformatory
20. The belief that education is indispensable to all children.
［A］is indicative of a pessimism in disguise
［B］came into being along with the arrival of computers
［C］is deeply rooted in the minds of computer ed advocates
［D］originated from the optimistic attitude of industrialized countries
21. It could be inferred from the passage that in the author’s country the European model of professional training is.
［A］dependent upon the starting age of candidates
［B］worth trying in various social sections
［C］of little practical value
［D］attractive to every kind of professional
22. According to the author, basic computer skills should be.
［A］included as an auxiliary course in school
［B］highlighted in acquisition of professional qualifications
［C］mastered through a life long course
［D］equally emphasized by any school, vocational or otherwise
Passage 4
When a Scottish research team startled the world by revealing 3 months ago that it had cloned an adult sheep, President Clinton moved swiftly. Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans, he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment—although no one had proposed to do so—and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning. That group—the National Bioethics Advisory Commission (NBAC)—has been working feverishly to put its wisdom on paper, and at a meeting on 17 May, members agreed on a near final draft of their recommendations.
NBAC will ask that Clinton’s 90day ban on federal funds for human cloning be extended indefinitely, and possibly that it be made law. But NBAC members are planning to word the recommendation narrowly to avoid new restrictions on research that involves the cloning of human DNA or cells—routine in molecular biology. The panel has not yet reached agreement on a crucial question, however, whether to recommend legislation that would make it a crime for private funding to be used for human cloning.
In a draft preface to the recommendations, discussed at the 17 May meeting, Shapiro suggested that the panel had found a broad consen sus that it would be “morally unacceptable to attempt to create a human child by adult nuclear cloning.” Shapiro explained during the meeting that the moral doubt stems mainly from fears about the risk to the health of the child. The panel then informally accepted several general conclusions, although some details have not been settled.
NBAC plans to call for a continued ban on federal government funding for any attempt to clone body cell nuclei to create a child. Because current federal law already forbids the use of federal funds to create embryos (the earliest stage of human offspring before birth) for research or to knowingly endanger an embryo’s life, NBAC will remain silent on embryo research.
NBAC members also indicated that they would appeal to privately funded researchers and clinics not to try to clone humans by body cell nuclear transfer. But they were divided on whether
to go further by calling for a federal law that would impose a complete ban on human cloning. Shapiro and most members favored an appeal for such legislation, but in a phone interview, he said this issue was still “up in the air”.
23. We can learn from the first paragraph that.
［A］federal funds have been used in a project to clone humans
［B］the White House responded strongly to the news of cloning
［C］NBAC was authorized to control the misuse of cloning technique
［D］the White House has got the panel’s recommendations on cloning
24. The panel agreed on all of the following except that.
［A］the ban on federal funds for human cloning should be made a law
［B］the cloning of human DNA is not to be put under more control
［C］it is criminal to use private funding for human cloning
［D］it would be against ethical values to clone a human being
25. NBAC will leave the issue of embryo research undiscussed because.
［A］embryo research is just a current development of cloning
［B］the health of the child is not the main concern of embryo research
［C］an embryo’s life will not be endangered in embryo research
［D］the issue is explicitly stated and settled in the law
26. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that.
［A］some NBAC members hesitate to ban human cloning completely
［B］ a law banning human cloning is to be passed in no time
［C］privately funded researchers will respond positively to NBAC’s appeal
［D］the issue of human cloning will soon be settled
Passage 5
Science, in practice, depends far less on the experiments it prepares than on the preparedness of the minds of the men who watch the experiments. Sir Isaac Newton supposedly discovered gravity through the fall of an apple. Apples had been falling in many places for centuries and thousands of people had seen them fall. But Newton for years had been curious about the cause of the orbital motion of the moon and planets. What kept them in place? Why didn’t they fall out of the sky? The fact that the apple fell down toward the earth and not up into the tree answered the question he had been asking himself about those larger fruits of the heavens, the moon and the planets.
How many men would have considered the possibility of an apple falling up into the tree? Newton did because he was not trying to predict anything. He was just wondering. His mind was ready for the unpredictable. Unpredictability is part of the essential nature of res earch. If you don’t have unpredictable things, you don’t have research. Scientists tend to forget this when writing their cut and dried reports for the technical journals, but history is filled with examples of it.
In talking to some scientists, particularly younger ones, you might gather the impression that they find the “scientific method” a substitute for imaginative thought. I’ve attended research conferences where a scientist has been asked what he thinks about the advisability of continuing a certain experiment. The scientist has frowned, looked at the graphs, and said, “the data are still inconclusive.” “We know that,” the men from the budget office have said, “but what do you think?
Is it worthwhile going on? What do you think we might expect?” The s cientist has been shocked at having even been asked to speculate.
What this amounts to, of course, is that the scientist has become the victim of his own writings. He has put forward unquestioned claims so consistently that he not only believes them himself, but has convinced industrial and business management that they are true. If experiments are planned and carried out according to plan as faithfully as the reports in the science journals indicate, then it is perfectly logical for management to expect research to produce results measurable in dollars and cents. It is entirely reasonable for auditors to believe that scientists who know exactly where they are going and how they will get there should not be distracted by the necessity of keeping one eye on the cash register while the other eye is on the microscope. Nor, if regularity and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect, is management to be blamed for discriminating against the “odd balls” among researchers in favor of more conventional thinkers who “work well with the team”.
27. The author wants to prove with the example of Isaac Newton that.
［A］inquiring minds are more important than scientific experiments
［B］science advances when fruitful researches are conducted
［C］scientists seldom forget the essential nature of research
［D］unpredictability weighs less than prediction in scientific research
28. The author asserts that scientists.
［A］shouldn’t replace “scientific method”with imaginative thought
［B］shouldn’t neglect to speculate on unpredictable things
［C］should write more concise reports for technical journals
［D］should be confident about their research findings
29. It seems that some young scientists.
［A］have a keen interest in prediction
［B］often speculate on the future
［C］think highly of creative thinking
［D］stick to “scientific method”
30. The author implies that the results of scientific research.
［A］may not be as profitable as they are expected
［B］can be measured in dollars and cents
［C］rely on conformity to a standard pattern
［D］are mostly underestimated by management
Part ⅢEnglish Chinese Translation
Directions:
Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation must be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)
31）While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past. Caught in the web of its own time and place, each generation of historians determines anew what is significant for it in the past. In this search the evidence found is always incomplete and scattered; it is also frequently partial or partisan. The irony of the
historian’s craft is that its practitioners always know that their efforts are but contributions to an unending process.
32）Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves. While history once revered its affinity to literature and philosophy, the emerging social sciences seemed to afford greater opportunities for asking new questions and providing rewarding approaches to an understanding of the past. Social science methodologies had to be adapted to a discipline governed by the primacy of historical sources rather than the imperatives of the contemporary world. 33）During this transfer, traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.
Methodology is a term that remains inherently ambiguous in the historical profession. 34）There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry. Historians, especially those so blinded by their research interests that they have been accused of “tunnel method,” frequently fall victim to the “technical fallacy.” Also common in the natural sciences, the technicist fallacy mistakenly identifies the discipline as a whole with certain parts of its technical implementation.
35）It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources, and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques.
Section ⅣWriting(15 points)
36. Directions:
A. Study the following graphs carefully and write an essay in at less than 150 words.
B. Your essay must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET 2.
C. Your essay should cover three points:
a. effect of the country’s growing human population on its wildl ife,
b. possible reasons for the effect,
c. your suggestion for wildlife protection
试题精解
Part ⅠCloze Test
一、文章总体分析
本文是围绕安全生产这个话题的一篇论证性文章。第一段是安全生产的基本介绍：它不是新事物，而是企业制定并不断实施自己的安全计划以建立无事故工作氛围的做法。第二段指出，成功有效的安全计划的侧重点各不相同，但都遵循某些基本的思想。第三段强调安全生产对企业的意义：其价值是不可低估的，它决定了工厂的运营是盈利还是亏损。
二、试题具体解析
1.［精解］本题考核的知识点是：介词的用法。难度：0.36
本题空格处的介词和low accident rates搭配成介词短语，做后置定语修饰companies。选项中只有at和with能与rate搭配，at a/the rate（of）意为“以…的速度”，如：She can read at the rate of 100 words a minute.（她一分钟能读100个单词），但我们不能说“低速度事故的（at low accident rates）公司”，因此排除at。with意为“具有，带有”，用来表示附属于一个物品的某种显著的特点，如：a country with a long history（历史悠久的国家），在短文中意为“事故发生率低的公司”。
2.［精解］本题考核的知识点是：形容词词义辨析。难度：0.32
空格处的结构为keep（动词）them（宾语）2（宾补）and active（宾补），其中them指代前面的safety programs，该空的形容词应与active在语义上一致，并且可以修饰safety programs（安全计划）。选项中alive的常用义为“活着的，有活力的”，但它与keep搭配时意为“使继续有效、存在或进行”，如：The argument was kept alive by the politicians.（政治家们还在继续争论那件事）。放入文中，keep safety programs alive从语法和意思上均符合文意。整个句子的大意为：事故发生率低的公司制定自己的安全计划，努力实施它们，并且不断使之发挥作用并保持活力。
3.［精解］本题考核的知识点是：上下文逻辑语义+ 名词词义辨析。难度：0.08
解此题，首先要理解空格后的短语accident free operations意为“无事故操作”，free此处意为“无…的，免…的”，如：a nuclear weapon free zone（无核武器区）；其次要理解条件从句When the work is well done的含义，根据上文，可知它指的是：当公司能够很好地制定安全计划并贯彻实施时。考生还需注意这里条件从句实际上也反应出它和主句之间是因果关系，即：由于公司能够很好地…，无事故操作的“什么”就可以建立起来了。根据逻辑判断，建立规章（regulation）和要求（requirement）都不是可能的结果。其它两个选项中，climate可以表示“气氛，氛围”，如：a climate of unrest （不安的气氛），它在文中意为“建立一个无事故操作的工作氛围”。干扰项是circumstance，它也可以表示“环境”，但一般用复数，如：The circumstances forced me to accept.（环境迫使我不得不同意）；当它做单数时，含义是“一个情况，一个特定事件”，如：Your arrival was a fortunate circumstance.（你的到来是的一件幸事）。
4.［精解］本题考核的知识点是：定语从句中的关系代词和关系副词。难度：0.38
空格前后部分是两个结构完整的句子：a climate of accident free operations is established （一个无事故操作的工作氛围被建立起来）和time lost is kept at a minimum（工伤损失的时间保持在最低的限度），这时空格处填入的词只有两种可能：一是连词，来表明两者之间的逻辑关系；一是关系代词或关系副词，把后面句子变成前面句子的从句。选项中惟一的连词是unless，但它表达的含义“除非…否则…”放入文中显然不符合逻辑。那么接下来可以肯定空格连接的是一个从句。所在句子可简化为 a climate is established4time is kept at a minimum，显然后面的从句只可能修饰先行词climate，从结构上看这是个定语从句，空格处需要一个关系副词，因此排除关系代词what，关系副词how也排除，因为how不能引导定语从句（详解见下面知识点补充）；只有where可以使句子结构合理，它相当于in which，在句中代替in the climate，引导定语从句。从句的完整结构是time is kept at a minimum in the climate（工伤损失的时间在这种氛围里会被保持在最低的限度）。
知识点补充：关系副词when，where和why可以引导定语从句，并在从句中分别表示时间、地点或原因。它们的意思相当于“介词+which结构”，其中when=at/in/on/during which，where=in/at which，why=for which。关系副词how不能引导定语从句，像This is the way how he behaves这样的句子是错误的。如果要用how，句子中就不能有先行词，如：This is how he behaves.
5.［精解］本题考核的知识点是：动词词义和用法辨析。难度：0.53
本题首先考核动词与介词in的搭配。四个选项中，alter和distinguish不能和in搭配，首先应该排除；shift in表示“在…里移动，变换位置”，如：He shifted impatiently in his seat （他不耐烦地在椅子里动来动去），显然这个含义不符合文意需要；differ能与in搭配，意为“在…方面不同”，如：My brother and I differ in many ways.（我和我兄弟在许多方面都不同）。它放入句中符合语法，而且从下文Some place great emphasis on... Others stress safe work 也可以看出，空格所在句子的含义应是“成功的安全计划在所强调的重点方面有很大的不同”。
6.［精解］本题考核的知识点是：句内语义+ 动词词义辨析。难度：0.25
空格所在句子是Others stress safe work practices by6rules or regulations，其中others 指代的是other safety programs，by表示方式、手段。本题空格处虽然填入的是动名词，但实际考查的是哪个中心动词可以与宾语rules and regulations（规章制度）搭配。句子的大意是：其它（成功的安全计划）强调通过…规章制度来实施安全作业。A、B和D选项都可以做及物动词，但它们与rules or regulations搭配在意义上都不符合句意，因为通过“组成规章制度”、“加剧规章制度”或“为规章制度进行辩护”都不能达到实施安全作业的目的。只有observe rules or regulations意为“遵守规章制度”，放入句中符合逻辑，而且observe有一个特殊的词义“遵守（法律、规章、制度等）”。
7.［精解］本题考核的知识点是：固定用法。难度：0.39
由上文可知，成功的安全计划的侧重点有很大的不同。文章对此举出了三个方面的例子：Some place emphasis on mechanical guarding... . Others stress safe work practices... others depend on an emotional appeal to the worker。显然，这三个结构是平行的。空格处需要一个连词或副词来连接。some和many是不定代词，不能接句子，首先被排除；even 意为“甚至，即使”，表递进关系，不符合本题的并列关系。still意为“还有”，是正确选项。在表示三者以上的列举时，常用到some...others...still others...的结构，表示“一些…，一些…，还有一些…”。
8.［精解］本题考核的知识点是：短语语义辨析。难度：0.25
段落首句提到，安全计划的价值毋庸置疑。接着文章从财政的角度来说明这个问题，由于这句话前后没有出现表转折的连词，因此，推知其含义应该是：单从财政的角度来说，安全计划的价值毋庸置疑。此外前文的关键词value和financial都暗示了填入的短语和经济有关。四个短语符合句意的只有pays off（…是值得的，…没有白费），如：John studied hard before the examination, and it paid off. He made an A.（约翰考前学习很刻苦，但这一切没有白费。他考试得了个优）。放入句中，意思是“安全计划是值得的”。
例句补充：The table tennis finals come off tomorrow.（乒乓球决赛明日举行）；Something unexpected has turned up.（发生了意料之外的事情）；They held up under fierce enemy attack （他们顶住了敌人猛烈的进攻）。
9.［精解］本题考核的知识点是：逻辑推理+ 名词词义辨析。难度：0.27
这里涉及固定表达形式：the fewer... , the better... （…越少，…越好）。考生关键要判断什么能和“工人的保险率”成反比。显然不应该是“伤害报告”、“伤害声明”或“伤害宣告”，而应该是“伤害索赔”，因为索赔的工人越少，越能够保证他及时得到赔偿。所在句子大意为：“工伤索赔越少，工人的保险率就越大”。the injury claims为固定说法，指“工伤索赔”。
10.［精解］本题考核的知识点是：逻辑语义搭配+名词词义辨析。难度：0.50
空格所在部分是the difference between operating at10or at a loss，其中difference和or表明at和空格部分组成的短语和at a loss（亏本）是选择关系，在意义上相反。四个选项中，benefit和advantage都不和at搭配；interest只有做不可数名词时才和at搭配，指“利息”，
如：The loan was made at 6 per cent interest（以百分之六的利息贷款）；只有a profit能与at 搭配，意为“赢利”，正好与“亏损”相对，符合句意。整句话的含义是“这也就意味着工厂的运营是盈利还是亏损”。
三、全文翻译
安全生产并不是偶然事件：事故发生率低的公司制定自己的安全计划，努力付诸实施，并且不断使之发挥持久效力。如果这项工作做得好，就会建立一个无事故的工作氛围。在这种环境里，因工伤损失的时间会被保持在最低限度。
成功的安全计划强调的重点可能大不相同。有些计划强调机械防护。另一些强调通过遵守规章制度来实施安全作业。还有一些靠的是对工人的感情投入。但是，要获得最好的效果，每一个计划当中都会遵循某些基本的思想。
安全计划的价值不容置疑。单从财政的角度来说，安全计划花钱值得。工伤索赔越少，工人的保险率也就越高。这可能就决定着工厂的运营是盈利还是亏损。
Part ⅡReading Comprehension
Passage 1
一、核心词汇注释
①anticipate vt. *1.预期，预料例：anticipated the hard winter ahead 预见料到前面的严冬2.期盼，期待（尤指好事）例：I anticipated the interview with pleasure. 我愉快地期待着这次会见。3.早于（别人）采取行动，抢先一步,先于……之前（做）例：When I arrived, I found that he had anticipated me. 当我到达时我发现他已先到过那里。
②cape n. ［C］*1.斗篷，披风，披肩2.（常用于地理名称）海角; 岬例：the Cape of Good Hope好望角
③have/get/follow one s (own) way一意孤行，为所欲为，随心所欲例：Since he insists,
I ll let him have his way. 既然他坚持，我就由着他。
④liable a. *1. （法律上）有赔偿责任的（后跟介词for）例：Manufacturers are liable for any defects in the equipment. 制造商对设备的任何缺陷都负有赔偿责任。2. 易于（可能，倾向于）做某事（尤指不幸的事情）例：In a depression banks are liable to fail. 萧条时期银行往往倒闭。 3.易出问题的，易得病的；可能受（尤指结果不好的事情）影响（后跟介词to）例：liable to diabetes 易患糖尿病的；liability n. (法律上对某事物的赔偿等)责任, 义务；负债，债务；受某物影响的倾向（尤指不好的事物）
⑤moderate a. 1.中等的，适度的例：a moderate sized garden中型花园 2.（尤指政治观点、信仰等）不极端的，温和的，不偏激的*3. 有节制的，不过分的，合理的例：moderate wage demands 合理的工资要求
vi.&vt. （使）缓和，（使）减轻，节制，克制例：The students moderated their demands. 学生们降低了他们的要求。
⑥side with sb (against sb/sth)支持某人（反对……），和某人站在一起（反对……）例：The kids always sided with their mother against me. 孩子们总是和妈妈站在一边，跟我唱对台戏。
⑦slip vi. *1.滑；滑倒，失足 2.to move quickly, smoothly, or secretly 迅速移动；悄悄
溜走（常跟介词或副词使用）例：Nobody saw her slip silently out.没有人看到她悄悄地溜了出去。
vt. 把……悄悄放在或递给……例：I slipped a note into his hand under the table.我偷偷从桌子底下塞给他一张条子。
n. ［C］1.滑动；滑倒2.小纸片，纸条3.a small mistake小错误例：a slip of the tongue/pen 口误/笔误
⑧weight n. 1.［U, C］重量，分量2. a great responsibility or worry重任，重担，重压例：The news was certainly a weight off my mind. 这个消息真是去掉了我心里的重担。*3.［U］importance, influence or strength重要性，影响力，实力例：The many letter of support added weight to the campaign. 许多声援信增加了这场运动的影响力。
超纲词汇：
tort ［ｔn.民事侵权行为；tort law 侵权法；
bombard ［′ｂv. 轰炸，轰击；大量提问，大肆抨击，提供过多信息
二、文章结构总体分析
这是一篇法律题材的文章。它客观叙述了人身伤害索赔的来由、发展和变化，以及索赔案所涉及的消费者(原告)、公司(被告)和法庭三方面的反应，着重指出法庭态度的转变。
第一段至第三段：介绍过去人身伤害索赔案的特点。由于法庭总是倾向于让公司负责，公司开始写出冗长的警示语来避免承担法律责任。但即使这样也不能保护它们免受制裁。该部分使用了例证法。
第四段：指出现在情况发生了变化，一些法庭开始站到公司（被告）一边，同时警示语开始真正起到保护消费者利益的作用。该部分使用了例证和引证说明。
三、试题具体分析
11.What were things like in 1980s when accidents happened? 11.在20世纪80年代当发生事故时，情况会如何？
[A] Customers might be relieved of their
disasters through lawsuits.
[A] 顾客可以通过诉讼而免受灾难。
[B] Injured customers could expect protection
from the legal system.
[B] 受伤的顾客有望得到法律体制的保护。
[C] Companies would avoid being sued by providing new warnings. [C] 公司将通过提供新的警示语避免被起诉。
[D] Juries tended to find fault with the compensations companies promised. [D] 陪审团倾向于对公司所承诺的赔偿严加挑剔。
[分析] 本题考核的知识点是：具体细节题。难度：0.34
根据题干给出的时间信息1980s定位到第一段末句。该句是一个主从复合句。主句中the thinking指代上一句的内容，即，“还算幸运的是，如果门垫或炉灶上没有警示语提醒你可能发生的危险，那么一场成功的诉讼或许可以补偿你所受的伤害”。has gone中go取其引申义：流传、传播。因此主句的含义是：这种因意外事故受伤后希望通过诉讼获取补偿的想法大约自20世纪80年代初得以传播。关系副词when引导非限定性定语从句，when相当于in 1980s，意为“当时（在20世纪80年代）陪审团开始认为更多的公司应对其客户所遭受
的不幸负责”。主从句之间暗含了一个因果关系：因为法庭对事故受害者的保护倾向导致索赔这种想法的广泛传播。本题考的就是末句所陈述的事实，［B］选项是对the thinking的具体阐述，为正确项。
［A］选项与原文不符，顾客是遭受灾难之后希望通过诉讼得到金钱上的补偿（compensate），而不是“免于灾难”，relieve sb of sth意为free sb from sth unpleasant, arduous or monotonous使（人）从不愉快的、费力的、单调的事情中解脱出来，如：relieve you of a tremendous burden/unwanted advertisements使你卸掉沉重的包袱/免受垃圾广告的骚扰。［C］选项出现了原文中没有的内容new warnings，而且第三段第一句指出，虽然警示语常常是合理而必要的，但是当消费者受伤时，这些警示语能否真正保护制造商和销售商使之免于承担责任，却还很难说。［D］选项文中未提及，文章只提到，陪审团认为公司应对其客户所遭受的不幸负责（第一段末）。
12.Manufacturers as mentioned in the passage
tend to.
12.文中提及生产厂商往往。
[A] satisfy customers by writing long warnings on products [A] 通过在产品上写长长的警示语使顾客满意
[B] become honest in describing the
inadequacies of their products
[B] 诚实描述自己产品不足
[C] make the best use of labels to avoid legal
liability
[C] 充分利用标签避免法律责任
[D] feel obliged to view customers safety as
their first concern
[D] 不得不视顾客的安全为自己的第一考虑
[分析] 本题考核的知识点是：具体细节题。难度:0.68
文章第二段提到（由于陪审团认为公司应对客户的不幸负责）公司方面做出的反应是：撰写冗长的警告标签，以预先标明种种可能发生的事故。第三段接着提到，警示语能否真正保护制造商和销售商使之免于承担责任，却还很难说。由此可知生产商利用警示语或标签的真正意图是“避免可能要承担的法律责任”。［C］选项是正确答案。其他选项都不符合文意。
13.The case of Schutt helmet demonstrated
that.
13.Schutt头盔的案例说明。
[A] some injury claims were no longer supported by law [A] 某些因为伤害提出的索赔不再受法律的保护
[B] helmets were not designed to prevent
injuries
[B] 头盔不是被设计用来防止伤害的
[C] product labels would eventually be
discarded
[C] 产品标签最终将被淘汰
[D] some sports games might lose popularity with athletes [D] 运动员可能不再热衷于某些体育运动项目
[分析] 本题考核的知识点是：写作目的题。难度：0.69
根据Schutt定位到第四段，在举该例之前作者指出“现在情况似乎正在发生转变。虽然个人受伤索赔的案子像以往一样不断出现，但是一些法庭开始站到被告一边，特别是在有警告标签也可能无法避免事故的案件中”。这正是该例子所要说明的观点。［A］选项是该段主题的概括。［B］选项是Schutt公司总裁辩护时的用词，属部分细节，与目的无关。［C］选项和［D］选项文中未提。
技巧：考生应该注意举例前后的总结往往是其目的所在。因此见到例子时考生应迅速查找其上下文。
14.The author s attitude towards the issue
14.作者对所讨论的问题的态度似乎是。seems to be .
[A] biased [A] 有偏见的
[B] indifferent [B] 冷漠的
[C] puzzling [C] 迷惑不解的
[D] objective [D] 客观的
[分析] 本题考核的知识点是：作者态度题。难度：0.72
回答作者态度题时，考生需在通读全篇的基础上，找出作者在陈述事实和发表观点时的口气和态度。综观全文，作者只是站在第三者的角度论述问题，没有搀杂个人的主观臆断和看法，而是客观地叙述索赔案的来由、发展和变化，以客观事实和例子说明问题，无任何偏袒。因此［D］选项为正确答案。
技巧：对于态度题，考生要联系全文，把握整篇文章。同时不要把考生自己的态度糅进其中，还要注意区分作者本人的态度和被作者引用的他人的观点的态度。一般情况下，作者的态度和观点都应具有客观性，不带有主观感情，所以考生应注意慎选具有主观感情色彩的词汇，另外，作者一旦将某种观点表达成立，就说明他对该事件是充分关注的，因此，诸如indifferent这类词汇不入选。
四、文章长难句分析和佳句赏析
长难句分析
①Step outside and you could break a leg slipping on your doormat. Light up the stove and you could burn down the house.
这两个句子都是通过and把一个祈使句和陈述句连接组成的并列句式。在这样的句子结构中，前面的祈使句式是后面的陈述句的条件，相当于一个条件状语从句，连词and表示结果，意思是“结果是；那么；就”，如：Miss another class and you ll fail.（你再缺一次课就会不及格的）。
知识点补充：light up意为“点燃”；burn down意为“烧毁”。
②While warnings are often appropriate and necessary—the dangers of drug interactions, for example—and many are required by state or federal regulations, it isn t clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured.
该句主干是While... , it isn t clear that... ，其中“it”是形式主语后接that引导的主语句子。前面是While引导的让步状语从句，它其中又包含着and连接的两个并列分句，即warnings are often appropriate and necessary和many are required by state or federal regulations；破折号中的部分是前一个分句的插入语，举例说明warnings的具体内容。而many后省略了warnings。
知识点补充：drug interactions意为“药物相互作用”。
③At the same time, the American Law Institute—a group of judges, lawyers, and academics whose recommendations carry substantial weight—issued new guidelines for tort law stating that companies need not warn customers of obvious dangers or bombard them with a lengthy list of possible ones.
句子主干是…, the American Law Institute...issued new guidelines...。破折号起解释说明的作用，是对the American Law Institute进行的解释说明。在guidelines这个宾语之后，是state 的现在分词引导的短语做定语。
知识点补充：carry substantial weight为carry weight这一成语的变形，意为“（说话）有
分量，起作用”，因此这里carry substantial weight的意思是“发挥实际的作用或影响”。weight 是名词，意为“分量、重要性；影响”如：The weight of evidence is in his favour （证据很大分量上是有利于他的）；tort是法律用语，指民事侵权行为；bombard原义为“轰炸”、“向…提一系列问题”，这里用做比喻，形容“大量地提供”。
佳句赏析
①Now the tide appears to be turning.
“现在这种潮流（形势）似乎在逆转”，相当于汉语中的“三十年河东，三十年河西”。“tide... turn”这样的搭配经常用于描述潮流或形势的变化，比较贴切、形象。如：The tide of the battle turned against us.（战斗的形势开始变得不利于我们）。
②Important information can get buried in a sea of trivialities.
“重要的信息可能被埋没在浩如烟海的细枝末节里”。句中的“a sea of”是一个比喻，形容“一大片，大量的”。如：The immense square was a sea of flowers and happy faces.（这个大广场上到处是鲜花和笑脸）。
五、全文翻译
外面是一个危险的世界。迈出家门时，你可能会滑倒在门垫上，而摔伤一条腿。点燃炉灶时，你可能会把房子烧掉。（长难句①）不过还算幸运的是，如果门垫或炉灶上没有警示语提醒你可能发生的危险，那么一场成功的诉讼或许可以补偿你所受的伤害。这种想法大约自20世纪80年代初开始传播，那时陪审团开始认为更多的公司应对其客户所遭受的不幸负责。
由于感到了威胁，公司方面做出了反应：写出越来越长的警示语，力图预先标明种种可能发生的事故。如今，活梯上贴着几英寸长的警告标签，除了其他警告事项外，还警告你可能会摔下来，简直是莫名其妙！贴在儿童的蝙蝠侠披风上的标签也告诫说，本玩具“无法让用户飞行”。
虽然警示语常常是合理而必要的（如警告药物有相互作用的危险），并且很多是州或联邦法规所要求的，但是当消费者受伤时，这些警示语能否真正保护制造商和销售商使之免于承担责任，却还很难说。（长难句）被受伤的消费者告上法庭的公司中，大约一半会败诉。
现在这种趋势似乎正在转变。（佳句①）尽管个人伤害索赔案件如以往一样不断发生，但有些法庭已开始站到被告一方，特别是在处理那些有警告标签也可能无法避免伤害的案件时。五月份,伊利诺斯州的Schutt体育公司总裁朱利·尼蒙斯就成功地打赢了这样一场官司。一名橄榄球队员戴着该公司的头盔在一场比赛中受伤瘫痪，遂将该公司告上法庭。尼蒙斯说：“他成了瘫痪，我们非常难过，但我们设计头盔不是为了预防这类伤害的。”陪审团也认为造成该运动员受伤的是这项运动本身的危险性，而不是头盔。与此同时，美国法学会——一群说话举足轻重的法官、律师、学者——发布了新的侵权法指导原则，宣布公司不必警示顾客那些显而易见的危险，或者给顾客列出一份冗长的可能遇到的危险的清单。（长难句③）康奈尔大学法学院一位参与起草新指导原则的教授说，“重要的信息会淹没在细枝末节的汪洋之中”。(佳句②)如果该法律团体的这一适中的目标能够实现，产品上提供的警示信息就不再是为回避法律责任而设，而是为保护消费者利益而提供了。
Passage 2
一、核心词汇注释
①customize vt. 按顾客的要求制作，定制，用户化
②intranet n. 局域网，企事业单位内部互联网；intra
在（……）内”，如：intra departmental a. 部门内的
③pathway（=path）n. ［C］1.小路，小径；（移动的）路线，道路*2.a plan of action or a way of achieving sth行动计划，成功的途径例：a career pathway 职业道路
④plunge 1. ［一般用单数］a sudden movement downward or away from sth突降，俯冲，突然分离例：a plunge towards the Earth 向地面俯冲 2. （财产、股票等价值的）暴跌，骤降例：a dramatic plunge in house prices房价的突然暴跌 3.跳水；快速短时间的游泳vt.&vi.（使）突然前移或跌落例：Her car plunged off the cliff.她的车突然跌下悬崖。
［短语搭配］*take the plunge（尤指经过拖延或长时间踌躇之后）最终决定决定冒险一试
⑤proceed vi. 1.继续进行，继续做例：He paused to consult his notes, then proceeded with his questions.他停下来看了看笔记，然后继续提问。*2.（向某一方向）前进，移动（后跟介词或副词）例：Passengers should proceed to gate 25. 旅客请前往25号门登机。 3.to happen or exist as a result of sth源于，出自（后跟介词from）例：diseases that proceed from poverty由贫困引起的疾病4.起诉，对……提起诉讼（后跟介词against）
⑥revolve around sth［不用被动态］*1.以……为主题或目的，围绕例：Her life revolves around her career.她的生活以她的事业为中心。 2.围绕……旋转例：The moon revolves around the Earth.月球围绕地球旋转。
⑦tap vi.&vt. 1.轻敲，轻拍，轻叩例：Someone tapped at the door. 有人轻轻叩门。*2.利用，开发，发掘（已有的资源、知识等）(后跟介词into) 例：We need to tap the expertise and skill of the people we already have. 我们需要利用我们现有人员的专业知识和技能。
n. ［C］1.龙头，塞子2.轻叩，轻拍3.利用，使用例：on tap 可随时使用的，随时提供的
⑧targeted a. 被定为目标的；target n. 目标，对象，靶子v. 瞄准，以……为目标
⑨transmit vt.&vi.发送，播送，播放（电子信号、信息等）例：The World Cup final is being transmitted live to over fifty countries.世界杯决赛现正向五十多个国家作实况转播。
vt.*to send or pass sth from one person, place or thing to another传送，传递，传播，传染例：The tension soon transmitted itself to all the members. 这种紧张情绪很快感染了所有人。
二、文章结构总体分析
这是一篇关于网络商务的文章，讲述了网络商务的两大变化，从意群上也分为两大部分：先指出商家之间网络商务活动的兴起，继而介绍了网络营销策略的变化。
第一至第二段：指出网络商务由单一的开拓消费者市场转向公司互相交易产品和服务，但商家对网上商业活动的可靠性存在怀疑。
第三段：指出网络商务的另外一个变化是营销策略由“拉”转为“推”。本段对两种营销策略进行了比较论证，并使用了例证法。
第四段：分析网上销售的可行性，给出了成功网络销售的例子和成本持续降低的事实，并指出这一事实对于建立了网上销售点的企业都是个好的征兆。
三、试题具体分析
15.We learn from the beginning of the passage 15.从文章开始部分我们了解到网络商务。
that Web business.
[A] has been striving to expand its market [A] 一直努力扩展市场
[B] intended to follow a fanciful fashion [B] 打算遵循一种奇异的时尚
[C] tried but in vain to control the market [C] 企图控制市场，但是徒劳无功
[D] has been booming for one year or so [D] 已经繁荣了大约一年的时间
[分析] 本题考核的知识点是：具体细节题。难度：0.62
文章首句指出：在网络商务的初期，大部分活动都围绕着开拓消费者市场（tap the consumer market）而进行。［A］选项是该句的改写，striving to expand对应原文中的efforts to tap。
［B］选项与第一段第二句“网络被证实不仅是一种时尚，公司开始（在网上）相互交易产品和服务”不符。文中未提到网络商务是否控制了市场，排除［C］选项。［D］选项是利用首句中the first year or so设计的干扰项。作者只是指出在开始那年左右的时间里，大部分业务活动是围绕开发消费市场展开，并未提到繁荣与否一事。
16.Speaking of the online technology available
for marketing, the author implies that.
16.谈到可用于营销的在线技术时，作者暗示。
[A] the technology is popular with many Web
users
[A] 该技术受到很多网络用户的喜爱
[B] businesses have faith in the reliability of
online transactions
[B] 企业对在线交易的可靠性有信心
[C] there is a radical change in strategy [C] 在策略上发生了根本变化
[D] it is accessible limitedly to established
partners
[D] 只限于固定商业伙伴可以使用
[分析] 本题考核的知识点是：推理引申题。难度：0.40
根据题干中online technology available for marketing，定位到第三段。该段首句明确指出，网络商业模式的另一个重大变化与可用于营销的技术有关；接着该段其他部分详细介绍了网上的营销策略由“拉”到“推”的变化。［C］选项是对整个段落的概括，为正确答案。
［A］选项中只泛泛提及the technology，而没有明确说明是push（推）还是pull（拉）。若指的是前者，则与文中提到的“这种‘推’的技术遭到许多网上用户的鄙视”（第三段倒数第4句）不符；若指的是后者，文中没有对这种策略进行评价。［B］选项与第二段首句提到的“由于怀疑网络的可靠性，许多公司仍对网络的使用犹豫不决”相左。第二段末句提到，一些公司只给予固定贸易伙伴进入本公司局域网的权利，而没有提到只有它们才能使用网上技术，因此［D］选项错误。
17.In the view of Net purists, . 17.在网络净化者看来，。
[A] there should be no marketing messages in
online culture
[A] 在线文化中不应该有营销信息
[B] money making should be given priority to
on the Web
[B] 网络上应该优先考虑赚钱
[C] the Web should be able to function as the
television set
[C] 网络在功能上应该和电视一样
[D] there should be no online commercial information without requests [D] 在没有要求的情况下，不应该有在线商业信息
[分析] 本题考核的知识点是：观点细节题。难度：0.53
根据Net purists定为到第三段末句。实际上该段以but转折开始的最后四句是一个意群。
该部分提到，在线文化推崇这样一个理念：流动到屏幕上的信息应是在专门的请求（by specific request）之后才出现。该段最后一句中that具体指代的对象是上文“一旦商业促销不请自来地充斥电脑屏幕，那么网络和电视就没多大差别了”。既然这是让网络净化者害怕的，那么他们支持的就是这种情况的反面。因此可以推出［D］选项是网络净化者提倡的观点。
［A］选项不对，因为Net purists反对的是网络上的信息传送方式，而不是信息本身。［B］选项出现了文中未有的内容“上网目的”。［C］选项与网络净化者的想法正好相反。
18.We learn from the last paragraph that. 18.从最后一段我们可以知道。
[A] pushing information on the Web is essential to Internet commerce [A] 在网上推出信息对于网络商务是必不可少的
[B] interactivity, hospitality and security are important to online customers [B] 互动、友好、安全对于在线顾客是非常重要的
[C] leading companies began to take the online plunge decades ago [C] 一些大公司几十年前就大胆尝试在线业务
[D] setting up shops in silicon is independent of the cost of computing power [D] 建立网上销售点与计算机计算能力的成本无关
[分析] 本题考核的知识点是：综合细节题。难度：0.46
最后一段首句指出，公司在网上并不是非得依靠“推”的策略方能挣钱。接着该段以Virtual Vineyards、https://www.sodocs.net/doc/1f5672617.html,（网址名称）和其他一些开拓者为例，说明将交互性、热情服务和安全性合理结合的网站会吸引网民。可见，［B］选项符合文意。
［A］选项强调“推”的必要性，与本段第一句话意思相左。［C］选项与该段末句提到的“人们惊讶为何很少有人尝试网上销售（took the online plunge原意指“冒险尝试”，这里强调在还没有多少人参与的时候，率先开展网上销售是要冒风险的）的事实不符。［D］选项与本段第三句提到的“计算机计算能力的成本不断下降（即计算机购买和上网价格变得便宜）有利于公司在网上设立销售点”意思不符。
四、文章长难句分析与佳句赏析
长难句分析：
①Some companies are limiting the risk by conducting online transactions only with established business partners who are given access to the company s private intranet.
该句的主干是Some companies are limiting the risk by... ，by引导的结构做谓语are limiting动作的方式状语，指“通过某种手段”，状语中有一个who引导的定语从句，修饰前面的business partners。
知识点补充：established意为“固定的，长期以来已确立的”；access在这是计算机用语，指“访问，上网”；intranet与internet(互联网)相应，指“内部局域网，内联网”。
②But it is hardly inevitable that companies on the Web will need to resort to push strategies to make money.
该句it是形式主语，真正的主语是that引导的从句，hardly inevitable是双重否定，表示“并非必然趋势”。
知识点补充：resort to意为“求助于”。例如：People should resort to legal actions when their rights are offended.（当权利受到侵害时，人们应当诉诸于法律）。
③The examples of Virtual Vineyards, https://www.sodocs.net/doc/1f5672617.html,, and other pioneers show that a Web site selling the right kind of products with the right mix of interactivity, hospitality, and security
will attract online customers.
句子主干是The examples ... show that ...。谓语show后是that引导的宾语从句，从句的主干是a Web site... will attract online customers；其中，主语后跟了一个现在分词做定语，注意介词宾语mix后有一个of引导的三个并列名词的修饰。
④And the cost of computing power continues to free fall, which is a good sign for any enterprise setting up shop in silicon.
Which引导定语从句，指的是上文“计算机计算能力成本持续下降”这件事。enterprise 后有一个现在分词做的定语。silicon原义是硅，这里指代的是互联网和计算机。
佳句赏析：
①People looking back 5 or 10 years from now may well wonder why so few companies took the online plunge.
该句中的... looking back... years from now may well wonder...结构可以表达人们隔一段时间后看过去的事情发出的感叹。如：When you look back ten years from now, you may well wonder how stupid you are.
五、全文翻译
网上商务开始的第一年左右，大部分活动都围绕着开拓消费者市场而进行。最近，随着网络被证实不仅仅是一种时尚，公司便开始（在网上）相互交易产品和服务。公司之间的这种交易非常合理，因为商人都清楚地知道他们需要的是产品。
不过，由于怀疑网络的可靠性，许多公司仍对网络的使用犹豫不决。弗瑞斯特研究所的资深分析员布兰·欧文说，“商家需要感受到，他们可以信赖自己和供应商之间的这种沟通途径”。有些公司为了降低风险，只与固定的贸易伙伴进行在线贸易，给予这些伙伴进入本公司局域网的权利。（长难句①）
网络商业模式的另一个重大变化与可用于营销的技术有关。直到最近，因特网上的营销活动还集中在使用将用户“拉进”网站的策略上。然而去年，软件公司开发出新的技术，使公司可以将信息直接“推出”给消费者，直接把营销信息传送给特定的用户。最突出的例子是Pointcast网络，该网络使用一种屏幕保护系统，将最新的信息和广告不断地传送到用户的计算机显示器上。用户可以量身设定自己想要接收的信息，然后直接进入某个公司的网址。像Virtual Vineyards这样的公司业已开始采用类似的技术将有关特价销售、产品促销或其他活动的信息“推”向用户。但这种“推”的技术遭到许多网上用户的鄙视。在线文化推崇这样一个理念：流动到屏幕上的信息应是在专门的请求之后才出现。一旦商业促销不请自来地充斥着电脑屏幕，那么网络和电视就没多大差别了。这种前景让网络净化者感到不安。
公司在网上并不是非得依靠“推”的策略方能挣钱。（长难句②）像Virtual Vineyards 和https://www.sodocs.net/doc/1f5672617.html,及其他开拓者的例子表明：一个销售适类商品的网站，如果将互动、热情服务、安全相结合，肯定会吸引网上用户的。（长难句③）计算机计算能力的成本持续下降，对任何建立了网上销售点的企业来说都是个好的征兆。（长难句④）回顾过去的5年或10年，人们或许会感到奇怪。为什么只有这么少的公司尝试网上销售呢？(佳句)
Passage 3
一、核心词汇注释
①acquaintance n. 1. ［U］(often slight) knowledge of sth对某事物（常为略微的）了
解(后跟介词of) 例：little acquaintance with the Japanese language 稍微会一点儿日语 2. ［C］person whom one knows but who is not a close friend相识而非密友者，泛泛之交例：He has a wide circle of acquaintances. 他交友甚广。*3. ［U］the fact or process of being acquainted 认识的过程，相识，了解例：Our acquaintance lasted a year.我们的相识持续了一年。acquaint v. 使认识，使了解（~ sb. with）
②betray vt.1. to stop supporting your old beliefs and principles（尤指为得到权势或免除麻烦而）背弃（信仰、原则等）例：betray your beliefs/ideals背弃自己的信仰/理想 2.hand over or show sb/sth disloyally (to an enemy)（向敌人）出卖某人或泄漏某事（用~sb/sth to）例：betraying state secrets 泄漏国家机密3.to hurt sb who trusts you by not being loyal or faithful to them辜负，对……不忠例：betray his trust 辜负他的信任*4.show (sth) unintentionally; be a sign of 无意中显示出，显露出，表现出例：His accent betrayed the fact that he was foreign. 他的口音显露出他是外国人。
③campaign n. *1. ［C］a series of actions intended to achieve a particular result（尤指政治性或商业性的）运动；宣传活动例：a campaign against nuclear weapons 反对核武器运动2.战役例：He fought in the North African campaign during the last war. 在上次战争中他参加了北非战役。
vi. 发起或参加（旨在获得某一结果的）运动例：She spent her life campaigning for women s rights. 她毕生致力于女权运动。
④characteristic of sth/sb［做后置定语或表语］……所特有的，典型的例：Windy days are characteristic of March. 有风天气是三月的特点。
⑤contradiction n. *1. ［C, U］ a difference between two statements, beliefs, or ideas about sth that means they cannot both be true对立，矛盾(的说法、信念、观点等) 例：in contradiction to 与……相矛盾2. ［U］the act of saying that someone else s opinion, statement etc is wrong or not true反驳，否认，驳斥例：You can say what you like without fear of contradiction. 可以说你想说的，不用怕反驳。contradict v. 反驳，抗辩，否认；与……相反或相矛盾
⑥host of sb/sth许多，大量例：A host of musicians will perform at the festival. 音乐节上将有多位音乐家表演。
⑦livelihood n. 赚钱谋生的手段，生计例：Communities on the island depended on whaling for their livelihood.岛上的居民靠捕鲸为生。hood用以构成名词的后缀，表示1.“……的状态或性质”，如：childhood 儿童时期，falsehood 虚假；2.“（某类人的）集体”，如：the priesthood 司祭团
⑧outlook n. ［C］*1.your general attitude to life and the world（对生活、世界的）看法，观点，态度（后跟介词on）例：a very positive outlook on life 一种非常积极的人生观 2.what is expected to happen in the future将来预期发生的事，前景，远景（后跟介词for）例：The outlook for sufferers from this disease is not good.这种疾病的患者希望渺茫。3.（从某处望见的）景色，风光例：a very pleasing outlook from the bedroom window从卧室窗户看到的非常宜人的景色
⑨presumptuous a. 专横的，自负的，放肆的例：Would it be presumptuous of me to ask to borrow your car? 我想借用你的车，这会不会太冒昧？presume v. 推测，假定，假设；妄行，越权行事；ous构成形容词的后缀，表示“有……性质的”，如：mountainous 多山的
⑩pursue vt. *1.to continue doing an activity or trying to achieve sth over a long period of time追求，继续进行例：pursue an acting career追求表演事业2.to continue trying to ask about,