英语翻译1

512

2011 International Conference on Computer, Electrical, and Systems Sciences, and Engineering

The Application of BP Neural Network Model in the Project

Implementation Control

Yang Xiaoping, Wu Shengcai

Management College

University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026, China wsc854@https://www.sodocs.net/doc/2115262396.html,

Abstract: - The application of BP neural network in dynamic management of the implementation and control of

the construction project is a scientific method corresponding to the practice and its importance has gradually been valued by parties in project activities. Based on the theory of project implementation phase dynamic management, this paper uses the BP neural network method to analyze the projects in implementation phase. It focuses on the analysis of the idea works that using the BP neural network theory and application theory to the project control research, and discusses the dynamic modeling, the learning and training algorithms of the hidden layer space structure, and forming the training sample set from the collected project costs information, finally achieving the application of the project costs dynamic management of the project implementation phase based on BP neural network model.

Key-Words: - BP neural network, project implementation control, model, sample

1 Introduction

In recent years, in the international developed countries, the requirements for project investment are to pre-control in advance and control in the progress. Chinese traditional methods will objectively cause the result of despising decision-making, valuing implementation, despising economic and valuing technology, building first and evaluating later. In this way, make the long-term management target difficult to achieve. For the above situation, from the perspective of construction enterprises, based on the analysis of the status of domestic and international project management, on the guide of the basic theory of the project dynamic management of project implementation phase, using BP neural network theory to built the construction costs dynamic management model in the implementation phase. Considering the various effect factors in the implementation phase of project, analyzing the influence range that each effect factor did to the construction costs and quantities, the author hopes to find a more effective and quick way and method to control the project price and save social resources. This has practical guidance meaning to the owners to strengthen the costs management in the construction phase, has good enlightenment to the enterprises to raise their own construction costs management level. Therefore, select this topic to research has great theoretical and practical significance; it is in line with the requirements of the age and is an urgent and beneficial subject.

2 BP neural network theory

Neural network (or known as connection model) is the abstraction and simulation of human brain or some basic features of the natural neural network. It originated from the interdisciplinary research of physics, psychology and neurobiology. The basical unit of neural network is the nerve cells, nerve cells also known as biological neuron, in short, neuron. BP network is a one-way transmission a nd multilayer forward network, which has three layers or more than three-layer network structure, including input layer, middle layer (hidden layer) and output layer, there are whole connections between the upper and lower layers, but no connection between eachneuron. Specific structure shows as Fig. 1.

Fig. 1 BP network model construction

BP network transfer function is generally Sigmoid function, for the BP network, its transfer function must be differentiable,

978-0-615-42292-3/10/$25.00 ?2011 IERI

CESSE2011

generally is Sigmoid type logarithm, tangent function or linear function. Since transmission network is differentiable in all respects, so for the BP networks, on the one hand, the network strictly using gradient descent method to learn, the value of modified analytic formula is very clear; on the other hand, the divided area is no longer a linear division, but a region constitutes by a non-linear hyper plane, it is a relatively smooth surface, and thus its classification is more accurate than the linear division, fault tolerance is better than the linear division. The working progress of BP network is divided into two parts, study period and work period. Study period is composed of the progress of the forward propagation of input information and the back propagation of error. BP algorithm's basic idea is that the learning process is composed of the signal forward propagation and error back propagation two processes. In the forward propagation process, the input information from input layer to hidden layer and then to output layer, it is dealt with layer by layer, the state of neuron in each layer only affect the state of neuron in next layer. information and data of typical project (including construction costs, index of price rises and project features Etc.), consider the specific circumstances of the project being built and then determine the cost of the project being built. Then we have to calculate the construction costs and costs’influence range of the project being built and so on. In order to be more accurate and efficient to determine these data, we must build a dynamic model. The use of neural networks to establish mathematical model in essence is using the function approximation ability of neural network to map the actual complex functions.

This paper uses BP neural network to do the mathematical model research of the construction cost of project implementation phase. Treat the construction cost of implementation phase as a mathematical mapping problem, one of the important functions of neural network is that it can increase and get close to nonlinear mapping in any two-dimensional space. In the model, assume that the feature vector affected the construction cost is m (m ≥3), the main required cost information is n (n ≥1), there is mapping from m-dimensional to n-dimensional space. If treat m as the neural network input data, n as the neural network output data, in the m Dimensional Euclidean space R m , there is a bounded subset A. There is a mapping of bounded

The choice of error bound value is solely determined on the base of the convergence speed size subset to the n-dimensional space

m n

R n , that is

of the network model and learning accuracy of the F : A ?R→R .By learning we can find a optimal

certain samples. When the selection of convergence error bound value Emin is small, the learning effect is good, but the convergence speed is slow and training times increase. If the selection of convergence error bound value Emin is larger, the result is opposite. Because the error of training samples can be very small, it is reasonable and reliable to use one part of the error of test samples which randomly extracted from the total sample to stand for the accuracy (network performance) of network model calculation and forecast. It should be noted that the generalization ability of network model is not determined by the size of test samples’error, but whether the test sample s’error is approached to training samp les’ and checkout sam ples’ error.

3. The mathematical model o f the construction project dynamic management research

The basic idea of application of BP neural network dynamic management model is that according to the construction similarity of the project being built and typical project, we can refer to the historical approximate mapping G. Theoretical proof that two layers of the forward network can find a G near F in any given accuracy.

For the implementation phase of construction projects, the input indexes of project cost dynamic management model are the composition architecture, structural feature set and the project costs, such as labor cost, materials cost, design change and other factors. The inputs of artificial neural network are those output characteristics sets and can be chosen free based on the actual project needs. As for those should be valued according to the actual situation, value them according to the construction practice. If necessary, take the expanded unit, so the value can be controlled in the range -1 to 1. For the output values, which mainly are project cost, labor work day, wood, steel, bricks, cement, gravel, asphalt, linoleum, glass and others, value them according to the practice. And for the measurement unit, the expanded unit is appropriate, and the corresponding value should be controlled in the range -1 to 1.

In this paper, it takes the algorithm of error back propagation (BP), which is as follows:

513

514

t t t

t Assume artificial neural input pattern vector （5）Calculate the generalization error d k

of the

A k = ( a 1 , a 2 , ......, a n ) ， expectation output

units in output layer with the expectation output

vector Y k = ( y 1 , y 2 , ......, y q )

； model Y k = ( y 1 , y 2 ,......, y q

) and network actual

Interlayer unit

input vector

output c t :

S k = ( s 1 , s 2 , ......, s p ) ，

output

k ( ) (1 )

d

t

= y t - c t ? c t ? - c t （6）

vector L k = (l 1,l 2 ,......,l p )

； （6）Calculate the generalization error e

k

of the

Output layer unit

input

units in interlayer with the generalization error d k of vector i = 1, 2, ......, n ; j = 1, 2,......, p ,

output

the output layer of connection weight v jt

and

vector C k = (c 1 , c 2 ,......, c q ) ；

Connection weight from input layer to interlayer is

interlayer output b j :

w ij ， i = 1, 2,......, n ; j = 1, 2,......, p ;

（7） Connection weight from interlayer to output layer E =

v jt ， j = 1, 2, ......, p ； t = 1, 2,......, q （7 ）Revise connection weight v jt and domain k

Output domain value of the units in interlayer is value γ t with the generalization error d t of the units θ j ， j = 1, 2,......, p ；

Output domain value of the units in output layer is

in output layer and output b j interlayer: of the units in

γ t ， t = 1, 2,......, q ； in the above,

( 1) ( ) k

v jt N + = v jt N + α ? d t ? b j （8）

k = 1, 2,......, m ；m is the logarithm of training set ( 1) ( ) k

model;

γ t N + = γ t N + α ? d t （9）

Network response function is: In the formula, α is learning coefficient,

f ( x ) = 1 1 + e

（1） 0 < α < 1 . （8）Revise connection weight w ij

and domain

The steps of BP Neural network learning model are:

value θ j with the generalization error e k

of the units

（1）Initialization. Give random number choosing in output layer and input A k of the units in input layer:

from [-1, 1] to connection weights w ij ， v jt and w ( N + 1) = w ( N ) + β ? e k ? a

domain values θ j ，γ t ;

ij ij t i

（10）

(2) Randomly provide the network with one model

θ (

N + 1) = β ( N ) + β ? e k （11） pair A k = (

a 1 , a 2 , ......, a n ) ，Y k = ( y 1 , y 2 ,......, y q )

; j j t In the formula, β is learning coefficient, （3）

Calculate input s j and output b j

of the units 0 < β < 1.

（9）Return to the (2) step until the end of the

in the interlayer with input model A k , connection

study on m pairs of models.

weight w ij and domain v a lue θ j : n

s j = ∑ w i j ? a i - θ j i =1

（2）

（10）Re-choose randomly one pair of model from m model pairs, return to the (2) step until the overall error E is less than a predetermined b j = f (s j )

（3）

minimum value or a given learning number;

（4）Calculate the input of the units in output

layer l t and output response c t

with interlayer E =（12）

output b j , connection weight v jt and domain Where, M is the logarithm of the sample, Q is the value γt :

p l t = ∑ v ij ? b j - γ t j =1

（4）

number of output units, and other symbols are the same with the previous.

c t = f ( s j )

（5）

515

1 -0.40 output -0.75 775.46

800.66 -3.25 2 0.68 0.43 867.81 885.78 -2.07 3 -0.68 -1.00 761.33 783.71 -2.94 4 -0.22 -0.23 838.33 839.09 -0.09 5 -0.29 -0.19 842.72 841.96 0.09 6 -0.44 -0.21 857.08 840.45 1.94 7 0.17 0.11 858.55 863.10 -0.53 8 -0.11 0.02 865.82 856.47 -1.08 9 0.78 0.39 855.99 883.04 -3.16 （11）Save the trained weights w ij , v jt , domain

Table 1 Simulated results and actual initialized

results of the test samples values θ j , γ t of th e network into the relevant data

base in order to use.

4. The application of B P Neural network in control of project implementation

To carry out the dynamic management of the engineering control from the view of the construction companies, we must first consider the factors that affect the project, and determine the No.

Simulated initialized results of test samples The initial value of the test samples The initial results of test samples

Actual values of test samples

Relative error （%）

parameters of project control model. Construction cost of the project depends on the quantities of each physical part, type and price level. Physical quantity is usually determined by the structure parameters of the designed project. Through the analysis of cost components and the effects of structure parameters variation on the cost of the already-built typical projects, determine preliminarily the foundation, structure, floors, doors and windows, decorative, wall, flat combination as the main factors of the project cost, saying it is engineering characteristics. Use characterization of construction projects to describe samples of construction projects, namely: construction project = (foundation, structure, floors, doors and windows, exterior decoration, graphic combinations). The engineering characteristics of construction projects have different types (such as the structure can be masonry structure, frame structure; the base section can be brick foundation, reinforced concrete foundation, etc.), which are called the feature categories.

Express the neural network input vectors respectively with symbols T1 ~ T8, and output vector with the symbol O. Divide the collected 50 samples into two groups and choose 40 samples randomly as training samples and the remaining 10 samples as testing samples. According to the characteristics of neural network, the neural network input and output data are all in [-1, 1] range. Therefore, the first is to quantify the neural network input vector. Initialize feature vectors of the project after the completion of the qualification.

By using BP neural network to process the test samples simulation at implementation stage of the construction project, the maximum relative error of the output results and the actual value is 3.25%. It is in the control range of project cost in implementation phase. Therefore, the accuracy of the results obtained in this example meets the requirements.

10

0.49

0.11

847.76 868.87 -2.49

5 Conclusion

The application of BP neural network in dynamic management of the implementation and control of the construction project is a scientific method corresponding to the practice and its importance has gradually been valued by parties in building activities. Basing on the dynamic management theory of the implementation phase of construction projects, this paper analyzes and studies the project in the implementation phase using BP neural network method, makes full use of high nonlinearity, high fault tolerance, self-learning, real-time processing and other characteristics of neural network. It mainly analyzes BP neural network theory and the idea that applying the control theory in project control, discusses the dynamic modeling and the learning and training algorithms of the hidden layer space structure, and forms the project cost data collected from the training sample set ultimately achieving the application of BP neural network model in the dynamic management of project cost in implementation phase of the project.

References:

[1] Yingluo Wang, Yaohong Yang. Artificial Neural Network and Its Application in Project Management. Engineering Science, 2009, 6(7)： 26-33．

[2] Feng Zhao. Evaluation of Project Investment Risk Basing on BP Neural Network. Construction Economy, 2007(10): 62-64.

[3] Hegazy T., Ayed A. Neural Network model for Parametric Cost Estimation of Highway Project. Joumal of Construction Engineering and Management, 2008,124(3): 210-218.

[4] Adell H, Wu M. Regularization Neural Network for Construction Cost Estimation. Joumal of Construction Engineering and Management, 2008,124(I): 18-24.

从科技英语翻译(1)

2007年6月 第8卷　第2期 长沙铁道学院学报(社会科学版) J un.2007 Vol.8　No.2 　从文体特征谈科技英语的翻译3 禹智华 (中南大学外国语学院,湖南长沙　410075) 摘　要:每一类体栽的文章都有其独特的语言表现形式和结构规律。本文从文体学角度分析了科技英语在其词汇、句法、语篇等方面的特点及对其翻译方法的探讨。 关键词:文体特征;词汇;句法;语篇;翻译 在21世纪这个高度信息化的时代,科技英语越来越受到人们的重视。但对于大多数人而言,翻译科技英语时只是满足于表面的处理,并未研究真正的科学的语言,只是依据为一般读者编写的百科全书或图书中出现的通俗专业介绍。他们认为,只要懂得语法规则和一些科技词汇,就能够理解并翻译科技英语文章了。于是这样一个公式似乎顺理成章:科技英语=一般英语语法+科技词汇。其实不然科技英语它着重于对客观事物的描述,或者对逻辑概念的推理,因而在词汇、句法、语篇等方面有着与通用英语不同的自身特点,形成了独特的文体风格。从它特点看来,我们不仅要注意语法词汇等语言学的部分,同时更要根据英汉两种语言表达上的差异,进行原语与目标语之间的调整,使翻译作品更加符合译入语读者的思维习惯。 一、词汇特点 科技词汇主要由一般词汇、专业词汇和半专业词汇三部分构成,他们具有如下明显特点: 第一,科技词汇多源于希腊语和拉丁语,具有庄重、正式的语体特征,如pharmaceutical(药品)、circumvent(阻止)、mechanical(机械的)、technology(技术)等词汇。这类词一般词形较长,难于记忆,其有效的手段就是通过英语的构词法来掌握,尤其是派生法。主要特点是通过添加前、后缀构成新词,不少科技词汇均由此产生,如mono(单一)———monoxide (一氧化物)、di(二,双)———diatomic(双原子的)、anti(抗,防)———antiage(防老化的)、super(超)———(天体物理学)、under(低于,次于)———underreaction(反应不充分)。 第二,不少动词短语往往由一些“稳重”的规范动词替代,体现了科技英语精炼、严肃、权威的文体特征,如turn on--complete、use up--consume和exhaust、put up with--tolerate。 第三,同一词语词义的多专业化,即同一个英语常用词不仅被多个专业采用,而且含义也各不相同。例如“order”一词,在日常英语指“命令、订购”等,在军事上指“队形”,在计算机领域指“指令”,在法律上指“法院上的决议”,在数学方面指“阶,次序”,建筑学则指“柱型”。对于这一类词语,只有通过上下文和具体的语言环境才能确定其真正的含义。 第四,广泛使用缩略词。据统计,这类词语大约有2～3万,其构成方式分有三种:(1)将词的部分截缩而构成新词,如parachute———chute(降落伞)、semiconductor———semicon (半导体)、technology———tech(技术);(2)将词组中的每个词的首字母加在一起构成新词,如Unidentified Flying Object ———U FO(不明飞行物)、Liquefied Natural Gas———L N G(液化天燃气);(3)从两个单词中抽出部分字母而构成新词,如rectifier transformer———rectiforlner(整流变压器)、telegram exchange telex(电传)。过程。因此,从各方面提高科技翻译工作者的能力及加强对科技翻译的研究,找出其特色也显得尤为重要。 二、句法特点 11被动句的广泛使用 因为科技文章的主要目的是讲述客观现象,介绍科技成果,说明生产过程等,所以无须指出行为的主体,使用被动句不仅比主动句更少主观色彩,而且可以使读者的注意力集中在叙述的客体上,与日常英语相比,科技英语更倾向于使用被动句。英语被动语态句的处理,不外乎两种方法:一种是仍保留为被动句,另一种是转换成汉语的主动句。下面以一些句子进行举例说明。 例如:The outside of the converter is made of steel plates. 转钢炉的外壳由钢板制成。 Electrons closer to the nucleus are held more tightly than those in the outer orbits. 靠近原子核的电子比外层轨道上的电子结合的紧。 21大量使用名词化结构和非谓语动词形式 这种结构和形式能够把原来的施动结构蕴藏在深层结构里,从而把更多的信息融于一体,使彼此的逻辑关系更严密,表达更精确,这符合科技英语追求语言表达简练、凝重、客观与浓缩的要求。例如下面这句话,科技英语借助非谓语动词形式和名词化结构,只用一个谓语动词就表达了汉语须用几个行为动词才能表达清楚的概念。Applied science,on the other hand is directly concerned with the application of the working laws of pure science to the practical affairs of life and to increasing man’s control over his environment,thus leading to the development of new techniques processes and machines.应用科学则直接涉及应用问题,它研究的是如何将纯科学的工作定律应用于实际生活,应用于加强人类对其周围环境的控制,从而导致新技术、新工艺和新机器的产生。 31长句较多 2713收稿日期:2006-12-16 作者简介:禹智华(1981-),女,湖南邵阳人,硕士研究生。

化学专业英语翻译1

01.THE ELEMENTS AND THE PERIODIC TABLE 01元素和元素周期 表。 The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom is referred to as the atomic number, or proton number, Z. The number of electrons in an electrically neutral atom is also equal to the atomic number, Z. The total mass of an atom is determined very nearly by the total number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus. This total is called the mass number, A. The number of neutrons in an atom, the neutron number, is given by the quantity A-Z. 原子核中的质子数的原子称为原子序数，或质子数，卓电子数的电中性的原子也等于原子序数Z，总质量的原子是非常接近的总数量的质子和中子在原子核。这被称为质量数，这个数的原子中的中子，中子数，给出了所有的数量 The term element refers to, a pure substance with atoms all of a single kind. To the chemist the "kind" of atom is specified by its atomic number, since this is the property that determines its chemical behavior. At present all the atoms from Z = 1 to Z = 107 are known; there are 107 chemical elements. Each chemical element has been given a name and a distinctive symbol. For most elements the symbol is simply the abbreviated form of

完整word版五年级下册英语翻译1 3单元

五年级下册英语翻译（1-3单元） Unit1da P4Let'stal张鹏：你们何时结束在早上？佩德罗：我们结束在一点钟。然后我们吃午饭在家。张鹏：哇。你们何时返回学校在午饭后？佩德罗：在两点半。开始在三点钟。张鹏：你通常何时吃晚饭在西班牙？佩德罗：通常在九点半或者十点钟。张鹏：哇。那是太迟了。 PLet'slearn做早操，吃早饭，上，做运动，吃晚饭。你何时做早操？在七点钟。 P6Let'sspell打扫，钟，班级，聪明的，盘子，茄子，请，玩 P7Let'stal老板：今天你为什么购物？莎拉：我的妈妈昨晚工作，所以我今天购物。老板：好女孩。所以你在周末干什么？莎拉：我经常看电视并且打乒乓球和我的爸爸。老板：那听起来像很多乐趣。莎拉：是的，但是我也是努力工作的。我通常洗我的衣服。有时我烧饭。老板：你是如此忙的。你需要一个机器人去帮你。 P8Let'slearn打扫我的房间，去散步，去购物，上一节舞

蹈。我经常打扫我的房间在星期六。 罗宾的戏剧P9Readandrite 罗宾在一个戏剧里。他是罗宾森克鲁斯。这是来自他的一封信。我的名字叫罗宾森。我居住在一个岛上。我总是每天早起床。我洗我的脸，然后我吃早饭。有时我也打扫我的山洞。我经常在水中游泳。在下午。我和朋友一起运动。他的名字叫星期五。星期五擅长运动。他经常胜利。 Unit1单词表。吃早饭，上，进行体育运动，活动运动，做早操，吃晚饭，打扫我的房间，散步，去买东西购物，学习上（），跳舞，上舞蹈，需要，戏剧剧本，信，居住，岛，总是一直，山洞洞穴，去游泳，获胜，在（时间）后，开始，通常地惯常地，西班牙，晚迟，午前上午，午后下午，为什么，购物买东西，工作，上一个过去的，听起来像，还（也），忙的 Unit2 favriteseasn P14Let'stal琼斯先生：你喜欢音乐吗，孩子们？迈克：是的。它是美丽的。它是什么？琼斯先生：《四季歌》。今天我们将要画季节。你最喜欢哪个季节？迈克？迈克：冬季。我喜欢雪。琼斯先生：我也喜欢雪。你最喜欢哪个季节，吴一凡？吴一凡：春季，它是美丽的。琼斯先生：是的，它是。 P1Let'slearn春夏秋冬你最喜欢那个季节？夏天。我能每

科技英语翻译1

第六章科技英语翻译 English for Science and Technology (EST) 第一部分 Part One Procedures of today: ?An overview of EST ?Characteristics of technical terms （科技英语词汇特点）?Characteristics of the EST syntax （科技英语句法特点） ?Principles of translating EST ?Assignments ?―It appears that you’ve got the offer of a very good job.‖ ―A wonderful job.‖ ―Are you going to take it?‖ ―I don’t think so.‖ ―Why not?‖ ―I don’t want to.‖ ?―听说有个很好的工作要你去干。‖ ?―挺好的工作。‖ ?―打算干吗？‖ ?―不。‖ ?―为什么不干？‖ ?―不想干。‖ ?She was of a helpless, fleshy build, with a frank open countenance and an innocent, different manner. Her eyes were large and patient, and in them dwelt a shadow of distress as only those who have looked sympathetically into the countenances of the distraught and helpless poor know anything about. ?那妇人生着一副绵软多肉的体格，一张坦率开诚的面容，一种天真羞怯的神气。一双大落落的柔顺眼睛，里边隐藏着无穷的心事，只有那些对于凄惶无告的穷苦人面目作过同情观察的人才看得出来。 ?MONTREAL –Clark Johns accomplished a spectacular debut for his NHL career tonight, the first score launching a four-point first period outburst, to lead the Johnson City High Hats to a 6—4 victory over the Montreal Teals and their eighth consecutive game without a loss.

专业英语翻译1

当一个命题函数的所有变量都赋上了值，所得到的语句就有了真假值。然而,还有另一个重要的方法,称为量词化,为了从一个命题函数中生成一个命题，两种形式的量词化将在本节中被讨论，即全称量词和存在量词。 许多数学家陈述断言，对于所有在特定的定义域内的变量，它的取值是真的，其中特定的定义域称为论域，像这样的量词化例子我们通常用全称量词化。全称量词化是一个命题函数对于在论域内的所有x的取值，P(x)都是真的，论域指的是对于x可能取的值。 定义1：P(x)的全称量词化是这样一个命题：对论域中的所有x,P(x)都是真的。把P(x)的全称量词化记作?xP(x)。这里?是被叫做全称量词。 命题xP(X)也可以表达成“对于所有的xP(x)”或者对于“每一个 xP(x)” 注意：最好不用any这个词，因为它可能意指“每一个”或“某一个”，经常导致意义含糊不清。而在某些情况下，例如用于否定句中，如在句子“there is not any reason not to study hard.”（没有任何不努力学习的理由）中，any的含义却是清楚的。 例题5. 用全称量词化表达一个句子“对于班上的每一个学生都学习了微积分。” 方法：设P(x)为语句“x 学习了微积分。” 然后语句“对于班上每一个学生都学习了微积分”可以被写成?xP(x)的形式，然而学生都包含在班上这个论域里。

这个语句也能被表达成 ?x(s(x)→P(x)), 然而S(x)语句是“x在班上”。 P(x)同前者一样，论域是所有学生的集合。 例题5说明，对于一个定理，可采用不止一种的好办法来证明。 许多数学家陈述断言，对于一个有特定取值的元素，像这样的语句通常用存在量词化，对于存在量词化，我们形成一个命题是正确的，当且仅当P(x)是真的至少对于一个在论域内的x。 定义2.P(x)的存在量词化是这样一个命题：在论域中存在一个元素x 使得P(x)都是真的，把P(x)的存在量词化记作?xP(x)。这里?是存在量词。 存在量词化?xP(x)也可以表达为“对于P(x)存在一个x”,“对于P(x)至少有一个x”,或者对于一些xP(x)”。 例题6.设P(x)为语句“x>3”.对于存在量词化?xP(x)在那些情况下是真的，然而论域是真值的集合。 方法：因为“x>3”是真的，例如，当x=4则对于存在量词化P(x)，即?xP(x)是真的。

英语翻译(1)

After winning the important game they hoisted their captain to their shoulders in shouting triumph. 赢得那场重要的比赛之后，他们把队长抬到肩膀上欢呼着胜利。 Anyone who picks up this novel and reads the first paragraph will be hard pressed to put it down. 任何人只要拿起这本小说读了第一段，就会发现很难把它放下。 A true hero possesses has courage, a noble purpose and a willingness to make sacrifices. 一个真正的英雄有勇气，有高尚的目标，而且乐于奉献。 For now, it remains to me to thank you once more for joining us and wish you good luck in your work. 且让我再次感谢大家的参与，祝你们工作顺利。 He took a gamble on starting a factory with all the money his parents had left him. 他孤注一郑，用父母留给他的所有钱来开一家工厂。 He decided to channel his energies into something useful, instead of being glued to sitting in front of the TV set all day long. 他决定把自己的精力用到有益的事上，而不是整天守在电视机前。 He teaches in a middle school, but he does some translation work on the side to bring in extra cash money. 他在中学教书，但也兼职做些翻译来赚取外快。 He travelled from one village to another, dropping in on families and listening to their complaints and problems. 他从一个村子来到另一个村子，走家串户，听他们诉苦。 His words were drowned out by loud cheers from the crowd. 他的话被群众的大声欢呼所淹没。 He may promise to change, but it’s the same old story of saying one thing and doing another.他也许会答应改变，但无非又是说一套做一套罢了。 I racked my brains about how to break the terrible news to him. 我苦苦思索该怎样把这可怕的消息告诉他。 It will be impossible for me to repay my parents for everything they have done for me. 我将永远无法报答父母为我所做的一切。 I said right from the beginning that he would cause us trouble. 我一开始就说过，他会给我们惹麻烦的 In a sense, life is like swimming; if you keep holding on to the sides of the pool, you (will) never learn. 从某种意义上说，生活就像游泳。如果你总是扶住池边，就永远也学不会。 I just can’t figure her out, she’s a mystery to me. 我简直摸不透他，他对我是个迷 I looked at the printed page but the words made no sense. 我看着那印满字的书页，但不知上面写些什么 In the rush to go for globalization, we should watch out for collision of cultures. 在全球化热潮中，我们要堤防不同文化的冲突 In the circumstances it was not surprising that there was trouble. 在这种情况下，出现麻烦是不足为奇的 It’s good to be confident (about yourself), but there’s a difference betwe en (self-)confidence and conceit. 自信是件好事，但自信与自负是有区别的。 Jim always sides with John in an arg ument. 在答辩中吉姆总是站在约翰那一边。 Only those who have lived through a similar experience can fully appreciate this. 只有那些有过类似经历的人，才能够完全理解这一点。 Only those who stick it out can achieve success. Those who give up halfway will never realize their dreams. 只有坚持到底的人才会成功。半途而废的人永远也无法实现梦想。

专业英语翻译1

专业英语翻译1

Basic Chemistry 1. Atomic Structure Matter has mass and takes up space. Atoms are basic building blocks of matter, and cannot be chemically subdivided by ordinary means. Both the protons and neutrons reside in the nucleus. Protons have a positive (+) charge, neutrons have no charge --they are neutral. Electrons reside in orbitals around the nucleus. They have a negative charge (-). It is the number of protons that determines the atomic number. The number of protons in an element is constant but neutron number may vary, so mass number (protons + neutrons) may vary. 1。原子结构 物质有质量，占空间。原子是物质的基本组成物，不能用普通的方法进行化学细分。 质子和中子都驻留在原子核中。质子有一个正电荷，中子是不带电的，它们是中性的。电子在原子核周围的轨道上。他们有一个负电荷（-）。 它是确定原子序数的质子数。在一个元素中的质子的数量是恒定的，但中子数可能会有所不同，所以质量数（质子+中子）可能会有所不同。 The same element may contain varying numbers of neutrons; these forms of an element are called isotopes. The chemical properties of isotopes are the same, although the physical properties of some isotopes may be different. Some isotopes are radioactive-meaning they "radiate" energy as they decay to a more stable form, perhaps another element half-life: time required for half of the atoms of an element to decay into stable form. Another example is oxygen, with atomic number of 8 can have 8, 9, or 10 neutrons. 相同的元素可能含有不同数量的中子，这些元素

专业英语课文翻译

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人教版八下英语翻译1-10单元

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新职业英语-职业综合英语1-课后翻译题

Uint1 1这一切不是一朝一夕可以实现的（achieve实现） All this can’t be chieved overnight 2下午6点种左右体育馆通常很忙（tend to 通常、易于） The gum tend to be busy at around 6 o’clock in the ofrrrnoon 3这个地区现在不安全，还是远离它为好（take away from 远离） The area is not safe at the moment,so it’sbetter to stay away from it 4就销售而言，他们是4该地区五大超市之一（in terms of 在。。。方面、就。。。而言） In terms of sales, they are one of top five supermarket in the area 5这间房既要作卧室又要作客房（severs as 作为） The room serve as not only bedrome but also livingroom 6生产部负责监督这个项目的进展（monitor 监督） The product department is responsible for monitoring the progress 7上个月经理忙于一项对营销活动的研究工作（be involved in 参与卷入） The product was involved in a research on marking activities last month 8现在许多大公司都利用网站来推销他们的产品和服务（promote 推销） Uany big companies use websites to promote their products and seroices Uint2 1在这所新医院上面已经花费了大笔资金（a great deal of 大量） A great deal of mony has been spent on the new hospital 2成功与否取决于你的努力和能力（depend on 取决于） Success depends on your efforts ands ability 3很难时刻掌握科技方面的新发展(keep track of记录了解动态) It is difficult to keep track of new development in science and technology 4所有投诉都将由经理来处理（deal with 处理） All complains will be deal with by the managers 5不要试着自己去做，这需要专业知识（specialized 专业的） Don’t try doing it yourself, it requires specialized know ledge 6他作为最佳运动员获得了一个金牌（award 获得） He was awarded a goldcup for being the best athlete 7为什么不关掉电视区锻炼一下身体（turn off 关闭）

英语翻译1

1. 灯笼 灯笼产生于东汉，在中国古时候主要用于照明。制作灯笼要用到中国画、剪纸等很多工艺。纸和丝绸是制作灯笼的主要材料。灯笼在电出现之前用于照明，现在只是用于装饰，主要在元宵节使用。节日期间，不同形状和大小的灯笼会悬挂在街上，吸引无数的游人。灯笼最流行的颜色是红色。在中国文化里，红灯笼是生活红火、事业兴旺的标志，所以在元宵节、春节、国庆等重要节日都要挂红灯笼。现在，红灯笼在全世界范围内被视为中国文化的代表。 1.灯笼产生于东汉，在中国古时候主要用于照明。长句的译法Originating during the Eastern Han Dynasty, Lanterns were mainly used for lighting in ancient China. 2.制作灯笼要用到中国画、剪纸等很多工艺。直译 The manufacture/ production of lanterns/ making lanterns use a variety of crafts 3.纸和丝绸是制作灯笼的主要材料。定语的译法 Paper and silk were the major materials used in their manufacture. 4.灯笼在电出现之前用于照明，现在只是用于装饰，主要在元宵节使用。主干 Once used for lighting before the introduction of electricity, lanterns are now merely decorative （used in decoration）and mainly used during the Lantern Festival.

1~100的英语翻译

1~100英语翻译 1~20： ?1 - one 2 - two 3 - three 4 - four 5 - five ?6 - six 7 - seven 8 - eight 9 - nine ?10 - ten 11 - eleven 12 - twelve ?13 thirteen 14 - fourteen 15 - fifteen ?16 - sixteen 17 - seventeen ?18 - eighteen 19 - nineteen 20twenty 21~40： ?21 twenty-one 22 twenty-two ?23 twenty-three 24 twenty-four ?25 twenty-five 26 twenty-six ?27 twenty-seven sixty ?28 twenty-eight 29 twenty-nine ?30 thirty 31thirty-one ?32 thirty-two 33 thirty-three ?34 thirty-four 35 thirty-five ?36 thirty-six 37 thirty-seven ?38 thirty-eight 39 thirty-nine 40 forty 41~60： ?41 fourty-one 42 fourty-two

?43fourty-three 44fourty-four ?45 fourty-five 46 fourty-six ?47fourty-seven48fourty-eight ?49fourty-nine50fifty51fifty-one ?52 fifty-two 53 fifty-three 54 fifty-four ?55 fifty-five 56 fifity-six 57 fifity-seven ?58 fifty-eight 59 fifity-nine 60 sixty 61~80： ?61 sixty-one 62 sixty-two ?63 sixty-three 64 sixty-four ?65 sixty-five 66 sixty-six ?67 sixty-seven 68 sixty-eight ?69 sixty-nine 70 seventy ?71seventy-one72seventy-two ?73seventy-three74seventy-four ?75seventy-five76seventy-six ?77seventy-seven78seventy-eight ?79 seventy-nine 80 eighty 81~100：

科技英语翻译(1)

邢骏杰信息工程1班20091309010 We use touch screens everywhere: tourist kiosks, automatic teller machines, point-of-sale terminals, industrial controls. Half a dozen vendors, plus in-house departments at major manufacturers, produced $800 million worth in 2000. The market is growing because the interfaces are easy-to-use, durable and inexpensive. Touch screens employ one of three physics principles for detecting the point of touch. Pressing a “resistive” design with a finger or other stylus raises a voltage. In “capacitive” models, a finger draws a minute current (this method is often used for cursor pads on notebook computers). In other designs, a finger or stylus interrupts a standing pattern of acoustic waves or infrared lights that blanket the surface. Resistive screens are the oldest, most widely used and least expensive, and they work with any stylus (finger, pen). Capacitive screens must be touched by a finger or an electrically grounded stylus to conduct current. Wave screens are the newest and most expensive. Surface acoustic wave screens must be touched by a finger or a soft stylus such as a pencil eraser to absorb energy; infrared screens work with any stylus. The different technologies may be used in the same applications, although pros and cons lead to prevalent combinations: resistive screens for industrial controls and Palm Pilots; capacitive screens for slot machines; wave screens for A TMs and indoor kiosks. Most people are unaware of the type of screen they are using. But tricks can help you tell, according to Frank Shen of Elo TouchSystems in Fremont, Calif., the largest U.S. maker. Push the screen lightly with your fingernail (not your skin). If it responds, it could be resistive or infrared. In this case, place two separated fingers aga inst the screen at the same time. If the cursor moves beneath one finger, the unit is infrared (software registers the first touch); if the cursor moves between the fingers, it is resistive (the points are averaged). If the unit does not respond to your fingernail, again place two separated fingers against it. If the cursor moves beneath one finger, the unit is acoustic wave; if the cursor moves between the fingers, it is capacitive.

英语专业基础英语1 1到10单元翻译

Unit 1 1.他为这次面试中可能面对的问题准备好了答案 He has prepared answers to the questions that he expects to confront during the interview. 2.他那悲惨的遭遇深深打动了我们，使我们几乎要哭出来。 His sad story touched us so deeply that we nearly cried. 3.他们俩沿着河边手挽着手散步，有说有笑，非常愉快。 The two of them are walking hand in hand, along the river bank, chatting, laughing, and looking happy. 4.他听到这令人激动的消息后，眼睛里涌出欢乐的泪水。 When he heard the exciting news, tears of joy welled up in his eyes. 5.上海人容易听懂苏州话，是因为上海话和苏州话有许多共同之处。 People from Shanghai can understand Suzhou dialect with ease, for shanghai dialect and suzhou dialect have much in common. 6.亨利和妻子正在研究能否在三年内买一幢新房子。 Henry and his wife are looking into the possibility of buying a new house within three years. 7.对女儿再三请求到国外去深造，他最终同意让步了。 He finally gave in to his daughter’s repeated requests to further her education abroad. 8.我们把所有的贵重物品都锁好了，然后才出去度假。 We locked all our valuables away before we went on holiday. 9.虽然咱们分手了，但我希望咱们依然是好朋友，像以前一样相互关心，互相帮助。Although we have parted from each other, I hope that we will retain good friends and that we will care for and help each other just as did in the past. 10.在紧急关头，军长召集全体军官开会，制定新的克敌战略战术。 At the critical moment, the army commander summoned all the officers to work out new strategies and tactics which make it possible to conquer the enemy. Unit 2 1.对不起，我迟到了，我刚才在开会脱不开身。 I’m sorry I am late; I was at a meeting and couldn’t get away. 2.在音乐会上，每当一位歌手唱完一首美妙动听的歌曲时，观众便高声喝彩表示赞赏。 At the concert whenever a singer finished singing a beautiful song, the audience would burst into loud cheers to show their appreciation. 3.她是个穿着时髦的人，总是穿时髦的衣服，但对饮食很少讲究。 As s stylish dresser, she is always wearing stylish clothes, but she seldom cares about what she eats or drinks 4.护士告诉我医生奇迹般的治好了你的心脏病。 The nurse tells me that the doctors have done wonders for your heart disease. 5.主席颁奖时赞美获奖者为人类做出了巨大贡献。 When awarding the prize, the chairman complimented the winner on his great contribution to mankind. 6.这个问题许多年使专家们迷惑不解。 This problem has bothered the experts for many years. 7.警察到达后，示威的人群逐渐散开了。