车辆工程外文翻译--日常汽车保养

外文翻译

英文：Daily car maintenance

. Auto maintenance aspects should be paid attention to:

(1) prevent the mixture too thick due to the high temperature, gas to flow, but also because of quantity pore expansion, gas flow rate increase, and gasoline easy to evaporation, lead to the mixture too thick. Therefore, should be the small hole, speed up adjustment device and throttle rocker connection position, reduced float chamber oil surface height, to reduce the flow of.

(2) prevent air resistance the burning hot summer, the gasoline engine fuel system due to temperature happen "gas resistance" phenomenon, fuel supply shortage or even interrupted the oil supply. To prevent "gas resistance", usable asbestos gasket will gasoline pumps and exhaust pipe is separated, or with wet cloth will cover the gasoline pump cooling.

(3) the evaporation under high temperature, oil and water evaporation will increase, the flap raises to cover tightly, oil pipe to prevent oil leakage; Always check the water level of water tank, the crankcase oil oil face, height, brake zongbeng inside the brake fluid liquid surface height and within the battery electrolyte density and liquid surface height, etc. Illegal, want to add and adjust in time.

(4) prevent overheating to prevent engine overheating, maintenance, attention shall be paid to fan belt can't with oil, in case the sliding, the degree appropriate belt. Driving timely rest, when resting, try to choose the shade, and open the hood ventilation cooling. When the tyre pressure because of the heat and increase when, should stop cooling, not use put gas and the method of threw cold water to reduce the tyre pressure and temperature.

(5) the "combustion", "explosive" summer air temperature is higher, daily maximum temperature above 35 ℃in often, this makes the car itself also greatly improve the failure rate. When the high temperature heat slowly, auto water tank temperature often because do not fall high in and the influence of engine power, and may even cause mixed "combustion", "explosive", make the engine can't work normally. High temperature also makes some parts inflation deformation, light person can accelerate part wear, the person that weigh will blow out the parts. Summer road surface temperature at 70 ℃more often. Car tires for heated, the tyres increased pressure in, once the long distance running, easy blowout. When the car, a momentary

breaks down, it can also cause traffic accident.

(6) the bad lubrication oil easily heated goes lean, oxidation resistance becomes poor, easy metamorphism, even cause the tile burning failure holding shaft. Therefore, should the crankcase and gear box with the oil changed into summer, often check the number of oil, lubricating oil, and in time to change.

(7) the car paint the car paint him as insolate of skin, to bright and clean and bright beautiful, just cute. Although it seems to have no life, but it is also afraid of sun, long-term exposure willFaJiu, corrugate.

The summer will often clean the car, in order to prevent the rain to car lacquer cause acid corrosion, also had better not on the street and wash your car, the repeated use of water sediment will scratch the car paint secretly. Next summer and the car that do more decontamination processing, summer bus is easy to splash on the viscosity substances, air temperature is exorbitant, will also be full of asphalt splash body. In that case, to do as soon as possible beauty treatment, using special detergents remove dirt, serious, want to undertake polishing processing. Some dirt if not handled in a timely manner, with all kinds of methods to remove not to drop, can only local polishing paint, paint again.

The summer will pay more attention to the engine work environment, made timely cleaning work, if the engine external pollution too thick, it will affect the machine heat dissipation, give all sorts of machine fault buried hidden trouble. Summer should also be to paint on certain preventive protection, such as wax, glazing. Auto accessories part of the nursing in the summer also more important, such as the wheel hub, electroplating parts to timely derusting, clean, bumper, tires and other rubber and plastic parts to do add black glazing, anti-aging treatment.

Common beauty protection- -wash the car wax, although some effect, but not for good. Because any waxes contain silicon ingredients, and ultraviolet ray will rust the car paint, leaving little black patches. And the car wax grinding particles, will be in the light of the car paint leave way way fine marks. Car wax itself up less than increase hardness, resistance ultraviolet function, will soon loss due to the temperature too high. Therefore, When the car parking shall be in the shade.

The six main engine maintenance

1. Use proper quality level of the lubricating oil

The engine should be for gasoline into the exhaust system according to additional devices and the using conditions choose SD-SF petrol engine oil level; The

diesel engine according to the mechanical load selection CB-CD level diesel engine oil, choose standard to not under production factory regulations shall prevail.

2. Change regularly oil and filter

Any quality level of the lubricating oil in use process of oil will change. To a certain mileage after, performance deterioration would bring a variety of problems to the engine. In order to avoid of failure, should combine conditions of use regular oil, and that the amount of oil moderate (generally in oil rod cap of good). The oil from the pores through the filter when the solid particles and viscous oil content stored up in filter. Such as filter jams, oil, not through the filter, will burst filter or turn on the relief valve, from bypass valve through, still the dirt back to lubrication part, make the engine wear, the internal worsening pollution.

3. Keep the crankcase ventilation

Now most of the gasoline engine are equipped with PCV valves (the crankcase forced ventilation device) prompted the engine take a breath, but channeling the pollutant in gas will "deposition in the valve, PCV around the valve plug. If possible PCV valves jams then pollution reverse flow gas air filter, pollution people filter core, make filtering ability, reduce inhaled mixture of dirty, caused the pollution, more crankcase to increase fuel consumption, engine wear more, even engine damage. Therefore, must be maintained regularly PCV, PCV valves clear around the pollutants.

4. Regular cleaning the crankcase

The engine running process, the combustion chamber not burning gas, high pressure water and sulfur acid, and of nitrogen oxide piston and cylinder wall after the clearance between into the crankcase, with parts wear produced metal powder mix together, form sludge. Quantity in oil suspended for a little time, large amount of precipitation from oil, blocked filter and the oil hole, cause the engine lubrication difficulties, caused by wear. In addition, the oil in the high temperature oxidation film and generates carbon bond on the piston, make the engine oil consumption, increase power decrease, serious when the rings card died and pull cylinder. Therefore, regular cleaning the crankcase and maintain engine internal clean.

5. Regular cleaning fuel system

Fuel in through the oil for the process of burning to the combustion chamber, inevitably will form the colloid and carbon, in oil,, carburetor, nozzles and deposited in the combustion chamber, interfering with the fuel flow, disrupt the normal air-fuel

ratio make fuel atomization bad, cause the engine out of shaking, blasting vibration, the idle instability, poor acceleration performance problem. Regular cleaning fuel oil system, control the generation of carbon, can always be the best to make the engine.

6. Maintenance regularly water tank

Engine water tank rust, scale is the most common problems. The grunge and scale can limit the cooling fluid in the cooling system, the flow, reduce the cooling effect, cause the engine overheat, even cause the engine damage. The cooling liquid oxygen also forms acidity material, corrosion water tank the metal components, causing the water tank damage and leakage. Regularly use the water tank cleaner water tank, remove the rust and scale, can not only ensure normal engine work, and extend the life of the whole water tank and the engine.

中文：日常汽车保养

汽车日常保养方面应该注意：

（1）防混合气过浓由于气温高，汽油容易流动，还因量孔膨胀，使汽油流量增加，且汽油容易蒸发，导致混合气过浓。因此，应调小量孔，调整加速装置与节气门摇臂连接的位置，适当降低浮子室油面高度，以减少供油量。

（2）防止气阻炎热的夏季，汽油机燃料系统容易因温度升高而发生“气阻”现象，致使油路供油不足甚至中断供油。为防止“气阻”，可用石棉垫将汽油泵与排气管隔开，或用湿布将汽油泵包住降温。

（3）防蒸发高温下，油及水的蒸发都将增加，油箱盖要盖严，油管要防止渗油；经常检查水箱的水位，曲轴箱的机油油面、高度，制动总泵内的制动液液面高度及蓄电池内电解液密度和液面高度等。不合规定时，要及时添加和调整。

（4）防过热为防止发动机产生过热现象，保养时，应注意风扇皮带不能沾油，以防打滑，皮带紧度适当。行驶途中适时休息，休息时尽量选择阴凉处，并打开发动机罩通风散热。当轮胎气压因热而增加时，应停车降温，不得用放气及泼冷水的方法来降低轮胎气压和温度。

（5）防“自燃”、“自爆” 夏季气温较高，日最高气温常常在35℃以上，这使得汽车自身的故障率也大大提高。气温高时散热慢，汽车水箱的温度常常因为居高不降而影响发动机的功率，甚至可能引起混合“自燃”、“自爆”，使得发动机不能正常工作。高温也使得一些部件膨胀变形，轻者会加速部件磨损，重者会烧坏机件。夏季公路路面温度常常在70℃以上。汽车轮胎因为受热，胎内气压增高，一旦长距离行驶，容易爆胎。当汽车瞬间发生上述故障时，还有可能导致交通事故。

（6）防润滑不良润滑油易受热变稀，抗氧化性变差，易变质，甚至造成烧瓦抱轴等故障。因此，应将曲轴箱和齿轮箱里换上夏用润滑油，经常查润滑油数量、油质情况，并及时加以更换。

（7）车漆防曝晒车漆如同人身上的肌肤，要光洁亮丽，才惹人喜爱。虽然它似乎没有生命，但确实也怕晒，长期曝晒会发旧、起皱。

夏季要经常清洗爱车，以防止雨水对车漆造成酸性腐蚀，也最好不要在街边洗车，重复使用的水夹带泥沙会划伤车漆。其次夏季还要为爱车多做除污处理，夏天汽车上很容易溅上黏性物质，气温过高时，还会被沥青溅满车身。遇到这种情况，要尽快去做美容处理，用专用的清洁剂去除污物，情况严重的，要进行抛光处理。有些污物如不及时处理，用各种方法

都去除不掉，只能局部打磨漆面，再重新喷漆。

夏季还要多注意发动机的工作环境，及时作好清洁工作，如果发动机外部油污过厚，会影响机器散热，给各种机器故障埋下隐患。夏季还应该对漆面进行一定的预防保护，比如打蜡、上釉。汽车附件部分的护理在夏季也比较重要，比如轮毂、电镀部分要及时除锈、清洁，保险杠、轮胎等橡塑部分要做增黑上光、抗老化处理。

普通的美容保护———洗车打蜡，虽然有些作用，却不会有长久的好处。因为任何车蜡都含有矽的成分，久经紫外线照射会锈蚀车漆，留下点点黑斑。而且车蜡中的研磨颗粒，还会在光亮的车漆上留下道道细痕。车蜡本身起不到增强硬度、抗紫外线的作用，会因温度过高而很快流失。因此，停车时应当把车停放在阴凉处。

发动机保养的六大要点

1.使用适当质量等级的润滑油

对汽油发动机应根据进排气系统的附加装置和使用条件选用SD—SF级汽油机油；柴油发动机则要根据机械负荷选用CB—CD级柴油机油，选用标准以不低于生产厂家规定要求为准。

2.定期更换机油及滤芯

任何质量等级的润滑油在使用过程中油质都会发生变化。到一定里程之后，性能恶化，会给发动机带来种种问题。为了避免故障的发生，应结合使用条件定期换油，并使油量适中(一般以机油标尺上限为好)。机油从滤清器的细孔通过时把油中的固体颗粒和粘稠物积存在滤清器中。如滤清器堵塞，机油不能通过滤芯时，会胀破滤芯或打开安全阀，从旁通阀通过，仍把脏物带回润滑部位，促使发动机磨损，内部的污染加剧。

3.保持曲轴箱通风良好

现在大部分汽油机都装有PCV阀(曲轴箱强制通风装置)促使发动机换气，但窜气中的污染物“会沉积在PCV阀的周围，可能使阀堵塞。如果PCV 阀堵塞则污染气体逆向流人空气滤清器，污染滤芯，使过滤能力降低，吸入的混合气过脏，更加造成曲轴箱的污染，导致燃料消耗增大，发动机磨损加大，甚至损坏发动机。因此，须定期保养PCV，清除PCV阀周围的污染物。

4.定期清洗曲轴箱

发动机在运转过程中，燃烧室内的高压未燃烧气体、酸、水份、硫和氮的氧化物经过活塞环与缸壁之间的间隙进入曲轴箱中，与零件磨损产生的金属粉末混在一起，形成油泥。量少时在油中悬浮，量大时从油中析出，

堵塞滤清器和油孔，造成发动机润滑困难，引起磨损。此外，机油在高温时氧化会生成漆膜和积碳粘结在活塞上，使发动机油耗增大、功率下降，严重时使活塞环卡死而拉缸。因此，定期清洗曲轴箱，保持发动机内部的清洁。

5.定期清洗燃油系统

燃油在通过油路供往燃烧室燃烧的过程中，不可避免地会形成胶质和积碳，在油道、化油器、喷油嘴和燃烧室中沉积下来，干扰燃油流动，破坏正常空燃比，使燃油雾化不良，造成发动机喘抖、爆振、怠速不稳、加速不良等性能问题。定期清洗燃油系统，控制积碳的生成，能够始终使发动机保持最佳状态。

6.定期保养水箱

发动机水箱生锈、结垢是最常见的问题。锈迹和水垢会限制冷却液在冷却系统中的流动，降低散热作用，导致发动机过热，甚至造成发动机损坏。冷却液氧化还会形成酸性物质，腐蚀水箱的金属部件，造成水箱破损、渗漏。定期使用水箱清洗剂清洗水箱，除去其中的锈迹和水垢，不但能保证发动机正常工作，而且延长水箱和发动机的整体寿命。

土木工程类专业英文文献及翻译

PA VEMENT PROBLEMS CAUSED BY COLLAPSIBLE SUBGRADES By Sandra L. Houston,1 Associate Member, ASCE (Reviewed by the Highway Division) ABSTRACT: Problem subgrade materials consisting of collapsible soils are com- mon in arid environments, which have climatic conditions and depositional and weathering processes favorable to their formation. Included herein is a discussion of predictive techniques that use commonly available laboratory equipment and testing methods for obtaining reliable estimates of the volume change for these problem soils. A method for predicting relevant stresses and corresponding collapse strains for typical pavement subgrades is presented. Relatively simple methods of evaluating potential volume change, based on results of familiar laboratory tests, are used. INTRODUCTION When a soil is given free access to water, it may decrease in volume, increase in volume, or do nothing. A soil that increases in volume is called a swelling or expansive soil, and a soil that decreases in volume is called a collapsible soil. The amount of volume change that occurs depends on the soil type and structure, the initial soil density, the imposed stress state, and the degree and extent of wetting. Subgrade materials comprised of soils that change volume upon wetting have caused distress to highways since the be- ginning of the professional practice and have cost many millions of dollars in roadway repairs. The prediction of the volume changes that may occur in the field is the first step in making an economic decision for dealing with these problem subgrade materials. Each project will have different design considerations, economic con- straints, and risk factors that will have to be taken into account. However, with a reliable method for making volume change predictions, the best design relative to the subgrade soils becomes a matter of economic comparison, and a much more rational design approach may be made. For example, typical techniques for dealing with expansive clays include: (1) In situ treatments with substances such as lime, cement, or fly-ash; (2) seepage barriers and/ or drainage systems; or (3) a computing of the serviceability loss and a mod- ification of the design to "accept" the anticipated expansion. In order to make the most economical decision, the amount of volume change (especially non- uniform volume change) must be accurately estimated, and the degree of road roughness evaluated from these data. Similarly, alternative design techniques are available for any roadway problem. The emphasis here will be placed on presenting economical and simple methods for: (1) Determining whether the subgrade materials are collapsible; and (2) estimating the amount of volume change that is likely to occur in the 'Asst. Prof., Ctr. for Advanced Res. in Transp., Arizona State Univ., Tempe, AZ 85287. Note. Discussion open until April 1, 1989. To extend the closing date one month,

fj(外文翻译)

编号（学号）：04054018 （2004届本科毕业生） 毕业论文（设计） ——之外文翻译 题目：非饱和水分运动参数 空间变异的研究 学院：水利学院 专业：农业水利工程 姓名：房军 指导教师：陈晓飞教授 教研室主任：孙仕军 院长：王铁良 完成日期：2004年 3 月22日

非饱和水分运动参数空间变异的研究 黄 冠 华 (中国农业大学 水利与土木工程学院, 北京 100083) 摘 要:田块尺度土壤特性的空间变异性对水分与溶质运移具有明显的影响。该研究在野外30m ×30m 面积、土壤类型为砂壤土的田块的100个空间点上,分别利用张力计和取土样室内测定的方法测定了30cm 土层深处土壤水张力、土壤容重ρ、饱和含水率s θ,与初始含水率i θ,同时利用圭尔夫仪,测定了该田块同样深度108个空间点上的饱和水力传导度s k 与孔隙大小分布参数α。利用经典统计分析与地质统计分析方法分析上述参数的空间变异特征,研究结果表明:ρ, i θ,s θ,s k 和容水度C 遵从正态分布,而α具有对数正态分布;s k ,α和C 具有较大的空间变异性,而ρ和s θ的空间变异性则较小;s k 和log α是空间统计相关的;土壤水张力的空间变异具有时不变特征,且土壤水张力方差是其均值的二次函数。 关键词:非饱和流;土壤特性;土壤水张力;空间变异 1.介绍 很显然水和溶质在自然界土壤内运输的过程由于土壤非均匀性或者空间变化性而导致了其不确定性。 在最近二十年内，水和溶质在非均质土壤中运输被描述成与土壤特性有关的随机模型为参数的随机空间函数[]51-。不过根据参考文献[]75-，给定的土壤特性的空间变化性是随现场具体情况并且随土壤的类型和研究地区的规模而变化。 即不同的土壤特性表现不同的空间变化性。 因此， 在一个具体的站点，从一个区域土壤特性的数据集合分析而获得的统计特性和空间结构， 可能不适于描述在其它场所相同的土壤特性的空间变化性。 所以，在所有研究区域内进行区域实验并且分析收集的数据集合去确定土壤空间变化性是必要的。 在这项研究过程中，从一个区域实验来处理评价土壤特性和毛细张力水头的空间变化[]9,8。用古典统计和地质统计的方法分析从区域实验收集的数据集合，并把结果与同类出版物相比较，于是得出结论。

网络营销外文翻译

E---MARKETING (From:E--Marketing by Judy Strauss,Adel El--Ansary,Raymond Frost---3rd ed.1999 by Pearson Education pp .G4-G25.) As the growth of https://www.sodocs.net/doc/2311060313.html, shows, some marketing principles never change.Markets always welcome an innovative new product, even in a crowded field of competitors ,as long as it provides customer value.Also,Google`s success shows that customers trust good brands and that well-crafted marketing mix strategies can be effective in helping newcomers enter crowded markets. Nevertheless, organizations are scrambling to determine how they can use information technology profitably and to understand what technology means for their business strategies. Marketers want to know which of their time-ested concepts will be enhanced by the Internet, databases,wireless mobile devices, and other technologies. The rapid growth of the Internet and subsequent bursting of the dot-com bubble has marketers wondering,"What next?" This article attempts to answer these questions through careful and systematic examination of successful e-mar-keting strategies in light of proven traditional marketing practices. （Sales Promotion;E--Marketing；Internet；Strategic Planning ） 1.What is E--Marketing E--Marketing is the application of a broad range of information technologies for: Transforming marketing strategies to create more customer value through more effective segmentation ,and positioning strategies；More efficiently planning and executing the conception, distribution promotion,and pricing of goods,services,and ideas;andCreating exchanges that satisfy individual consumer and organizational customers` objectives. This definition sounds a lot like the definition of traditional marketing. Another way to view it is that e-marketing is the result of information technology applied to traditional marketing. E-marketing affects traditional marketing in two ways. First,it increases efficiency in traditional marketing strategies.The transformation results in new business models that add customer value and/or increase company profitability.

土木工程外文翻译

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