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考研英语翻译历年真题

考研英语翻译历年真题
考研英语翻译历年真题

1、1994年

Directions:

Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2.

According to the new school of scientists, technology is an overlooked force in expanding the horizons of scientific knowledge. (71) Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools. (72) "In short" , a leader of the new school contends, "the scientific revolution, as we call it, was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions. "

(73)Over the years, tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science. The modern school that hails technology algues that such masters as Galileo, Newton, Maxwell, Einstein, and inventors such as Edison attached great importance to, and derived great benefit from, craft information and technological devices of different kinds that were usable in scientific experiments.

The centerpiece of the argument of a technology-yes , genius-no advocate was an analysis of Galileo' s role at the start of the scientific revolution. The wisdom of the day was derived from Ptolemy, an astronomer of the second century, whose elaborate system of the sky put Earth at the center of all heavenly motions. (74)Galileo' s greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the Earth. But the real hero of the story, according to the new school of scientists, was the long evolution in the improvement of machinery for making eyeglasses .

Federal policy is necessarily involved in the technology vs. genius dispute. (75)Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa (反之) often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force.

精美译文

新学派的科学家认为,技术是扩大科学知识的范围中被忽视的力量。(71)他们说,科学的发展与其说源于天才伟人的真知灼识,不如说源于改进了的技术和工具等等更为普通的东西。(72)新学派的一位领袖人物坚持说:“简言之,我们所称谓的科学革命,主要是指一系列器具的改进、发明和使用,这些改进、发明和使用使科学发展的范围无所不及。

(73)工具和技术本身作为根本性创新的源泉多年来在很大程度上被科学史学家和科学思想家们忽视了。为技术而欢呼的现代学派争辩说,像伽利略、牛顿、麦克斯威尔、爱因斯坦这样的科学大师和像爱迪生这样的发明家十分重视科学实验中能使用的各种不同的工艺信息和技术装置并从中受益匪浅。

鼓吹技术第一、天才第二的论据的核心是分析了科学革命初期伽利略的作用。那时的聪明才智取自第二世纪的天文学家托勒密;了精心创立的太空体系把地球置于所有天体运动的中心。(74)伽利略的最光辉的业绩在于他在1609年第一个把新发明的望远镜对准天空,

以证实行星是围绕太阳旋转,而不是围绕地球。但是,在新学派科学家看来,这件事中真正重要的因素是制造镜片的机械长期以来不断的改进和发展。

联邦政府的政策必然要卷入到技术与天才之争中去。(75)政府究竟是以减少对技术的经费投入来增加对纯理论科学的经费投入,还是相反,这往往取决于把哪一方看作是驱动力量。

题目解析:

(71 ) 、Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools.

结构分析:

宾语从句的主句Science // moves forward, // 主句插入结构they say, // 并列结构1 not so much 原因状语结构through // 多重定语the insights / of great men / of genius // 并列结构2 as 原因状语结构because of // more ordinary things // 举例like / improved techniques and tool.

词义推敲:

move forward:向前发展。

they say:间接引语作插入结构——前置。

they:指代the new school of scientists

技巧:单复数对应:according to – say

not so much... as... 是as … as …(和……一样多)的否定形式,理解为:“与其……倒不如……”。

through因为

技巧:not so much... as是个并列结构,也就是说so和as后面应该两个词的意思应该相同,所以多义介词through的意思应该等于because of因为,由于。

the insights / of great men / of genius:天才伟人的真知灼见。多重后置定语——后浪推前浪,从后往前翻译。

insights:the capacity to discern the true nature of a situation; penetration 洞察力;心智的敏锐——真知灼见,远见卓识

genius:天才

more ordinary things like improved techniques and tool这是结构是介词like短语做定语修饰中心词

more ordinary things,也是先翻译定语,再翻译中心词:像改进了的技术和工具等更为普通的东西。

like:such as

参考译文:

新学派科学家们说,科学之所以发展,与其说是因为天才伟人的真知灼见,不如说是因为像改进了的技术和工具等更为普通的东西。

得分重点:

插入结构,并列结构,原因状语结构

(72)、"In short" , a leader of the new school contends, "the scientific revolution, as we call it, was

largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions. "

结构分析:

直接引语作宾语从句介词短语作状语“In short,” // 主句a leader / of the new school // contends, // “直接引语中的主语the scientific revolution, // 插入结构as we call it, 直接引语中的谓语// was largely // 多重定语the improvement and invention and use of / a series of / instruments // 定语从句主语that // 谓语expanded // the reach / of science // 介词短语作方式状语in innumerable direction.”

词义推敲:

in short 简而言之

a leader of the new school contends:新学派的一位领导人物说/认为

school学派。

contend:to maintain or assert 主张或声称

the scientific revolution:科学革命

revolution:A sudden or momentous change in a situation 大变革在一情况下的突然或瞬时改变

as we call it我们所称之谓的,我们所说的

largely:for the most part; mainly 大部分地;主要地

the improvement and invention and use of / a series of / instruments 一系列器具的改进、发明和使用。

a series of一系列

expand扩大,张开

reach range or scope of influence or effect. 影响力产生影响或效果的范围或领域

参考译文:

“简而言之”,新学派的一位领袖人物坚持说,“我们所谓的科学革命,主要是指一系列器具的改进、发明和使用,而(这些改进、发明和使用 / 这)(使科学发展的范围无所不及/ 使科学发展无所不及 / 在无数方面拓展了科学的领域)。”

得分重点:

插入结构,定语从句,方式状语

(73 )、Over the years, tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science.

结构分析:

73) 介词短语作时间状语Over the years, // 主语tools and technology / 反身代词themselves // 后置定语as / 多重定语a source of / fundamental innovation 谓语 // 被动结构have largely been ignored // 方式状语by historians / and philosophers of science.

词义推敲:

over the years 多年来

a source of fundamental innovation:根本革新的源泉

fundamental:of or relating to the foundation or base; elementary 基础的基础或基本的或与此有关的;根本的

innovation:the act of introducing something new 革新介绍新东西的行为

tools and technology...have largely been ignored by ... 很大程度上被忽视

philosophers of science 科学思想家们

参考译文:

多年来,工具和技术本身作为根本性创新的源泉(多年来)在很大程度上被历史学家和科学思想家们忽视了。

得分重点:

反身代词,被动结构

(74)、Galileo' s greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the Earth.

结构分析:

74) 主句专有名词Galileo's greatest glory // was // 表语从句that 时间状语in 1609 // 从句主句he // was // the first person // 多重定语to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens // 目的状语to prove // 宾语从句that 并列结构1 主语the planets // 谓语revolve // around the sun // rather than 并列结构 2 省略结构(revolve)around the earth.

词义推敲:

Galileo 伽利略——专有名词

greatest glory was that:最伟大的成就是

glory:a highly praiseworthy asset 引以为豪的东西——成就,业绩,贡献

that:引导表语从句不做成分,没有实际含义。而汉语又没有这样的形式上的要求,所以不译。

turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens 把新发明的望远镜对准天空turn … on 转向——对准,观察

to prove that:用以证明,去证明

that 引导宾语从句,既不作成分,也没有实际含义。

rather than而不是

the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the earth 行星围绕太阳转,而不是围绕地球转

revolve:绕转,旋转

参考译文:

伽利略的最(光辉业绩/伟大的成就)在于(他在1609年/在1609年他是)第一个把新发明的望远镜对准天空,以(证实/证明)行星是围绕太阳旋转而不是围绕地球旋转的。

得分重点:

表语从句,宾语从句,专有名词,并列结构

(75)、Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa (反之) often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force.

结构分析:

(75)、并列结构1 主语从句 Whether // 主语the Government // 谓语should increase // 多重定语the financing of / pure science 介词短语作状语结构/ at the expense of / technology // 并列结构 2 or // 固定短语vice versa // 状语结构often // 谓语depends on // the issue / of 宾语从句which // (指代关系)被动结构is seen // as the driving force.

词义推敲:

whether … or …究竟是……还是……

the Government:特指Federal Government。

increase the financing of:增加对……的资金投入

finance:to supply funds to 给…提供资金

pure science 纯理论科学

at the expense of 由……付费,以……为代价

vice versa 反之亦然 relations being reversed

increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology - vice versa (还是通过 / 以减少对纯理论科学的投入而增加对技术的投入 // 还是相反)the issue of:……问题

issue:a point or matter of discussion, debate, or dispute 争议,辩论争议、争论、争执的要点或事件

of which:它们中的(pure science 和technology中的)哪一个

引导宾语从句,因为:1、which 是宾语从句的主语,而不是定语从句的宾语;2、of which 的结构无法还原到后面的从句;3、which不等于issue,不是定语从句引导词,而是疑问代词。

is seen as:被动结构,可以翻译成主动结构——“把哪一方看成”

the driving force 驱动力

参考译文:

政府究竟是以(减少对技术经费的投入/牺牲技术作为代价)来增加对纯理论科学的经费投入,还是相反,这往往取决于把哪一方看作是驱动力量。

得分重点:

主语从句,并列结构,宾语从句,被动结构

2、1995年

Directions:

Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2.

The standardized educational or psychological test that are widely used to aid in selecting, classifying, assigning, or promoting students, employees, and military personnel have been the target of recent attacks in books, magazines, the daily press, and even in congress. (71)The target is wrong, for in attacking the tests, critics divert attention form the fault that lies with ill-informed

or incompetent users. The tests themselves are merely tools , with characteristics that can be measured with reasonable precision under specified conditions. Whether the results will be valuable , meaningless, or even misleading depends partly upon the tool itself but largely upon the user .

All informed predictions of future performance are based upon some knowledge of relevant past performance: school grades, research productivity, sales records, or whatever is appropriate.

(72)How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount , reliability , and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted. Anyone who keeps careful score knows that the information available is always incomplete and that the predictions are always subject to error.

Standardized tests should be considered in this context. They provide a quick, objective method of getting some kinds of information about what a person learned , the skills he has developed, or the kind of person he is. The information so obtained has, qualitatively, the same advantages and shortcomings as other kinds of information. (73)Whether to use tests. other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation depends, therefore, upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.

(74)In general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted cannot be well defined. Properly used, they provide a rapid means of getting comparable information about many people Sometimes they identify students whose high potential has not been previously recognized, but there are many things they do not do.(75)For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.

精美译文:

标准化教育测试或心理同在广泛应用于协助选拔、委派或提拔学生、雇员和军事人员;这些测试一直是某些人近年来在书本、杂志、日报,甚至国会中进行抨击的目标。(71)把标准化测试作为抨击目标是错误的,因为在抨击这类测试时,批评者没有注意到其弊病来自测试使用者对测试不解或使用不当。这些测试本身只是一种工具。它的各种特性可以在规定条件下用适当的精度来测定。测试的结果是在有价值的、无意义的、还是误导的,部分取决于这种工具本身,但主要取决于测试使用者。

所有对未来表现的有见识地的预测都是以在某种程度上了解有关过去的表现为基础的:学校学习成绩、研究效益、销售记录或任何符合需要的信息。(72)这些预测在多大程度上为的后来的表现所证实,这取决于所采用信息的数量、可靠性和适宜性,以及解释这些信息的技能和才智。任何仔细记分的人都知道,所得到的信息总是不完全的,而且这些预测也总是会有错误的。

应该根据这种观点去考察标准化测试。标准化测试提供了快速、客观地得到某些信息的方法,这些信息是有关一个人所学到的知识、他所获得的技能,或者他是属于哪一类型的人。这样得到的信息,从性质上讲,与其它种类的信息一样具有优点或缺点。(73)因此,在某一特定情况下,究竟是采用测试还是其他种类的信息,或是两者兼用,须凭有关相对效度的经验依据而定,也取决于诸如费用和有无来源等因素。

(74)一般来说,当所要测定的特征能很精确界定时,测试最为有效;而当所要测定或预测的东西不能明确地界定时,测试的效果则最差。这些测试如能恰当使用,就能提供一种快速的方法来获得有关许多人的可比性信息。有时这些测试能鉴别出一些学生,他们很高的潜在能力过去一直没有被承认。但是也有入场多事情这些测试是不能胜任的。(75)例如,测试并不弥补明显的社会不公;因此,它们不能说明一个物质条件差的年轻人,如果在较好的环境下成长的话,会有多大才干。

题目解析:

71 )、The target is wrong, for in attacking the tests, critics divert attention form the fault that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users.

结构分析:

71) 主句The target // is // wrong, // 原因状语从句for // 状语结构in // attacking // the tests, // 从句的主句critics // divert attention from // the fault // 定语从句主语that // 谓语固定短语lies with // ill-informed / or incompetent users. 词义推敲:

The target 根据上下文,这里特指标准化测试

for in attacking the tests:因为在抨击测试的过程中

for:因为

in:在…过程中

attack:攻击,抨击。

critics:one who forms and expresses judgments of the merits, faults, value, or truth of a matter 评论家形成并表达对某一事物的优点、错误、价值或真实性的判断的人

divert attention from 原义是引开,引申为没有注意到,忽略

lies with 在于

ill-informed 不甚了解,消息不灵通的

参考译文:

把标准化测试作为抨击的目标是错误的,因为在抨击这类测试时,批评者没有(注意到/ 忽略了)(测试的弊病在于使用测试的人对测试不甚了解或使用不当 / 批评家没有注意到错误是由消息不灵通或者不能胜任的使用者造成的)。

得分重点:

插入结构,原因状语从句,定语从句

72 )How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount , reliability , and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted.

结构分析:

72) 主语从句How well // 从句的主语the predictions // 从句的谓语被动结构will be validated // by later performance // 谓语并列结构1 固定短语depends upon // 多重定语the amount, / reliability, / and appropriateness // of the information / used // 并列结构2 and 省略结构(depends)on // the skill / and wisdom // 定语从句with which // (指代关系)it // 被动结构is interpreted.

词义推敲:

How well the predictions will be validated by:在多大程度上为……所证实

be validated by:为……所证实。被动结构——最好少用“被”字。

validate:to establish the soundness of; orroborate 证实建立…的正确性;确证depends upon 取决于

the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used:所采用信息的数量、可靠性和适应性

amount:a number 数字;数量

reliability 可靠性,信度——validity效度

appropriate:suitable for a particular person, condition, occasion, or place; fitting 适合于…的适合于某特定的人,条件,事件或地点的;适宜的

with which it is interpreted定语从句

Which指代the skill and wisdom。

it指代the information。

参考译文:

这些测试在多大程度上为后来的表现所证实,这取决于所采用信息的数量、可靠性和适应性,以及解释这些信息的技能和才智。

得分重点:

主语从句,被动结构,并列结构,省略结构,定语从句

73)、Whether to use tests. other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation depends, therefore, upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.

结构分析:

73) 主语并列结构1 Whether // to use // tests, / other kinds of information, // 并列结构2 or 省略结构(to use)指代关系both // 方式状语in a particular situation // 谓语固定短语并列结构11depends, // 插入结构therefore, // upon // 多重定语the evidence / from experience / concerning comparative validity // 并列结构22 and 省略结构(depends)upon // 举例such factors // as cost / and availability.

词义推敲:

Whether to use ..., or (to use) 究竟是使用……还是(使用)……

or both:或是两者兼用

both:指代前句的tests, other kinds of information

in a particular situation 在某一特定情况下

particular:separate and distinct from others of the same group, category, or nature 特定的,个别的与同一团体、范畴或种类的其他部分分离和区分出来的the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity:多重后置定语——后浪推前浪,可以翻译为:“关于相对效度的来自经验的证据”

such factors as... 诸如……等因素

参考译文:

因此,在某一特定情况下,究竟是采用测试还是其他种类的信息,或是两者兼用,(须凭有关相对效度的经验依据而定/取决于与相对效度有关的来自经验的证据),也取决于诸如

费用和有无来源等因素。

得分重点:

并列结构,省略结构,插入结构

74)、In general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted cannot be well defined.

结构分析:

74) 介词短语作状语结构In general, // 主句并列结构1 the tests // work // most effectively // 时间状语从句when // 从句的主语the qualities / 非谓语作后置定语to be measured // 谓语被动结构can be most precisely defined // 并列结构2 and 省略结构(the tests work)least effectively // 时间状语从句when // 从句中的主语从句what // (指代关系)is to be measured or predicted // 谓语被动结构can not be well defined.

词义推敲:

In general 一般的说,大体上

work most effectively 最为有效

the qualities to be measured:所要测定的特征

qualities:特征,特性,品质,品德。作“质量”解时,是抽象名次,没有复数。

measure:测量, 测度, 估量, 分派, 权衡, 调节

be most precisely defined:很精确界定。

precisely 精确地,恰好地,明确地

definite:to specify distinctly 清楚地规定

and least effectively:测试效果最差。省略了前面的the tests work

what is to be measured or predicted not be well defined:当所要测定或预测的东西不能明确地定义时

参考译文:

一般的说,当所要测定的特征能很精确界定时,测试最为有效;而当所要测定或预测的东西不能明确地界定时,测试的效果则最差。

得分重点:

并列结构,时间状语从句,被动结构,省略结构,主语从句

75)For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.

结构分析:

75) 状语结构举例For example, // 主语 they // 并列结构1 do not compensate for // gross social inequality, // 并列结构2 and thus // do not tell // 宾语从句how able // 从句的主语an underprivileged youngster // 谓语might have been // 虚拟条件句的倒装结构had he grown up // 介词短语作状语结构under more favorable circumstances. 词义推敲:

they 指代“测试”

compensate for 弥补

compensate:to serve as or provide a substitute or counterbalance 补偿,弥补作为代替品或平衡物使用或提供

gross social inequality 明显的/巨大的社会不公

gross:glaringly obvious; flagrant 公然的十分明显的;罪恶昭著的

inequality:不公平,不平等

tell:说明,表明

underprivileged youngster:物质条件差的/处于社会底层的/没有特权的年轻人

had he grown up = if he had grown up(虚拟语气中条件句的倒装)

grow up:成长,兴起,形成

under more favorable circumstances 在较好的环境下

circumstance:the sum of determining factors beyond willful control 客观形势,情况除意志控制外的决定因素的总和

favorable:有利的,赞成的,讨人喜欢的

参考译文:

例如,测试并不弥补明显的社会不公,因此它们不能说明(如果)一个物质条件差的年轻人,(如果)在较好的环境下成长的话,会有多大才干/多么的有本事/多么的能干。

得分重点:

并列结构,宾语从句,虚拟语气的倒装结构

3、1996年

Directions:

Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2.

The differences in relative growth of various areas of scientific research have several causes. (71)Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs. Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating. Some , how-ever , are less reasonable processes of different growth in which preconception of the form scientific theory ought to take, by persons in authority, act to alter the growth pattern of different areas.

This is a new problem probably not yet unavoidable; but it is a frightening trend. (72)This trend began during the Second World War, when several govemments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail. It can be predicted, however, that from time to time questions will arise which will require specific scientific answers. It is therefore generally valuable to treat the scien- tific establishment as a resource or machine to be kept in functional order.(73)This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future.

This kind of support , like all government support , requires decisions about the appropriate recipients of funds. Decisions based on utility as opposed to lack of utility are straightforward. But a decision among projects none of which has immediate utility is more difficult. The goal of the supporting agencies is the praisable one of supporting "good " as opposed to "bad" science, but a

valid determination is difficult to make. Generally, the idea of good science tends to become confused with the capacity of the field in question to generate an elegant theory. (74)However, the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the world's more fascinating and delightful aspects. (75) New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past, giving rise to new standards of elegance.

精美译文:

科学研究的各种领域的相关发展,存在若干原因。(71)在这些原因中,有些完全是自然而然地来自社会需求。另一些则是由于科学在一定程度上自我加速而产生某些特定发展的必然结果。然而,有些发展速度的差异其原因就不尽合理,这是因为某些权威人干对科学理论研究应采取何种形式有先入为主的想法,这些想法起了改变不同科学领域的发展模式的作用。这是一个新问题,也许并非是不可避免的问题,但其趋势却令人担忧。(72)这种趋势始于第二次世界大战期间,当时一些国家的政府得出结论:政府要向科研机构提出的具体要求通常是无法详尽预见的。然而,人们可以预见,往往会出现一些问题要求科学做出具体的回答。因此,将科研机构视为一种资源或一台机器,应维持其良好的运行状态。这样做通常是很有价值的。(73)给某些与当前目标无关但将来可能产生影响的科研以支持,看来通常能有效地解决这个问题。

此种资助也与所有政府资助一样,需要决定合适的投资对象。根据某一项目是否有效来做出决策是明确无误的。但是在几个都没有直接效用的项目中,要做出抉择就特别困难。资助机构的目标是支持“好”的科学,而不资助“坏”的科学,那是值得赞扬的。然而要做出正确的抉择却是困难的。人们往往将好科学与该科学是否有能力提出一套完美的理论混淆起来。(74)然而,世界就是如此,完美的体系一般是无法解决世上某些更加引人入胜的课题的。(75)同过去一样,将来必然会出现新的思维方式和新的思维对象,给完美以新的标准。

题目解析:

71 )Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs. Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating.

结构分析:

71) 并列结构 1 Some of / these causes // are // completely 多重定语reasonable results / of social needs. 简单句并列结构2 Others // are // 多重定语reasonable consequences of / particular advances // in science / 分词短语作后置定语being / to some extent / self-accelerating.

词义推敲:

some of these causes:其中一些原因

cause:the producer of an effect, result, or consequence 缘故,原因一种影响、结果或后果的制造者

result:the consequence of a particular action, operation, or course; an outcome 结果,后果一种特殊的行动、运行或过程的结果;结果

others:指代关系。 = other causes 其它原因

reasonable consequences:合理结果,必然结果

consequence:something that logically or naturally follows from an action or condition 结果一种行为或情况在逻辑上或自然而然产生的结果

to some extent 在一定程度上

self-accelerating 自我加速

accelerate 加速,促进,增加(数量)

参考译文:

在这些原因中,有些完全是(自然而然地来自社会需求/社会需求的合理结果),另一些则是由于科学在一定程度上自我加速而产生某些特定发展的必然结果。

得分重点:

并列结构,多重定语

72)This trend began during the Second World War, when several govemments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.

结构分析:

72) 主句This trend // began // 介词短语作时间状语during the Second World War, // 定语从句when // several govemments // came to / the conclusion // 同位语从句that the specific demands // 定语从句that 主语a government // 谓语wants to / make 介词短语作状语结构of // its scientific establishment // 同位语从句的谓语cannot generally 被动结构be foreseen // in detail.

词义推敲:

this trend 这种趋势

when引到定语从句,前面一般有表示时间的名词作先行词。

从句如果是过去时,那么可以译作:“当时”,“其时”;

从句如果是将来时,那么可以译作:“到时”,“届时”。

came to the conclusion 得出了一个结论

that 引导同位语从句

the specific demands 具体要求

make… of…向……提出

scientific establishment 科研机构

establishment:a public or private institution, such as a hospital or school 私人公共机构一个公共或私人机构,如医院或学校

cannot be forseen 无法预见

in detail 详尽

参考译文:

这种趋势始于第二次世界大战期间,当时一些国家的政府得出结论:政府向科研机构提出的具体要求通常是无法详尽预见的。

得分重点:

同位语从句,定语从句,被动结构

73)This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future.

结构分析:

73) 主句This // 被动结构seems mostly effectively done // 介词短语作方式状语by supporting // a certain amount / of research // 并列结构1 not related to // immediate goals // 并列结构2 but of possible consequence // 介词短语作时间状语in the future. 词义推敲:

This指代“problem”,这一问题。

mostly effectively done:有效解决。

mostly:generally; usually 普遍地;通常地

done 解决

by doing sth. 通过……,以……

not … but …不是……而是……,没有……但有……

not related to 与……无关

relate:to bring into or link in logical or natural association 使有联系使有逻辑的联系或有自然的联系

immediate goals 当前目标

immediate:of or relating to the present time and place; current 目前的和当时当地有关的;当前的

possible consequence 可能的影响

参考译文:

给某些与当前目标无关但将来可能产生影响的科研以支持/通过支持某些与当前目标无关但将来可能产生影响的科研,看来通常能有效地解决这一问题。

得分重点:

被动结构,并列结构

74)However, the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the world's more fascinating and delightful aspects.

结构分析:

74) 状语结构However, // 主句the world // is // so made / 结果状语从句that // elegant systems // are // 介词短语作状语结构in principle // unable to deal with // 多重前置定语some (指代关系)of the world's / more fascinating and delightful aspects.

词义推敲:

the world is so made 直译:世界就是这样构成的;意译:世界就是如此/这样。

so … that…:如此(以至于)

elegant systems (精美的)完美的/完善的体系

in principle 一般而言

deal with 解决,处理

more fascinating and delightful aspects:更加(引人入胜/吸引人、令人高兴)的课题

fascinating:possessing the power to charm or allure; captivating 魅惑的具有迷人或诱惑的力量;有魅力的

delightful:greatly pleasing 令人高兴的,使人愉快的

aspects 原义是方面,联系上下文译成“课题/问题”

参考译文:

然而,世界就是如此,完美的体系一般而言是无法解决世界上某些更加(引人入胜/吸引人、令人高兴)的课题的。

得分重点:

被动结构,结果状语从句,多重定语

74)However, the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the world's more fascinating and delightful aspects. 75) New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past, giving rise to new standards of elegance.

结构分析:

75) 主句并列结构1 New forms of / thought // as well as // 并列结构2 new subjects for / thought // 谓语must arise // 时间状语in the future // 方式状语从句as // they // have 省略结构(arisen) // in the past, // 现在分词作伴随状语giving rise to // new standards of / elegance.

词义推敲:

New forms of thought 新的思维方式

new subjects for thought 新的思维对象

must:必然,必定

as they have in the past:就像过去一样

they:指代“new forms of thought”和“new subjects for thought”

giving rise to 给出,产生,带来

new standards of elegance 新的完美的标准

参考译文:

同过去一样,(将来必然会出现新的思维方式和新的思维对象,给完美以新的标准/新的思维方式和新的思维对象将来必然会出现,产生一个新的完美的标准)。

得分重点:

并列结构,方式状语从句,省略结构

4、1997年

Directions:

Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese. Your translation must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET.

Do animals have rights? This is how the question is usually put. It sounds like a useful, ground clearing way to start. (71) Actually, it isn't, because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights, which is something the world does not have.

On one view of rights, to be sure, it necessarily follows that animals have none. (72) Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract, as part of an exchange of duties

and entitlements. Therefore, animals cannot have rights. The idea of punishing a tiger that kills somebody is absurd, for exactly the same reason, so is the idea that tigers have rights. However, this is only one account, and by no means an uncontested one. It denies rights not only to animals but also to some people — for instance to infants, the mentally incapable and future generations. In addition, it is unclear what force a contract can have for people who never consented to it, how do you reply to somebody who says “I don't like this contract”?

The point is this: without agreement on the rights of people, arguing about the rights of animals is fruitless. (73) It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all. This is a false choice. Better to start with another, more fundamental, question: is the way we treat animals a moral issue at all?

Many deny it. (74) Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect, extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice. Any regard for the suffering of animals is seen as a mistake —a sentimental displacement of feeling that should properly be directed to other humans.

This view which holds that torturing a monkey is morally equivalent to chopping wood, may seem bravely “logical”. In fact it is simply shallow: the confused center is right to reject it. The most elementary form of moral reasoning — the ethical equivalent of learning to crawl — is to weigh others' interests against one's own. This in turn requires sympathy and imagination: without there is no capacity for moral thought. To see an animal in pain is enough, for most, to engage sympathy. (75) When that happens, it is not a mistake: it is mankind's instinct for moral reasoning in action, an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at.

精美译文:

动物有权力吗?问题通常就是这样提出的。这种提法听起来似乎有助于把问题讲清楚。(71)事实并非如此,因为这种问法是以人们对人的权利有一种共识为基础的,而这种共识并不存在。

诚然,根据对权利的一种看法,必然认为,这只是一种认识,而且是一种有争议的认识。这种认识不仅剥夺了动物的权利,而且也剥夺了某些人的权利,例如婴儿,他们是不会用脑力来思考问题的未来一代人。此外,谁也不清楚,对于从来就不同意契约的人来说,这项契约又有多少约束力,因为有人要是说“我不喜欢这项契约”,那你又如何作答呢?

问题的症结是,如果人们对人的权利没有一致的看法,那么争论动物的权利是徒劳无益的?(73)这种说法从一开始就将讨论引向两个极端,它使人们认为应这样对待动物:要么像对人类自身一样关切体谅,要么完全冷漠无情。这是一处错误的选择。最好换一种更为根本性的提法:我们对待动物的同情感用到关心动物的身上。

许多人否认这种提法。(74)这类人持极端看法,认为人与动物在各相关方面都不相同,对待动物无须考虑道德问题。任何关心动物疾苦的想法都是错误的,因为它把应该用来关心其他人的同情感用到关心动物的身上。

这种观点认为,折磨猴子从道义上讲无异于劈柴。这种看法似乎是大胆的“逻辑推理”。实际上,这种看法是非常肤浅的,因为它逻辑混乱,所以应该摒弃。道德推理的最初级形式,和学习爬行的论理一样,是针对自身利益去权衡他人利益。这就需要同情心和将心比心的想

像力,没有这两点就无法用道德观念来进行思考。看到动物受苦足以使大多数人产生同情感。(75)这种反应并不错,这是人类用道德观念进行推理的本能在起作用。这种本能应该得到鼓励,而不应遭到嘲笑。

题目解析:

71) Actually, it isn't, because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights, which is something the world does not have.

结构分析:

71) 状语结构Actually, // 主句it // isn't, // 原因状语从句because // it // assumes // 宾语从句that there // is // an agreed account of / human rights, // 定语从句which // is // something // 定语从句(省略that)the world // does not have.

词义推敲:

it isn’t = It isn’t a useful, ground-clearing way to start.译作“事实并非如此”也能得分。

it主语代词,根据上下文意思这种问法,这种说法。

because it assumes

it 指代“这种问题”,是第二次提及,所以可以译作“它”。

assume:to take for granted; suppose 想当然;以为

an agreed account of human rights:对于人权的约定的看法,共同的认识

human rights 人的权利,人权

account:careful thought 仔细考虑

which 指代“agreed account”

参考译文:

事实并非如此,因为这种问法是以人们对人的权利有共同的认识为基础的,而这种共同认识并不存在。

这种问法不恰当,因为这种问法假设人们对人权有共同的认识,这种共同的认识是(世界上)没有的。

得分重点:

原因状语从句,宾语从句,省略结构

72) Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract, as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements.

结构分析:

72) 主句Some philosophers // argue // 宾语从句that rights // exist // only within

a social contract, // 介词短语作非限制性定语as // part of / an exchange of / duties and entitlements.

词义推敲:

argue:to attempt to prove by reasoning; maintain or contend 坚持,主张列举证明极力列举理由以证明;坚持或主张

social contract 社会契约

contract:an agreement between two or more parties, especially one that is written and enforceable by law 合同,契约两个或两个以上当事人之间达成的一种协议,

尤指具有法律效力的书面协议

as part of 作为(是)……的一部分

exchange:to give in return for something received; trade 交换,交易给…以作为收到某物的回报;贸易

duties and entitlements:权利和义务

entitle:to furnish with a right or claim to something 给…权利或给…资格

参考译文:

有些哲学家论证说,(权利只存在社会契约中,是责任与利益相交换的一部分/权利作为责任与权益相交换的一部分只存在于社会契约当中)。

得分重点:

宾语从句,as的用法,多重后置定语

73) It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all.

结构分析:

73) 简单句It // leads the discussion to // extremes // 介词短语作状语结构at the outset: // 复合句it // invites you to // think // 宾语从句that animals // 被动结构should be treated // 并列结构 1 either 介词短语作方式状语with the consideration // 定语从句省略结构(that)humans // extend to // other humans, // 并列结构2 or // 介词短语作方式状语 with no consideration at all.

词义推敲:

it 指代“the point”(这种观点,这种说法)。

lead:to guide or direct in a course 导引在一方向牵引或指

extreme:极端

at the outset 从一开始= at the start / beginning

invites you to think 使人们认为

invite:to tend to bring on; provoke 引起;招致

that animals should be treated 它使人们认为应该这样对待动物

treat:to act or behave in a specified manner toward 对待对…以某种特定的方式行动或表现

consideration:thoughtful concern for others; solicitude 关心对他人的体贴关心;担忧

humans extend to other humans 人对待人

extend:to make available; provide 可用;提供

参考译文:

这种说法从一开始就将讨论引向两个极端,它使人们认为应这样对待动物:(要么像对人类自身一样关切体谅,要么完全冷漠无情/要么像人类对待自己一样去关心动物,要么一点也不关心)。

得分重点:

宾语从句,被动结构,并列结构,定语从句,省略结构

74) Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect, extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice.

结构分析:

74) 分词短语作状语Arguing from // the view // 同位语从句that humans // are different from // animals // 介词短语作状语结构in every relevant respect, // 主句extremists / 后置定语of this kind // (指代关系)think // 宾语从句that animals // lie outside // the area of / moral choice.

词义推敲:

arguing from the view 从……观点看,持……观点

be different from... 与……不同

in every relevant respect 在各相关方面

respect:a particular aspect, feature, or detail 某方面某个方面、某种特征或细节

relevant:having a bearing on or connection with the matter at hand 相关联的和手头的事务有关系或关联的

extremists 极端主义者,持极端观点的人

lie outside the area of moral choice:不在道德问题范围,与道德取舍无关

参考译文:

这类人持极端看法,认为人与动物在各相关方面都不相同,(因此他们认为)对待动物无须考虑道德问题。

得分重点:

同位语从句,宾语从句

75) When that happens, it is not a mistake: it is mankind's instinct for moral reasoning in action, an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at.

结构分析:

75) 时间状语从句When // that // happens, // 并列结构1 it // is not // a mistake: // 并列结构 2 it // is // mankind's instinct // 介词短语作后置定语for moral reasoning / in action, // 独立主格结构an instinct // 定语从句that // should 并列结构11 被动结构be encouraged // rather than // 并列结构22 省略结构(be)laughed at.

词义推敲:

that (代词作主语)联系上下文应该译为“当人们产生同情心的时候”

it 两个“it”都指代“When that happens”,译作“这”。

mankind's instinct for moral reasoning 人类道德推理的本能

instinct:an inborn pattern of behavior that is characteristic of a species and is often a response to specific environmental stimuli 本能一种天生的行为方式,其因物种不同而各异,通常是对某一具体环境刺激的反应

reasoning:推理

in action 起作用

rather than 而不

参考译文:

当发生这种情况,这并没有错:/这种反应并不错,这是人类用道德观念进行推理的本

能在起作用,这种本能应得到鼓励而不应遭到嘲弄。

得分重点:

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5、1998年

Directions:

Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese. Your translation must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET II.

They were, by far, the largest and most distant objects that scientists had ever detected: a strip of enormous cosmic clouds some 15 billion light years from earth. (71) But even more important, it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past, for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago. That was just about the moment that the universe was born. What the researchers found was at once both amazing and expected; the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s Cosmic Background Explorer satellite -Cobe-had discovered landmark evidence that the universe did in fact begin with the primeval explosion that has become known as the Big Bang(the theory that the universe originated in an explosion from a single mass of energy).

(72)The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang, first put forward in the 1920s, to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos. According the the theory, the universe burst into being as a submicroscopic, unimaginable dense knot of pure energy that flew outward in all directions, emitting radiation as it went, condensing into particles and then into atoms of gas. Over billions of years, the gas was compressed by gravity into galaxies, stars, plants and eventually, even humans.

Cobe is designed to see just the biggest structures, but astronomers would like to see much smaller hot spots as well, the seeds of local objects like clusters and super clusters of galaxies. They shouldn't have long to wait. (73) Astrophysicists working with ground based detectors at the South Pole and balloon borne instruments are closing in on such structures, and may report their findings soon.

(74) If the small hot spots look as expected, that will be a triumph for yet another scientific idea, a refinement of the Big Bang called the inflationary universe theory. Inflation says that very early on, the universe expanded in size by more than a trillion trillion -trillion -trillion-fold in much less than a second, propelled by a sort of antigravity. (75) Odd though it sounds, cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary particle physics, and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true.

精美译文:

离地球大约150亿光年的一块狭长的巨大宇宙云系是科学家在此以前所发现的最大、最遥远的物体。(71)但更为重要的是,这是科学家所能观测到的最遥远的过去的景象,因为他们看到的是150亿年前宇宙云的形状和结构。那大约就是宇宙形成的时候。研究人员发现的宇宙云既令人惊讶,又是人们所期待的,因为美国国家航空航天局的宇宙背景探测者Cobe 号卫星已经发现了划时代的证据,证明宇宙确实起源于最早的一次爆炸,即人们一直所称的“大爆炸”(此理论认为宇宙起源于一大块能量)。

(72)巨大的宇宙云的存在,实际上是使本世纪二十年代首次提出的大爆炸论是以保持其宇宙起源论的主导地位所必不可少的。根据这一理论,宇宙的形成是由一团亚微观的、极其稠密的纯能量团朝四面八方向外发散,随着放出辐射线,浓缩成粒子,然后形成气体原子。数十亿年来,这种气体受引力的压缩形成星系、恒星、行星,并最终甚至产生人类。

Cobe卫星设计的目的就是观察这些最大的物体结构,但宇航员还想看到更为微小的热点,即像星纱中的星团和超星团这样一些局部物体的粒子。看来他们不必长期等待。(73)天体物理学家使用南极陆基探测器及球工仪器,正越来越近地观测这些云系,也许不久会报告他们的观测结果。

(74)假如这些小热点看上去同预计的一致,那就意味着又一科学论说的胜利,这种论说即更完美的大爆炸论,亦称宇宙膨胀说。膨胀说告诉我们,早在很久以前,宇宙的体积在不到一秒钟内被一种反引力驱动而发生了无数倍的膨胀。(75)宇宙膨胀说虽然听似奇特,但它是基本粒子的物理学中一些公认的理论在科学上看来似乎可信的推论。许多天体物理学家七八年来一直确信这一论说是正确的。

题目解析:

71) But even more important, it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past, for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago.

结构分析:

71) 状语结构But // even more important, // 主句it // was // the farthest省略结构(strip of enormous cosmic clouds) // 定语从句that scientists // had been able to / look into // the past, // 原因状语从句for // 从句的主语从句what // they // were seeing // 谓语were // the patterns and structures 省略结构(of cosmic clouds)// 定语从句that // existed // 15 billion years ago.

词义推敲:

even more important 更为重要的是

it was the farthest 这是最遥远的宇宙云

it 由于有“the farthest”作表语,所以译作“这”。

the farthest 等于“the farthest strip of enormous cosmic clouds”

look into 观察,调查,浏览

what they were seeing

they 指代“scientists”,可以译作“他们”。

the patterns and structures(of cosmic clouds)(宇宙云的)形状和结构

15 billion years ago 150亿年前

参考译文:

但更为重要的是,这是科学家们所能观测到的最遥远的过去的(景象/宇宙云),因为他们看到的是150亿年前宇宙云的形状和结构。

得分重点:

省略结构,定语从句,原因状语从句,主语从句

72) The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang, first put forward in the 1920s, to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos.

结构分析:

72) 主句The existence of // the giant 省略结构(cosmos)clouds //被动结构was virtually required for // the Big Bang, // 插入结构first put forward // in the 1920s,

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