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考博英语翻译

考博英语翻译
考博英语翻译

考博英语翻译笔记

倒装和分割结构

为了强调句子的某些部分,或是为了保持句子平衡,英语中常常使用倒装。大体说来,倒装可以分为主谓倒装和非主谓倒装。主谓倒装里又分为完全倒装和部分倒装。在翻译的时候,既可以按照主谓语的顺序翻译,也可以按照字面意思翻译。非主谓倒装只是将强调部分前置,以保持句子平衡或是起强调作用。翻译时可以采用顺序译法或是倒序译法。

1. For example, they do not compensate for social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.

分析:本句中had he grown up under more favorable circumstances 属于部分倒装。正常语序为:if he had grown up under more favorable circumstances 。在正式文体中,可以将虚拟条件句中的if 省略,并将助动词提前。

译文:例如,它们(指测试)并不弥补社会的不公,因此不能说明一个贫困青年,要是在比较有利的境况下长大,会有多大才干。

2. Nonstop waves of immigrants played a role, too and so did bigger crops of babies as yesterday’s “baby boom” generation r eached its child-bearing years.

分析:该句中so did bigger crops of babies 属于语法倒装。用so 来代替前述肯定句谓语部分所说情况。

译文:不间断的移民浪潮也起了作用——而且随着昔日在“ 生育高峰期” 出生的一代人达到生育年龄,婴儿的出生数量增加了,这同样起了作用。

3. Much as I have traveled, I have never seen anyone to equal her in thoroughness, whatever the job.

分析:该句的Much as I have traveled 是一个由as 引导的让步状语从句。相当于though I have traveled much ,但语气要比后者强。这种结构要求部分倒装。

译文:我虽然见多识广,但还从未见过比她细心的人,不管什么职业。

4. Only when you have acquired a good knowledge of grammar can you write correctly.

分析:相信大家对这种结构都不陌生。Only 后加副词、介词、状语从句时要用部分倒装。但是要注意的是,如果only 修饰的不是状语,则不用倒装。

译文:只有很好地掌握了语法知识,写出来的东西才会正确。

5. Nowhere do 1980 census statistics dramatize more the American search for spacious living than in the Far West .

分析:当句首是否定副词或含有否定词的词语时,一般要部分倒装。

译文:1980 年哪里的人口普查统计资料也不如远西地区的更能生动地说明美国人对宽敞的生活环境的追求。

6. Hardly had he began to speak when the audience interrupted him.

分析:hardly…when 的结构表示“ 刚… 就…” 。含有这种结构的句子常将hardly 置于句首,而采用部分倒装的语序。此外,hardly 分句中一般采用过去完成时,而when (或before )分句中使用过去时。还有,与hardly…when… 结构类似的用法还有barely

(scarcely)…when…

译文:他刚开始讲,听众就打断了他的话。

7. To such length did she go in rehearsal that two actors walked out.

分析:such…that 结构可将such 或含有such 的词组放在句首,使全句采用部分倒装。与此用法类似的还有so…that 结构。

译文:她在排演中搞得太过分,以致两名男演员退出不干了。

8. Certain it is that all essential processes of plant growth and development occur in water.

分析:本句为表语前置,表示强调。正常语序应为:It is certain that… 。

译文:植物发育生长的全部基本过程当然是在水中发生的。

9. We rally should not resent being called paupers. Paupers we are, and paupers we shall remain.

分析:这两句话是为了使上下文紧密衔接,从而将第二个并列分句的表语前置。

译文:我们确实不应因为被称作穷光蛋而愤愤不平。我们的确是穷光蛋,而且还会继续是穷光蛋。

10. Then, down the crowed thoroughfare comes the University of Cambridge ’s most distinctive vehicle, bearing its most distinguished citizen.

分析:正常语序应为:The vehicle came down the thoroughfare 。为使语言生动形象,文学作品中常用这类倒装。在翻译时要尽量翻译出原句的语言效果。这里bear=carry 。

译文:从拥挤的街道上驶来了一辆剑桥大学最有特色的车,车上坐着学校最著名的人物。

语法关系密切的两个句子成分被其他句子成分分隔的现象称为分割结构。英语中,分割结构的类型是多种多样的。例如,英语句子的主语和谓语一般都紧密相联,它们之间很少插入介词等比较长的结构。但是,在有些情况下,或是为了保持句子的平衡,避免头重脚轻;或是为了语义严密,结构紧凑,在主语和谓语之间有时也会插入其他成分。此外,还有定语(或定语从句)与其中心词被分隔;某些词语与其所要求的介词被分隔;动词与其宾语被分隔;介词与其宾语被分隔等等。总之,英语的分割应遵循尾重原则(应把长而复杂的成分放在句末,使结构匀称)和句尾信息焦点原则(把新信息,即语意重点放在句末)。同时,在阅读时要注意找出原来属于一个整体部分的意义。

1. Most novelists and historians writing in the early to mid-twentieth century who considered women in the West, when they considered women at all, fell under Turner’s spell.

分析:本句的主干结构是:Most novelists and historians…fell under Turner’s spell. Turner 是美国历史学家。under a spell :被迷住,着迷。writing in the early to mid-twentieth century who considered women in the West, when they considered women at all 修饰主语,起分割主谓的作用。而其中的状语从句when they considered women at all 是定语从句who considered women in the West 中的状语成分。

译文:从本世纪初到本世纪中叶从事写作的小说家和历史学家只要描写妇女,就会描述西部妇女,而且都被特纳迷住。

2. Abraham Lincoln is the most famous instance of the claim that Americans often made

that in their country a man may rise from the lowest to the highest position.

分析:the claim 和其同位语that in their country a man may rise from the lowest to the highest position 被the claim 的定语从句that Americans often made 分割。同位语从句在翻译时可按照顺序翻译,将其翻译为分句。

译文:美国人常认为,在他们国家,一个人的地位可以从社会最底层上升到社会最上层,亚伯拉罕" 林肯就是极好的例子。

3. In the last eight years there were difficult, almost non-stop negotiations and reported threats of failure, ultimately overcome by a combination of creative compromise and stubborn determination—indeed, some call it unprecedented determination—to succeed.

分析:本句的主干结构是:…there were negotiations and…threats of failure 。“overcome by…” 是过去分词短语,修饰threats of failure 。stubborn determination 和其定语动词不定式“to succeed” 被“indeed, some call it unprecedented determination” 分割。

译文:在最后的八年里,进行了艰苦卓绝的、几乎是不间断的谈判,其间屡经失败之虞,但最终通过创造性的协调和要取得成功的顽强决心——确实有人称之为前所未有的决心——而渡过难关,取得了胜利。

4. The discovery of surplus value suddenly threw light on the problem, in trying to solve which all previous investigations, of both bourgeois economists and social critics, had been groping in the dark.

分析:in trying to solve 插在the problem 和定语从句which… 之间,起到承上启下的作用。of both bourgeois economists and social critics 为investigations 的后置定语,起到分割作用。

译文:由于剩余价值的发现,使问题明朗化了。而先前,无论资产阶级经济学家还是社会批评家所从事的一切研究都只是在黑暗中摸索。

5. A better knowledge of China ’s civilization would lay open to us an empire of learning, hitherto fabulously described.

分析:lay open 和an empire of learning 被介词短语to us 分割。本句选自英国前首相撒切尔夫人1982 年在中国欢迎宴会上的讲话。翻译时要注意转译的应用。如把“better”译为副词“ 更好地” 。

译文:更好地了解中国的文明,将为我们打开一个知识的王国,对这个王国迄今只有神话般的描述。

6. It is the insistence, as a first consideration, upon the interdependence of the various elements in, and parts of, the United States —a recognition of the old and permanently important manifestation of the American spirit of the pioneer.

分析:insistence 后接upon the interdependence of the various elements in, and parts of, the United States, 中间被插入语as a first consideration 分割,做进一步说明。该句选自美国前总统罗斯福在1933 年的就职演说。汉语中动词用得较多,翻译时可把名词转译为动词。

译文:我们首先应考虑的是,坚持美国国内各种因素之间、各个部分之间的相互依赖关系——即承认体现传统的和永远重要的美国开拓精神。

7. Old Henry and his wife Phoebe were as fond of each other as it is possible for two old

people to be who have nothing else in this life to be fond of.

分析:连词as 引导的比较状语从句中,it 代替for two old people to be 。to be 后省略了fond of each other 。to be 做分割成分。

译文:象两位老人一生中没有其他什么东西可爱而彼此相爱一样,老亨利和他的妻子芬比也互相爱慕。

8. As they grow old, people also accumulate belongings for two other reasons: lack of physical and mental energy—both of which are essential in turning out and throwing away—and sentiment.

分析:该句包含了并列结构被分割的情况。lack of physical and mental energy 和sentiment 是并列结构,作two other reasons 的同位语。但是被非限定性定语从句both of which are essential in turning out and throwing away 分割。

译文:人们随着日趋年迈,积存物品还有其他两个原因:一是缺乏体力和精神,两者在清理和扔掉无用之物时不可或缺,二是感情上的原因。

考博英语翻译心得和技巧

考博英语翻译心得和技巧:第一,翻译时注意英文的句型,英文的句型一般来说有相应的中文译法。第二,注意英语被动句的翻译。第三,注意长句的翻译。

第一,翻译时注意英文的句型,英文的句型一般来说有相应的中文译法。如It的句型的翻译:

(1)It is+名词十从句:

It is a fact that…事实是……

It is a question that………是个问题

It is good news that………是好消息

It is common knowledge………是常识

(2) It is+过去分词十从句:

It is said that…据说……

It must be pointed out that…必须指出……

It is asserted that…有人主张……

It is supposed that…据推测……

It is believed that…据信……

It must be admitted that…必须承认……

It is reported that…据报道……

It will be seen from ii that…由此可见……

It has been proved that…已证明……

It is general1y considered that…人们普遍认为……

(3)It is+形容词十从句:

It is necessary that…有必要……

It is likely that…很可能……

It is clear that…很清楚……

It is important that…重要的是……

(4) It+不及物动词十从句:

It follows that…由此可见……

It happens that…碰巧……

It turned out that…结果是……

第二,注意英语被动句的翻译。

英文的被动句经常用汉语主动句表达,如:You are requested to give a performance 英文的被动句译成汉语的主动句:请你给我们表演一个节目。英文中被动意义也可以用汉语中含有主动意义的句子来表达。常译成“被”、“由”、“受”、“为…所”等等。例如: What is feared as failure in American society is,above all,loneliness.(在美国社会中作为失败而为人们所恐惧的,莫过于孤独了。)

第三,注意长句的翻译。

首先不要被长句吓住,即使是很长的句子,也是由最基本的成分组成。分析句子的基本成分,主语、谓语、宾语、状语。抓住主干部分,然后逐次分析各词意思以及相互间的逻辑、语法关系,再进行翻译。值得注意的是关系分句的翻译。

关系分句主要功能是作名词(词组)的后置修饰语(即定语),但除作名词修饰语外,关系分句还可起其他作用,比如起状语分句和并列分句的作用,因此译成汉语时要注意,限定性关系分句翻译时因为英文置于名词后,汉语则将其置于先行项(antecedent)的前边,使其译成带有“的”字的定语句子,如:I want a wife who will work and send me to school.(我想要个既能工作又能送我上学的老婆)。有的句子过长,前置会显得累赘,或不符合汉语的习惯,这样我们翻译时将从句后置,把它翻译成跟主句平行的并列句。如:I want a wife who will not trouble me with a wife’s duties but a1ways listens to me.(我想要个老婆,她不会以妻子的义务来打搅我,而是始终听命于我。)

非限制性关系分句和它的先行项之间有比较松散的关系。就其意义上来说,在句子中有时相当于二个并列分句,有时在语义上起状语分句的作用,翻译时可将其后置译成并列句,例如:The sun warms the earth, which makes it possible for plants to grow.(太阳温暖了大地,这才使植物有可能生长。)也可以完全脱离主句,译成独立句。如:She was very patient towards the children, which her husband are requested to give a performance 英文的被动句译成汉语的主动句:请你给我们表演一个节目。英文中被动意义也可以用汉语中含有主动意义的句子来表达。常译成“被”、“由”、“受”、“为…所”等等。例如: What is feared as failure in American society is, above all, loneliness.(在美国社会中作为失败而为人们所恐惧的,莫过于孤独了。)

第三,注意长句的翻译。

首先不要被长句吓住,即使是很长的句子,也是由最基本的成分组成。分析句子的基本成分,主语、谓语、宾语、状语。抓住主干部分,然后逐次分析各词意思以及相互间的逻辑、语法关系,再进行翻译。值得注意的是关系分句的翻译。

关系分句主要功能是作名词(词组)的后置修饰语(即定语),但除作名词修饰语外,关系分句还可起其他作用,比如起状语分句和并列分句的作用,因此译成汉语时要注意,限定性关系分句翻译时因为英文置于名词后,汉语则将其置于先行项(antecedent)的前边,使其译成带有“的”字的定语句子,如:I want a wife who will work and send me to school.(我想要个既能工作又能送我上学的老婆)。有的句子过长,前置会显得累赘,或不符合汉语的习惯,这样我们翻译时将从句后置,把它翻译成跟主句平行的并列句。如:I want a wife who will not trouble me with a wife’s duties but a1ways listens to me.(我想要个老婆,她不会以妻子的义务来打搅我,而是始终听命于我。)

非限制性关系分句和它的先行项之间有比较松散的关系。就其意义上来说,在句子中有

时相当于二个并列分句,有时在语义上起状语分句的作用,翻译时可将其后置译成并列句,例如:The sun warms the earth, which makes it possible for plants to grow.(太阳温暖了大地,这才使植物有可能生长。)也可以完全脱离主句,译成独立句。如:She was very patient towards the children, which her husband seldom was.(她对孩子们很耐心,她丈夫却很少这样。)

考博英语翻译方法谈

英语和汉语语言结构和表达习惯有很多差异之处,翻译时往往不能死扣原文逐词逐句译出。

一、一些原义并无否定意思的形容词和别的词搭配有时可译成否定句

1.These goods are in short supply. 这些货物供应不足。

2.This equation is far from being complicated. 这个方程一定也不复杂。

二、为了使译文自然流畅,读起来顺口,在一些形容词前可根据上下文内容加上副词“很”、“最”等字

1.It was as pleasant a day as I have ever spent. 这是我度过最愉快的一天。

2.It is easy to compress a gas. 气体很容易压缩。

三、有时可将英语的“形容词+名词短语”译成汉语的主谓结构

1.She spoke in a high voice. 她讲话声音很尖。

2.This engine develops a high torque. 这台发动机产生的转矩很大。

四、如果一个名词前有几个形容词修饰,英译时应根据汉语习惯决定其顺序

1. a large brick conference hall一个用砖砌的大会议厅

2. 2. a plastic garden chair一把在花园里用的塑料椅子

五、英语中一些表示知觉、情感、欲望等心理状态的形容词同连系动词构成复合谓语时,翻译时可将形容词译成动词

1.You are ignorant of the duties you undertake in marrying. 你完全不懂你在婚姻方面承担的

责任。

2.Such criticisms have become familiar in his later commentaries on America. 类似的批评在

他后来写的评论美国的文章中屡见不鲜。

3.He is truly sorry for his past,and he has undertaken to give up motorcars entirely and for

ever. 他诚恳地忏悔过去,并保证永远不再玩汽车。

六、由于语言习惯不同,英语里的形容词有时译成汉语副词

1.I am going to be good and sweet and kind to every body. 我要对每一个人都亲切、温顺、和

善。

2.He asked me for a full account of myself and family. 他详尽地问起我自己和我家里的情

况。

3.Another war will be the absolute end of our country. 再来一次战争将彻底毁灭我们这个国

家。

从以上几个方面可以看出,译好形容词是使译文通顺、流畅的一个环节。

英汉互译的几种方法

在翻译中,针对词汇空缺现象,在词汇的借用、引用方面通常采取四种形式:音译、直译、改编、意译

1. 音译:人名、地名以及一些表示新概念而本族语里又找不到对成词来表示时,均可采用音译法介绍到译文语言中去,如:[汉译英] 磕头(kowtow),荔枝(litchi);[英译

汉]、engine(引擎),motor(马达),sofa(沙发),logic(逻辑)

2.直译:paper tiger(纸老虎),lose face(丢脸),Seeing is believing.(百闻不如一见。)Out of mind,out of sight.(眼不见,心不烦)

3.改编:所谓“改编”指的是音译或直译如意义补充的翻译,在翻译的“改编法”中,译者总是一方面尽可能保持原文语言的特性,另一方面更希望译文含义明朗,使读者一目了然。

比如,汉语的“班门弄斧”这个成语,可译成This is like showing off one's proficiency with the axe before Lu Ban the master carpenter 其中,“鲁班”变成了“Lu Ban the mater carpenter" 否则鲁班究竟是什么人,不知道典故的外国读者就会感到茫然。这类译法在英译中比较常见,如巧克力糖(chocolate),鸦片烟(opium),高尔夫球(golf),来福枪(rifle),尼龙布(nylon)

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