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传感器技术外文文献及中文翻译

传感器技术外文文献及中文翻译
传感器技术外文文献及中文翻译

Sensor technology

A sensor is a device which produces a signal in response to its detecting or measuring a property ,such as position , force , torque , pressure , temperature , humidity , speed , acceleration , or vibration .Traditionally ,sensors (such as actuators and switches )have been used to set limits on the performance of machines .Common examples are (a) stops on machine tools to restrict work table movements ,(b) pressure and temperature gages with automatics shut-off features , and (c) governors on engines to prevent excessive speed of operation . Sensor technology has become an important aspect of manufacturing processes and systems .It is essential for proper data acquisition and for the monitoring , communication , and computer control of machines and systems .

Because they convert one quantity to another , sensors often are referred to as transducers .Analog sensors produce a signal , such as voltage ,which is proportional to the measured quantity .Digital sensors have numeric or digital outputs that can be transferred to computers directly .Analog-to-coverter(ADC) is available for interfacing analog sensors with computers .

Classifications of Sensors

Sensors that are of interest in manufacturing may be classified generally as follows:

Machanical sensors measure such as quantities as

positions ,shape ,velocity ,force ,torque , pressure , vibration , strain , and mass .

Electrical sensors measure voltage , current , charge , and conductivity .

Magnetic sensors measure magnetic field ,flux , and permeablity .

Thermal sensors measure temperature , flux ,conductivity , and special heat .

Other types are acoustic , ultrasonic , chemical , optical , radiation , laser ,and fiber-optic .

Depending on its application , a sensor may consist of metallic , nonmetallic , organic , or inorganic materials , as well as fluids ,gases ,plasmas , or semiconductors .Using the special characteristics of these materials , sensors covert the quantity or property measured to analog or digital output. The operation of an ordinary mercury thermometer , for example , is based on the difference between the thermal expansion of mercury and that of glass.

Similarly , a machine part , a physical obstruction , or barrier in a space can be detected by breaking the beam of light when sensed by a photoelectric cell . A proximity sensor ( which senses and measures the distance between it and an object or a moving member of a machine ) can be based on acoustics , magnetism , capacitance , or optics . Other actuators contact the object and take appropriate action ( usually by electromechanical means ) . Sensors are essential to the conduct of intelligent robots , and are being developed with capabilities that resemble those of humans ( smart sensors , see the following ).

This is America, the development of such a surgery Lin Bai an example, through the screen, through a remote control operator to control another manipulator, through the realization of the right abdominal surgery A few years ago our country the

exhibition, the United States has been successful in achieving the right to the heart valve surgery and bypass surgery. This robot has in the area, caused a great sensation, but also, AESOP's surgical robot, In fact, it through some equipment to some of the lesions inspections, through a manipulator can be achieved on some parts of the operation Also including remotely operated manipulator, and many doctors are able to participate in the robot under surgery Robot doctor to include doctors with pliers, tweezers or a knife to replace the nurses, while lighting automatically to the doctor's movements linked, the doctor hands off, lighting went off, This is very good, a doctor's assistant.

Tactile sensing is the continuous of variable contact forces , commonly by an array of sensors . Such a system is capable of performing within an arbitrary

three-dimensional space .has gradually shifted from manufacturing to

non-manufacturing and service industries, we are talking about the car manufacturer belonging to the manufacturing industry, However, the services sector including cleaning, refueling, rescue, rescue, relief, etc. These belong to the non-manufacturing industries and service industries, so here is compared with the industrial robot, it is a very important difference. It is primarily a mobile platform, it can move to sports, there are some arms operate, also installed some as a force sensor and visual sensors, ultrasonic ranging sensors, etc. It’s surrounding environment for the conduct of identification, to determine its campaign to complete some work, this is service robot’s one of the basic characteristics

In visual sensing (machine vision , computer vision ) , cameral optically sense the presence and shape of the object . A microprocessor then processes the image ( usually in less than one second ) , the image is measured , and the measurements are digitized ( image recognition ) .Machine vision is suitable particularly for inaccessible parts , in hostile manufacturing environments , for measuring a large number of small features , and in situations where physics contact with the part may cause damage .

Small sensors have the capability to perform a logic function , to conduct

two-way communication , and to make a decisions and take appropriate actions . The necessary input and the knowledge required to make a decision can be built into a smart sensor . For example , a computer chip with sensors can be programmed to turn a machine tool off when a cutting tool fails . Likewise , a smart sensor can stop a mobile robot or a robot arm from accidentally coming in contact with an object or people by using quantities such as distance , heat , and noise .

Sensor fusion . Sensor fusion basically involves the integration of multiple sensors in such a manner where the individual data from each of the sensors ( such as force , vibration , temperature , and dimensions ) are combined to provide a higher level of information and reliability . A common application of sensor fusion occurs when someone drinks a cup of hot coffee . Although we take such a quotidian event for granted ,it readily can be seen that this process involves data input from the person's eyes , lips , tongue , and hands .Through our basic senses of sight , hearing , smell , taste , and touch , there is real-time monitoring of relative movements , positions , and temperatures . Thus if the coffee is too hot , the hand movement of the cup toward the lip is controlled and adjusted accordingly .

The earliest applications of sensor fusion were in robot movement control , missile flight tracking , and similar military applications . Primarily because these activities involve movements that mimic human behavior . Another example of sensor fusion is a machine operation in which a set of different but integrated sensors monitors (a) the dimensions and surface finish of workpiece , (b) tool forces , vibrations ,and wear ,(c) the temperature in various regions of the tool-workpiece system , and (d) the spindle power .

An important aspect in sensor fusion is sensor validation : the failure of one particular sensor is detected so that the control system maintains high reliability . For this application ,the receiving of redundant data from different sensors is essential . It can be seen that the receiving , integrating of all data from various sensors can be a complex problem .

With advances in sensor size , quality , and technology and continued developments in computer-control systems , artificial neural networks , sensor fusion has become practical and available at low cost .Movement is relatively independent of the number of components, the equivalent of our body, waist is a rotary degree of freedom We have to be able to hold his arm, Arm can be bent, then this three degrees of freedom, Meanwhile there is a wrist posture adjustment to the use of the three autonomy, the general robot has six degrees of freedom. We will be able to space the three locations, three postures, the robot fully achieved, and of course we have less than six degrees of freedom

Fiber-optic sensors are being developed for gas-turbine engines . These sensors will be installed in critical locations and will monitor the conditions inside the engine , such as temperature , pressure , and flow of gas . Continuous monitoring of the signals from thes sensors will help detect possible engine problems and also provide the necessary data for improving the efficiency of the engines .

传感器技术

传感器一种通过检测某一参数而产生信号的装置。这一参数可以是位置、力、力矩、压力、温度、湿度、速度、加速度或震动。从传统意义上来说,传感器(比如执行器、开关)可用于限制机器参数的极限位置。常见的传感器有(a)限制工作台运动的机床停止开关,(b)具有自动关闭功能的压力仪表和温度仪表,(c)防止速度超限的调速器。传感器技术已成为制造过程和系统的重要方面。它对于数据的正确采集、机器和系统的检测、通讯以及计算机控制是很必要的。

传感器能够将一种物理量转换为另一种物理量,因此,传感器通常(被看作)指转换器。模拟传感器产生信号,比如电压信号,该信号与被测物理力量成一定比例。数字传感器具有数字输出,该数字输出能够直接被传递到计算机上。模数转换器能够在模拟传感器和计算机之间起到接口作用。

传感器的分类

在制造业中,传感器可以分为以下几类:机械类传感器可以用来测量位置、形状、速度、力、力矩、压力、震动、应变和质量。电器类传感器可以用来测量电压、电流、电荷、电传导率。磁传感器可以用来测量磁场、磁通量、磁导率。热传感器可以用来测量温度、热流、热传导率以及特殊热量。其他类型的传感器有声学传感器、超声波传感器、化学传感器、光学传感器、放射传感器、激光传感器、光纤传感器。

根据应用的不同,传感器可以由金属材料、非金属材料、有机材料、无机材料以及流体、气体、等离子体和半导体构成。利用这些材料的不同特性,传感器将被测的物理量或参数转换为模拟信号或数字信号输出。比如,普通的水银温度计的工作原理就是根据水银和玻璃的热膨胀率的不同而工作的。

类似地,当机器某一零件、物体障碍物、被测量与传感器空间中的障碍物遮挡住光束时,就可被光电器件感知并检测到。接近开关(指感知并测量开关与物体或机器的运动之间的距离)可根据声学、磁学、电容、光学原理工作。其他执行器依靠接触物体来执行相应的操作(通常机电一体化的方法)。传感器对于智能机器人的控制是不可缺少的,并且通过模仿人类,传感器的特性得到了很大发展。

触觉传感技术通过一组传感器可以连续不断的测量接触力的变化。这样一个系统能够监控任意的三维空间。

在视觉传感器(机器视觉,计算机视觉)中,光学摄像头感知物体的存在以及物体的形状。接着,微处理器处理图像(通常不到1秒)和测量图像,并且该测量是数字化的(这一过程被称之为图像识别)。机器视觉传感器特别适用于不能直接接触到的零件的测量,恶劣的制造环境,大量微小特性的测量以及与零件的物理接触会造成零件破换的情况。

智能传感器能够执行逻辑功能,进行双向通讯,作出判断并执行相应的操作。必要的输入和作出判断所需的条件被固化到智能传感器中。比如,带有传感器的计算机芯片能够编程,当刀具失效时,能够自动地使机床停下来。同样地,如果移动机器人与物体突然接触放生碰撞时,智能传感器就可以通过检测像距离、热量、噪声这些参数使移动机器人或机械臂停止。

传感器融合技术。传感器融合技术主要指将多种传感器以一定的方式组合起来,将每一个传感器的数据(比如力、震动、温度、维数)整合起来,获得更高级别的的信息和可靠性。传感器融合技术的一个常见应用是喝一杯热咖啡。尽管我们将这样一个平凡的小事认为是理所当然的事,但我们很容易地观察到,这样一个过程涉及到了从眼睛、嘴唇、舌头、手的数据输入,通过我们最基本的视觉、听觉、嗅觉、触觉,就可以实时监测相对运动、位以及温度。这样,如果咖啡太热,我们端茶杯草嘴唇的手的运动就会被控制并作出相应的调整。

传感器融合技术最早应用于机器人的移动控制、导弹的飞行追踪和类似的军事运用上,这主要是因为这些检测活动是在模仿人的行为。传感器融合技术应用的另一个例子是机床操作。在机床操作中,有一整套不同类型而又集合在一起的传感器,用于监控(a)工作的维度和表面光洁度(表面处理?),(b)=切削力、震动、磨损,(c)刀具-工件系统各部分的温度以及轴的(传递)功率。

传感器融合技术的一个重要方面是传感器(工作状态)的确认,即某一传感器失效时就可被检测出来,从而使控制系统保持高的可靠性。从应用的角度讲,接收来自不同传感器的多余参数是有必要的。可以看出,组成各种各样的传感器的所有数据的接收、整合、处理时一个复杂的问题。

随着传感器尺寸的不断减小、传感器质量的不断提高、传感器技术的不断被

进步,以及计算机控制系统、人工智能、专家系统和人工神经网络技术的不断发展,传感器融合技术已变得切实可行并能以较低的成本获得。

光纤传感器用于汽轮机发动机,并不断得到发展。这些光线传感器安装在发动机的关键部位,监控发动机的内部环境,比如温度、压力、气流。光纤传感器连续不断的监控信号将有助于检测出潜在的发动机故障问题,并可提供必要的数据用于提高发动机的工作效率。

传感器技术论文中英文对照资料外文翻译文献

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七年级下册英语短文带中文翻译(1-12单元)

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英语短文中英文翻译

my friend and I are taking a , we are seeing a boy sit on the chair,he is crying,we go and ask him.“what’s the matter with you” he tell us“I can’t find my dog can you help me”.“yes,I can”.And we help him find his dong .oh it stay under the big tree! 今天我和我的朋友一起去散步。突然我们看见一个男孩坐在椅子上,他哭的很伤心。我们走过去问他:“你怎么了”。他告诉我们:“我的狗不见了,你们能帮我找到它吗”。“是的,我们能帮你找到你的狗”然后我们帮助他找到了他的狗,原来是它呆在一棵大树下。 day an old man siselling a big young man comes to the elephant and begins to look at it old man goes up to him and says inhis ear,“Don't sa y anything about the elephant before I sell it,then i'll give you some money.”“All right,”says the young the old man slles the elephant,he gives the young man some money and says,“Now,can you tell me how you find the bad ears of theelephant?”“I don't find the bad ears,”says the young man.“Then why do you look at the elephant slowly?”asks the old young man answers,“Because I never see an elephant before,and I want to know what it looks like.” 一天,一个老的男人正在卖一头大象。一个年轻的男人走向大象然后开始慢慢看着它(大象),这个老的男人走向他对着他的耳朵说,“不要在我卖出它(大象)之前说关于它(大象)的事,然后我会给你一些钱。”“好的”,这个年轻的男人说。在这个老的男人卖出大象后,他给了年轻的男人一些钱并且说,“现在,你可以告诉我你是怎样知道大象的坏的耳朵了吧?”“我不知道坏的耳朵”,这个年轻的男人说。“然后为什么你慢慢的看着大象?”这个老的男人问。这个年轻的男人回答,“因为我在这之前从来没有见过大象,还有我想知道它(大象)是什么样子的。” 3.An old woman had a cat. The cat was very old; she could not run quickly, and she could not bite, because she was so old. One day the old cat saw a mouse; she jumped and caught the mouse. But she could not bite it; so the mouse got out of her mouth and ran away, because the cat could not bite it.? Then the old woman became very angry because the cat had not killed the mouse. She began to hit the cat. The cat said, "Do not hit your old servant. I have worked for you for many years, and I would work for you still, but I am too old. Do not be unkind to the old, but remember what good work the old did when they were young."? 一位老妇有只猫,这只猫很老,它跑不快了,也咬不了东西,因为它年纪太大了。一天,老猫发现一只老鼠,它跳过去抓这只老鼠,然而,它咬不住这只老鼠。因此,老鼠从它的嘴边溜掉了,因为老猫咬不了它。? 于是,老妇很生气,因为老猫没有把老鼠咬死。她开始打这只猫,猫说:“不要打你的老仆人,我已经为你服务了很多年,而且还愿意为你效劳,但是,我实在太老了,对年纪大的不

英文论文及中文翻译

International Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials Volume 17, Number 4, August 2010, Page 500 DOI: 10.1007/s12613-010-0348-y Corresponding author: Zhuan Li E-mail: li_zhuan@https://www.sodocs.net/doc/2a17963613.html, ? University of Science and Technology Beijing and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010 Preparation and properties of C/C-SiC brake composites fabricated by warm compacted-in situ reaction Zhuan Li, Peng Xiao, and Xiang Xiong State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China (Received: 12 August 2009; revised: 28 August 2009; accepted: 2 September 2009) Abstract: Carbon fibre reinforced carbon and silicon carbide dual matrix composites (C/C-SiC) were fabricated by the warm compacted-in situ reaction. The microstructure, mechanical properties, tribological properties, and wear mechanism of C/C-SiC composites at different brake speeds were investigated. The results indicate that the composites are composed of 58wt% C, 37wt% SiC, and 5wt% Si. The density and open porosity are 2.0 g·cm–3 and 10%, respectively. The C/C-SiC brake composites exhibit good mechanical properties. The flexural strength can reach up to 160 MPa, and the impact strength can reach 2.5 kJ·m–2. The C/C-SiC brake composites show excellent tribological performances. The friction coefficient is between 0.57 and 0.67 at the brake speeds from 8 to 24 m·s?1. The brake is stable, and the wear rate is less than 2.02×10?6 cm3·J?1. These results show that the C/C-SiC brake composites are the promising candidates for advanced brake and clutch systems. Keywords: C/C-SiC; ceramic matrix composites; tribological properties; microstructure [This work was financially supported by the National High-Tech Research and Development Program of China (No.2006AA03Z560) and the Graduate Degree Thesis Innovation Foundation of Central South University (No.2008yb019).] 温压-原位反应法制备C / C-SiC刹车复合材料的工艺和性能 李专,肖鹏,熊翔 粉末冶金国家重点实验室,中南大学,湖南长沙410083,中国(收稿日期:2009年8月12日修订:2009年8月28日;接受日期:2009年9月2日) 摘要:采用温压?原位反应法制备炭纤维增强炭和碳化硅双基体(C/C-SiC)复合材

传感器外文翻译

Basic knowledge of transducers A transducer is a device which converts the quantity being measured into an optical, mechanical, or-more commonly-electrical signal. The energy-conversion process that takes place is referred to as transduction. Transducers are classified according to the transduction principle involved and the form of the measured. Thus a resistance transducer for measuring displacement is classified as a resistance displacement transducer. Other classification examples are pressure bellows, force diaphragm, pressure flapper-nozzle, and so on. 1、Transducer Elements Although there are exception ,most transducers consist of a sensing element and a conversion or control element. For example, diaphragms,bellows,strain tubes and rings, bourdon tubes, and cantilevers are sensing elements which respond to changes in pressure or force and convert these physical quantities into a displacement. This displacement may then be used to change an electrical parameter such as voltage, resistance, capacitance, or inductance. Such combination of mechanical and electrical elements form electromechanical transducing devices or transducers. Similar combination can be made for other energy input such as thermal. Photo, magnetic and chemical,giving thermoelectric, photoelectric,electromaanetic, and electrochemical transducers respectively. 2、Transducer Sensitivity The relationship between the measured and the transducer output signal is usually obtained by calibration tests and is referred to as the transducer sensitivity K1= output-signal increment / measured increment . In practice, the transducer sensitivity is usually known, and, by measuring the output signal, the input quantity is determined from input= output-signal increment / K1. 3、Characteristics of an Ideal Transducer The high transducer should exhibit the following characteristics a) high fidelity-the transducer output waveform shape be a faithful reproduction of the measured; there should be minimum distortion. b) There should be minimum interference with the quantity being measured; the presence of the transducer should not alter the measured in any way. c) Size. The transducer must be capable of being placed exactly where it is needed.

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