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英汉翻译法2——词类转译

一、词类转换法的依据

1.汉语无形态变化,英语有形态变化

2.英汉两种语言的句型和用词规律不同

1)英语句子里不允许出现连动结构,但在汉语里这却是一种普遍现象。

2)英语抽象名词的使用相当频繁,而汉语里动词却是如此。

二、词类转译的情况归纳起来有以下四种。

转译成动词

转译成名词

转译成形容词

其他词类转译

一、转译成动词

(一)名词转译成动词

1. 由动词派生的名词转译成动词,在政论文体中出现比较多。如:

1)The 1967 UN document calls for the settlement of the Middle East conflict on the basis of Israeli withdrawal from occupied territories and Arab acknowledgement of Israeli's right to exist. (1967年联合国文件要求在以色列撤出所占的土地以及阿拉伯承认以色列的生存权利的基础上来解决中东冲突。)

2)Rockets have found application for the exploration of the universe. (火箭已经用来探索宇宙。)

2.含有动作意味的名词(在记叙、描写文体中出现较多)往往可以转译成动词。如:

1)The sight and sound of our jet planes filled me with special longing. (看到我们的喷气式飞机,听见隆隆的机声,令我特别神往。)

2)A glance through his office window offers a panoramic view of the Washington Monument and the Lincoln Memorial. (从他的办公室窗口可以一眼看到华盛顿纪念碑和林肯纪念馆的全景。)

3. 英语中有些加后缀-er的名词,如teacher教师,thinker思想家等等,有时在句中并不指其身份和职业,而是含有较强的动作意味,在汉语中没有恰当的对应名词时,往往可以译成动词。如:

1)I am afraid I can't teach you swimming. I think my little brother is a better teacher than I. (我未必会教你游泳。我想我的小弟弟比我教得好。)

2)Talking with his son, the old man was the forgiver of the young man's past wrong doings. (在和儿子谈话时,老人宽恕了年轻人过去所干的坏事。)

4. 作为习语主体的名词往往可以转译成动词,如:

1)They took a final look at Iron Mike, still intact in the darkness.

他们最后看了铁麦克一眼——它依旧安然无恙地耸立在黑暗中。

2)The next news bulletin, shorter than usual, made no mention of the demonstration.

下一个新闻节目比通常短,没有提到游行。

(二)介词转译成动词

1)"Coming!” Away she skimmed over the lawn, up the path, up the steps, across the veranda, and into the porch.

"来啦!"她转身蹦跳着越过草地,跑上小径,跨上台阶,穿过凉台,进了门廊。2)I barreled straight ahead, across the harbor and out over the sea.

我笔直向前高速飞行,越过港口,飞临海面。

(三)形容词转译成动词

英语中表示知觉、情绪、欲望等心理状态的形容词,在系动词后作表语用时,往往可转译成动词。如:confident, certain, careful, cautious, angry, sure, ignorant, afraid, doubtful, aware, concerned, glad, delighted, sorry, ashamed, thankful, anxious等。

1)Doctors have said that they are not sure they can save his life.

医生们说他们不敢肯定能否救得了他的命。

2)The fact that she was able to send a message was a hint. But I had to be cautious.

她能够给我带个信儿这件事就是个暗示。但是我必须小心谨慎。

(四)副词转译成动词

1)That day he was up before sunrise.

那天他在日出以前就起来了。

2)She opened the window to let fresh air in.

她把窗子打开,让新鲜空气进来。

二、转译成名词

(一)英语中很多由名词派生的动词,以及由名词转用的动词,在汉语中往往不易找到相应的动词,这时可将其转译成汉语名词。

1. 名词派生的动词

1)Formality has always characterized their relationship.

他们之间的关系,有一个特点,就是以礼相待。

2)To them, he personified the absolute power.

在他们看来,他就是绝对权威的化身。

2. 名词转用的动词

1)Most . spy satellites are designed to burn up in the earth's atmosphere after completing their missions.

美国绝大多数间谍卫星,按其设计,是在完成使命后,在大气层中焚毁。

(二)有些英语被动式句子中的动词,可以译成"受(遭)到……+名词"、"予(加)以+名词"这类结构。如:

Satellites, however, must be closely watched, for they are constantly being tugged at by the gravitational attraction of the sun, moon and earth. (由于经常受到太阳、月亮以及地球引力的影响,卫星活动必须加以密切的观察。)

(三)形容词转译成名词

1. 英语中有些形容词加上定冠词表示某一类的人,汉译时常译成名词。如:

1)They did their best to help the sick and the wounded.

他们尽了最大的努力帮助病号和伤员。

2)Robin Hood and his merry men hated the rich and loved and protected the poor.

罗宾汉和他的伙伴们痛恨阔人,热爱并保护穷人。

2. 此外,根据情况还有些形容词可以译成名词。如:

1)Stevenson was eloquent and elegant——but soft.

史蒂文森有口才、有风度,但很软弱。

2)They were considered insincere.

他们被人认为是伪君子。

三、转译成形容词

(一)形容词派生的名词往往可以转译成形容词。

1. The pallor of her face indicated clearly how she was feeling at the moment.

她苍白的脸色清楚地表明了她那时的情绪。

2. The security and warmth of the destroyer's sick bay were wonderful.

驱逐舰的病室很安全也很温暖,好极了。

3. He talked for some time with Bundy, and his questions reflected the enormity of his doubts.

他同邦迪谈了一会,他提出的问题反映出他有很大的怀疑。

(二)有些名词加不定冠词作表语时,往往可以转译成形容词。如:

1)The blockade was a success.

封锁很成功。

2)As he is a perfect stranger in the city, I hope you will give him the necessary help.

他对这城市完全陌生,所以我希望你能给他必要的帮助。

3)Independent thinking is an absolute necessity in study.

独立思考对学习是绝对必需的。

四、其他词类转译

(一)形容词与副词的互相转译

1. 英语名词译成汉语动词时,修饰该名词的形容词往往转译成汉语副词。如:

1)Occasionally a drizzle came down, and the intermittent flashes of lightening made us turn apprehensive glances toward Zero.

偶尔下一点毛毛雨,断断续续的闪电使得我们不时忧虑地朝着零区方向望去。2)It was a clear and unemotional exposition of the President's reasons for willing to begin a Chinese-American dialogue.

这篇发言清楚明白、心平气和地说明了总统希望开始中美对话的原因。

2. 英语动词译成汉语名词时,修饰该动词的副词往往转译成形容词。如:

1)He routinely radioed another agent on the ground.

他跟另一个地勤人员进行了例行的无线电联络。

2)The President had prepared meticulously for his journey.

总统为这次出访作了十分周密的准备。

3. 由于英汉两种语言表达方式不同,还有一些英语形容词可译为汉语副词。如:

1)This is sheer nonsense. (这完全是胡说。)

2)Buckley was in a clear minority. (巴克利显然属于少数。)

3)By dialing the right number, you may be able to select a play, golf lesson or lecture in physics, from a pretaped library in a remote city, for showing on your home screen.

只要拨对了号码,你就可以在家里电视机上选看到有远方城市一座图书馆发出的预先录制的一出戏、一堂打高尔夫球的讲课,或者一次物理学演讲。

(二)名词与副词的互相转译

1. 名词转译成副词

1)When he catches a glimpse of a potential antagonist, his instinct is to win him over with

charm and humor.

只要一发现有可能反对他的人,他就本能地要用他的魅力和风趣将这人争取过来。2)The new mayor earned some appreciation by the courtesy of coming to visit the city poor.

新市长有礼貌地前来访问城市贫民,获得了他们的一些好感。

2. 副词转译成名词

1)They have not done so well ideologically, however, as organizationally.

但是,他们的思想工作没有他们的组织工作做得好。

2)He is physically weak but mentally sound.

他身体虽弱,但思想健康。

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