高中英语完形填空技巧和方法

高考英语阅读理解题的特点及解题技巧

一、阅读理解题的选材与命题特点

近几年的高考英语试卷保持了“稳中有变，变中求新，立足语篇”的基本命题思路。在阅读理解方面主要考查考生理解主旨要义、理解文中具体信息、根据上下文推断词义、根据短文判断和推理、理解文章的基本结构以及理解作者的意图与态度等方面的能力。现以近几年高考全国卷I为例，谈谈阅读理解题的选材及命题特点。

1. 对语篇领悟能力的检测仍是高考的重点和基本点

高考英语阅读理解着重检测考生对语篇的整体把握能力、根据所提供的语境进行语篇分析的能力以及综合利用有效信息解决实际问题的能力。在近几年的高考中，涉及较低能力要求的事实性和细节性考题的比例虽呈上升趋势，但词义猜测、推理判断和主旨概括等深层次试题仍占很大比重。

2. 选材更趋多样化、现代化和生活化，突显语言与文化相结合的特点

就体裁而言，阅读材料所选择的文段涉及叙述体、论说体和应用体等多种文体；选材风格保静予连续性，既注重题材的多样化、现代化和生活化，又较为综合地反映了政治、经济、文化和生活的各个方面，贴近生活，贴近时代，体现了“语言是文化的载体”这一重要理念。

3. 适当降低读速及难度要求，提高试题的信息含量，体现新课程的理念

近几年阅读理解题的阅读量总体呈回落趋势，比如，2006年全国卷I的读速略有降低，但近年来阅读速率要求均在50---57wpm之间；难度系数适当降低，注重考查考生获取、分辨、整合、加工和表述信息的能力。

4. 阅读材料更趋于“原汁原味”，设问方式更加深入

阅读材料基本保留了其原有的语言风格，文章的展开不再是平铺直叙，而是兼有倒叙、插叙等多种方式；一词多义、熟词生义、多种时态的混用、结构复杂的长句、省略句以及插入语等语言现象比较常见。阅读材料的文化含量加大，文章的行文风格更具英语语言的特点，文章的遣词造句也更加地道，许多考生通常要反复阅读几遍才能读懂。

二、阅读理解题答案与干扰项关系的分析

正确的选项往往是命题人员把阅读材料的内容或信息用不同的语言形式再现出来。一般而言，答案项的设置有以下几种方法：(1) 选用原文中的词句；(2) 使用原文词句的同义词或相似结构；

(3) 使用原文词句的反义词或相反结构；(4) 答案项是对生词、长句或难旬的解释；(5) 答案项是对原文词句或段落的归纳、

推理或演绎；(6) 使用原文的上下义结构，如用“科学”涵盖“计算机、航天、发明、电子”等概念。

干扰项的设置通常有以下几种方式：

1. 张冠李戴

命题者把文章作者的观点与他人的观点混淆起来，题干问的是作者的观点，选项中出现的却是他人的观点；或者题干问的是他人的观点，却把作者的观点放到选项中去。

以2006年全国卷I第60题“The author planned to stop at Oklahoma City______.”为例。此题乍看C项“to pay at the cash register”和D项“to have more gas for his car”都对，因为原文中有这么一句“While I Was standing in line at the cash register，I said hello to an older couple who were also paying for gas”。很明显作者是停下来付款加油时，偶遇一对老夫妇并问好，似乎选项C和D本身都没错，但题干问的是“作者计划在俄克拉荷马市逗留的原因”，如果考生没有理解题干，就会误选C项或D项。正确选项应为A项“to visit

a friend”。

2. 偷梁换柱

干扰项用了与原文相似的句型结构和大部分相似的词汇，却在不易引人注意的地方换了几个词汇，造成句意的改变。

以2006年全国卷I第57题“It can be inferred that greyhounds_______. ”为例。此题乍看应选B项“like staying in bed all day”，因为原文中有这么一句“especially they would much rather be at home in bed than walking around outside”. 殊不知选项中加了“all day”，使意思绝对化了。正确选项应为D项“need some exercise outdoors”。考生若注意不到此细节的变化，势必造成失分。

3. 无中生有

干扰项往往是生活的基本常识和普遍接受的观点，但在原文中并无相关的信息支持点，这种选项的设置往往与问题的设问毫不相干。

以2006年全国卷Ⅰ第67题“We may infer from the last two paragraphs that______. ”为例。干扰项C项“English courses are necessary for foreign students”就是这种情况，而正确答案应为A项“different teaching methods should be used”。解答这类考题时考生还应注意问题中有无“In the author’s opinion”或“According to the passage”之类的限定语。

4. 以偏概全

考生在做猜测文章中心思想、给文章添加标题或判断推理题时，往往会犯以偏概全的错误。产生这类错误的原因是考生受思维定势的影响或考虑不周，以局部代替整体。其具体表现为合理关联与不合理关联、准确概括与不准确概括之间的错位。

不合理关联就是表层理解与深层理解相混淆。表层理解是对文章中客观事实的感知和记忆，往往是文章直接表述的结论；深层理解则是对文章中的客观事实进行逻辑推理、总结或概括后得出的结论。

例如，2006年北京卷第73题“What did Loftus find out from her research?”的正确答案为B项“People Can be led to believe in something false.”。而误选C项“People tend to forget their childhood e xperiences. ”的考生显然是根据文中“it came up with an account of their early childhood experiences… The researchers then changed this detail into a manufactured memory through leading questions”的信息得出的，但它只不过是表层信息，其对原文信息的转述并不全面。

不准确概括是指不能准确地按题目要求概括或提取文中的表层或深层信息。

例如，2006年全国卷I第69题“What is the text mainly about______.”的正确答案为D 项“Life after retirement”。干扰项A项“Learning to paint in later life”与C项“An artist turned teacher”极具迷惑性，但它们只是文章中的某个细节信息。考生如果不清楚细节信息与短文主题之间的关系，就容易犯概括不准确的错误。

三、阅读理解题的解题思路与技巧

解答阅读理解题的总体思路是：单句人手。语篇突破，着眼整体，归纳推断。一般有以下两种阅读顺序(P＝Passage，Q＝Question)：

(1) P—Q—P：即先看文章，后看问题，再通过阅读文章来解答问题。这是考生常用的按部就班的阅读方式。其特点是有利于考生把握文章的主旨和作者的态度。但采用这种阅读方式的考生往往阅读速度较慢，因此难以在阅读时积极主动地预测文章内容。

(2) Q—P—Q：即先将问题看一遍，然后带着问题去阅读文章，最后答题。其特点是针对性强，节省答题时间，比较适用于解答事实性和细节性的问题，但是解答主旨性和推断性问题的效果不明显。

P—Q—P方式或Q—P—Q方式的采用因人而异，无优劣之分。当然，题型不同，解题的方法也应有所不同。

常用的解题技巧有以下几种：

1. 正选法与排除法

正选法即根据所读材料内容从正面选择最佳答案。如果在有些情况下从正面选择答案有困难，考生则可以考虑选用排除法，即排除四个选项中的三个错误选项，那么剩下的选项即为正确答案。排除法是解答阅读理解题的常用方法，对于那些不合情理或荒谬的选项、与短文内容相反的选项、与短文内容不相关的选项、虽在短文中出现但答非所问的选项，以及不是问题的主要因素的选项等，都可以采用排除法。

考生可以遵循如下“三级思考”的方法排除干扰项：

(1) 如果干扰项明显与文章相矛盾，即为“误”，可以直接排除。

(2) 如果干扰项与文章内容不矛盾，但在原文中没有依据，这种脱离原文的“虚”的选项也可以排除。

(3)有些干扰项似乎很有道理，文中也能找到相关的依据，但它并不能完全满足题目的要求，未能以文章的主题、作者的思维模式为出发点，未能充分体现严谨性和最大的合理性，这种虽没错但不是最佳答案的“偏”选项也可以排除。

只要考生经过“是否矛盾? (误否) ——是否有依据? (虚否?) ——是否以偏概全(偏否?)”的逐级思考过程来分析和甄别每一个选项，那么解题的正确率就会得以提高。正确的答案应该是与原文意义一致的选项，或是经过“三级思考”仍不能排除的选项。请看2006年广东卷第64题：Which of the following is true about the working class?

A. They are often employed as skilled and semi-skilled workers.

B. They are often offered jobs with high incomes.

C. They are often considered lazy and dishonest.

D. They are often exploited by the public.

此题为事实细节题，可以采用排除法。由文章第一段第一、二句“Members of the working class have blue-collar jobs. They are construction workers, truck drivers, mechanics, steel workers, e lectricians, and the like.” 可知，蓝领阶层的薪水不高这个事实，据此先排除B项；由第一段最后一句“They consider themselves to be respectable and hard working and they look down upon members of the ‘lower’ class, whom they often consider to be lazy, dishonest, and too ready to exploit public assistance.”可知，蓝

领阶层是受人尊敬的、勤劳的群体，他们看不起那些懒惰、欺诈别人、依靠别人捐款生活的阶层，故排除C、D两项，正确答案为A项。

2. 定位法与跳读法

定位法即根据题干和选项所提供的信息直接从原文中找到相应的句子(即定位)，然后进行比较和分析(尤其要注意一些同义转换)，从而找出正确答案。跳读法即根据题干和选项所提供的信息跳读原文，并找到相关的句子(有时可能是几个句子)或段落，然后进行分析和推理等，从而找出正确答案。请看2006年湖南卷第71题：

…When she was st ill in her early 30s, publishing essays in such important magazines as Partisan Review, she appeared as the symbol of American cultural life, trying hard to follow every new development in literature, film and art. With great effort and serious judgment, Sontag walked at the latest edges of world culture.

The underlined sentence in Paragraph 1 means Sontag _____________.

A. was a symbol of American cultural life

B. developed world literature，film and art

C. published many essays about world culture

D. kept pace with the newest development of world culture

解答本题可以用定位法。与题干意思相近的句子是上一句“she appeared as the symbol of American cultural life，trying hard to follow every new development in literature, film and art”。许多考生误选了A项，他们忽略了原文中出现的“appeared as”，意为“似乎，好像”，增加了句意的不确定性。故D项为最佳答案。

3. 画图与列表法

画图法就是以时间、地点、事件或因果等为线索，找出关键词语，勾画出一幅完整、清晰的关于文章主题和细节的图示的方法。请看2006年浙江卷第48题：

How is the text organized?

A. In order of time.

B. In order of frequency.

C. In order of preference.

D. In order of importance.

在解答此题时考生只要列一个表(见下表)，按短文叙事的顺序展开故事发展的过程，正确答案就会一目了然。

Paragraph 1 Paragraph 2 Paragraph 3 Paragraph 4

look into the mirror have breakfast prepare children’s trip to space drive the car to work

另外，有些文章的信息点可能较为分散，涉及的内容比较多，此时考生若能恰当运用列

表的方法也会将难题化解。请看2006年安徽卷第61题：

What Elizabeth Taylor and Velvet Brown had in common was that they were both________.

A. popular all their fives

B. famous actresses

C. successful when very young

D. rich and kind-hearted

根据文章内容，考生可以列出以下四个相同的信息点(见下表)：

Information 1 When she started in National Velvet--the story of Velvet Brown, a young girl who wins first place in a famous home race. (短文首句)

Information 2 Her acting in National Velvet is still considered the best by a child actress. (第一段末句)

Information 3 After her success as a child star, Taylor had no trouble moving into adult roles and won twice for Best Actress. (第二段)

Information 4 Like Velvet Brown in National Velvet, she has been lucky: she has beauty, fame and wealth. (末段第二句)

Conclusion They were both successful when very young.

通过此表，考生可以清楚地得出本题的答案为C项。

4. 概括法与推理法

概括法指根据所读材料概括文章主题、要点、标题和中心思想等；而推理法则指根据所读材料的字面意思，通过语篇的逻辑关系以及各个细节的信息和暗示，推敲作者的态度，理解文章的寓意，悟出作者的言外之意和弦外之音。考生在运用推理法时首先要吃透文章的字面意思，从字里行间捕捉有用的提示和线索；然后再对文字的表面信息进行挖掘和加工，由表及里，由浅人深，从具体到抽象，从特殊到一般，通过分析、综合和判断等思维活动对文章进行深层处理以及合乎逻辑的推理。此时切忌就事论事、以偏概全，也不能主观臆想、随意揣测，更不能以自己的观点代替作者的观点。请看2006年浙江卷第55题：

According to White, why were the women surveyed more likely to use old computers?

A. Most office workers use old computers.

B. They do some of their work with computers.

C. Dealing with new equipment can cause anxiety.

D. They are easier to be satisfied with new technology.

文章最后两段提到，接受调查的三个国家的妇女更有可能使用旧电脑，而英国比法国和德国使用up—to-date computers的人更多，最后一段分析了其中的原因“continually having to deal with new technology can also be a source of worry…the frequent change of equipment is also, or could be，a main cause of dissatisfaction”。由此可以推断，不断更新的技术也会使人产生焦虑，导致负面情绪的产生，所以被调查的妇女更喜欢使用旧电脑。

5. 常识法与背景法

常识法是考生利用已有的常识进行识别和判断的方法。背景法与常识法相似，指考生充分运用所读材料的信息答题。请看2006年安徽卷第69题：

To cover a small piece of burning wood with a basin in order to stop the fire is all example of____________.

A. separating the fire

B. reducing the heat

C. removing the fuel

D. cutting off the oxygen

本题为一道常识题，考生根据自己学过的化学知识可知，燃烧要具备三要素：可燃物、氧气和温度，这有助于理解第二段首句“Since fuel, oxy gen and heat must be present in order for fire to exist, one or more of these things must be removed or reduced to extinguish a fire”的意思；另外，通过第三段内容“Another method of extinguishing fire is by cutting off the oxygen. This is usually done by covering the fire with sand, steam or some other things.”可以推断出：用cover的方法来灭火属于cutting off the oxygen的范畴。

四、备考建议

1. 理解与速度

考生要处理好理解与速度的关系。答题时要力求情绪平稳，不要一味追求速度而影响理解的准确性；不要拘泥于一词一句的理解；不要遇到不懂的地方就反复读，影响阅读速度。比较好的阅读方法是边看边想边理解。遇到生词或看不懂的地方先做个记号，继续看下去，因为一些疑难点往往会在下文中得到解决。

关于阅读速度，难度中等的文章应为每分钟60个单词左右；难度较低、生词不超过总词汇量20％的材料，阅读速度应为每分钟70个单词左右。一般来说，“超纲”而又影响阅读理解的词汇

都会用中文标出词义。只有保证了阅读的速度才有可能在规定时间内完成阅读、复读及答题的任务。

2. 阅读训练方式

在训练方式方面要力求多样化。常见的阅读训练方式有：掠读、寻读、精读和泛读等。在掠读、寻读时要掌握查阅的技巧。查阅时考生应迅速找到某一特定信息在短文中的位置，并以这个位置为中心，扩展到上文和下文，寻求正确答案。考生要学会用扫视的方法寻找信息。扫视时，眼睛要纵向而不是横向移动。运用扫视来扩大视觉范围能帮助考生又快又准确地捕捉到想要查找的信息。

考生应根据阅读目的选择阅读方式，调整阅读速度，合理分配阅读时间。

3. 生词处理

考生在阅读时一定会碰上生词或记不清楚的词汇。遇到这种情况时，考生可以通过上下文猜测词义。具体方法如下：

(1) 根据生词前后词汇的意思或整个句子的意思来猜测生词。例如：

The old man put on his spectacles and began to read.

根据句子后部分began to read可以猜出spectacle的意思为‘“眼镜”。

(2)根据语法知识和标点符号来猜测生词。例如：

They will be on the night shift---from midnight to 6 a. m. ---next week.

此句两个破折号之间的部分表明night shift是“夜班”的意思。

(3) 根据说明词义的定语从句来猜测生词。例如：

The type of meter is called multi-meter, which is used to measure electricity.

从上句中的定语从句可以推断出multi-meter是“万能表”的意思。

(4) 根据已知事实细节来猜测生词。例如：

The family had just moved and the young woman was feeling a little melancholy on that Sunday in May. After all, it was Mother’s day and 800 miles separated her from her parents in another state far away.

根据上下文的陈述，“刚刚搬家，远离父母，正好是星期天，又是母亲节，而两代人却天各一方”等事实，可以推断出年轻妻子当时忧郁、伤感的心情，并由此猜测出生词melancholy的意思。

(5) 学会只猜测生词的大概意思，而不必追求其准确含义。例如：

The Asian gibbon, like other apes, is especially adapted for life in trees.

在这句话中，考生只要猜出自gibbon是apes (类人猿) 的一种就行了，毋须知道其准确意思。

(6) 运用构词法判断生词的词义，也是提高阅读速度的一种技巧。考生可以通过已知的

词缀(包括前缀和后缀)和词根就能猜测生词的含义。例如，单词telescope由前缀tele (意思是far)和scope (意思是instrument for seeing or observing)构成，整个单词的意思是“望远镜”。为了熟练使用构词法知识猜测生词，考生在平时应多积累词缀以及词根方面的知识。4. 利用信号词进行预测和推测

在阅读过程中，为了既迅速又准确地理解文章的含义，利用信号词预测非常重要。信号词可以揭示句子内在关系或文章各部分之间的关系(见下表)。特别是在快速阅读时，它能帮助考生预测文章信息，提高阅读速度。

部分信号词及其所预示的信息

信号词预示的信息

however, on the contrary, although等信号词引出的内容是与上文相反的论述，或作者不同的观点

similarly, equally, also, besides, furthermore, in other words等下文与前面所讲内容相同或相似

for example, for instance等具体例证，说明上文中的论点

for one thing, on the other hand等下文还有另外一方面

in a word, in short等后面的句子是对上文的总结

actually, in fact, the point is …, a study survey found/ showed/proved that …等后面的句子往往是作者想要表达和强调的内容或观点

此外，在利用信号词进行预测时，考生还需注意以下三点：

(1) 遇到预示前后内容相同或相近，或者补充说明的信号词时，可以适当加快阅读速度，或借此推测生词的词义。

(2) 文中出现的频率较高的实词可以帮助考生确定文章的主旨大意。

(3) 出现代词I, we, my, our, 转折词but, however, yet，情态动词must, should, ought to, 连词although, though。其后所述内容与刚提到的内容相反，或暗示作者的观点和态度等信号词时，要放慢阅读速度，因为其附近的信息往往是命题和答题的主要线索或依据。

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