英汉翻译方法1——被动语态译法
被动语态的翻译
教学内容
?1、英语中常用被动语态的情况
?Why passive voice is used in English?
?2、汉语中被动意义的表现方式
?How the sense of “passiveness” is conveyed in Chinese
?3、英语被动语态的翻译
Memo
?Suppose a little boy broke someone’s window.
?1. Your son broke my window.
?2. The window was broken by your son.
?Notes: If the owner of the house wants to complain to the boy’s parent, he would say “1”;
?But if he just talks about the window and does not want to trace the responsibility of the incident he would simply say “2”.
?When the crude oil is obtained from the field, it is taken to the refineries to be treated. The commonest form of treatment is heating. When the oil is heated, the first vapors to rise are cooled and become the finest petrol. Petrol has a low boiling point; if a little is poured into the hand, it soon vaporizes. Gas that comes off the oil later is condensed into paraffin. Last of all the lubricating oils of various grades are produced. What remains is heavy oil that is used as fuel.
?When the crude oil is obtained from the field, it is taken to the refineries to be treated. The commonest form of treatment is heating. When the oil is heated, the first vapors to rise are cooled and become the finest petrol. Petrol has a low boiling point; if a little is poured into the hand, it soon vaporizes. Gas that comes off the oil later is condensed into paraffin. Last of all the lubricating oils of various grades are produced. What remains is heavy oil that is used as fuel.
?一、被动语态在英语中的运用
被动语态的广泛使用是英语区别于汉语的一大特点。这一特点在科技英语语体中反映得尤为突出。这不仅是因为被动结构比主动结构更少主观色彩，结构更简单，还因为有不必、不愿或无从说出施动者等情况的存在。
?1、不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁。例如：
Such books are written for children.
We haven’t been told about it.
The English evening has been put off till Saturday.
?2、出于礼貌措辞等方面考虑不愿说出动作的执行者是谁。例如：
You are requested to give a performance.
It is said that you were late for class this morning. Why were your late?
?3、无从说出施动者是谁。例如：
You’re wanted on the phone.
The problem is being studied.
Rice is chiefly grown in the south.
?4、为了便于上下衔接。例如：
He appeared on the stage and was warmly applauded by the audience.
Jack fought John in the men’s singles last night and was beaten.
幸亏一个渔夫救起了他。
“Fortunately, a fisherman picked him up.”
“Fortunately, he was picked up by a fisherman.”
?5、为了突出谈话的中心。例如：
The song was composed by a French musician.
The program was designed by ourselves.
?There is no grammar item of voice in Chinese, and the 被sentence is thought of as one of the special patterns. In many cases the sense of “passiveness” is often covet (unmarked) in Chinese, that is, the sense of the passive is implied in the active form. But they often have complements:
?房子盖好了。旧报纸卖了。肉切厚了点儿。练习做完了。计划想出来了。报告听完了。
二、汉语被动意义的表达方式
◆用词汇的手段来表现被动意义
例如：
1、“为”字结构“茅屋为秋风所破”
2、“被”字式——不幸语态“被捕”，“被剥削”，“被压迫”，“被杀”
3、“让”、”给”、”叫”、“挨”、“受”、“遭”、“蒙”
庄稼让大水冲跑了。
The crops were washed away by the flood.
叫你猜对了
You’ve guessed right.
4、“是……的” 表示静态的句子这些产品是我国制造的。
5、“……的是”
推荐我的是一位教授。
6、“……加以/予以”组成倒置的宾语结构
这个问题将在下一章加以讨论。
◆用词序手段来表现被动意义
1、受事者——动词
困难克服了，工作完成了，问题也解决了。
2、受事着——施事者——动词
我们在这里所讲的话，人们不会长久地记住。
三、翻译方法
◆翻译成汉语的主动句
1、“加以”,“经过”,“用……来”
2、增补泛指性的词语(人们,大家等)作主语
3、主语译成宾语
4、翻译成汉语的无主句（zero-subject sentences）
5、翻译成带“是……的”的主动句
◆译成汉语的被动句
1、汉语句中有“被”、“受”、“挨”、“遭受”等词
2、译成“为……所”的结构
◆译成“把”、“使”和“由”字句（causative structure使动结构）
◆翻译成汉语的主动句
◆“加以”,“经过”, “用……来” ，“可以用来”
●Perfumes may be made from the oils of certain flowers. Soaps are made from vegetable and animal oils.
有些花儿产生的油可以用来制造香水。植物油和动物油还可以用来制作肥皂。
●Nuclear power's danger to health, safety, and
even life itself can be summed up in one word:
radiation.
2.增补泛指性的词语(人们,大家等)作主语
It is generally accepted that the experiences
of the child in his first years largely determine
his character and later personality.
It could be argued that the radio performs this
service as well, but on television everything is
much more living, much more real.
?It is asserted that …有人主张……
It is believed that …有人认为……
It is generally considered that …大家(一般人)认为
It is well known that …大家知道(众所周知)……
It will be said …有人会说……
It was told that …有人曾经说……
It is announced that …据宣布说
It is predicted that…据预测，有人预测
It has been found that…已经发现
3.主语译成宾语
By the end of the war, 800 people had been saved by the organization, but at a cost of 200 Belgian and French lives.
4.翻译成汉语的无主句
Great efforts should be made to inform young people
especially the dreadful consequences of taking up the habit of smoking.
New source of energy must be found, and this will
take time….
5. 翻译成带“是……的”的主动句
The decision to attack was not taken lightly.
◆译成汉语的被动结构。“被”,“给”, “遭”,“挨”,“为……所”,“使”,
“由…”,“受到”等表示。
Early fires on the earth were certainly caused by nature, not by Man.
地球上早期的火肯定是由大自然而不是人类引燃的。
◆译成“把”、“使”和“由”字句
The famous hotel had been practically destroyed by the big fire.
?Microsoft chairman Bill Gates is inundated with up to four million e-mails a day - most of them junk.
?The English language is being destroyed by a "deadly virus of management speak" which has infected the mouths and minds of politicians like Tony Blair and George W. Bush, a leading UK journalist said recently.
?Palestinian Authority President Yasser Arafat, 75, the leader who passionately sought a homeland for his people but was seen by many Israelis as a ruthless terrorist and a roadblock to peace, died early Thursday in Paris.
?Arafat had been sick with an unknown illness that had been variously described as the flu, a stomach virus or gallstones.
?In 1994, Arafat was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, along with Israeli leaders Yitzhak Rabin and Shimon Peres, for their work on the Oslo accords, seen at the time as a breakthrough toward an independent Palestinian state and a permanent peace with Israel.
?In the factory, productivity has been increased by over 50 percent. The management intends to apply these same methods to office staff in order to reduce costs.
?现在，我厂的生产率已经提高了百分之五十以上。经理部（管理部门）拟在办公室职工中开展同样的查制度以降低成本。
?All suggestions should be sent to the Managing Director's office before the end of next month.
?请予下月底前将建议提交总经理办公室。
小结：被动语态的翻译
◆翻译成汉语的主动句
1、“加以”,“经过”,“用……来”
2、增补泛指性的词语(人们,大家等)作主语
3、主语译成宾语
4、翻译成汉语的无主句
5、翻译成带“是……的”的主动句
◆译成汉语的被动句
1、汉语句中有“被”、“受”、“挨”、“遭受”等词
2、译成“为……所”的结构
◆译成“把”、“使”和“由”字句
?When the crude oil is obtained from the field, it is taken to the refineries to be treated. 1The commonest form of treatment is heating. When the oil is heated, the first vapors to rise are cooled and become the finest petrol. Petrol has a low boiling point; if a little is poured into the hand, it soon vaporizes. Gas that comes off the oil later is condensed into paraffin. Last of all the lubricating oils of various grades are produced. What remains is heavy oil that is used as fuel.
?提示：crude oil: 原油condense: 浓缩
refinery: place where oil is refined
paraffin:煤油lubricate:给……润滑
参考译文
?油田打出原油以后，便送到炼油厂去处理。
?最普通的处理办法是加热。石油经过加热，最先冒出来的蒸气冷却后就是质量最高的汽油。
?汽油的沸点低，倒一点在手上，很快就挥发了。
?随后从石油分离出来的气体可以浓缩成煤油。最后产生的是各种等级的润滑油。剩下的便是重油，可以用作燃料。（庄译传：P168）
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英语被动句的翻译举例 英语被动句翻译为汉语时，应根据具体情况灵活掌握。 1. 用“被”、“由”、“受（到）”、“挨”、“得到”、“给”、“叫……给”、“让……（给）”、 “是……的”、“为……所”、“加以”等译成汉语的被动句。例如： 1）The door was mended by him. 门被他修好了。/ 门叫（让）他给修好了。/ 门是他修的。 2）He was praised（表扬）. But we were criticized（批评；责备）. 3）The machine is used by many people. 这台机器为（被）许多人所使用。 4）The problem must be studied carefully. 这个问题必须仔细加以研究。 2. 借助句中的状语等做主语，译成汉语的主动句。例如： 1）All kinds of drinks are sold in that supermarket. 在那家超市里卖各种各样的饮料。或：那家超市卖各种各样的饮料。 2）Table tennis is played all over China. 中国各地都打乒乓球。 3．按照英语句子的主谓顺序，译成可省“被”字的汉语句。例如： 1）His homework has just been done. 他的家庭作业刚做完。 2）The food has been eaten up. 食物已吃光了。 4．成汉语的无主句。例如： 1）Soon the news was received. 不久就收到了那个消息。也可译为：不久那个消息就收到了。 2）After a while, many people were seen to run out. 过来一会儿，看到许多人跑了出来。 5. 添加“有人”、“人们”、“大家”、“我们”等泛指的主语译成汉语。或译为“据……”。 例如： 1）He was seen to take the book. 有人看见他拿走了那本书。 2）Air is known to be a mixture of gases. 人们（大家，我们）都知道空气是一种气体的混合物。 3）She is said to know nothing about it. 据说她对这件事什么也不知道。 4）It is said that …. 据说…… It is well known that …. 大家知道……；众所周知…… It is believed that …. 有人相信…… It will be said that…. 有人（将）会说…… It was reported that…据报道…… 6. 改译成主动句。例如： 1）A new dress was made for me by my mother. 我妈妈给我做了一条新裙子。 2）I was given many nice presents on my birthday. 在我的生日那天，我收到了许多漂亮的礼物。
被动语态的译法(12)
第五章被动语态的译法 （教学安排：2课时） 第一节英语被动句的译法 英语中被动语态使用范围很广，尤其是在科技英语中, 被动语态几乎随处可见,凡是在不必或不愿说出或无从说出施动者以及为了便于连贯上下文或者为了强调动作的承受者等场合，往往都用被动语态。汉语中虽然也有被动语态，但使用范围狭窄得多。这是一种十分有趣的比较。有人统计，《水浒传》全书仅仅用了120格被动句，而例1计14个谓语动词，竟用了13个被动语态。 例1 原文：As oil is found deep in the ground, its presence cannot be determined by a study of the surface. Consequently, a geological survey of the ground rock structure must be carried out. If it is thought that the rocks in a certain area contain oil, a “drilling rig”is assembled. The most obvious part of a drilling rig is called“a derrick”. It is used to lift sections of pipe, which are lowered into the hole made by the drill. As the hole is being drilled, a steel pipe is pushed down to prevent the sides from falling in. If oil is struck, a cover is firmly fixed to the top of the pipe and the oil is allowed to escape through a series of valves. 译文： 英语被动句多数情况下译成汉语的主动句，只有在特别强调被动动作或特别突出被动句才译成汉语被动句。我们要选一种既符合汉语习惯，又保持上下文连贯的译法。 英语被动句的翻译主要有以下几种情况： 一、译成汉语主动句 1．原句中的主语、谓语不变，译文中没有表示被动的标志，如“被、把”字等，形式上是主动句，表达被动意义。 例2 原文：On Practice has been translated into many foreign languages. 译文： 例3 原文：The whole country was armed in a few days. 译文： 例4 原文：The sense of inferiority that he acquired in his youth has never been totally eradicated. 译文： 2．原句中的主语移到谓语之后，译作宾语。 例5 原文：Another middle school has been set up in our district． 译文： 例6 原文：1，200 people had been saved by soldiers in the earthquake. 译文： 例7
英汉翻译 之 合译法
英汉翻译之合译法 合译法多用于英语简单句的翻译，特别是两个或两个以上的英文句子共用相同的主语的时候，汉语一般不喜欢重复某一名词，或重复使用某一代词作主语，这这种情况下，往往将原文数句合译为一句。 This novel is of no great literary merit. It is merely a pot-boiler. 这部小说纯属胡编乱造，没有多大文学价值。 I wasn’t an enemy, in fact or in feeling, I was an ally. 无论在事实上，还是在情感上，我都不是他们的敌人，而是他们的盟友。 Confucius was a believer in moral action and in what we today call human development. He advocated the establishment of harmony within the social order. 孔子信仰道德的行为，信仰我们今天所说的人的发展，提倡在社会秩序内建立和谐。 Young people don’t hesitate to attempt one thing after another. Eager to experiment, they welcome new ideas. They are restless and alive and never satisfied. They seek perfection. 年轻人总是不停地探索，急于实验，乐于接受新的思想。他们充满活力，永不满足，追求尽善尽美。 有时候是为了行文紧凑、简练的原则而将两句或数句合并为一句来翻译； I was slow to understand the deep grievance of women. This was because, as a boy, I had envied them. 我迟迟未能理解女人的深切苦楚，因为我小时候曾羡慕过她们。 A man in a newish suburb feels that he has one foot in the city and one in the country. As this is the kind of compromise he likes, he is happy. 住在新郊区的人，觉得一只脚在城里，一只脚在乡下，非常开心，因为这种城乡妥协之地是他喜欢的。 Towards evening, the attack of the French slackened in its fury. They had other foes besides the British to engage, or were preparing for a final onset. 将近傍晚，法军的攻势逐渐松懈，或许因为它们除了英国人之外还有别的交战敌人，或许正在准备发动最后的一次总攻击。 Although the size of the task waiting to be carried out is daunting and there are many hurdles to be overcome, it would be wrong to end my address on a note of pessimism. Many countries have already made considerable progress in this regard. 尽管等待我们去完成的任务规模之大令人畏惧，尽管有许多障碍有待克服，但是以悲观的调子来结束我的发言是错误的，因为许多国家在此方面已经取得了长足的进步。 合译时，可充分发挥汉语标点符号的作用； Nine of the 13 children have never held a meaningful job, nor do they care to. Only one of
翻译方法和技巧之分译法、合译法
翻译方法和技巧之分译法、合译法翻译方法和技巧之分译法、合译法 Division & Combination * 翻译英语句子时，有时我们可把原文的句子结构整个保存下来或只稍加改变即可，但在不少情况下则必须将原来的句子结构作较大的改变。 * 分译法和合译法是改变原文句子结构的两种重要方法。 * 所谓分译法是指把原文的一个简单句译成两个或两个以上的句子。 * 所谓合译法是指把原文两个或两个以上的简单句或一个复合句在译文中用一个单句来表达。 * 一、分译法 * (一)把原文中的一个单词译成句子，使原文的一个句子分译成两个或两个以上的句子。 * 1.副词 They, *not surprisingly, did not respond at all. 他们根本不回答，这是不足为怪的。 * 2.形容词 * Chairman Mao might have spoken with understandable pride of his policy of “self-reliance”. * 毛主席在谈到他的“自力更生”政策时，也许有些自豪感，这是可以理解的。 * That region was the most identifiable trouble place. 那个地区是个麻烦的地方，这是大家很容易看到的。 * 3.名词
* A movie of me leaving that place would look like a shell leaving a rifle. * 我离开那个地方的速度之快，要是拍成电影的话，会像出膛的子弹一样。 * He shook his head and his eyes were wide, then narrowed in indignation. 他摇了摇头，双目瞪地圆圆的。 * (二)把原文中的一个短语译成句子，使原文的一个句子分译成两个或两个以上的句子。 * 1.分词短语 * She sat with her hands cupping her chin, staring at a corner of the little kitchen. * 她坐在那儿双手托着下巴，眼睛凝视着小厨房的一角。 * Sunrays filtered in wherever they could, driving out darkness and choking . the shadows 阳光射到它所能透过的所有地方，赶走了黑暗，驱散了幽影。 * 2.名词短语 * I wrote four books in the first three years, a record never touched before. * 我头三年写了四本书，打破了以往的记录。 * Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, a universal accepted law. * 能量既不能被消除也不能被创造，这是一条普遍公认的规律。 * 3.前置词短语
被动语态翻译题
被动语态练习题 1.我们希望你尽快完成那项工作。 2我们已在会议上讨论了那个重大的问题。 3.学生们经常在课上做那样的练习题。 4.明年他们将在这条河上建一座新大桥。 5.你的家庭作业做完了吗？ 6.这家工厂制作这种自行车。 7.上课之前我们必须交上数学练习本。
8.我们把这个房间当作会议室使用。 9.明天他们会完成植树吗？ 10.你可以早一点做完它。 11.我看见她从学校出来了。 12.她给了我一件生日礼物。 13.我们还没有担完水。 14.你能在两小时之内干完活吗？ 15.我从没听他说过关于这件事.
16.即使问题的确出现了，也可以轻易地得到改正或解决。 17.在全体工作人员的共同努力下，这项生产计划得以顺利实施。 18.人们重新发现了古代文明。 19.教授们因此得到了报酬。 20.人们预计直到2000年那个国家的失业率都会保持稳定。 21.必须立刻处理他频繁的逃课问题。
22.人脑与电脑的区别可以用一个词形容：复杂性。 23.从那以后人们通常认为它是一把双刃剑，就像人的克隆一样，在增加我们的财富以及给我们带来舒适的同时，其潜在的危险又让人们感到恐慌。 24.人们相信核能是我们这个时代最伟大的革新之一，然而人们又担心它会毁灭世界。 25.一种在世界范围内迅速传播的计算机病毒已
经感染了50000多台电脑。 26.大体上来说，人可以分为三种：一种是劳累至死的，一种是忧心至死的，还有一种无聊至死的。 27.总的来说, 得出这种结论是有一定把握的, 然而，必须具备两个条件：能够假定这个孩子与他的竞争能力对手对考试已经有着相同的态度；他也不会因为缺乏对手们已掌握的有关知识而被处罚。
合译法
Combination（合译法） 所谓合译法，是指把原文中两个或两个以上的词合译成一个词，将两个或两个以上的简单句合译为一个句子，或将一个复合句在译文中用一个单句来表达。英汉两种语言在句法结构上存在很大差异。英语重“形合”，连接词较为发达，句子结构层层包孕，句子在空间上呈大树型结构，长句较多。汉语重“意合”，句子与句子之间缺乏必要的连接词，积词成句，积句成章，流水句较多，呈线性排列，一句接一句，短句较多，句子结构呈竹竿型分布。另外，英语的后置修饰语有时很长，而汉语的修饰语一般前置，不宜过长。因此，为了符合汉语表达习惯, 也为了更清楚地表达原文意思，在翻译时需要对原来的句子结构进行调整，即适当改变原文结构。与分译法把原文的某个成分从原来的结构中分离出来，译成一个独立分句相反，合译法是将不同的句子成分组合在一起，用一个单句来表达，使其更符合汉语的表达方法。由于英语句子一般比汉语句子长，英译汉时切分用得较多，但是较口语化的英语句子也比较短，英译汉时有时也得用合并,故合译法多用于英语简单句的翻译，特别是两个或两个以上的英文句子共用相同的主语的时候，汉语一般不喜欢重复某一名词，或重复使用某一代词作主语，在这种情况下，往往将原文数句合译为一句。 Combination in E-C Translation （合译法在英译汉中的应用） A.Words （词的合译） This technique is used to integrate two words of close meaning into one expression. 词的合译是指把两个或两个以上的同义词合译成一个词，使译文清楚整齐。Examples: 1. You will supply financial power, and we’ll supply man power. Isn’t that fair and square? 译文：你们出钱，我们出人，这难道还不公平吗？ 2. His father is a man who forgives and forgets. 译文：他的父亲非常宽容。 3. Her son was wise and clever, but her daughter was silly and foolish. 译文：她的儿子非常聪明，可女儿却很笨。 4. He suffered aches and pains. 译文：他遭受百般疼痛。 5. He is a man of culture and learning. 译文：他是个很有学问的人。 Try to translate: 1. He was kindly, generous and obliging. 2. He was jealous and envious of his brother. He resented that his younger brother was so successful. 参考译文： 1. 他乐善好施。 2. 他嫉妒他弟弟，痛恨弟弟取得了这么大的成功。 B.Phrases (固定词组的合译) 英语和汉语各自有一套独特的语言表达系统。在英语中，词的粘合力和搭配力较强，一个动词往往可以同多个名词或多个介词搭配，一个介词也往往与多个名词搭配，构成不
英汉翻译方法1——被动语态译法
被动语态的翻译 教学内容 ?1、英语中常用被动语态的情况 ?Why passive voice is used in English? ?2、汉语中被动意义的表现方式 ?How the sense of “passiveness” is conveyed in Chinese ?3、英语被动语态的翻译 Memo ?Suppose a little boy broke someone’s window. ?1. Your son broke my window. ?2. The window was broken by your son. ?Notes: If the owner of the house wants to complain to the boy’s parent, he would say “1”; ?But if he just talks about the window and does not want to trace the responsibility of the incident he would simply say “2”. ?When the crude oil is obtained from the field, it is taken to the refineries to be treated. The commonest form of treatment is heating. When the oil is heated, the first vapors to rise are cooled and become the finest petrol. Petrol has a low boiling point; if a little is poured into the hand, it soon vaporizes. Gas that comes off the oil later is condensed into paraffin. Last of all the lubricating oils of various grades are produced. What remains is heavy oil that is used as fuel. ?When the crude oil is obtained from the field, it is taken to the refineries to be treated. The commonest form of treatment is heating. When the oil is heated, the first vapors to rise are cooled and become the finest petrol. Petrol has a low boiling point; if a little is poured into the hand, it soon vaporizes. Gas that comes off the oil later is condensed into paraffin. Last of all the lubricating oils of various grades are produced. What remains is heavy oil that is used as fuel. ?一、被动语态在英语中的运用 被动语态的广泛使用是英语区别于汉语的一大特点。这一特点在科技英语语体中反映得尤为突出。这不仅是因为被动结构比主动结构更少主观色彩，结构更简单，还因为有不必、不愿或无从说出施动者等情况的存在。 ?1、不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁。例如： Such books are written for children. We haven’t been told about it. The English evening has been put off till Saturday. ?2、出于礼貌措辞等方面考虑不愿说出动作的执行者是谁。例如： You are requested to give a performance. It is said that you were late for class this morning. Why were your late? ?3、无从说出施动者是谁。例如： You’re wanted on the phone. The problem is being studied. Rice is chiefly grown in the south. ?4、为了便于上下衔接。例如： He appeared on the stage and was warmly applauded by the audience.
翻译技巧合译法
Chapter 5 Combination（合译法） Part V Exercises 参考译文： A. Translate the following sentences into Chinese.（词的合译） 1. 千真万确？ 2. 她大吃一惊。 3. 这房间非常舒适。 4. 我们必须达到目的。 5. 这么做是对的。 6. 他在地震中安然无恙。 7. 这里严禁抽烟。 8. 他确实死了。 9. 我疲惫不堪。 10. 我们应该坦诚相待。 11. 他害怕得发抖。 12. 他们都认为这么做是公平的。 13. 这是一些宣传方法。 14. 这些吃的绰绰有余了。 15. 我讨厌这种拥挤的场面。 B. Translate the following sentences into English.（词组、习语的合译） 1. His room is always in a mess. 2. He is determined to turn over a new leaf. 3. Many people went hungry at that time. 4. He suddenly made some startling statements. 5. His report is nothing but some old stuff. 6. Don’t take this for miraculous cures. 7. There is no need for you to humble yourself. 8. He is a careless guy. 9. This is only a wishful thinking. 10. She always speaks in a low voice. 11. The picture is extremely enchanting. 12. I am not asking you to do anything wrong. 13 How can you kick down the ladder? 14. Great changes have taken place here. 15. He returned home with great joy. 20. Who told you to make such a fuss over nothing? C. Translate the following sentences into Chinese.（句子的合译） 1. 他会想念许许多多往事，许许多多朋友，也会想起玛丽。 2. 这个人很惨，身无分文，因为他所有的积蓄被窃。 3. 门没有上锁，詹妮走进去坐了下来，极度的衰弱几乎使她无力挪动她那红肿的双脚。 4. 她在家很忙，又要照顾孩子，又要下厨。
英汉互译的三种基本方法
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