[精文优选]历年托福词汇题汇总440题(有答案).doc

TOEFL词汇题精选440题

001.Mostoftheseleaderswereinvolvedinpubliclife asreformers,activistsworkingforwomen'srighttov ote,orauthors,andwerenot representative atalloft hegreatofordinarRwomen.

Theword"representative"isclosestinmeaningtowh ichoffollowing?

(A)tRpical

(B)satisfied

(C)supportive

(D)distinctive

002.IntheUnitedStates,LouisComfortTiffanR(184 3-

1933)wasthemostnotedeRponentofthisstRle,pro ducingagreatvarietRofglassformsandsurfaces,whi chwerewidelRcopiedintheirtimeandarehighlR pri zed todaR.

Theword"prized"isclosestinmeaningtowhichoffol lowing?

(A)valued

(B)universal

(C)uncommon

(D)preserved

003.TheArtNouveaustRlewasamajorforceinthed ecorativeartsfrom1895until1915,althoughitsinflu encecontinuedthroughoutthemid-

1920's.ItwaseventuallRtobe overtaken bRanewsc hoolofthoughtknownasFunctionalismthathadbe enpresentsincetheturnofthecenturR.

Theword"overtaken"isclosestinmeaningtowhich offollowing?(A)surpassed

(B)inclined

(C)eRpressed

(D)applied

004.Duringmostoftheirlives,surgeglaciersbehavel ikenormalglaciers,travelingperhapsonlRacouple ofinchesperdaR.However,at intervals of10to100R ears,theseglaciersmoveforwardupto100timesfast erthanusual.

Theword"intervals"isclosestinmeaningtowhichoff ollowing?

(A)records

(B)speeds

(C)distances

(D)periods

005.Theincreasingwaterpressureundertheglacier mightliftitoffitsbed,overcomingthefrictionbetwe eniceandrock,thus freeing theglacier,whichrapidlR slidersdownhillsurgeglaciersalsomightbeinfluence dbRtheclimate,volcanicheat,orearthquakes.

Theword"freeing"isclosestinmeaningtowhichoffo llowing?

(A)pushing

(B)releasing

(C)strengthening

(D)draining

006.AfloodoficewouldthensurgeintotheSouther nSea.Withthecontinuedriseinsealevel,moreicewo uld plunge intotheocean,causingsealevelstoriseev enhigher,whichinturnwouldreleasemoreiceandse tinmotionaviciouscRcle.

Theword"plunge"isclosestinmeaningtowhichoffo llowing?

(A)drop

(B)eRtend

(C)melt

(D)drift

007.Groupmemberslooktoinstrumentalleaderst o"getthingsdone."ERpressiveleadership,ontheoth erhand,isleadershipthatemphasizesthe collective well-beingofasocialgroup'smembers.

Theword"collective"isclosestinmeaningtowhicho ffollowing?

(A)necessarR

(B)tRpical

(C)group

(D)particular

008.TheRoffersRmpathRwhensomeoneeRperie ncesdifficultiesorissubjectedtodiscipline,arequickt olightenaseriousmomentwithhumor,andtrRto res olve issuesthatthreatentodividethegroup.

Theword"resolve"isclosestinmeaningtowhichoffo llowing?

(A)avoidrepeating

(B)talkabout

(C)avoidthinkingabout (D)findasolutionfor

009.ThousandsoftonswereeRtractedbefore1875, whenitwasfirst noticed thatthetarcontainedfossilr emains.MajoreRcavationswereundertakenthates tablishedthesignificanceofthisremarkablesite.

Theword"noticed"isclosestinmeaningtowhichoff ollowing?

(A)predicted

(B)announced

(C)corrected

(D)observed

010.Sincethen,over100tonsoffossils,1.5millionfro mvertebrates,2.5millionfrominvertebrates,have beenrecovered,oftenindenselRconcentrated tangl ed masses.

Theword"tangled"isclosestinmeaningtowhichoff ollowing?

(A)buriedbeneath

(B)twistedtogether

(C)quicklRformed

(D)easilRdated

011.TheasphaltatLaBreaseepstothesurface,especia llRinthesummer,andformsshallowpuddlesthatwo uldoftenhavebeen concealed bRleavesanddust.

Theword"concealed"isclosestinmeaningtowhich offollowing?

(A)highlighted

(B)covered

(C)transformed

(D)contaminated

012.Theoceanbottom---

aregionnearlR2.5timesgreaterthanthetotallandar eaoftheEarth---isavastfrontierthateventodaRislargelRuneRplore danduncharted,untilaboutacenturRago,thedeep-oceanfloorwascompletelR inaccessible,hiddenbe neathwatersaveragingover3,600metersdeep.

Theword"inaccessible"isclosestinmeaningtowhich offollowing?

(A)unrecognizable

(B)unreachable

(C)unusable

(D)unsafe

013.TheDSDP'sdrillship,theGlomarChallenger,w asabletomaintainasteadRpositionontheocean'ssu rfaceanddrillinverRdeepwaters,eRtracting sample sofsedimentsandrockfromtheoceanfloor.

Theword"eRtracting"isclosestinmeaningtowhich offollowing?

(A)breaking

(B)locating

(C)removing

(D)analRzing

014.TodaR,largelRonthe strength ofevidencegath eredduringtheGlomarChallenger'svoRages,nearl Rallearthscientistsagreeonthetheoriesofplatetect onicsandcontinentaldriftthateRplainmanRoftheg eologicalprocessesthatshapetheEarth.

Theword"strength"isclosestinmeaningtowhichoff ollowing?(A)basis

(B)purpose

(C)discoverR

(D)endurance

015.ForeverRthreeCanadiansin1945,therewereo verfivein1966.InSeptember1966Canada'spopulat ionpassedthe20millionmark.Mostofthis surging gr owthcamefromnaturalincrease.

Theword"surging"isclosestinmeaningtowhichoffo llowing?

(A)new

(B)eRtra

(C)accelerating

(D)surprising

016.Whentheprairieswerebeingsettled,undoubte dlR,thegoodeconomicconditionsofthe1950'ssup portedagrowthinthepopulation,buttheeRpansio nalsoderivedfroma trend towardearliermarriages andanincreaseintheaveragesizeoffamilies.

Theword"trend"isclosestinmeaningtowhichoffoll owing?

(A)tendencR

(B)aim

(C)growth

(D)directive

017.Afterthe peak Rearof1957,thebirthrateinCana dabegantodecline.Itcontinuedfallinguntilin1966,i tstoodatthelowestlevelin25Rears.

Theword"peak"isclosestinmeaningtowhichoffoll owing?

(A)pointed

(B)dismal

(C)mountain

(D)maRimum

018.AlthoughthegrowthinCanada'spopulationha dsloweddownbR1966(theincreasethefirsthalfoft he1960'swasonlRninepercent),anotherlargepopu lationwavewascomingoverthehorizon.Itwouldb ecomposedofthechildrenwhowerebornduringth eperiodofthehighbirthrate priorto1957.

Thephrase"priorto"isclosestinmeaningtowhichoff ollowing?

(A)behind

(B)since

(C)during

(D)preceding

019.Advocates oforganicfoods---atermwhosemeaningvariesgreatlR---frequentlRproclaimthatsuchproductsaresaferand morenutritiousthanothers.

Theword"Advocates"isclosestinmeaningtowhich offollowing?

(A)Proponents

(B)Merchants

(C)Inspectors

(D)Consumers

020.Therearenumerous unsubstantiated reportsth atnaturalvitaminsaresuperiortosRntheticones,tha tfertilizedeggsarenutritionallRsuperiortounfertiliz edeggs,thatuntreatedgrainsarebetterthanfumigat edgrains,andthelike. Theword"unsubstantiated"isclosestinmeaningto whichoffollowing?

(A)unbelievable

(B)uncontested

(C)unpopular

(D)unverified

021.ButinmanRcasesconsumersaremislediftheRb elieveorganicfoodscan maintain healthandprovid ebetternutritionalqualitRthanconventionallRgro wnfoods.Sothereisrealcauseforconcernifconsume rs,particularlRthosewithlimitedincomes,distrustt heregularfoodsupplRandbuRonlReRpensiveorga nicfoodsinstead.

Theword"maintain"isclosestinmeaningtowhichof following?

(A)improve

(B)monitor

(C)preserve

(D)restore

022.Inaddition,therewereperformersandsince co nsiderable importancewasattachedtoavoidingmis takesintheenactmentofrites,religiousleadersusuall Rassumedthattask.

Theword"considerable"isclosestinmeaningtowhic hoffollowing?

(A)thoughtful

(B)substantial

(C)relational

(D)ceremonial

023.Inaddition,therewereperformersandsinceco nsiderableimportancewasattachedtoavoidingmis takesinthe enactment ofrites,religiousleadersusuall Rassumedthattask.

Theword"enactment"isclosestinmeaningtowhich offollowing?

(A)establishment

(B)performance

(C)authorization

(D)season

024.Staggering tasksconfrontedthepeopleoftheU nitedStates,NorthandSouth,whentheCivilWaren ded.Aboutamillionandahalfsoldiersfrombothside shadtobedemobilized,readjustedtocivilianlife,an dreabsorbedbRthedevastatedeconomR.

Theword"Staggering"isclosestinmeaningtowhich offollowing?

(A)specialized

(B)confusing

(C)various

(D)overwhelming

025.Aboutamillionandahalfsoldiersfrombothsid eshadtobedemobilized,readjustedtocivilianlife,a ndreabsorbedbRthe devastated economR.

Theword"devastated"isclosestinmeaningtowhich offollowing?

(A)developing

(B)ruined

(C)complicated

(D)fragile 026.SomebotanistshRpothesizedthatthelivingcell sofplantsactedaspumps.ButmanReRperiments de monstrated thatthestemsofplantsinwhichallthecel lsarekilledcanstillmovewatertoappreciableheight s.

Theword"demonstrated"isclosestinmeaningtowh ichoffollowing?

(A)ignored

(B)showed

(C)disguised

(D)distinguished

027.Aswaterislostfromthesurfaceoftheleaves,ane gativepressure,ortension,iscreated.Theevaporate dwaterisreplacedbRwatermovingfrominsidethep lantinunbrokencolumnsthat eRtend fromthetopof aplanttoitsroots.Thesameforcesthatcreatesurface tensioninanRsampleofwaterareresponsibleforthe maintenanceoftheseunbrokencolumnsofwater.

Theword"eRtend"isclosestinmeaningtowhichoffo llowing?

(A)stretch

(B)branch

(C)increase

(D)rotate

028.BRopening vast areasofunoccupiedlandforres identialeRpansion,theomnibuses,horserailwaRs,c ommutertrains,andelectrictrolleRspulledsettledre gionsoutwardtwotofourtimesmoredistantfromci tRcentersthantheRwereinthepremodernera.

Theword"vast"isclosestinmeaningtowhichoffollo wing?

(A)large

(B)basic

(C)new

(D)urban

029.ThenewaccessibilitRoflandaroundtheperiph erRofalmosteverRmajorcitR sparked aneRplosion ofrealestatedevelopmentandfueledwhatwenow knowasurbansprawl.Between1890and1920,fore Rample,some250,000newresidentiallotswererec ordedwithinthebordersofChicago,mostofthemlo catedinoutlRingareas.

Theword"sparked"isclosestinmeaningtowhichoff ollowing?

(A)broughtabout

(B)surrounded

(C)sentout

(D)followed

030.AnRioustotakeadvantageofthepossibilitiesof commuting,realestatedevelopersadded800,000 potential buildingsitestotheChicagoregioninjustth irtRRears-lotsthatcouldhavehousedfivetosiRmillionpeople.

Theword"potential"isclosestinmeaningtowhichof following?

(A)certain

(B)popular

(C)improved

(D)possible

031.ThequalitRofpreservationis outstanding,but whatisevenmoreimpressiveisthenumberofichthR osaurfossilscontainingpreservedembrRos. Theword"outstanding"isclosestinmeaningtowhic hoffollowing?

(A)eRtensive

(B)surprising

(C)vertical

(D)eRcellent

032.IchthRosaurswithembrRoshavebeenreporte dfrom6differentlevelsoftheshaleinasmallareaaro undHolzamden,suggestingthataspecific site wasus edbRlargenumbersofichthRosaursrepeatedlRove rtime.

Theword"site"isclosestinmeaningtowhichoffollo wing?

(A)eRample

(B)location

(C)development

(D)characteristic

033.ThequalitRofpreservationisalmostunmatche d,andquarrRoperationshavebeencarriedoutcaref ullRwithanawarenessofthevalueofthefossils.Butt hesefactorsdonot accountfor theinterestingquesti onofhowtherecametobesuchaconcentrationofpr egnantichthRosaursinaparticularplaceverRcloset otheirtimeofgivingbirth.

Thephrase"accountfor"isclosestinmeaningtowhic hoffollowing?

(A)record

(B)describe

(C)equal

(D)eRplain

034.IntheseventeenthcenturRtheorgan,theclavic hord,andtheharpsichordbecamethechiefinstrume ntsofthekeRboardgroup,a supremacR theRmainta ineduntilthepianosupplantedthemattheendofthe eighteenthcenturR.

Thewords"asupremacR"inline9areclosestinmeani ngto

(A)asuggestion

(B)animprovement

(C)adominance

(D)adevelopment

035.Aseriesofmechanicalimprovementscontinuin gwellintothenineteenthcenturR,includingtheintr oductionofpedalstosustaintoneortosoftenit,thep erfectionofametalframe,andsteelwireofthefinest qualitR,finallRproducedaninstrumentcapableof mRriad tonaleffectsfromthemostdelicateharmoni estoanalmostorchestralfullnessofsound,fromaliq uid,singingtonetoaship,percussivebrilliance.

Theword"mRriad"isclosestinmeaningtowhichoff ollowing?

(A)noticeable

(B)manR

(C)loud

(D)unusual

036.EachonewasvirtuallRastonetown,whichiswh RtheSpanishwouldlatercallthempueblos,theSpani shwordfortowns.Thesepueblosrepresentoneofth eAnasazis'supreme achievements.Atleastadozenla rgestonehousestookshapebelowthebluffsofChiac oCanRoninnorthwestNewMeRico.

Theword"supreme"isclosestinmeaningtowhichoff ollowing?(A)mostcommon

(B)mostoutstanding

(C)mosteRpensive

(D)mostconvenient

037.TheRfunctionedassanctuarieswheretheelder smettoplanfestivals,performritualdances,settle pu ebloaffairs,andimparttriballoretotheRoungergen eration.

Theword"settle"isclosestinmeaningtowhichoffoll owing?

(A)sink

(B)decide

(C)clarifR

(D)locate

038.Then,toconnectthepueblosandtogiveaccesst othesurroundingtableland,thearchitectslaidoutas Rstemofpublicroadswithstonestaircasesfor ascend ing clifffaces.

Theword"ascending"isclosestinmeaningtowhicho ffollowing?

(A)arrivingat

(B)carving

(C)connecting

(D)climbing

039.WithinaverRshorttime,however,theincongr uitRofplaRinglivelRmusictoa solemn filmbecamea pparent,andfilmpianistsbegantotakesomecarein matchingtheirpiecestothemoodofthefilm.

Theword"solemn"isclosestinmeaningtowhichoff ollowing?

【参考借鉴】历年托福词汇题汇总440题(有答案).doc

优质参考文档 TOEFL词汇题精选440题 001.Mostoftheseleaderswereinvolvedinpubliclif easreformers,activistsworkingforwomen'srightt ovote,orauthors,andwerenot representative at allofthegreatofordinarRwomen. Theword"representative"isclosestinmeaningto whichoffollowing? (A)tRpical (B)satisfied (C)supportive (D)distinctive 002.IntheUnitedStates,LouisComfortTiffanR(1 843- 1933)wasthemostnotedeRponentofthisstRle,pr oducingagreatvarietRofglassformsandsurfaces, whichwerewidelRcopiedintheirtimeandarehigh lR prized todaR. Theword"prized"isclosestinmeaningtowhichoff ollowing? (A)valued (B)universal (C)uncommon (D)preserved 003.TheArtNouveaustRlewasamajorforceinthe decorativeartsfrom1895until1915,althoughitsin fluencecontinuedthroughoutthemid- 1920's.ItwaseventuallRtobe overtaken bRanew schoolofthoughtknownasFunctionalismthathad beenpresentsincetheturnofthecenturR. Theword"overtaken"isclosestinmeaningtowhic hoffollowing? (A)surpassed (B)inclined (C)eRpressed (D)applied 004.Duringmostoftheirlives,surgeglaciersbeha velikenormalglaciers,travelingperhapsonlRaco upleofinchesperdaR.However,at intervals of10t o100Rears,theseglaciersmoveforwardupto100ti mesfasterthanusual. Theword"intervals"isclosestinmeaningtowhich offollowing? (A)records (B)speeds (C)distances (D)periods 005.Theincreasingwaterpressureundertheglaci ermightliftitoffitsbed,overcomingthefrictionbet weeniceandrock,thus freeing theglacier,whichr apidlRslidersdownhillsurgeglaciersalsomightbe influencedbRtheclimate,volcanicheat,orearthq uakes. Theword"freeing"isclosestinmeaningtowhicho ffollowing? (A)pushing (B)releasing (C)strengthening (D)draining 006.AfloodoficewouldthensurgeintotheSouther nSea.Withthecontinuedriseinsealevel,moreicew ould plunge intotheocean,causingsealevelstoris eevenhigher,whichinturnwouldreleasemoreicea ndsetinmotionaviciouscRcle. Theword"plunge"isclosestinmeaningtowhichof following?

托福词汇题汇总(附答案)(部分)

TPO 4 indefinite period whose end has not been determined inhibit prevent, restrict in the same breath immediately do sth opposite rebound marked obvious, considerable; in danger principal trappings extra things TPO5 exhibit show facilitates makes easier suspended stop; hung afford offer overwhelming powerful implement tool undisputed acknowledged significant important relatively comparatively diversification promote encourage TPO6 exploited utilized vastly greatly grow accustomed to become used to retained maintained Cambrian rudimentary basic meticulously carefully endured survived virtually nearly plausible believable phenomenon occurrence critically fundamentally perspective viewpoint retrieval retrieve TPO7 caliber obsession with fixation on foster encourage sphere area diffuse spread profound far-reaching ritual ceremonial flee run away from objective purpose scores large numbers turbulent violent

历年托福阅读真题高频词汇收集整理(5)

历年托福阅读真题高频词汇收集整理(5) Key 关键的important Converted修改 changed Antecedent 先行的的，先辈predecessor Appealing吸引人的 attractive Local 场所place Boosted推进 raised Scope 范围extent Prolific多产的，丰富的 productive Eager 热心的，渴望的enthusiastic Engaged使用，雇佣 hire Subsequent后来的 later Sums 总数amounts Identical同样的 exactly alike Graphic生动的，鲜明的 vivid Undoubtedly 毫无疑问的certainly Components 组成部分parts Besides 除此之外in addition to Flourished繁荣，昌盛 thrived

Grumbled 抱怨，牢骚complained Serve服务，适合 function Sole 的only Detecting 发现finding Sedentary久坐的，不活动的 inactive Subjected 受影响的exposed Essence 本质，精华basic nature Diverse 不同的different Noted 注意到 observed Emphasize 强调stress Accessible易接近的，可靠近的available Account for 解释，说明explain Smooth operation 顺利进行 effective functioning Cluster 成群 group Alert 警惕 ware Scurrying 急跑，匆忙走rushing Formidable 艰难地，令人敬畏的difficult Intent 目的，意向 purpose Regardless of 不管，不顾no matter what Marked 显著地noticeable Confine 限制 restrict

历年托福词汇题汇总440题(有答案)

TOEFL词汇题精选440题 001. Most of these leaders were involved in public life as reformers, activists working for The word "representative" is closest in meaning to which of following? (A) typical (B) satisfied (C) supportive (D) distinctive 002. In the United States, Louis Comfort Tiffany (1843-1933) was the most noted exponent of this style, producing a great variety today. The word "prized" is closest in meaning to which of following? (A) valued (B) universal (C) uncommon (D) preserved 003. The Art Nouveau style was a major force in the decorative arts from 1895 until 1915, although its influence continued throughout the mid-1920's. It was eventually to be overtaken by a new school of thought known as Functionalism that had been present since the turn of the century. The word "overtaken" is closest in meaning to which of following? (A) surpassed (B) inclined (C) expressed (D) applied 004. During most of their lives, surge glaciers behave like normal glaciers, traveling perhaps only a couple of inches per day. However, at intervals of 10 to 100 years, these glaciers move forward up to 100 times faster than usual. The word "intervals" is closest in meaning to which of following?(A) records (B) speeds (C) distances (D) periods 005. The increasing water pressure under the glaciers also might be influenced by the climate, volcanic heat, or earthquakes. The word "freeing" is closest in meaning to which of following? (A) pushing (B) releasing (C) strengthening (D) draining 006. A flood of ice would then surge into the turn would release more ice and set in motion a vicious cycle. The word "plunge" is closest in meaning to which of following? (A) drop (B) extend (C) melt (D) drift 007. Group members look to instrumental leaders to "get things done." Expressive leadership, on the other hand, is leadership that emphasizes the collective well-being of a social group's members. The word "collective" is closest in meaning to which of following? (A) necessary (B) typical (C) group (D) particular 008. They offer sympathy when someone experiences difficulties or is subjected to discipline, are quick to lighten a serious

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词汇题练习—tpo1-7 1.The word “precious” in the passage is closest in meaning to a.Exact b. scare c. valuable d.initial Although limited to a skull, the Pakicetus fossil provides precious details on the origins of …… 2.The word “exposed” in the passage is closest in mening to a.Explained b. visible c.identified d. located Several skeletons of another early whale, Basilosaurus, were found in sediments left by…and now exposed in the Sahara desert. 3.The word “propulsion” in the passage is closest in meaning to a.Staying afloat b.changing direction c. decreasing weight d.moving forward The structure of the backbone shows, however, that it swam like modern whales by moving the rear portion of its body up and down, even though a fluke was missing. The large hind legs were used for propulsion in water. 4.The word “threatened” in the passage is cloest in mening to a.Restricted b. endangered c. prevented d. rejected The expansion of desert-like conditions into areas where they did not previously exist is called deserfication. It has been estimated that an additional one-fourth of the Earth’s land surface is threatened by this process. 5.The word “delicate” in the passage is cloest in meaning to a.Fragile b.predictable c. complex d.valuable The semiarid lands bordering the deserts exist in a delicate ecological balance and are limited in their potential to adjust to increased exvironmental pressures. 6.The word “progressively” in the passage is cloest in meaning to a.Openly b. impressively c. objectively d.increasingly The cultivation of crops has expanded into progressively drier regions as population densities have grown. 7.The phrase “devoid of” in the passage is closest in meaning to a.Consisting of b. hidden by c. except for d. lacking in Since the raising of most crops necessitates the prior removal of the natural vegetation, crop failures leave extensive tracts of land deviold of a plant cover and susceptible to wind and water erosion. 8.The word “readily” in the passage is closest in meaning to a.Frequently b. easily c. intelligently d. obviously Exhibitors, however, wated to maximize their profits, which they could do more readily by projecting a handful of films to a hundreds of customers at a time…. 9.The word “assistance” in the passage is closest in meaning to a.Criticism b. leadership c. help d. approval …with the assistance of Edison’s former assistant…… 10.The word “expanded” in the passage is closest in meaning to a.Was enlarged b. was improved c. was varied d. was rejected At the same time, the image that the spectator looked at expanded from the miniscule peepshow dimensions of 1-2 inches (in height) to the life-size proportions of 6 or 9 feet. 11.The word “out of sight” in the passage is closet in meaning to (A) far away (B) hidden (C) partly visible d discovered 12.The word “incredible” in the passage is closet in meaning to (A) confusing

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TPO4 inhibit=restrict 限制，禁止inthesamebreath=immediately 立即 indefiniteperiod=whoseendhasnotbeendetermined rebound=recovery 复原，重获 amarkeddegree=aconsiderabledegree 很大程度上principal=major 主要的 environmentaltrappings=environmentaldecorations accumulate=buildup 累积adjacent=nearby 临近的sloping=inclining 倾斜的foul=pollute 污染 TPO5 exhibit=show 展示facilitate=makeeasier 促进suspended=hung 悬浮的afford=offer 提供，支付的起overwhelming=powerful 有力的，强大的implement=tool 工具undisputed=acknowledged 认可的，无可争议的significant=important 重要的不定期的装饰 relatively=comparatively 相对地

diversification=emergenceofmanyvarieties 多样化promote=encourage 激励 TPO6 exploit=utilize 利用vastly=greatly 极大地，深 远地growaccustomedto=becomeusedto 习惯于 retain=maintain 保持rudimentary=basic 基础的meticulously=carefully 仔细地，严谨地 endure=survive 忍受，存活virtually=nearly 事实 上，几乎plausible=believable 可信的 phenomenon=occurrence 现象，发生的事件 critically=fundamentally 根本地 perspective=viewpoint 观点 TPO7 objective=purpose 目的 scoresof=largenumbersof 大量的turbulent=violent 暴力的obsessionwith=fixationon 痴迷于 foster=encourage 培育，激励sphere=area 范围diffuse=spread 传播 profound=far-reaching 深远地 ritual=ceremonial 仪式flee=runawayfrom 逃避 TPO8 massive=verylarge 大量的 pinpoint=identifyprecisely 精确描述，精确定位ingenuity=cleverness 精巧predominant=principal 主 要的cope=adapt 处理，适应 fluctuation=variation 变化，波动bombard=strike 敲 击，轰炸disruption=disturbance 干扰

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