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材料英文文献翻译

材料英文文献翻译
材料英文文献翻译

The development of plastic mould

China's industrial plastic moulds from the start to now, after more than half a century, there has been great development, mold levels have been greatly enhanced. Mould has been at large can produce 48-inch big-screen color TV Molded Case injection mold, 6.5 kg capacity washing machine full of plastic molds, as well as the overall car bumpers and dashboards, and other plastic mould precision plastic molds, the camera is capable of producing plastic mould , multi-cavity mold small modulus gear and molding mold. --Such as Tianjin and Yantai days Electrical Co., Ltd Polaris IK Co. manufactured multi-cavity mold VCD and DVD gear, the gear production of such size precision plastic parts, coaxial, beating requirements have reached a similar foreign the level of product, but also the application of the latest gear design software to correct contraction as a result of the molding profile error to the standard involute requirements. Production can only 0.08 mm thickness of a two-cavity mold and the

air Cup difficulty of plastic doors and windows out of high modulus, and so on. Model cavity injection molding manufacturing accuracy of 0.02 to 0.05 mm, surface roughness Ra0.2 μ m, mold quality, and significantly increase life expectancy,

non-hardening steel mould life up to 10~ 30 million, hardening steel form up to 50 ~ 10 million times, shorten the delivery time than before, but still higher than abroad,and the gap between a specific data table.

Process, the multi-material plastic molding die, efficient multicolor injection mould, inserts exchange structure and core pulling Stripping the innovative design has also made great progress. Gas-assisted injection molding, the use of more mature technologies, such as Qingdao Hisense Co., Ltd., Tianjin factory communications and broadcasting companies, such as mold manufacturers succeeded in 29 ~ 34-inch TV thick-walled shell, as well as some parts on the use of gas-assisted mould technology Some manufacturers also use the C-MOLD gas-assisted software and achieved better results. Prescott, such as Shanghai, such as the new company will provide users with gas-assisted molding equipment and technology. Began promoting hot runner mold, and some plants use rate of more than 20 percent, the general heat-thermal hot runner, or device, a small number of units with the world's advanced level of rigorous hot runner-needle device, a small number of units with World advanced level of rigorous needle-hot runner mould. However, the use of hot runner overall rate of less than 10%, with overseas compared to 50 ~ 80%, the gap larger. In the manufacturing technology, CAD / CAM / CAE technology on the level of application of a new level to the enterprise for the production of household appliances representatives have introduced a considerable number of CAD / CAM systems, such as the United States EDS UG Ⅱ,

the United States Parametric Technology Pro / Engineer, the United States CV CADS5 company, the British company DOCT5 Deltacam, HZS's CRADE Japan, the company's Cimatron Israel, the United States AC-C-Tech Mold Company and Australia's MPA Mold flow Mold analysis software, and so on. These systems and the introduction of the software, although a lot of money spent, but in our country die industry, and achieving a CAD / CAM integration, and to support CAE technology to forming processes such as molding and cooling, such as computer simulation, and achieved certain The technical and economic benefits, promote and facilitate China's CAD / CAM technology. In recent years, China's own development of the plastic mould CAD / CAM system has achieved significant development, the main guarantor Software Engineering Institute, is the development of CAXA, Huazhong University of Science HSC5.0 development of the system and injection mold CAE software, and so on, these Die of domestic software with the specific circumstances in the application of computer and lower prices, and other characteristics, in order to further universal CAD / CAM technology has created good conditions.

In recent years, China has been more extensive use of some new plastic mold steel, such as: P20, 3Cr2Mo, PMS, SM Ⅰ, SM Ⅱ, and the quality of life of mold has a direct significant impact on the overall use of the still less . Plastic Moulds standard model planes, such as standard putter and spring has given more applications, and there have been some of the commercialization of domestic hot runner system components. However, at present China Die level of standardization and commercialization in the general level of below 30 percent and foreign advanced industrial countries has reached 70 percent compared to 80 percent, still a large gap. Table 1, at home and abroad plastic mould technology comparison table,Domestic projects abroad cavity injection model accuracy of 0.005 ~ 0.010.02mm ~ 0.05mm cavity surface roughness Ra0.01 ~ 0.05 μ mRa0.20 μ m non-hardened steel die life 10 to 60 million 10 ~ 30 million hardened steel die life 160 ~ 300 million of 50 ~ 100 million hot runner mould overall utilization rate of more than 80 per cent less than 10 per cent level of standardization of 70 ~ 80% less than 30% of medium-sized plastic mould production cycle about a month 2 ~ 4 months in the mold industry in the amount of 30 to 40% 25 to 30% According to the parties concerned forecast, the market's overall vigorous mold is a smooth upward, in the next Die market, the development of plastic mould faster than the other Die, die in the proportion of industry will gradually improve. With the continuous development of the plastics industry, put on the plastic mold growing demands is a normal, and so sophisticated, large-scale, complex, long-life plastic mould development will be higher than the

overall pace of development. At the same time, imports in recent years because of the mold, precision, large, complex, long-life die in the majority, therefore, reduce imports perspective, in the mold of such high-end market share will gradually increase. The rapid development of the construction industry so that the various Profile Extrusion Die, PVC plastic pipe fittings Die Die market become a new economic growth point, the rapid development of highways, car tires also put a higher demand, radial tire Die, Die particularly active pace of development will also be higher than the overall average level of the plastic and wood, plastic and metal to make plastic molds in the automotive, motorcycle industry in the demand for huge household appliances industry in the "10th Five-Year Plan" period ave greater development, especially refrigerators,air-conditioners and microwave ovens, and other parts of the great demand for plastic moulds, and electronics and communications products, in addition to audio-video products, such as color televisions, laptop computers and set-top boxes will be given a wider network development, which are Plastic Mold market is the growth point.

China's industrial and technological plastic mould the future direction of the major developments will include: 1, raising large, sophisticated, complex, long-life mold design and manufacturing standards and proportion. This is due to the molding plastic mould products increasingly large, complex and high-precision requirements, as well as requirements for high productivity and the development of a multi-mode due. 2, in the design and manufacture of plastic mould fully promote the use of CAD / CAM / CAE technology. CAD / CAM technology has developed into a relatively mature technology common in recent years CAD / CAM technology hardware and software prices has been reduced to SMEs generally acceptable level of popularity for further create good conditions; based on network CAD / CAM / CAE system integration structure the initial signs of emerging, and it will solve the traditional mixed CAD / CAM system can not meet the actual production process requirements of the division of collaboration; CAD / CAM software will gradually improve intelligence plastic parts and the 3-D mold design and prototyping process 3-D analysis will be in our plastic mould industries play an increasingly important role. 3, promote the use of hot runner technology, gas-assisted injection molding technology and high-pressure injection molding technology. Using hot runner mould technology can improve the productivity and quality of parts and plastic parts can be substantial savings of raw materials and energy conservation, extensive application of this technology is a big plastic mould changes. Hot Runner components formulate national standards, and actively produce cheap high-quality components, the development of

hot runner mold is the key. Gas-assisted injection molding product quality can be guaranteed under the premise of substantially lower cost. Currently in the automotive and appliance industries gradually promote the use of the Chiang Kai-shek.

Gas-assisted injection molding of the ordinary than the traditional injection of more parameters need to identify and control, and its more commonly used in large, complex products, mold design and control more difficult, therefore, the development of gas-assisted molding flow analysis software It seems very important. On the other hand in order to ensure precision plastic parts to continue to study the development of technology and high-pressure injection molding and injection-compression molding mould and die technology is also very important. 4, the development of new plastics molding technology and rapid economic mold. To adapt to more variety, less volume of production. 5, and improve standardization of plastic mould standard parts usage. China's mold and die level of standard parts standardization still low, the gap between the large and foreign, to a certain extent constraining the development of industries in our country die, die to improve quality and reduce manufacturing costs Die, Die standard parts to vigorously promote the application. To this end, first of all, to formulate a unified national standards, and in strict accordance with the standards of production, secondly it is necessary to gradually scale production, to improve the commercialization of the standard of quality, and reduce costs again it is necessary to further increase the standard specifications of varieties. 6, Die application quality materials and advanced surface treatment technology for improving the quality of life and mold it is necessary. 7, research and application of high-speed die measurement technology and reverse engineering. CMM-use 3D scanner or reverse engineering is the realization of plastic moulds CAD / CAM one of the key technologies. Research and Application of diversity, adjustment, cheap detection equipment is to achieve the necessary precondition for reverse engineering.

塑料模具的发展

中国塑料模工业自从开始到现在,已经经过了半个多世纪,有了非常伟大的发展,模具水平有了很大的提高。在大型模具方面已经能够生产48英寸大屏幕彩电塑壳注射模具、6.5kg大容量洗衣机全套塑料模具以及汽车保险杠和整体仪表板等塑料模具;精密塑料模具方面,已能生产照相机塑料件模具、多型腔小模数齿轮模具及塑封模具。例如天津津荣天和机电有限公司和烟台北极星I.K模具有限公司制造的多腔VCD和DVD齿轮模具,所生产的这类齿轮塑件的尺寸精度、同轴度、跳动等要求都与国外同类产品的水平差不多了,而且还采用了最新的齿轮设计软件,纠正了由于成型收缩所造成的齿形误差,达到了标准渐开线齿形要求。还能够生产厚度仅仅为0.08mm的一模两腔的航空杯模具和难度较高的塑料门窗挤出模等等。注塑模型腔制造精度可达0.02~0.05mm,表面粗糙度Ra0.2μm,模具质量、寿命明显提高了,非淬火钢模寿命可达10~30万次,淬火钢模达50~1000万次,交货期比较以前来讲缩短了,但和国外相比较而言仍然有较大的差距,具体的数据请见数据表。

在成型工艺方面,多材质塑料成型模具、高效多色注射模具、镶件互换结构和抽芯脱模机构的创新和设计方面也取得了较大的进展。气体辅助注射成型技术的使用也更加趋向于成熟,例如青岛海信模具有限公司、天津通信广播公司模具厂等等厂家成功地在29~34英寸电视机外壳以及一些厚壁零件的模具上运用了气辅技术,一些厂家还使用了C-MOLD气辅软件,取得了很好的效果。例如上海新普雷斯等公司就能为用户提供气辅成型设备及技术。热流道模具开始推广,有的厂采用率达20%以上,一般采用内热式或者外热式热流道装置,少数单位采用具有世界先进水平的高难度针阀式热流道装置,少数单位采用具有世界先进水平的高难度针阀式热流道模具。但在总体上热流道的采用率还达不到10%,与国外的50~80%相比,差距较大。在制造技术方面,CAD/CAM/CAE技术的应用水平上了一个新台阶,以生产家用电器的企业单位作为代表,陆陆续续引进了相当多数量的CAD/CAM系统,例如美国EDS公司引进的UGⅡ、美国Parametric Technology 公司引进的Pro/Emgineer、美国CV公司引进的CADS5、英国Deltacam公司引进的DOCT5、日本HZS公司引进的CRADE、以色列公司引进的Cimatron、美国AC-Tech 公司引进的C-Mold以及澳大利亚Moldflow公司引进的MPA塑模分析软件等等。这些系统和软件的引进,虽然花费了大量资金,但在我国模具行业中,实现了CAD/CAM的集成,并能支持CAE技术对成型过程,如充模和冷却等进行计算机模拟,取得了一定的技术经济效益,促进并且推动了我国模具CAD/CAM技术的发展。近些年来,中国自主开发研制的塑料模CAD/CAM系统有了很大程度的发展,主要的有北航华正软件工程研究所开发的CAXA系统、华中理工大学开发的注塑模HSC5.0系统以及CAE软件等,这些软件具有适应国内模具的具体情况、能在微

机上应用且价格较低等特点,为进一步普及模具CAD/CAM技术创造了良好的条件。

近些年来,中国国内已经较为广泛地采用一些新的塑料模具钢,如:P20、

3Cr2Mo、PMS、SMⅠ、SMⅡ等,对模具的质量和使用寿命有着直接并且重大的影响,但是总体来说使用量仍然比较少。塑料模具标准模架、标准推杆和弹簧等越来越广泛地得到应用,并且出现了一些国产的商品化的热流道系统元件。但目前我国模具标准化程度和商品化程度一般在30%以下,和国外先进工业国家已达到的70%-80%相比之下,仍然有很大的差距。表一,国内外塑料模具技术比较表,项目国外国内注塑模型腔精度0.005~0.01mm,0.02~0.05mm,型腔表面粗糙度Ra0.01~0.05μm,Ra0.20μm,非淬火钢模具寿命10~60万次,10~30万次淬火钢模具寿命,160~300万次,50~100万次,热流道模具使用率80%,以上总体不足10%标准化程度70~80%小于30%中型塑料模生产周期一个月左右2~4个月在模具行业中的占有量30~40%,25~30%据有关方面预测,模具市场的总体趋热仍然是平稳向上的,在未来的模具市场之中,塑料模具的发展速度将远远高于其它种类的模具,在模具行业之中的比例将逐步提高。随着塑料工业的不断发展,对塑料模具提出越来越高的要求也是正常的,因此,精密、大型、复杂、长寿命塑料模具的发展将会逐渐高于总量发展速度。同时,由于近年来进口的模具之中,精密、大型、复杂、长寿命的模具占多数,所以,从减少进口角度这方面出发,这类高档模具在市场上的份额也将逐步增大。建筑行业的快速发展,使得各种各类异型材挤出模具、PVC塑料管材管接头模具成为了模具市场新的经济增长点,高速公路的迅速发展,对汽车轮胎也提出了更高要求,因此子午线橡胶轮胎模具,特别是活络模的发展速度也将逐渐高于总体平均水平,用塑料来代替木材,用塑料来代替金属也使塑料模具在汽车、摩托车工业中的需求量巨大,家用电器行业在“十五”期间将有较大发展,特别是电冰箱、空调器和微波炉等的零配件的塑料模需求很大,而电子以及通讯产品方面,除了彩电等音像产品之外,笔记本电脑和网机顶盒也将会有较大的发展,这些全部都是塑料模具市场的增长点。

中国塑料模具工业和技术今后的主要发展方向将包括:第一、提高大型、精密、复杂、长寿命模具的设计制造水平及比例。这是由于塑料模成型的制品日渐大型化、复杂化和高精度要求以及因高生产率要求而发展的一模多控所致。第二、在塑料模设计制造中全面推广应用CAD/CAM/CAE技术。CAD/CAM技术已发展成为一项比较成熟的共性技术,近年来模具CAD/CAM技术的硬件与软件价格已降低到中小企业普遍可以接受的程度,为其进一步普及创造了良好的条件;基于网络的CAD/CAM/CAE一体化系统结构初见端倪,其将解决传统混合型CAD/CAM系统无法满足实际生产过程分工协作要求的问题,CAD/CAM软件的智能化程度将逐步提高,塑料制件及模具的3D设计与成型过程的3D分析将在我国塑料模具工业中发

挥越来越重要的作用。第三、推广应用热流道技术、气辅注射成型技术和高压注射成型技术。采用热流道技术的模具可以提高制件的生产率和质量,并且能够大幅度节省塑料制件的原材料并且节约能源,所以广泛应用这项技术是塑料模具的一大变革。制订热流道元器件的国家标准,积极生产价格便宜质量还好的元器件,是发展热流道模具的关键。气体辅助注射成型可在保证产品质量的前提之下,大幅度降低成本。目前在汽车和家电行业之中正逐步推广使用。气体辅助注射成型比传统的普通注射工艺有更多的工艺参数需要确定和控制,而且其常用于较复杂的大型制品当中,模具设计和控制的难度比较大,因此,开发气体辅助成型流动分析软件,显得十分重要。另一方面为了确保塑料件精度,继续研究发展高压注射成型工艺与模具以及注射压缩成型工艺与模具也非常重要。第四、开发新的塑料成型工艺和快速经济模具。以适应多品种、少批量的生产方式。第五、提高塑料模标准化水平和标准件的使用率。中国模具标准件水平和模具标准化程度仍较低,与国外差距甚大,在一定程度上制约着中国模具工业的发展,为提高模具质量和降低模具制造成本,模具标准件的应用要大力推广。为此,首先要制订统一的国家标准,并严格按标准生产,其次要逐步形成规模生产、提高商品化程度、提高标准件质量、降低成本,再其次是要进一步增加标准件的规格品种。第六、应用优质模具材料和先进的表面处理技术对于提高模具寿命和质量显得十分有必要。第七、研究和应用模具的高速测量技术与逆向工程。采用三坐标测量仪或三坐标扫描仪实现逆向工程是塑料模CAD/CAM的关键技术之一。研究和应用多样、调整、廉价的检测设备是实现逆向工程的必要的前提。

英文文献翻译

中等分辨率制备分离的 快速色谱技术 W. Clark Still,* Michael K a h n , and Abhijit Mitra Departm(7nt o/ Chemistry, Columbia Uniuersity,1Veu York, Neu; York 10027 ReceiLied January 26, 1978 我们希望找到一种简单的吸附色谱技术用于有机化合物的常规净化。这种技术是适于传统的有机物大规模制备分离,该技术需使用长柱色谱法。尽管这种技术得到的效果非常好,但是其需要消耗大量的时间,并且由于频带拖尾经常出现低复原率。当分离的样本剂量大于1或者2g时,这些问题显得更加突出。近年来,几种制备系统已经进行了改进,能将分离时间减少到1-3h,并允许各成分的分辨率ΔR f≥(使用薄层色谱分析进行分析)。在这些方法中,在我们的实验室中,媒介压力色谱法1和短柱色谱法2是最成功的。最近,我们发现一种可以将分离速度大幅度提升的技术,可用于反应产物的常规提纯,我们将这种技术称为急骤色谱法。虽然这种技术的分辨率只是中等(ΔR f≥),而且构建这个系统花费非常低,并且能在10-15min内分离重量在的样本。4 急骤色谱法是以空气压力驱动的混合介质压力以及短柱色谱法为基础,专门针对快速分离,介质压力以及短柱色谱已经进行了优化。优化实验是在一组标准条件5下进行的,优化实验使用苯甲醇作为样本,放在一个20mm*5in.的硅胶柱60内,使用Tracor 970紫外检测器监测圆柱的输出。分辨率通过持续时间(r)和峰宽(w,w/2)的比率进行测定的(Figure 1),结果如图2-4所示,图2-4分别放映分辨率随着硅胶颗粒大小、洗脱液流速和样本大小的变化。

外文翻译 - 英文

The smart grid Smart grid is the grid intelligent (electric power), also known as the "grid" 2.0, it is based on the integration, high-speed bidirectional communication network, on the basis of through the use of advanced sensor and measuring technology, advanced equipme nt technology, the advanced control method, and the application of advanced technology of decision support system, realize the power grid reliability, security, economic, efficient, environmental friendly and use the security target, its main features include self-healing, incentives and include user, against attacks, provide meet user requirements of power quality in the 21st century, allow all sorts of different power generation in the form of access, start the electric power market and asset optimizatio n run efficiently. The U.S. department of energy (doe) "the Grid of 2030" : a fully automated power transmission network, able to monitor and control each user and power Grid nodes, guarantee from power plants to end users among all the nodes in the whole process of transmission and distribution of information and energy bi-directional flow. China iot alliance between colleges: smart grid is made up of many parts, can be divided into:intelligent substation, intelligent power distribution network, intelli gent watt-hourmeter,intelligent interactive terminals, intelligent scheduling, smart appliances, intelligent building electricity, smart city power grid, smart power generation system, the new type of energy storage system.Now a part of it to do a simple i ntroduction. European technology BBS: an integration of all users connected to the power grid all the behavior of the power transmission network, to provide sustained and effective economic and security of power. Chinese academy of sciences, institute of electrical: smart grid is including all kinds of power generation equipment, power transmission and distribution network, power equipment and storage equipment, on the basis of the physical power grid will be modern advanced sensor measurement technology, network technology, communication

论文外文文献翻译3000字左右

南京航空航天大学金城学院 毕业设计(论文)外文文献翻译 系部经济系 专业国际经济与贸易 学生姓名陈雅琼学号2011051115 指导教师邓晶职称副教授 2015年5月

Economic policy,tourism trade and productive diversification (Excerpt) Iza Lejárraga,Peter Walkenhorst The broad lesson that can be inferred from the analysis is that promoting tourism linkages with the productive capabilities of a host country is a multi-faceted approach influenced by a variety of country conditions.Among these,fixed or semi-fixed factors of production,such as land,labor,or capital,seem to have a relatively minor influence.Within the domain of natural endowments,only agricultural capital emerged as significant.This is a result that corresponds to expectations,given that foods and beverages are the primary source of demand in the tourism economy.Hence,investments in agricultural technology may foment linkages with the tourism market.It is also worth mentioning that for significant backward linkages to emerge with local agriculture,a larger scale of tourism may be important. According to the regression results,a strong tourism–agriculture nexus will not necessarily develop at a small scale of tourism demand. It appears that variables related to the entrepreneurial capital of the host economy are of notable explanatory significance.The human development index(HDI), which is used to measure a country's general level of development,is significantly and positively associated with tourism linkages.One plausible explanation for this is that international tourists,who often originate in high-income countries,may feel more comfortable and thus be inclined to consume more in a host country that has a life-style to which they can relate easily.Moreover,it is important to remember that the HDI also captures the relative achievements of countries in the level of health and education of the population.Therefore,a higher HDI reflects a healthier and more educated workforce,and thus,the quality of local entrepreneurship.Related to this point,it is important to underscore that the level of participation of women in the host economy also has a significantly positive effect on linkages.In sum, enhancing local entrepreneurial capital may expand the linkages between tourism and other sectors of the host country.

毕业论文英文参考文献与译文

Inventory management Inventory Control On the so-called "inventory control", many people will interpret it as a "storage management", which is actually a big distortion. The traditional narrow view, mainly for warehouse inventory control of materials for inventory, data processing, storage, distribution, etc., through the implementation of anti-corrosion, temperature and humidity control means, to make the custody of the physical inventory to maintain optimum purposes. This is just a form of inventory control, or can be defined as the physical inventory control. How, then, from a broad perspective to understand inventory control? Inventory control should be related to the company's financial and operational objectives, in particular operating cash flow by optimizing the entire demand and supply chain management processes (DSCM), a reasonable set of ERP control strategy, and supported by appropriate information processing tools, tools to achieved in ensuring the timely delivery of the premise, as far as possible to reduce inventory levels, reducing inventory and obsolescence, the risk of devaluation. In this sense, the physical inventory control to achieve financial goals is just a means to control the entire inventory or just a necessary part; from the perspective of organizational functions, physical inventory control, warehouse management is mainly the responsibility of The broad inventory control is the demand and supply chain management, and the whole company's responsibility. Why until now many people's understanding of inventory control, limited physical inventory control? The following two reasons can not be ignored: First, our enterprises do not attach importance to inventory control. Especially those who benefit relatively good business, as long as there is money on the few people to consider the problem of inventory turnover. Inventory control is simply interpreted as warehouse management, unless the time to spend money, it may have been to see the inventory problem, and see the results are often very simple procurement to buy more, or did not do warehouse departments . Second, ERP misleading. Invoicing software is simple audacity to call it ERP, companies on their so-called ERP can reduce the number of inventory, inventory control, seems to rely on their small software can get. Even as SAP, BAAN ERP world, the field of

计算机网络-外文文献-外文翻译-英文文献-新技术的计算机网络

New technique of the computer network Abstract The 21 century is an ages of the information economy, being the computer network technique of representative techniques this ages, will be at very fast speed develop soon in continuously creatively, and will go deep into the people's work, life and study. Therefore, control this technique and then seem to be more to deliver the importance. Now I mainly introduce the new technique of a few networks in actuality live of application. keywords Internet Network System Digital Certificates Grid Storage 1. Foreword Internet turns 36, still a work in progress Thirty-six years after computer scientists at UCLA linked two bulky computers using a 15-foot gray cable, testing a new way for exchanging data over networks, what would ultimately become the Internet remains a work in progress. University researchers are experimenting with ways to increase its capacity and speed. Programmers are trying to imbue Web pages with intelligence. And work is underway to re-engineer the network to reduce Spam (junk mail) and security troubles. All the while threats loom: Critics warn that commercial, legal and political pressures could hinder the types of innovations that made the Internet what it is today. Stephen Crocker and Vinton Cerf were among the graduate students who joined UCLA professor Len Klein rock in an engineering lab on Sept. 2, 1969, as bits of meaningless test data flowed silently between the two computers. By January, three other "nodes" joined the fledgling network.

外文翻译computerprogram英文.doc

Computer Program 1 Introduction Computer Program, set of instructions that directs a computer to perform someprocessing function or combination of functions. For the instructions to be carried out, a computer must execute a program, that is, the computer reads the program, and then follow the steps encoded in the program in a precise order until completion. A program can be executed many different times, with each execution yielding a potentially different result depending upon the options and data that the user gives the computer. Programs fall into two major classes: application programs and operating systems. An application program is one that carries out somefunction directly for a user, such as word processing or game-playing. An operating system is a program that manages the computer and the various resources and devices connected to it, such as RAM,hard drives, monitors, keyboards, printers, and modems,so that they maybe used by other programs. Examples of operating systems are DOS, Windows 95, OS\2, and UNIX. 2 Program Development Software designers create new programs by using special applications programs, often called utility programs or development programs. A programmer uses another type of program called a text editor to write the new program in a special notation called a programming language. With the text editor, the programmer creates a text file, which is an ordered list of instructions, also called the program source file. The individual instructions that make up the program source file are called source code. At this point, a special applications program translates the source code into machine language, or object code— a format that the operating system

3英文文献及翻译格式示例

哈尔滨工业大学毕业设计(论文) 英文原文(原文也可以直接将PDF版打印) ASSESSING CREDIT OR DETERMINING QUANTITY? THE EVOLVING ROLE OF RATING AGENCIES Lynnette D. Purda* This version: April 21, 2011 Abstract Over the past ten years, credit rating agencies have come under intense criticism from both practitioners and academics, first for their failure to identify problems resulting in bankruptcies at Enron and Worldcom and second for providing overly optimistic ratings for structured finance products. While many investors question the value of rating agencies in light of these criticisms, they have proven remarkably resilient. This paper provides a brief background on how rating agencies secured competitive advantages in evaluating credit quality. It then reviews the empirical evidence on the information content of ratings given these advantages. I argue that the information content of ratings stems from two intertwined sources: 1) information related to credit quality and 2) information related to the firm’s ability to access debt. Based on this evidence, I suggest that the dominant role for ratings today is as a benchmark for financial contracting. In this way, ratings remain influential in establishing the supply and demand of debt securities. 译文 评级机构的发展的作用评估信用还是决定数量? 本文:2011.4.21 摘要 在过去的十年,信用评级机构一直处于来自实践者和学者的激烈的批评中,首先他们未能发现问题,导致安然和世通破产;其次对结构性金融产品提供过于乐观的评级。虽然许多投资者因为这些批评对评级机构的价值提出了质疑,但他们仍然被证明是相当有活力的。这篇文章首先在评估机构如何在信用评级质量中获得竞争优势提供一个简单地背景介绍,然后考虑到这些优势回顾了一些信息内容方面的评级经验证据。个人认为信息内容的评级来自两种交织在一起(错综复杂)的来源:1)和信贷质量相关的信息;2)和公司获取债务资本能力相关的信息。以此为据,我建议当前评级的主导作用是作为基准的金融收缩。以这种方式,在建立债券的供应和需求方面评级仍然是有效的。 - -1

外文文献及翻译

文献翻译 原文 Combining JSP and Servlets The technology of JSP and Servlet is the most important technology which use Java technology to exploit request of server, and it is also the standard which exploit business application .Java developers prefer to use it for a variety of reasons, one of which is already familiar with the Java language for the development of this technology are easy to learn Java to the other is "a preparation, run everywhere" to bring the concept of Web applications, To achieve a "one-prepared everywhere realized." And more importantly, if followed some of the principles of good design, it can be said of separating and content to create high-quality, reusable, easy to maintain and modify the application. For example, if the document in HTML embedded Java code too much (script), will lead the developed application is extremely complex, difficult to read, it is not easy reuse, but also for future maintenance and modification will also cause difficulties. In fact, CSDN the JSP / Servlet forum, can often see some questions, the code is very long, can logic is not very clear, a large number of HTML and Java code mixed together. This is the random development of the defects. Early dynamic pages mainly CGI (Common Gateway Interface, public Gateway Interface) technology, you can use different languages of the CGI programs, such as VB, C / C + + or Delphi, and so on. Though the technology of CGI is developed and powerful, because of difficulties in programming, and low efficiency, modify complex shortcomings, it is gradually being replaced by the trend. Of all the new technology, JSP / Servlet with more efficient and easy to program, more powerful, more secure and has a good portability, they have been many people believe that the future is the most dynamic site of the future development of technology. Similar to CGI, Servlet support request / response model. When a customer submit a request to the server, the server presented the request Servlet, Servlet responsible for handling requests and generate a response, and then gave the server, and then from the server sent to

变电站_外文翻译_外文文献_英文文献_变电站的综合概述

英文翻译 A comprehensive overview of substations Along with the economic development and the modern industry developments of quick rising, the design of the power supply system become more and more completely and system. Because the quickly increase electricity of factories, it also increases seriously to the dependable index of the economic condition, power supply in quantity. Therefore they need the higher and more perfect request to the power supply. Whether Design reasonable, not only affect directly the base investment and circulate the expenses with have the metal depletion in colour metal, but also will reflect the dependable in power supply and the safe in many facts. In a word, it is close with the economic performance and the safety of the people. The substation is an importance part of the electric power system, it is consisted of the electric appliances equipments and the Transmission and the Distribution. It obtains the electric power from the electric power system, through its function of transformation and assign, transport and safety. Then transport the power to every place with safe, dependable, and economical. As an important part of power’s transport and control, the transformer substation must change the mode of the traditional design and control, then can adapt to the modern electric power system, the development of modern industry and the of trend of the society life. Electric power industry is one of the foundations of national industry and national economic development to industry, it is a coal, oil, natural gas, hydropower, nuclear power, wind power and other energy conversion into electrical energy of the secondary energy industry, it for the other departments of the national economy fast and stable development of the provision of adequate power, and its level of development is a reflection of the country's economic development an important indicator of the level. As the power in the industry and the importance of the national economy, electricity transmission and distribution of electric energy used in these areas is an indispensable component.。Therefore, power transmission and distribution is critical. Substation is to enable superior power plant power plants or power after adjustments to the lower load of books is an important part of power transmission. Operation of its functions, the capacity of a direct impact on the size of the lower load power, thereby affecting the industrial production and power consumption.Substation system if a link failure, the system will protect the part of action. May result in power outages and so on, to the production and living a great disadvantage. Therefore, the substation in the electric power system for the protection of electricity reliability,

英文文献及中文翻译

毕业设计说明书 英文文献及中文翻译 学院:专 2011年6月 电子与计算机科学技术软件工程

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