张汉熙《高级英语(1)》(第3版)学习指南【词汇短语+课文精解+全文翻译+练习答案】(Lesson

Lesson 10 “A More Perfect Union” (Part II)

一、词汇短语

1. pervasive adj. existing in all parts of a place or thing;

spreading gradually to affect all parts of a place or thing普遍深入的2. mortgage n. a legal arrangement by which you borrow money

from a bank or similar organization in order to buy a house, and pay

back the money over a period of years 抵押贷款，按揭

3. amass v. if you amass money, knowledge, information etc., you

gradually collect a large amount of it 积聚（尤指财富），积累，大量收集4. bequeath v. (formal) to leave (property) to another by last will

and testament; to hand down to posterity遗赠，遗留，把……传下去

5. erosion n. 1) the process by which the surface of something is

gradually destroyed through the action of wind, rain, etc.腐蚀，侵蚀；2) the

process of gradually destroying something or making it weaker over a

period of time逐步损害，削弱

6. blight n. anything that destroys, prevents growth, or causes devaluation 不良影响，打击

7. constricted adj. tight or narrow, limited or restricted 收缩的；狭窄的

8. languishing adj. to become weaker or fail to make

progress日趋衰弱的，苦思的，渴望的

9. humiliation n. a feeling of being ashamed or

stupid and having lost the respect of other people; the act of making

somebody feel like this羞辱，蒙耻

10. gin up v. to come up with; generate使形成，发生

11. pulpit n. an elevated platform of a high reading desk used in

preaching or conducting a worship service（教堂的）讲道坛

12. pew n. originally a compartment in the auditorium of a church

providing seats for several persons; now a long bench with a back, in a

church教堂内的靠背长凳

13. truism n. an undoubted or self-evident truth, esp. one too

obvious for mention真实性

14. squarely adv. 1) directly; not at an angle or to one side方形

地，直角地，四角地；2) directly or exactly; without confusion直接地，断

然地，干脆地

15. complicity n. association of partnership in or as in a wrongful act同谋，共犯

16. forging v. 1)to put a lot of effort into making something

successful or strong so that it will last锻炼；2) to make an illegal copy of

something in order to cheat people伪造

17. chasm n. a deep crack in the earth’s surface; abyss; any break or

gap; a wide divergence of feelings, sentiments, interest, etc. 深坑，裂口

18. dump v. to get rid of somebody/something or leave them for

somebody else to deal with倾倒(垃圾)，倾卸，摆脱，转嫁（责任等）

19. stagnant adj. not developing, growing or changing停滞的，迟钝的

20. zero sum adj. of, relating to, or being a situation (as a

game or relationship) in which a gain for one side entails a

corresponding loss for the other side零和的

21. bogus adj. not true or real, although someone is trying to make

you think it is 假冒的，伪造的

22. reverse v. to change something completely so that it is the

opposite of what it was before颠倒，倒转

23. counterproductive adj. having the

opposite effect to the one which was intended反生产的，使达不

到预期目标的

24. culprit n. (informal) the reason for a particular problem or

difficulty问题的起因，困难的起源；犯人，罪犯

25. lobbyist n. a person whose job involves trying to influence

politicians or the government and, for example, persuade them to

support or oppose a change in the law活动议案通过者，说客

26. legitimate adj. allowed and acceptable according to

the law合法的，合理的，正统的

27. grievance n. a belief that you have been treated unfairly, or

an unfair situation or event that affects and upsets you不平，不满，委

屈，冤情

28. succumb v. to not be able to fight an attack, an illness, a temptation, etc.屈服，屈从

29. quintessentially adv. in a way that represents

the perfect example of something典型地，标准地

30. audacity n. the confidence to say or do what you want,

despite difficulties, risks or the negative attitudes of other people大胆，

厚颜无耻，大言不惭

31. ail v. to cause problems for somebody/something折磨，使疼痛，使烦恼

32. Scripture n. (capitalized) the books of the Bible 基督教（圣经），经文

33. fodder n. people or things that are considered to have only one use

饲料，草料；（创作的）素材

34. pounce v. to move suddenly forwards in order to attack or catch

somebody/something突袭

35. gaffe n. an embarrassing mistake made in a social situation or in public

（在社交场合或当众）出丑，失言，失态

36. crumbling adj. breaking apart into lots of little pieces, or

making something do this破碎的；崩溃的

37. cynical adj. believing that people only do things to help

themselves rather than for good or honest reasons愤世嫉俗的

38. file v. to present something so that it can be officially recorded and

dealt with提出（申请等），把……归档，琢磨

39. mustard n. a thick cold yellow or brown sauce that tastes hot

and spicy and is usually eaten with meat芥菜，芥末

40. relish v. to get great pleasure from something; to want very much

to do or have something盼望，期待；享受，喜爱，品味

二、课文精解

1. Understanding this reality requires of a reminder of how we arrived at this point. (Para. 27)：reminder暗示；提醒的人/物。这里指的是要理解这一现实（种族的复杂性），我们需要知道种族关系是如何发展到今天这种境地的。

2.“The past isn’t dead and buried. In fact, it isn’t even past.”(Para. 27)：这句话是奥巴马引用的福克纳的名言。表示历史并没有消亡，它所带来的影响也没有消失，仍然可以为后人所看到。

3. ... under the brutal legacy of slavery and Jim Crow.(Para. 27)：这里的brutal legacy 采用了transferred epithet（移就）的修辞手法，表示遗留的奴隶制问题是残酷的。Jim Crow指的是在美国遭受不公平待遇的黑人，尤其指过去受法律限制不能和白人上一样的学校、去一些公共场所的黑人们。

4. ... meant that black families could not amass any meaningful wealth to bequeath to future generations. (Para. 29)：amass积累，积聚。bequeath遗赠，留传给……。在这里表示这意味着黑人家庭不能积累家产以传给后代。

5. ... and the concentrated pockets of poverty... (Para. 29)：这里的pockets of poverty 采用了alliteration（头韵）的修辞手法，表示“贫困集中的小块区域”。

6. ... and the shame and frustration that came from not being able to provide for one’s family, contributed to the erosion of black familys ... (Para. 30)：这里的erosion采用了metaphor（暗喻）的修辞手法，表示“逐渐毁灭”。即由于黑人男子缺乏经济机会，以及由于不能养家糊口而带来的耻辱和挫折感，导致黑人家庭解体。

7. How many men and women overcame the odds; How many were able to make a way out of no way for those like me who would come after them. (Para. 31)：odds 在这里指的是“让某事不可能成功的困难或条件”。make a way out of no way于无路之境开辟出一条道路来。即这里的意思是值得注意的不是有多少黑人面对歧视无所作为，而是多少黑人男女克服了这些困难，多少黑人仍然能够于无路之境为我等下一代人开辟出一条路来。

8. But for all those who scratched and clawed their way to get a piece of the American Dream... (Para. 32)：这里的scratched and clawed采用了consonance（尾韵）的修辞手法，表示“历尽艰辛”。即尽管有些人摸爬滚打、历尽艰辛成就了他们的美国梦，仍有许多人没有成功。

9. At times, that anger is exploit by politicians, to gin up votes along racial lines, or to make up for a politician’s own failings. (Para. 32)：exploit利用，开发。gin up votes在这里表示“收集选票，拉选票”。make up for补偿，弥补。即有时，这种愤怒会被政客们所利用，蛊惑选民结成种族阵线搜取黑人选票，或者用以弥补他们自身的败绩。

10. And occasionally it finds voice in the church on Sunday morning, in the pulpit and in the pews. (Para. 33)：find voice in表示“在……听到某种心声”。in the pulpit

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