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雅思阅读8月机经总结及解析

雅思阅读8月机经总结及解析
雅思阅读8月机经总结及解析

Bernice 雅思阅读8月机经总结及解析

8月2日

考试分析:8月的第一场考试似乎并不怎么友善,三篇文章都是新题,题材方面涉及文史,自然和社会科学,不了解相关背景的同学可能会感觉相当吃力。在题型方面,段落信息配对依然不出意料地出现在了试卷上,也再一次提醒大家在课堂上说过的“三座大山”需要重点练习。本次考试判断和选择成了题型中的主力,尤其是选择,两篇文章都出现了选择题,而且还有文章主旨单选题来凑热闹。要想拿下雅思阅读并取得好成绩,搞定选择题成了现在的趋势,希望烤鸭们平时多多练习。

文章分析:

8月9日

本次雅思阅读考试再现3新格局,三篇文章均为新题,文章题材涉及文史,社会科学,难度较大。

在题型方面,主旨配对和人名理论配对依旧是重点也是难点。相比而言,本次考试判断和填空成了题型中的主力,尤其是填空,三篇文章都出现了填空题,而且第三篇文章还出现了有词库的摘要填空。希望烤鸭们平时一定要多多练习高频题型,熟练把握并且控制做题节奏。

在话题方面,2014年以来,人文话题较往年居多,本年已考过绘画与个性的关系,博物馆,音乐,海岸雕塑和艺术的定义等,本次考试又考到了艺术话题。建议烤鸭们平时增加对此类话题的文章的补充阅读;另外本年不止一定考到了新西兰的相关内容,本年已考过了除澳大利亚的古生物灭绝,更有新西兰的纺织业,木材产业,全球变暖,本次考试又涉及到了新西兰的路。建议烤鸭们多关注新西兰以及澳洲的一些科普内容。

8月16日

本场雅思阅读考试难度不大。

1.从话题来看,本场考试的话题有,动物和全球化,心理,都为旧话题,可以参考剑桥真题的相关文章。

2.从考试题型来看,涉及到摘要填空,是非无判断,段落细节信息匹配,单选和流程图填空。其中判断题和摘要填空所占比重较大。建议烤鸭们在备考时一定要注意对高频题型的熟练度,速度的把控和正确率的提升,流程图填空是雅思阅读的送分题,提醒考生合理分配时间,先易后难,抓住基本分数。

8月21日

考试分析: 本次考试难度不大。从文章类型上看,第一篇属发展史类,以时间为序,是很容易follow的文章;第二篇属环境类,是考生较为熟悉的内容;第三篇经管类,虽然稍嫌陌生,但内容不算太抽象。从题型来看,判断和填空几半占了一半,然后是选择;匹配题有两组,但都属于容易的配对,没有许多考生都发怵的标题配对和段落信息配对。

文章简介:第一篇属人类重大发展史类,讲咖啡馆的变迁史;第二篇属环境类,讲全球变暖对动物的影响;第三篇属经管类,讲述科学家对员工激励机制的研究。篇章分析:

2012.9.1雅思阅读机经

2012年9月1日的雅思考试过后,环球雅思也在第一时间整理了完整的2012年9月1日雅思阅读机经,在此次的雅思阅读考试的三篇文章中,其中比较典型的几个题型的TRUE\FALSE\NOT GIVEN、Complete table、多选题、Sentence completion的出题比例依旧比较稳定,可以看到判断TRUE\FALSE\NOT GIVEN还是2012年9月1日雅思阅读机经中的重头戏。 考试日期:2012年9月1日 Reading Passage 1 Title:Man and Machine Question types:段落细节信息配对题填空题summary 文章内容 回顾 关于机器人的,MIT和日本的一些研究 英文原文阅读Types of Robots Humanoid Entertainment Robots ASIMO, manufactured by Honda QRIO, by Sony HOAP(*1) Robot Series (Humanoid for Open Architecture Platform), Manufactured by Fujitsu Toyota Partner Robot, manufactured by Toyota. EMIEW, by Hitachi

Androids Androids are robots designed to strongly resemble humans. Actroid, a realistic female robot demonstrated most prominently at Expo 2005 in Japan Hanako, a humanoid robot designed for dentist training HRP-4C, a humanoid robot with a realistic head and the average figure of a young Japanese female Animal (four legged) robots Aibo playing with kids AIBO is a commercial robotic dog manufactured by Sony Electronics. Social robots PaPeRo Paro, a robot baby seal intended for therapeutic purposes Wakamaru Guard robots Guardrobo D1 is manufactured by Sohgo Security Services. Banryu, manufactured by Sanyo and TMSUK. Domestic robots SmartPal V, manufactured by Yaskawa Electric

雅思阅读笔记 2

雅思阅读笔记 雅思考试介绍 ?考试流程 听---10m---读---写 口 ?评分和评分的地域差异性 ?Academic reading评分 ?5分(正确题数15-19个); 5.5分(正确题数20-22个); 6分(正确题数23-25个); 6.5分(正确题数26-29个); 7分(正确题数30-32个); 7.5分(正确题数33-35个); 8分(正确题数36-37个); 8.5分(正确题数38-39个); ?雅思阅读考什么? ?话题列举: 健康与医学建筑学心理学语言学教育学地质学动物植物昆虫学科技发展历史新科技工商管理交通与城市发展人力资源管理科技与环境自然资源保护科学实验(empirical based research) ?雅思阅读考什么 ?题型广泛 ?词汇范围 有用的网站 https://www.sodocs.net/doc/3412093914.html, https://www.sodocs.net/doc/3412093914.html,

?https://www.sodocs.net/doc/3412093914.html, ?https://www.sodocs.net/doc/3412093914.html, C: In the late 1940s the World health Organization challenged this physically and medically oriented view of health. They state that “health is a complete state of physical, mental, and social well-being and is not merely the absence of disease”(WHO, 1946) E: the fundamental conditions and resources for health are peace , shelter, education, food, a viable income, a stable eco-system, sustainable resources, social justice and equity. Improvement in health requires a secure foundation in these basic requirements. (WHO, 1986) ?题目 ?In which year did the World Health Organization define health in terms of mental, physical, and social well-being? ?什么样的词,不可以做定位词 ?本文的主题词 ?其他的在本文里可能会多次出现的词 ?介词,连词,冠词,一般情况下不可以; ?填空(三个字以内):The passage compares the Project in scale to the ____________________.(填入不超过三个单词。) ?In search of the holy grail it has been called the Holy grail of modern biology. Costing more than $2 billion, it is the most ambitious scientific project since the Apollo program that landed a man on the moon. And it will take longer to accomplish than the lunar missions, for it will no be complete until early next century. Even before it is finished, according to those involved, this project should open up new understanding of , and new treatment for, many of the ailments that afflict humanity ?Summary填空 ?-Fact – make Factory manufacturer ?做题原则 ?大胆预测;小心求证 ?Summary的做题步骤

雅思阅读技巧-绝对经典!.

重点阅读背景(自然科学类): ?Environment (10/3) Pollution/exhaust 1.世界3大污染是什么 2.造成污染的原因(人为因素) 3.污染对社会的影响 4.如何治理污染 IELTS 3: Test 4 Passage 1 ?Climate Change 1. Global Warming (重复率极高/6) 原因/温室效应/气温变暖的影响/解决方法 IELTS 5: Test1 Passage3 The Truth about the Environment An Inconvenient Truth-Al Gore 2.Harsh & Inuit (06/07/08) IELTS 6: Test1 Passage3 Climate Change and the Inuit ?Endangered Species (出现率很高) 1.濒危物种出现的原因(人为):hunt/environmental pollution/deforest 2.国际组织的解决方法 WWF: World Wildlife Fund IFAW: International Fund for Animal Welfare WSPA: World Society for the Protection of Animals ?Energy 1.Traditional Energy (natural gas/coal/petrol) 世界3大传统能源是什么/能源枯竭的原因/解决方法 2. Alternative Energy (solar power) 太阳能的工作原理 IELTS 7(herald): Test3 Passage2 Energy and Fuels ?Tropical Rainforest 1.热带雨林的破坏与气候变化的关系 2.热带雨林的破坏与物种变化的关系(habitat) ?Volcano 1.Climate Temperature 2.Prediction (考题/真题) 科学家如何预测火山爆发 IELTS 4 Test 3 Passage 2 Volcanoes-earth-shattering news surprising or shocking and very important 重点阅读背景(社会科学类): ?Child

雅思阅读机经类5

雅思阅读机经类5

考试日期: 8月25日 Reading Passage 1 Title: Dirty But Clean River ---(FLOOD) Question types: TRUE\FALSE\NOT GIVEN 9题 Complete table 5题 文章内容回顾flood对生态群系的重要性,但某处flood愈发减少以致人们不得不模拟flood。 问flood or fire对森林更有害,后面问自从1663年t鱼就开始减少,还有flood最多可到3500每秒,1996的人造flood开始被认为成功了,cube鱼的减少是因为t鱼的引入,人造flood比天然的大,以前flood含有干净的水。 题型难度分析难度偏低,本文只有两种题型,且都是有顺序的题目,降低了做题难度。是非无判断的题量较大,在一定程度上降低了定位的难度。在表格填空题中,还有两道是时间(数字)的定位,难度降低。 题型技巧分析是非无判断题: 解题思路: 1. 关键词定位到原文中与题目出现重复的段落 2. 判断方式不包含任何逻辑推理 TRUE: 是原文中同义近义改写 FALSE: 对于原文信息的直接改写 NOT GIVEN: 原文没有信息,或经过原文信息不能直接推理出来3. 书写应该规范,大写全拼 剑桥雅思推荐原文练习剑桥5-3-2 Disappearing Delta 话题相似剑桥6-2-3 题型相似 Reading Passage 2 Title: graffiti(涂鸦) Question types: Which paragraph contains the following information? 5题连续两个5选2 (4题) Sentence completion 4题 文章内容回顾 graffiti(涂鸦)是艺术还是犯罪,主要讲各种去除涂鸦的方法,不足之处和注意事项 等。 英文原文阅读Graffiti (singular: graffito; the plural is used as a mass noun) is writing or drawings scribbled, scratched, or sprayed illicitly on a wall or other surface in a public place. Stickers and other adhesives are not considered graffiti, apparently because they are less common. Graffiti ranges from simple written words to elaborate wall paintings, and has existed since ancient times, with examples dating back to Ancient Greece and the Roman Empire.[2] In modern times, paint, particularly spray paint, and marker pens have become

雅思阅读机经词汇-雅思阅读必备词汇

雅思阅读高频词汇 雅思阅读高频词汇表(一)138个 accessible 易于得到的accompany 伴随accurate准确的activate 使活动,刺激adapt 适应adequate充足的affect 影响 alter 改变altitude 高地analyse 分析 anticipate预感,预期apparent明显的approach接近,方法appropriate 恰当的arise 出现,升起 arrange 整理,安排artificial 人造的assess 估计,评定assign指派,指定 attribute 把..归因于,属性authority 权力 available 可用的behave 举止,表现breed 繁殖,引起budget 预算 bully 恐吓burst 爆炸calendar 日历campaign 运动capable 能够的 capacity 容量capture 捕获cargo 货物 chronic 慢性的circumstance 环境,遭遇civil 文明的,民事的,国民的code 代码,法典communal 公用 的community 社会,社区component 元件constant 不断的,永恒的consult 商量,咨询contrast对比core 核心 corporate 全体的,社团的counterpart 与对方地位相当的 人 cure治愈curriculum 课程deduce 演绎,推断depict 描绘derive 得到,起源于 descend 下降,传下来despite 尽管,轻蔑discipline 训练,处罚,纪律distribute 分发dramatic 戏剧的,引人注目的 dynamic 动态的,有生气的ease 安逸,缓和efficient 有能力的element 要素 eliminate 消灭emphasize 强调engage 从事,占用enhance 提高entitle 给予权利,给题名 equivalent 相等的,等价物 evaluate 评价exceed 超过expand 扩张,延伸expose 暴露,揭露external 外面的extract 提 取,摘录 faculty 能力,院系,全体教职员forage 到处搜寻foundation 创办,基础fragile脆弱的fundamental 基本的

10月24 号最新雅思阅读机经

10月24 号最新雅思阅读机经 10月刚过去,对于11月将要考雅思的同学来说,10月的雅思真题机经很重要,多了解最近的考试趋势和考试形式有助于考试成绩的提高,郑州培雅雅思培训专注雅思培训多年,对于考试的趋势和预测把握很深,欢迎各位河南地区的同学前来免费咨询。 一、考试概述: 本次考试三篇文章两旧一新,第一篇内容关于娃娃的发展起源,第二篇为人们工作中所接触到的压力,第三篇介绍的是关于一种蜥蜴。对于历史发展类,工作类和生物类的文章大家可以参考剑桥系列中C8T1P1,C10T1P3和C7T3P1进行复习。 二、具体题目分析 Passage 1: 题目:Doll 内容:娃娃的发展起源,材料及制作过程 题型:填空题7+判断题6 参考答案: 1-7 Completion 2000BC 埃及坟墓里经常可以发现由平整的木头制成的娃娃,“头发”由1. clay或木珠子制成,可以追溯到公元前2000多年。 600BC 希腊和罗马,女孩长到不再适合玩娃娃的年纪时,她们就会把娃娃奉献给女神们2. goddesses;公元前600年前娃娃已经有了可活动四肢3. movable limbs和可拆服装。 16-17th century 德国Grodnertal生产许多4. peg wooden dolls(木制挂钩娃娃),这种娃娃有着非常简单的挂钩关节,类似于衣夹。 1700-1800 除了木质娃娃,蜡质娃娃在17和18世纪也很流行。第一个以婴儿为模板的蜡质5.wax娃娃产于19世纪初的英国。

1800-1900 木材的替代品是1800年代发展起来的。纸浆木或纸张6.pulped wood or paper混合而成的合成物被用来制造娃娃的头和身体。 Mid of the 19th 19世纪40年代,德国,法国和丹麦开始制造瓷质娃娃头。19世纪60年代,陶制bisque娃娃取代了7.china娃娃头。 8-13 True/False/Not Given 8. 法国的dolls比德国的bisque dolls more costly—TRUE 9. The first rag doll 是在1850s制造出来的—NOT GIVEN 10. 赛璐璐celluloid娃娃容易掉色easily fade away—TRUE 11. only开头的判断题—FALSE 12. plastic与此前的材料resembled但是can last a longer time—TRUE 13. 待补充 Passage 2: 题目:Stress Level 内容:人类压力 题型:配对题5+选择题3+单选题6 参考文章(仅供参考): Stress of Workplace A How busy is too busy? For some it means having to miss the occasional long lunch; for others it means missing lunch altogether. For a few, it is not being able to take a "sickie" (病假) once a month. Then there is a group of people for whom working every evening and weekend is normal, and frantic is the tempo of their lives. For most senior executives, workloads swing between extremely busy and frenzied. The vice-president of the management consultancy AT Kearney and its head of telecommunications for the Asia-Pacific region, Neil Plumridge, says his work weeks vary from a "manageable" 45 hours to 80 hours, but average 60 hours. B Three warning signs alert Plumridge about his workload: sleep, scheduling and family. He knows he has too much on when he gets less than six hours of sleep for three consecutive nights;

【南京环球雅思阅读机经】2013年6月8日雅思阅读机经分析

2013年6月8日雅思阅读机经分析 南京环球雅思名师:李冠群 考试日期:2013年6月8日(本次考试解析题源来自于澳洲悉尼考场)Reading Passage 1 Title: Indoor Air Pollution Question types:Short Answer Summary TRUE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN 文章内容回顾本篇文章为新文章,首次出现在雅思考试中。 内容:室内污染的一大来源为做饭产生的空气污染。 建议参考: 剑桥真题5:The truth about environment 了解污染类话题的背景词汇。 剑桥真题9:The history of the tortoise 本篇真题的三个题型与本次考试的这一篇高度相似,建议参考解题规划。 原文拓展阅读1:DEVELOPMENT REPORT - Breathing Easier: The Art of Stove Making More than three billion people are at risk from indoor air pollution because of the heating or cooking fuels they use. Most live in Africa, India and China. They use biomass fuels like wood, crop waste, animal waste or coal. These solid fuels may be the least costly fuels available. But they are also a major cause of health problems and death. For more than thirty years, the Aprovecho Research Center has been designing cleaner, low-cost cooking stoves for the developing world. Dean Still is the director of the group which is based in the United States. He notes a World Health Organization estimate that more than one and a half million people a year die from breathing smoke from solid fuels. DEAN STILL: "And half of the people on planet Earth every day use wood or biomass for cooking. These are the people on Earth who have less money, and the richer people use oil and gas. It's been estimated that wood is running out more quickly than oil and gas. And so it is very important for the poorer people to

雅思经典阅读Early Childhood Education

Early Childhood Education New Zealand's National Pony spokesman on education, Dr Lockwood Smith, recently visited the US and Britain. Here he reports on the findings of his tripand what they could mean for New Zealand's education policy. 【A】'Education To Be More' was published last August. It was the report of the New Zealand Government's Early Childhood Care and Education Working Group. The report argued for enhanced equity of access and better funding for childcare and early childhood education institutions. Unquestionably, that's a real need; but since parents don't normally send children to pre-schools until the age of three, are we missing out on the most important years of all? 【B】A 13-year study of early childhood development at Harvard University has shown that, by the age of three, most children have the potential to understand about 1000 words - most of the language they will use in ordinary conversation for the rest of their lives. Furthermore, research has shown that while every child is born with a natural curiosity, it can be suppressed dramatically during the second and third years of life. Researchers claim that the human personality is formed during the first two years of life, and during the first three years children learn the basic skills they will use in all their later learning both at home and at school. Once over the age of three, children continue to expand on existing knowledge of the world. 【C】It is generally acknowledged that young people from poorer socio-economic backgrounds tend to do less well in our education system. That's observed not just in New Zealand, but also in Australia, Britain and America. In an attempt to overcome that educational under-achievement, a nationwide programme called 'Headstart' was launched in the United States in 1965. A lot of money was poured into it. It took children into pre-school institutions at the age of three and was supposed to help the children of poorer families succeed in school. Despite substantial funding, results have been disappointing. It is thought that there are two explanations for this. First, the programme began too late. Many children who entered it at the age of three were already behind their peers in language and measurable intelligence. Second, the parents were not involved. At the end of each day, 'Headstart' children returned to the same disadvantaged home environment. 【D】As a result of the growing research evidence of the importance of the first three years of a child's life and the disappointing results from 'Headstart', a pilot programme was launched in Missouri in the US that focused on parents as the child's first teachers. The 'Missouri' programme was predicated on research showing that working with the family, rather than bypassing the parents, is the most effective way of helping children get off to the best possible start in life. The four-year pilot study included 380 families who were about to have their first child and who represented a cross-section of socio-economic status, age and family configurations. They included single-parent and two-parent families, families in which both parents worked, and families with either the mother or father at home. The programme involved trained parent?educators visiting the parents' home and working with the parent, or parents, and the child. Information on child development, and guidance on things to look for and expect as the child grows were provided, plus guidance in fostering the child's intellectual, language, social and motor-skill development. Periodic check-ups of the child's educational and sensory development (hearing and vision) were made to detect possible handicaps that interfere with growth and development. Medical problems were referred to professionals. Parent-educators made personal visits to homes and monthly group meetings were held with other new parents to share experience and discuss topics of interest. Parent resource centres, Located in school buildings, offered learning materials for families and facilitators for child care.

雅思阅读机经

Bernice 6月机经总结解析与7月预测 文章具题目:Fishbourne Roman Palace

6.19 本次考试出现了两旧一新,属于中等难度。第一篇文章的题材是文明发展史,是旧题,类似的剑桥真题是C9T4P1。第二篇文章是新题,题材是心理学,剑桥真题的C8T3P2题材和题型都与其相似,可供参考。第三篇论述艺术的评判标准,是2012年12月出现过的旧题。本次考试没有出现较难的自然科普类文章,因此阅读难度不大。另外,本次考试涉及的题型有:简答,判断(是非及对错),填空(图表),配对(人名理论配对及句子配对),单选和多选。其中,具有顺序性且偏简单的判断和填空占了大比重,多选和配对都出现了两次,因此题型难度偏中等。 建议烤鸭们平时要多练习高频题型,对于6月底的烤鸭,建议多看些自然科普类文章,并多练习List of headings和段落信息配对题。

to revolve and it gave Hargreaves the idea that a whole line of spindles could be worked off one wheel. In 1764 Hargreaves built what became known as the Spinning-Jenny. The machine used eight spindles onto which the thread was spun from a corresponding set of rovings. By turning a single wheel, the operator could now spin eight threads at once. Later, improvements were made that enabled the number to be increased to eighty. The thread that the machine produced was coarse and lacked strength, making it suitable only for the filling of weft, the threads woven across the warp. Hargreaves did not apply for a patent for his Spinning Jenny until 1770 and therefore others copied his ideas without paying him any money. It is estimated that by the time James Hargreaves died in 1778, over 20,000 Spinning-Jenny machines were being used in Britain. James Hargreaves was born near Blackburn in about 1720. Hargreaves received no formal education and was unable to read or write. He worked as a carpenter and weaver but had a strong interest in engineering. By the 1760s Hargreaves was living in the village of Stanhill and was one of the many weavers who owned his own spinning wheel and loom. It is claimed that one day his daughter Jenny accidentally knocked over over the family spinning wheel. The spindle continued to revolve and it gave Hargreaves the idea that a whole line of spindles could be worked off one wheel. In 1764 Hargreaves built what became known as the Spinning-Jenny. The machine used eight spindles onto which the thread was spun from a corresponding set of rovings. By turning a single wheel, the operator could now spin eight threads at once. The thread that the machine produced was coarse and lacked strength, making it suitable only for the filling of weft, the threads woven across the warp. Originally Hargreaves produced the machine for family use but when he began to sell the machines, spinners from Lancashire, fearing the possibility of cheaper competition, marched on his house and destroyed his equipment. Hargreaves did not apply for a patent for his Spinning Jenny until 1770 and therefore others copied his ideas without paying him any money. Hargreaves moved to Nottingham where he erected a small spinning-mill. Others began to make improvements to the Spinning-Jenny and the number of threads was increased from eight to eighty. By the time James Hargreaves died in 1778, over 20,000 Spinning-Jenny machines were being used in Britain. Passage 2:

雅思小作文笔记

线图: 例:Direction: You should spend no more than 20 minutes on this task. The graph contains information about the price in US dollars of a barrel of oil from 1995 with predictions to 2015. Summarize the main features and make comparisons where relevant. 开头段:转述原题+时态永远是一般现在时 ?改变关键词的词性 ?改变关键词的位置 ?同义词替代 ?灵活加入图表中的其它文字信息 The graph provides information about the changes of crude oil price per barrel in US dollars since 1995 and predicts the tendency of the oil price till 2015. 开头段常用词汇: ?The graph / the chart / the line graph shows … ?The graph give past and future data concerning… ?The graph demonstrates trends in/ an overview of/ trends in …Shows: indicates/ unfolds/ displays/ reveals/ reflects/ relates/ illustrates/ demonstrates/ describes/ depicts/ portray/ outlines/ provide an overview of…例:The graphs below show the enrolments of overseas students and local students in Britain’s universities. The graphs provide information about the proportions of overseas students and local students enrolled in Britain’s Universities from 1989 to 1999. 主体部分1+X句:第一句总结总体趋势,之后分步描述(起点,极值,终点)。总体趋势: Overall, oil prices increased by nearly four hundred percent from 1995 to

雅思阅读经典题

Written by Rad Danesh Thursday, 17 May 2007 Read the passage and answer the questions. Use your predicting skills. Note the type of questions. Antarctic Penguins Though penguins are assumed to be native to the South Pole, only four of the seventeen species have evolved the survival adaptations necessary to live and breed in the Antarctic year round. The physical features of the Adelie, Chinstrap, Gentoo, and Emperor penguins equip them to withstand the harshest living conditions in the world. Besides these four species, there are a number of others, including the yellow feathered Macaroni penguin and the King penguin that visit the Antarctic regularly but migrate to warmer waters to breed. Penguins that live in Antarctica year round have a thermoregulation system and a survival sense that allows them to live comfortably both on the ice and in the water. In the dark days of winter, when the Antarctic sees virtually no sunlight, the penguins that remain on the ice sheet sleep most of the day. To retain heat, penguins huddle in communities of up to 6,000 of their own species. When it's time to create a nest, most penguins build up a pile of rocks on top of the ice to place their eggs. The Emperor penguin, however, doesn't bother with a nest at all. The female Emperor lays just one egg and gives it to the male to protect while she goes off for weeks to feed. The male balances the egg on top of his feet, covering it with a small fold of skin called a brood patch. In the huddle, the male penguins rotate regularly so that none of the penguins have to stay on the outside of the circle exposed to the wind and cold for long periods of time. When it's time to take a turn on the outer edge of the pack, the penguins tuck their feathers in and shiver. The movement provides enough warmth until they can head back into the inner core and rest in the warmth. In order to reduce the cold of the ice, penguins often put their weight on their heels and tails. Antarctic penguins also have complex nasal passages that prevent 80 percent of their heat from leaving the body. When the sun is out, the black dorsal plumage attracts its rays and penguins can stay warm enough to waddle or slide about alone. Antarctic penguins spend about 75 percent of their lives in the water. A number of survival adaptations allow them to swim through water as cold as -2 degrees Celsius. In order to stay warm in these temperatures, penguins have to keep moving. Though penguins don't fly in the air, they are often said to fly through water. Instead of stopping each time they come up for air, they use a technique called "porpoising," in which they leap up for a quick breath while swiftly moving forward: Unlike most birds that have hollow bones for flight, penguins have evolved hard solid bones that keep them low in the water. Antarctic penguins also have unique feathers that work similarly to a waterproof diving suit. Tufts of down trap a layer of air within the feathers, preventing the water from penetrating the penguin's skin. The pres?sure of a deep dive releases this air, and a penguin has to rearrange the feathers through a process called "preening." Penguins also have an amazing circulatory system, which in extremely cold waters diverts blood from the flippers and legs to the heart. While the harsh climate of the Antarctic doesn't threaten the survival of Antarctic penguins, overheating can be a concern, and therefore, global warming is a threat to them. Temperate species have certain physical features such as fewer feathers and less blubber to keep them

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