英语翻译中级口译-1-2

英语翻译中级口译-1-2

(总分：100.00，做题时间：90分钟)

一、听写填空(总题数：1，分数：20.00)

How did the Olympic Games start? In ancient Greece, athletic festivals were very important and have strong (1) . Originally, the festival was held in honor of Zeus, the supreme God in Greek mythology. Eventually, the Olympian athletic festival had lost its (2) and became an international event. No one knows exactly (3) the Olympic Games go, but some scholars recorded date from 776 B.C.

According to some scholars, at first, the only Olympic event was (4) , called a stadium and that was the only event until 724 B.C. After that, other (5) were added and 16 years later in (6) , the pentathlon was added and wrestling became part of the Games. This pentathlon was a five-event match, which (7) running, wrestling, leaping, throwing the discus and hurling the javelin. The Games were held (8) and after an uninterrupted history of 1,170 years, the Games were (9) in A.D. 394, the Christen era, because of the pagan origin.

It was over (10) before there was another such international athletic gathering. In 1896, the first of the modern (11) opened in Athens, Greece.

Nowadays the Games are held in different countries (12) . The host country provides vast facilities, such as stadiums and (13) . Many more sports are represented, including the very celebrated event: (14)

The Olympics start with the arrival in the stadium of a torch, (15) on Mount Olympus by the sun's rays. The torch is carried by (16) to the stadium. The Olympic flam symbolizes the (17) of the ancient Greek athletic ideals and it burns throughout the Games until (18) . The well-known Olympic flag, however, is (19) : the five interlocking rings symbolize the uniting of all five continents (20) .

（分数：20.00）

填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：religious associations）

解析：

填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：local and national characters）

解析：

填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：how far back）

解析：

填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：a 200-yard dash）

解析：

填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：other field）

解析：

填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：708 B.C.）

解析：

填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：consisted of）

解析：

填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：every four years）

解析：

填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：were abolished）

解析：

填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：1500 years）

解析：

填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：summer games）

解析：

填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：in turn）

解析：

填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：living accommodation）

解析：

填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：the marathon races）

解析：

填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：lighted）

解析：

填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：a succession of runners）

解析：

填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：continuation）

解析：

填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：the closing ceremony）

解析：

填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：a modern conception）

解析：

填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：participating in the Games）

解析：

二、句子判断(总题数：2，分数：15.00)

（分数：7.50）

(1).A. I'd like to make an appointment Monday morning.

B. I must finish typing before going to bed.

C. I have to work overtime this weekend.

D. I decide to sleep this weekend away.（分数：1.50）

A.

B.

C. √

D.

解析：[听力原文]

This report is urgent I have to finish typing it by Monday morning, so there goes my sleep this weekend.

(2).A. I am interested in the vehicles on the street.

B. I don't want to complain about the noise here.

C. The noise of traffic disturbs my work.

D. Traffic never stops passing by.（分数：1.50）

A.

B.

C. √

D.

解析：[听力原文]

What this office needs is better sound-proofing. I can't concentrate here with all that traffic passing by on the street below.

(3).A. It requires imagination in learning a language.

B. It takes time and effort to learn a language.

C. The cultural differences are more important.

D. Learning a language can be easier than anyone thinks.（分数：1.50）

A.

B. √

C.

D.

解析：[听力原文]

Learning a language is a laborious process, and adjusting to this subtle cultural differences require much more time and patience than anyone can imagine.

(4).A. Talking with your boss will be part of our company's business activities.

B. Investing in that project will help your company and mine as well.

C. Turning the project into a profit-making is on the top of our long-term plan.

D. Doing business with your company will benefit both of us in the long run.（分数：1.50）

A.

B. √

C.

D.

解析：[听力原文]

If you can talk your boss into investing in that project, it will be a turning point for your company and we both shall benefit in the long run.

(5).A. The invoice should include the legal fee and the agent's commission.

B. The price we quoted should be lower, as we missed a few items.

C. We got more money from them than we had expected.

D. We should send the invoice as soon as we receive the payment.（分数：1.50）

A. √

B.

C.

D.

解析：[听力原文]

I am afraid we've undercharged them; the invoice doesn't include the legal fee and our agency's commission. I think we need to inform, them about this immediately.

（分数：7.50）

(1).A. Working abroad is not always a requirement of foreign language teachers.

B. When you arrive in a foreign country, you must find a job first.

C. The advantage of working abroad is fluency in other languages.

D. The mastering of a foreign language will help you find a job overseas.（分数：1.50）

A.

B.

C.

D. √

解析：[听力原文]

Being bilingual or multilingual can be an advantage in landing a job abroad although fluency in other languages is not always a requirement.

(2).A. We cannot beat our competitors because of a staff shortage.

B. We should be prepared to sign the business contract.

C. We sometimes make a deal with one of our rivals.

D. We are happy to see that our rival has gone bankrupt.（分数：1.50）

A.

B. √

C.

D.

解析：[听力原文]

I believe our proposal is a real a contender for the contract. All we need to do is to walk ourselves into position to close the deal.

(3).A. Our collaboration depends on a mutual understanding of our differences.

B. Our differences are deeply rooted, and we are unable to continue our collaboration.

C. We must first prepare a memorandum for a common view of our problems.

D. We understand that we must share the cost of our collaboration in the future.（分数：1.50）

A. √

B.

C.

D.

解析：[听力原文]

We must prepare the ground for a deeper understanding of our differences and problems. Only through

a shared view of our problem shall we be able to carry our collaboration forward.

(4).A. Although we spend much on the project, a 10% budget increase is neck.

B. At least 10% of the expenses should be devoted to solving the problem.

C. With such a big order, we demand a discount which is 10% or more.

D. We ask for a 10% discount, which has caused all the trouble on our side.（分数：1.50）

A.

B.

C. √

D.

解析：[听力原文]

Give the size of the order and the amount of heavy expenses on our side, anything less than 10 per cent is not worth the trouble.

(5).A. To lose one pound of weight, you need to walk up to 10 hours.

B. One-hour walk at a moderate pace will burn up 3500 calories.

C. You should limit your intake of food to 300 to 350 calories daily.

D. Walking an hour every day can burn up 350 pounds a month.（分数：1.50）

A. √

B.

C.

D.

解析：[听力原文]

Walking burns calories. It takes about 3500 calorie to lose just one pound of weight. And the 1-hour-walk at a moderate pace will burn up only 300 to 350 calories.

三、对话段落(总题数：5，分数：40.00)

（分数：8.00）

(1).A. To advise her to work in a showroom.

B. To help her understand the product.

C. To invite her to visit a trade fair.

D. To expound the details of the catalogue.（分数：2.00）

A.

B.

C. √

D.

解析：[听力原文]

W: Hello, purchasing department. Alice Roger's speaking.

M: Good morning, Mrs. Roger. This is John Stone from ABS Company. How are you?

W: Quite good, thank you. Well, Mr. Stone, we are still studying your catalog and your products. M: That's very thoughtful of you, Mrs. Roger. But I'm calling to see if you'd like to see our showroom at the trade fair that opened last week.

W: Oh, I didn't know you would have a showroom there. I'd be glad to go and have a tour around the exhibition.

M: Just tell me when it would be convenient for you, and we can arrange for the tour.

W: Let me see. How about next Monday afternoon, around two?

M: That's fine. I'll be over at 1:30. It's only a ten-to-fifteen-minute drive from your department. W: I can drive there in my own car. Shall we meet at the main gate of the trade fair?

M: That's ok. I'll be at the main gate at about 1:50. See you then.

W: Right. Goodbye.

Why is the man telephoning the woman?

(2).A. A healthcare worker. B. A company consultant.

C. A lawyer.

D. A salesman.（分数：2.00）

A.

B.

C.

D. √

解析：[听力原文]

What is the man's profession according to the conversation?

(3).A. Tomorrow afternoon. B. Next week.

C. Coming Tuesday.

D. In ten days.（分数：2.00）

A.

B. √

C.

D.

解析：[听力原文]

When will the woman be free to visit the showroom and the trade fair?

(4).A. At the woman's office. B. At the main gate.

C. Inside the parking lot.

D. Inside the showroom.（分数：2.00）

A.

B. √

C.

D.

解析：[听力原文]

Where will the man and the woman meet at the trade fair?

（分数：8.00）

(1).A. It is a friendly face or a clever joke.

B. It is a facial expression involving 43 muscles.

C. It is an exercise of facial muscles when passing wind.

D. It is a natural reaction to a positive moment.（分数：2.00）

A.

B.

C.

D. √

解析：[听力原文]

Every human being, no matter where they are from, is born with the ability to smile. A smile is a natural reaction to a positive moment, like a friendly face, or a clever joke. Most babies first smile between six and eight weeks old. At first, it is only an expression made when excursing their facial muscles or passing wind. But once they realize a smile gets them a lot of attention, huge smiles in return, happy noises, extra treats, they learn to try it again. And why wouldn't they? It takes forty-three muscles to frown, but only seventeen to smile. We smile when we are happy. We smile when we see people we know. But what happens when you are not happy to see someone you know? You smile any way. You fake a smile. Unfortunately, however, a fake smile never looks quite the same as the real one. In a genuine smile, you not only show your lower teeth, but also move the muscles running all the way around the mouth which in turn makes the skin around the eyes become tighter. And then your smile is real. However, when someone smiles politely, rather than because they really want to, they use the muscle, which only raises the size of the mouth, and which does not move the muscles at the corner of the eyes. This kind of fake smile is sometimes refer to as the "Pan-Am Smile". As it is named, after the former airline whose flight attendants welcomed every passenger with the same force smile.

According to the talk, what is a smile?

(2).A. The muscle raises the sides of the mouth.

B. The muscles run all the way around the mouth.

C. you only show your lower teeth.

D. Your eyes are wide open.（分数：2.00）

A.

B. √

C.

D.

解析：[听力原文]

What happens in a real smile?

(3).A. It is a morning smile. B. It is an afternoon smile.

C. It is a fake smile.

D. It is a genuine smile.（分数：2.00）

A.

B.

C. √

D.

解析：[听力原文]

What do we learn about the Pan-Am Smile?

(4).A. You smile politely when you happen to see someone you know.

B. A fake smile never looks quite the same as a real one.

C. Flight attendants may welcome passengers with the same, forged smile.

D. Every human being is born with the ability to smile.（分数：2.00）

A. √

B.

C.

D.

解析：[听力原文]

Which of the following is not true according to the talk?

（分数：8.00）

(1).A. She has been to a concert.

B. She has met the new neighbors.

C. She has had to stay indoors.

D. She has helped the man with house chores.（分数：2.00）

A.

B.

C. √

D.

解析：[听力原文]

M: Hello. This is Peter Smith's speaking.

W: Hello Peter, Betty's speaking. I am calling about the open-door concert in London. Will it still be held this Sunday as is scheduled? It has been so cold that I haven't been outside for a week. I do hate the cold.

M: Yes. It's best to stay indoors in such beastly weather. But I am afraid I have no idea about the oncoming concert. You noticed our new neighbors who have arrived at No. 35 though. Surely, perhaps they knew something.

W: Well. I called on them yesterday. They seem such nice people at first but now I am not so sure. M: Really? Why?

W: Well. They are from London and they think it's the only place in the world worth talking about it. The wife made some very catty remarks about this area.

M: Londoners always think they are always better than other people, but I always find them less cultured. What does she look like?

W: Quite young and pretty. But she does wear a lot of make-up and she certainly dyes her hair. Perhaps she isn't as young as she looks.

M: Anyway. I don't want to mix with people like that because I knew they would snob when they saw that huge car. Surely they don't need such a big one.

W: No. Still my husband says it's four years old and it probably costs less than our secondhand. And ours is certainly as fast theirs. Besides, it uses so much petroleum. You can hardly afford to run it.

What has the woman done for the past week?

(2).A. She'd like to inquire about an open-door concert.

B. She wants to complain about the cold weather.

C. She asks the man to buy a concert ticket in advance.

D. She invites the man to go to the concert in London.（分数：2.00）

A. √

B.

C.

D.

解析：[听力原文]

Why is the woman telephoning?

(3).A. They are better. B. They are less cultured.

C. They talk more.

D. They look younger.（分数：2.00）

A.

B. √

C.

D.

解析：[听力原文]

What does the man say in general?

(4).A. It is petrol-consuming. B. It is fast.

C. It is second-hand.

D. It is too big.（分数：2.00）

A.

B.

C.

D. √

解析：[听力原文]

What does the man think of his new neighbor's car?

（分数：8.00）

(1).A. Because their anxiety makes them less efficient than normal.

B. Because their ability to reason overshadows their anxiety for the test.

C. Because they cannot sleep well the night before the actual test.

D. Because they cannot get necessary assistance from other students.（分数：2.00）

A. √

B.

C.

D.

解析：[听力原文]

Most people are too anxious during tests. Their anxiety overshadows or even interferes with their ability to reason and makes them less efficient than normal. As a result, they score far lower than they should. This is an unnecessary handicap. Especially if you are a student, who is going to spend 12-16 years or more taking tests. The solution of course is to learn the rules and techniques of successful test taking. Success builds assurance and confidence which in turn frees you to perform better and better. Once you realize that eight tenths of your score depends on the way you take a test, it becomes obvious that learning rules of the test-taking game is crucial. It is not complicated. You do not have to be clever, brilliant or dishonest to do it. It is just a matter of observation and practice. Oddly, most people have not really thought much about what it means to make, give and take tests. Once you see tests are school games that have actual little meaning in the real world. Once you realize the game has a format that can be recognized, rules that can be mastered, playing strategies that can be learned, it can become as entertaining as crossword puzzle. Mastering test-taking, like learning to absorb and retrieve from information, is part of process of educating yourself, so the effort will not be wasted or pointless. Figuring out tests is a problem-solving experience and developing confidence to recognize and solve problems is not just a school game but a true educational activity.

Why do many students score far lower than they should in the test?

(2).A. You have to be honest and confident.

B. You have to be clever and brilliant.

C. You need to learn the techniques of test taking.

D. You need to observe and practice the school rules.（分数：2.00）

A.

B.

C. √

D.

解析：[听力原文]

According to the speaker, what is crucial for successful test-taking?

(3).A. They often interfere with school games.

B. They have actual meaning in the real world.

C. They don't have a format and governing rules.

D. They can be as entertaining as crossword puzzles.（分数：2.00）

A.

B.

C.

D. √

解析：[听力原文]

What does the speaker think of school tests?

(4).A. Learning to absorb and retrieve information.

B. Developing confidence to solve problems.

C. Figuring out school tests.

D. Spotting dishonesty in a test.（分数：2.00）

A.

B.

C.

D. √

解析：[听力原文]

Which of the following is NOT an educational activity?

（分数：8.00）

(1).A. She was disgusted by the movie crew.

B. She was asked to act in a movie on the spot.

C. She saw a movie being shot around town.

D. She had an accident while diving through town.（分数：2.00）

A.

B. √

C.

D.

解析：[听力原文]

W: I had a really strange experience while I was walking around on Saturday morning.

M: Oh? What was it?

W: There was a crowd. And at first I thought there had been an accident. But then I thought that they were making a movie.

M: That's not so strange. You see a lot of film crews around town these days.

W: Yes, but when I started to walk away, one of the men called me over. He turned out to be the director.

M: Really? The director himself?

W: Believe it or not, he wanted me to be in the picture.

M: No kidding. Did he want you to say anything or were you just part of the crowd?

W: I didn't say anything, but I had to do something. This woman in pajamas was in the phone booth. M: Did you know who she was? Was she somebody famous?

W: She wasn't anybody I knew. Anyway, I had to walk up to the phone booth. Then when I saw that there was somebody in it, I had to look disgusted and walk away.

M: You mean we'll be able to see your face in when it comes out?

W: Well, maybe. But you know how it is. I'll probably be cut out before anybody ever sees the movie.

M: How long did it take? Don't they have to shoot these scenes over and over again?

W: It didn't take very long. After we've done it four times, the director said everything was OK.

M: I hope you got paid.

W: They took my name and address, and they said they'd send me a check.

M: Wonderful. Now we are going to have a movie star in office.

What was the woman's strange experience?

(2).A. The director himself. B. The woman's twin sister.

C. A woman in pajamas.

D. A man from the crowd.（分数：2.00）

A.

B.

C. √

D.

解析：[听力原文]

According to the woman, who was in the phone booth while she was approaching it?

(3).A. She had to look disgusted and walked away.

B. She had to stay outside for some time.

C. She had to identify the person in the booth.

D. She had to put up a face in front of the camera.（分数：2.00）

A. √

B.

C.

D.

解析：[听力原文]

What was the woman suppose to do as she saw somebody in the phone booth?

(4).A. Police and driver. B. Director and actress.

C. Performers.

D. Colleagues.（分数：2.00）

A.

B.

C.

D. √

解析：[听力原文]

What is the most likely relationship between the man and woman in the conversation?

四、句子听译(总题数：1，分数：15.00)

（分数：15.00）

__________________________________________________________________________________________

正确答案：(我们知道语言的应用是一个终生的过程，外语学习也是如此。在外语学习中没有捷径。)

解析：[听力原文]

We know that language use is a lifelong process; so is the foreign language learning. There is no shortcut in learning a foreign language.

[解析] 本句中的倒装结构“so is...”，表示“也是如此”，不能译为结果：“因此……”。此外本句的关键词在于“shortcut”(捷径)。

__________________________________________________________________________________________

正确答案：(恐怕我们不得不改变我们周五上午的约见。发生了意想不到的事情，我很抱歉给您带来了不便。) 解析：[听力原文]

I'm afraid we'll have to change our appointment for Friday morning. Something unexpected came up. And I'm sorry for the inconvenience this might cause you.

[解析] 本句是商务中事务安排常见的话语，一些常见的礼貌客套话，难度不大。关键在于准确地把握其中的时间。

__________________________________________________________________________________________

正确答案：(经过讨论我们在关键问题上达成妥协，我们将在明天下午的第二次会面中洽谈合同的细节。) 解析：[听力原文]

After some discussions we have reached a compromise on the key points and we'll come down to details of the contract at our next meeting tomorrow afternoon.

[解析] 本句见于商务会谈中，关键词是“compromise”(妥协)要理解正确，同时时间“tomorrow afternoon”要准确。

__________________________________________________________________________________________

正确答案：(一个著名的教育家曾经说过：没有人是绝对无知的，没有人是无所不知的，我们都缺少某类知识，这就是我们要继续学习的原因。)

解析：[听力原文]

A famous educationist once said: nobody is completely ignorant. Nobody knows everything. All of US lack knowledge of something. That is why we continue to learn.

[解析] 本句由众多小句构成，句意比较清楚。

__________________________________________________________________________________________

正确答案：(今天，我很高兴地宣布，本政府将大大增加我们在中国学习的学生，在今后十年内达到五万人。) 解析：[听力原文]

Today, I'm pleased to announce that our government will dramatically expand the number of our students who study in China to 50,000 in the next ten years.

[解析] 本句的关键点是数字，“fifty thousand”，首先要正确区分“fifty”和“fifteen”，其次“50 thousand”只需将小数点向前移一位，就可以万为单位来译：五万。

五、段落听译(总题数：2，分数：10.00)

1.

（分数：5.00）

__________________________________________________________________________________________

正确答案：(人与环境紧密相连。我们的环境提供了新鲜的空气来呼吸、干净的水来引用、各种蔬菜来食用。但我们的环境却正在面临许多危险。环境被来自工厂的化学废物、城市里的垃圾所污染。树木被砍伐、大片的森林被破坏、多种动物遭到猎杀。由此，地球上许多种类的植物和动物，正在走向灭绝。)

解析：[听力原文]

Man is closely connected to the environment. Our environment provides us with fresh air to breathe, clean water to drink, and various vegetables to eat. However, our environment is faced with many dangers. It is seriously polluted by chemical wastes from factories and garbage in cities. Trees are being cut down. Large areas of forests are being destroyed. And various animals are being hunted and killed. As a result, many kinds of plants and animals are disappearing from the earth.

[解析] 本段在记录时注意表示句子之问逻辑关系的词语，把握好句子内容的走向，从而正确地翻译。首先是主题句，说明人和环境相关。下面具体说明关系，需要记录三个平行的信息：

air

wt

vege

接下来，通过转折词话锋一转，说明dangers，下面就可以用竖行记录一些平行的信息：

polu

tree ×

frst×

anml ×

最后as a result说明了最后是结论部分，用恰当符号说明，结论是植物、动物在消失。并列平行结构也是文中的一大重点。理解上不会造成障碍，关键是信息记录完整。

2.

（分数：5.00）

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正确答案：(1979年，美中贸易保持在50亿美元上下。而今，每年贸易总额则已超过了4000亿美元。这一贸易往来在很多方面影响了两国人民的生活。我们电脑上的许多零件、我们穿的衣服，都是美国从中国进口而来的，而我们也向中国出口可以让贵国工业更加强大的机械设备。两国贸易为太平洋两岸提供了大量的就业机会，让我们的人民能够享受更加美好的生活。)

解析：[听力原文]

In 1979, trade between the United States and China stood at roughly $5 billion. Today, it tops over $400 billion each year. The commerce affects our people's life in so many ways. America imports from China, many of the computer parts we use, the clothes we wear. And we export to China machinery that helps power your industry. This trade could create even more jobs on both sides of the Pacific, while allowing our people to enjoy a better quality of life.

[解析] 本段截取自奥巴马的讲话。首先要对两个数字进行准确的记录和翻译，$5 billion即50亿美元，$400 billion即400亿美元。第二句话统领下文，说明商业影响生活。下面的句子可平行记录：

A←C comp pt

clo

A→C mch(↑ur i)

说明中美贸易往来的具体内容。最后一句话也是从两个平行的方面说明了中美贸易带来的好处：

↑job

↑life

翻译时要注意这是美国人在讲话，“我国”指美国，对中国称“贵国”，称“美中贸易”而不是“中美贸易”。

电子信息与通信工程专业英语王立琦版课文翻译

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电子信息工程专业外语对应翻译

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英文原文： With all the exciting developments in the realm of communications technology over the last few years it would be easy to think that we are living in times of the most astounding transformations. However, the technologies that so many of us are addicted to today mobile phones, the internet, satellite TV are built on the achievements of our endeavors. The history of communication goes back thousands of years. Each new development has transformed the world we live in. An understanding of the journey we have taken to get where we are now shows that today’s techniques are refinements of what came before. Really big revolutions may be still to come. communication begins with the first conversations between people it is believed that language developed through gestures using the hands and bodies, and had evolved into spoken tongues by the time of the great migration of humans from Africa some 100,000 years ago.The first long distance communication must have arisen shortly after conversation, with the discovery that it was possible to make oneself heard from a distance by shouting, or banging objects together to make a sound that travels far. The fire and the smoke it produces may also have been used for simple communication between separated groups. Communication techniques such as shouting and smoke signals allow people to make their mark over a wider area. The recording of information allowed human beings to communicate over great expanses of time. Cave paintings up to 36,500 years old have been found people from that far back are communicating with us today although it is hard to know what they were saying. 5,500 years ago, more systematized alphabets were developed by the Phoenicians. Sumerians and Egyptians. They also developed new ways of storing their information, some of which have survived till today. Scholars have had some success in translating these alphabets and the languages they convey, giving us insight into societies long dead. The realisations that it is possible to communicate through space and time are the two most important communication leaps in history. Everything that has come since has merely improved the efficiency of these two tasks. The next leap was the combination of writing and transmitting information. This begin with people or animals acting as couriers, delivering written messages. The first postal services were in China around 900BC. Human runners and birds were used to transport messages starting in at least 776BC, when the winner of the Olympic games was reported to the Athenians via homing pigeons possible the first journalist reporting back to base from a remote location. With the discovery of electricity the speed and range of communication once again began to increase. In 1793 Claude Chappe invented the Semaphore telegraph line, which allowed reliable

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基础电子学 电子学衍生于对电力的研究和应用，是工程学和应用物理学的领域。电力涉及力的产生，传输与使用金属导体。电子学利用电子不同的运动方式及通过供气材料，如硅与锗等半导体，其他设备如太阳能电池，LED ，微波激射器，激光及微波管等实现。电子学应用于包括广播、雷达、电视、卫星系统传输，导航辅助设备系统，控制系统，空间探测设备，微型设备如电子表，许多电气设备和电脑等方面。 1. 电子学的开端电子学的历史始于20 世纪，包括三个关键元素：真空管，晶体管和集成电路。 19 世纪早期是理论和发明取得重大发展的时代。发现了红外线和紫外线。道尔顿在1808 年提出了原子理论。在1840 年之前就发现了热电效应、电解效应和光电效应。20 年之间相继产生了工作在低压下的放电管，辉光放电，新型电池及早期的扩音器。因此，在1800—1875 年之间，发现了基本的物理现象，电话，留声机，麦克风及扬声器等在实际应用中达到了极致。至于 19 世纪末期，无线电报，磁记录，阴极射线示波器等都被发明了。 20 世纪早期也见证了现代电子技术的开端。1880 年爱迪生发明了白炽灯成为现代电子领域的历史先驱者。他发现有微弱的电流从加热的灯丝流向真空管内附着的金属板。这就是众所周知的“爱迪生效应”。如果使用了一个非电器的热源，注意到电池仅是必要的用来加热灯丝使电子移动。1904 年，约翰利用爱迪生效应发明了二极管，李.德.佛列思特紧接着在1906 年发明了三极管。这些真空管设备使电子能源控制的放大及传输成为可能。20 世纪初真空管的引入使现代电子学快速成长。采用真空管让信号的控制成为可能，这是早期的电报电话电路不可能实现的，也是早期用高压电火花产生无线电波的发射机所不能实现的。 电子管首先应用于无线通信。Guglielmo Marconi 于1896 年开辟了无线电报的发展，于1901 年实现了远距离广播交流。早期的收音机包括了无线电报（摩尔斯电码信号传输）或收音机电话（语音留言）。所有基于二极管和快速的发展都归功于一战期间军队的武力交流。早期的无线电广播发射机，电报机和电话利用高电压火花来产生电波和声音。真空管放大微弱的音频信号，并将这些信号叠加在无线电波上。1918 年，Edwin Armstrong 发明了 超外差接收机，它可以在众多信号或信源中选择，还可接收远距离信号。于是无线广播在1920 年得到空前发展。1920 年至1935 年只有调幅被使用，而Armstrong 于1935 年发明了调频。 一战通过电阻和电容等元件推动了无线传播的发展。1920 年，匹兹堡的KDKA 广播首先预定了Westinghouse Corp 的无线广播。1925 年，贝尔实验室发明了一台用电来记录声音的设备。 但是，二战对于元件的发展却有惊人的效果，因为战争将要面临全世界各地的气候。 也许二战之前最重要的发明之一是雷达。雷达是由一组英国科学家研究无线电波反射的产物。雷达是Radio Detection And Ranging 的首字母缩略词。通过无线电微波的回音来测量一个物体的距离及方向。它用于航空、船侦查、核武器控制、导航及其他形式的监控。由于战争，电路学，视频，脉冲技术及微波传送被改进并快速地被电视产业接受。1950 年中期，电视已经超越广播被用于家庭使用及娱乐。 二战后，电子管用来开发第一台电脑，但是由于它们的元件大小变得不实际。1946 年印制电路开始应用于微型管。1947 年，贝尔实验室的一组工程师发明了晶体管。因此，John Bardeen,Walter Brattain,Willian Shockley 获得了诺贝尔奖，但是很少人可以预知到晶体管可 以多么快速，激烈地改变着世界。晶体管的功能与真空管相似，但尺寸小，重量轻，功耗低，工作更为可靠。它由金属电极和半导体材料构成，成本较低。 Geoffrey W.A.Dummer 于1952 年提出集成电路的概念，他是工作在皇室雷达机构的电子专家。在整个20 世纪50 年代，晶体管是大量生产的单一晶片及分立元件。总的半导体电路迈出了简单的一小步，它把晶体管和二极管（有源器件）和电容、电阻（电阻器件）组成 在一个简单的晶片上。半导体工业和非集成电路同时在德州仪器及费尔柴尔德半导体公司形成。到1961 年，一定数量的企业全面生产集成电路，并且为了从多方面适应这种技术，快速改变设备设

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