大学英语学习中的翻译(汉翻英)技巧(精)

大学英语学习中的翻译(汉翻英)技巧

论文网作者：邓芸萱2011-10-22 https://www.sodocs.net/doc/397605045.html,

摘要：进入大学阶段，对于非英语专业的学生而言，英语学习着重强调于词汇量的扩大和综合水平的提升。相对于作文在某种程度上的天马行空，任意发挥，翻译中出现的句式限定，也是学生英语综合水平的一个重大体现。本文从实用性入手，着重探讨大学英语学习中翻译（汉翻英）的基本技巧和注意事项。

关键词：实用性、汉翻英、翻译技巧

中图分类号：H319文献标志码：A文章编号：1671-1009(2011)03-0070-01

翻译，在语言学习中占有绝对比重。相比于专业翻译上强调的文学修辞，文学再创作，追求的一种“信达雅”，作为非英语专业学生，在面临英语学习中的翻译任务时，如何把握重点，避免生搬硬套，机械翻译，取得理想效果，那该怎么做呢？

一、找出句子的主干结构

（1）翻译时，要掌握汉英两种语言在句型上的不同表达方式。英语句型比较规范，句型也相对格式化，每句都要有主谓，无主语的句子很少，除并列句外，每句只有一个主语，一个谓语动词。所以，针对单句，抓住主干，即句子的主谓（宾），那这句话的基本结构就出来了。

如：①今天早晨我从我的便携式收音机中听到一则很有意思的新闻。

主干：我听到（一则）新闻。译：I heard a piece of news.

②他从希望工程那里得到两个家境贫穷但渴望求学的农村孩子的地址。

主干：他得到地址。译：He located the address(es).

其次，就是很多学生都害怕的主句，一见长句，就不知所措，胡乱下笔。主干不能保证，谈何成句。针对这类句子，首要就是从逻辑关系上去理解汉语句子的结构关系，这也是选择英语对应句型的关键。确定句间关系，常见的有时间，转折，因果，目的，并列，假设，让步等，那主干自然浮现出来。

如：①每次重读他们的来信，李大伯就会脸绽笑容。

确定两分句之间的时间关系，那主干即为：李大伯脸绽笑容。

译：Uncle Li’s face broadened into a smile.

②为了达到心中渴望的这一目的，她向多家跨国公司申请工作。

确定前一分句是后者的目的，那主干即为：她申请工作。

译：She applied for a job.

③如果某些群体自视高人一等，不尊重其他种族或宗教，那么整个社会有可能陷入瘫痪。

确定前两个分句都表假设，那主干即为：社会（可能）陷入瘫痪。

译：The society may be paralyzed.

（2）确定主干结构后，我们再来添加枝叶即修饰成分，使句子丰满起来。

修饰成分主要是定语或状语，体现在句中：

i. 形容词或副词；

今天早晨我从我的便携式收音机中听到一则很有意思的新闻。

（状语）（状语）（定语）（定语）（定语）

ii. 从句。

①每次重读他们的来信，李大伯就会脸绽笑容。

（时间状语从句）

②除非他努力摆脱自身的局限，他是无力谋生的。

（条件状语从句）

③这份日记使他回忆起自己与父亲一起度过的每一刻。

（定语从句）

因此，在翻译中文句子时，首要明确的就是：分析分句间关系，找出主干及从句，还需分析从句类型。

二、了解汉语与英语两种语言思维表达上的特点与差异，注意中英文的语言使用对比

（1）语序。中国人思维表达方式总是遵循时间和事理发展的先后顺序，由大到小，由外到内，由因到果，由先到后，按发展的层次顺序进行阐述。将两种语言进行对比，在不少地方西方人的表达语序都与中国人的相反，最明显也是最典型的证据就体现在了地址的写法，修饰成分的摆放位置以及一些句型结构上。

如：①“中国四川成都成都中医药大学”

②我们享受了在这个远离大城市喧嚣的镇里度过的每一分钟。

③我们应把所学到的东西用到实践中去，这是至关重要的。

④爬下床就上网，不再为发型，服饰，面部化妆烦心，当初看似高级的享受现在却成为一种对生活的逃避。

译：①Chengdu university of TCM，Chengdu，Sichuan，China

②We enjoyed every minute in the town that lies out of the range of the heavy traffic and noise of the large city.

③It is critical that we should put what we have learned into practice.

④What first seemed like a luxury，crawling from bed to computer，not worrying about hair，and clothes and face，has become a form of escape.

（2）被动句在英语中的大量应用。

随意举几个例子：①I was born and raised in a small south Georgia town.

②(He was ill. ) He was found on the morning of the first day in his room downstairs helpless with pain.

③Appalled by what their children spend on candy and video games，parents devise ways to lock up their children’s resources.

译：①我生长在佐治亚州的一个南方小镇。

②（发病）第一天上午人家在楼下他的房间里发现他疼得厉害。

③孩子们在糖果、电子游戏上的花费之大令家长们十分震惊，于是家长便设法把孩子们的钱存起来不让用。

这几句英语中很常见的被动用法，处理为中文时都转为了主动表述。中英文表达的另一大差异即体现于此：关于主被动的运用。中文的语言表达习惯性偏向于主动，即便是被动意思。我们的日常生活随处可见这样一些句子：苹果吃完了，作业写完了，清洁做好了，这些都是最基本的被动转主动的例子。稍微留心一下“被”字出现的语境，尤其是在新闻报导当中，很多情况下带有不太好的意思：XX囚犯被虐，XX被绑架，XX大厦被炸毁，XX总统被弹劾，XX地区被污染，XX网站被黑……在现今的社会背景下，“被”字文化更是风靡，被捐款，被就业，被代表，更是不胜枚举。

（3）所属关系的标明。中英文表达还有一大区别，那即是所属关系的标明，中文不少情况下都给省略了，而英文就需注明。

如：①痛苦的奴隶生活坚定了亨森为自由而战的决心。

译：Henson’s painful life as a slave strengthened HIS determination to struggle for freedom.

②结果乔治拿唱片跟同学换了电脑游戏软件。

译：As a result George traded HIS records for computer games software from HIS classmates

所以，在进行翻译活动时，及时在大脑里对比两种语言的使用区别，也是获得理想译文的重要一步。

三、灵活处理语言变化

（1）词性转换。

如：①每个学生见到教授都很激动。

译：Every student felt excited at the SIGHT of him.

②乔治没有跟朋友们一起庆祝节日，却沉浸于阅读他父亲留给他的日记。

译：Rather than joining his friends in CELEBRATION of the holiday，George was immersed in the diary left to him by his father.

（2）避免逐词翻译。

如：①苏珊因车祸失去了双腿。此句中的“双”没必要翻译

译：Susan lost her legs in a car accident.

②通过多读、多写、多听、多说，我们就能完成提高英语水平的任务。此句中的四个“多”，只需翻译一个即可。

译：By doing more reading，writing，listening and speaking，we will be able to accomplish the task of perfecting our English.

翻译很大程度上就是个技巧问题。在读懂中文原文的情况下，从中文的句法上分清主谓（宾）和各层次修饰语的关系，弄懂真正句意，再根据英语语言特点，注意两种语言思维表达上的差异，按英语句法格式安排原文的主谓和各修饰语的顺序，进行有效的翻译转换，使译文做到句法正确，层次清楚，逻辑连贯，简洁而通顺。当然，对于中文句子都看不懂，至于像把“心花怒放”翻译成“heart flower angry open”的这类句子，那就只能让英语老师哑口无言，哭笑不得了。

参考文献

［1］张培基等.英汉翻译教程［M］.上海：上海外语教育出版社，1996.

［2］邵志洪.英汉语对比研究［M］.上海：华东理工大学出版社，1997.

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