中英文翻译
智能开关电源
中文：
随着电子技术的高速发展，电子系统的应用领域越来越广泛，电子设备的种类也越来越多，电子设备与人们的工作、生活的关系日益密切。任何电子设备都离不开可靠的电源，它们对电源的要求也越来越高。电子设备的小型化和低成本化使电源以轻、薄、小和高效率为发展方向。传统的晶体管串联调整稳压电源是连续控制的线性稳压电源。这种传统稳压电源技术比较成熟，并且已有大量集成化的线性稳压电源模块，具有稳定性能好、输出波纹电压小、使用可靠等优点。但通常都需要体积大且笨重的工频变压器与体积和重量都很大的滤波器。
二十世纪五十年代，美国宇航局以小型化、重量轻为目标，为搭载火箭开发了开关电源。在近半个世纪的发展过程中，开关电源因具有重量轻、体积小、效率高、稳压范围宽等优点，在电子电气、控制、计算机等许多领域的电子设备中得到了广泛的使用。二十世纪八十年代，计算机全面实现了开关电源化，率先完成计算机的电源换代。二十世纪九十年代，开关电源在电子、电器设备、家电领域得到了广泛的应用，开关电源技术进入快速发展期。此外，大规模集成电路技术的迅速发展，又使开关电源有了质的飞跃，掀起了电源产品高频化、小型化、模块化的浪潮。
功率开关管、PWM控制器和高频变压器是开关电源必不可少的组成部分。传统的开关电源一般均采用分立的高频功率开关管和多引脚的PWM集成控制器，例如采用UC3842+MOSFET是国内小功率开关电源中较为普及的设计方法。
七十年代以来，涌现出许多功能完备的集成控制电路，使开关电源电路日益简化，工作频率不断提高，效率提高，并为电源小型化提供了广阔的前景。三端离线式脉宽调制单片开关集成电路TOP(Three Terminal Off Line)将PWM控制器与功率开关MOSFET合二为一封装在一起，已成为开关电源IC发展的主流。采用TOP开关集成电路设计开关电源，可使电路简化，体积进一步缩小，成本也明显降低。
单片开关电源具有单片集成化、最简外围电路、最佳性能指标、能构成无工频变压器开关电源等显著优点。美国PI(Power Integration)公司于上世纪九十年代中期率先推出的新型高频开关电源芯片，被誉为"顶级开关电源"，具有成本低，电路简单，效率高等优点。其第一代产品以1994年推出的TOP100/200
系列为代表，第二代产品则是1997年问世的TOPSwitch-Ⅱ。上述产品一经问世便显示出强大的生命力，他极大地简化了150W以下开关电源的设计和新产品的开发工作，也为新型、高效、低成本开关电源的推广与普及创造了良好条件，可广泛用于仪器仪表、笔记本电脑、移动电话、电视机、VCD和DVD、摄录像机、手机电池充电器、功率放大器等领域，并构成各种小型化、高密度、在价格上能与线性稳压电源相竞争的AC/DC电源变换模块。
开关电源向集成化方向发展将是未来的主要趋势,功率密度将越来越大,对工艺的要求也会越来越高.在半导体器件和磁性材料没有新的突破之前,重大的技术进展可能很难实现,技术创新的重点将集中在如何提高效率和减小重量.因此,工艺水平将会在电源制造中占的地位越来越高.另外,数字控制集成电路的应用也是将来开关电源发展的一个方向.这信赖于DSP运行速度和抗干扰技术的不断提高.至于先进的控制方法,目前个人觉得还没有看到实用性特别强的方法出现,也许随着数字控制的普及,会有一些新的控制理论运用到开关电源中来.
（1）高频化技术：随着开关频率的提高，开关变换器的体积也随之减少，功率密度也得到大幅提升，动态响应得到改善。小功率DC-DC变换器的开关频率将上升到MHz。但随着开关频率的不断提高，开关元件和无源元件损耗的增加、高频寄生参数以及高频EMI等新的问题也将随之产生。
（2）软开关技术：为提高变换器的变换效率，各种软开关技术应用而生，具有代表性的是无源软开关技术和有源软开关技术，主要包括零电压开关/零电流开关（ZVS/ZCS）谐振、准谐振、零电压/零电流脉宽调制技术（ZVS/ZCS-PWM）以及零电压过渡/零电流过渡脉宽调制（ZVT/ZCT-PWM）技术等。采用软开关技术可以有效的降低开关损耗和开关应力，有助于变换器变换效率的提高。
（3）功率因数校正技术（PFC）。目前PFC技术主要分为有源PFC技术和无源PFC技术两大类，采用PFC技术可以提高AC-DC变化器输入端功率因数，减少对电网的谐波污染。
（4）模块化技术。采用模块化技术可以满足分布式电源系统的需要，提高系统的可靠性。
（5）低输出电压技术。随着半导体制造技术的不断发展，微处理器和便携式电子设备的工作越来越低，这就要求未来的DC-DC变换器能够提供低输出电压以适应微处理器和便携式电子设备的供电要求。
人们在开关电源技术领域是边开发相关电力电子器件，边开发开关变频技术，两者相互促进推动着开关电源每年以超过两位数字的增长率向着轻、小、薄、低噪声、高可靠、抗干扰的方向发展。开关电源可分为AC/DC和DC/DC两大类，也有AC/AC DC/AC 如逆变器 DC/DC变换器现已实现模块化，且设计技术及生产工艺在国内外均已成熟和标准化，并已得到用户的认可，但AC/DC的模块化，因其自身的特性使得在模块化的进程中，遇到较为复杂的技术和工艺制造问题。以下分别对两类开关电源的结构和特性作以阐述。
开关电源的发展方向是高频、高可靠、低耗、低噪声、抗干扰和模块化。由于开关电源轻、小、薄的关键技术是高频化，因此国外各大开关电源制造商都致力于同步开发新型高智能化的元器件，特别是改善二次整流器件的损耗，并在功率铁氧体（Mn?Zn)材料上加大科技创新，以提高在高频率和较大磁通密度（Bs)下获得高的磁性能，而电容器的小型化也是一项关键技术。SMT技术的应用使得开关电源取得了长足的进展，在电路板两面布置元器件，以确保开关电源的轻、小、薄。开关电源的高频化就必然对传统的PWM开关技术进行创新，实现ZVS、ZCS的软开关技术已成为开关电源的主流技术，并大幅提高了开关电源的工作效率。对于高可靠性指标，美国的开关电源生产商通过降低运行电流，降低结温等措施以减少器件的应力，使得产品的可靠性大大提高。
模块化是开关电源发展的总体趋势，可以采用模块化电源组成分布式电源系统，可以设计成N＋1冗余系统，并实现并联方式的容量扩展。针对开关电源运行噪声大这一缺点，若单独追求高频化其噪声也必将随着增大，而采用部分谐振转换电路技术，在理论上即可实现高频化又可降低噪声，但部分谐振转换技术的实际应用仍存在着技术问题，故仍需在这一领域开展大量的工作，以使得该项技术得以实用化。
电力电子技术的不断创新，使开关电源产业有着广阔的发展前景。要加快我国开关电源产业的发展速度，就必须走技术创新之路，走出有中国特色的产学研联合发展之路，为我国民经济的高速发展做出贡献。
英文：
With the rapid development of electronic technology, application field of electronic system is more and more extensive, electronic equipment, there are more and more people work with electronic equipment, life is increasingly close relationship. Any electronic equipment are inseparable from reliable power supply for power requirements, they more and more is also high. Electronic equipment miniaturized and low cost in the power of light and thin, small and efficient for development direction. The traditional transistors series adjustment manostat is continuous control linear manostat. This traditional manostat technology more mature, and there has been a large number of integrated linear manostat module, has the stable performance is good, output ripple voltage small, reliable operation, etc. But usually need are bulky and heavy industrial frequency transformer and bulk and weight are big filter.
In the 1950s, NASA to miniaturization, light weight as the goal, for a rocket carrying the switch power development. In almost half a century of development process, switch power because of its small volume, light weight, high efficiency, wide range, voltage advantages in electric, control, computer, and many other areas of electronic equipment has been widely used. In the 1980s, a
computer is made up of all of switch power supply, the first complete computer power generation. Throughout the 1990s, switching power supply in electronics, electrical equipment, home appliances areas to be widely, switch power technology into the rapid development. In addition, large scale integrated circuit technology, and the rapid development of switch power supply with a qualitative leap, raised high frequency power products of, miniaturization, modular tide.
Power switch tube, PWM controller and high-frequency transformer is an indispensable part of the switch power supply. The traditional switch power supply is normally made by using high frequency power switch tube division and the pins, such as using PWM integrated controller UC3842 + MOSFET is domestic small power switch power supply, the design method of a more popularity.
Since the 1970s, emerged in many function complete integrated control circuit, switch power supply circuit increasingly simplified, working frequency enhances unceasingly, improving efficiency, and for power miniaturization provides the broad prospect. Three end off-line pulse width modulation monolithic integrated circuit TOP (Three switch Line) will Terminal Off with power switch MOSFET PWM controller one package together,
has become the mainstream of switch power IC development. Adopt TOP switch IC design switch power, can make the circuit simplified, volume further narrowing, cost also is decreased obviously
Monolithic switching power supply has the monolithic integrated, the minimalist peripheral circuit, best performance index, no work frequency transformer can constitute a significant advantage switching power supply, etc. American PI (with) company in Power in the mid 1990s first launched the new high frequency switching Power supply chip, known as the "top switch Power", with low cost, simple circuit, higher efficiency. The first generation of products launched in 1994 represented
TOP100/200 series, the second generation product is the TOPSwitch - debuted in 1997 Ⅱ. The above products once appeared showed strong vitality and he greatly simplifies the design of 150W following switching power supply and the development of new products for the new job, also, high efficiency and low cost switch power supply promotion and popularization created good condition, which can be widely used in instrumentation, notebook computers, mobile phones, TV, VCD and DVD, perturbation VCR, mobile phone battery chargers, power amplifier and other fields, and form various miniaturization,
density, on price can compete with the linear manostat AC/DC power transformation module.
Switching power supply to integrated direction of future development will be the main trend, power density will more and more big, to process requirements will increasingly high. In semiconductor devices and magnetic materials, no new breakthrough technology progress before major might find it hard to achieve, technology innovation will focus on how to improve the efficiency and focus on reducing weight. Therefore, craft level will be in the position of power supply manufacturing higher in. In addition, the application of digital control IC is the future direction of the development of a switch power. This trust in DSP for speed and anti-interference technology unceasing enhancement. As for advanced control method, now the individual feels haven't seen practicability of the method appears particularly strong, perhaps with the popularity of digital control, and there are some new control theory into switching power supply.
（1）The technology: with high frequency switching frequencies increase, switch converter volume also decrease, power density has also been boosted, dynamic response improved. Small power DC - DC converter switch frequency will rise to MHz. But as the switch frequency unceasing
enhancement, switch components and passive components loss increases, high-frequency parasitic parameters and
high-frequency EMI and so on the new issues will also be caused.
（2）Soft switching technologies: in order to improve the efficiency of non-linearity of various soft switch, commutation technical application and hygiene, representative of soft switch technology is passive and active soft switch technology, mainly including zero voltage switch/zero current switch (ZVS/ZCS) resonance, quasi resonant, zero voltage/zero current pulse width modulation technology (ZVS/ZCS - PWM) and zero voltage transition/zero current transition pulse width modulation (PWM) ZVT/ZCT - technical, etc. By means of soft switch technology can effectively reduce switch loss and switch stress, help converter transformation efficiency
（3）Power factor correction technology (IC simplifies PFC). At present mainly divided into IC simplifies PFC technology passive and active IC simplifies PFC technology using IC simplifies PFC technology two kinds big, IC simplifies PFC technology can improve AC - DC change device input power factor, reduce the harmonic pollution of power grid.
（4）Modular technology. Modular technology can meet the needs of the distributed power system, enhance the system reliability.
（5）Low output voltage technology. With the continuous development of semiconductor manufacturing technology, microprocessor and portable electronic devices work more and more low, this requires future DC - DC converter can provide low output voltage to adapt microprocessor and power supply requirement of portable electronic devices
People in switching power supply technical fields are edge developing related power electronics device, the side of frequency conversion technology, development of switch between mutual promotion push switch power supply with more than two year growth toward light, digital small, thin, low noise and high reliability, anti-interference direction. Switching power supply can be divided into the AC/DC and DC/DC two kinds big, also have AC/AC DC/AC as inverter DC/DC converter is now realize modular, and design technology and production process at home and abroad, are mature and standardization, and has approved by users, but the AC/DC modular, because of its own characteristics in the process of making modular, meet more complex technology and craft manufacture problems. The
following two types of switch power supply respectively on the structure and properties of this.
Switching power supply is the development direction of high frequency, high reliability, low consumption, low noise,
anti-jamming and modular. Because light switch power, small, thin key techniques are changed, so high overseas each big switch power supply manufacturer are devoted to the development of new high intelligent synchronous rectifier, especially the improvement of secondary devices of the device, and power loss of Zn ferrite (Mn) material? By increasing scientific and technological innovation, to enhance in high frequency and larger magnetic flux density (Bs) can get high magnetic under the miniaturization of, and capacitor is a key technology. SMT technology application makes switching power supply has made considerable progress, both sides in the circuit board to ensure that decorate components of switch power supply light, small, thin. The high frequency switching power supply of the traditional PWM must innovate switch technology, to realize the ZCS ZVS, soft switch technology has become the mainstream of switch power supply technical, and greatly improve the efficiency of switch power. For high reliability index, America's switch power producers, reduce by lowering operating
current measures such as junction temperature of the device, in order to reduce stress the reliability of products made greatly increased.
Modularity is of the general development of switch power supply trend can be modular power component distributed power system, can be designed to N + 1 redundant system, and realize the capacity expansion parallel. According to switch power running large noise this one defect, if separate the pursuit of high frequency noise will increase its with the partial resonance, and transform circuit technology, high frequency can be realized in theory and can reduce the noise, but part of the practical application of resonant conversion technology still have a technical problem, so in this area still need to carry out a lot of work, in order to make the technology to practional utilization.
Power electronic technology unceasing innovation, switch power supply industry has broad prospects for development. To speed up the development of switch power industry in China, we must walk speed of technological innovation road, combination with Chinese characteristics in the joint development path, for I the high-speed development of national economy to make the contribution.
英汉互译在线翻译怎样实现
现在英语的重要性相信大家都是有所了解的，特别是外贸工作者对英语的重要性更是深有体会的。同时在学业学习的过程中我们也是会经常遇到一些英汉互译的问题的额，那么我们应该怎样在线实现英汉互译的问题呢？下面就一起来看一下吧。 步骤一：要在线实现英汉互译的问题，我们就需要通过浏览器搜索在线翻译，进入下面这个页面来帮助我们进行实现。 步骤二：通过浏览器进入在线翻译页面后，有两个选项一个是短句翻译的选项，中文150字以内，英文150词以内都支持进行翻译，适合零散短句，日常用语，商贸交流，邮件往来，地址信息等短文本的翻译。
步骤三：还有一个选项是文档翻译的选项，一次只支持翻译一个文档，所支持翻译的文档格式有一下几种：PDF、WORD文档中的图片、扫描件、图纸。但是背景模糊的纯图片无法进行翻译。 步骤四：了解完上面的两个选项后，我们就可以根据需要选择一个选项进入了，下面小编就选择短句翻译的选项，来为大家进行讲解。
步骤五：转入短句翻译的选项后，会出现两个文本框，我们需要在左边的文本框中输入需要进行翻译的语句。 步骤六：语句输入好后，在文本框的上方可以对一些翻译的选项设置，这样可以帮助我们更快的实现翻译。
步骤七：翻译选项设置好后，就可以通过选择开始翻译按钮，对短语进行翻译了。 步骤八：耐心等待短语翻译结束后，翻译结果会在右边的文本框中呈现，我们可以通过文本框上方的复制按钮对翻译后的结果进行复制粘贴，也可以直接通过鼠标选中进行复制粘贴。
英汉互译的实现方法，上面已经为大家分享过了，实现过程简单快速，生活中再遇到关于翻译的问题，就可以用这个方法来进行实现了。
spss软件的菜单及所有单词中英文翻译大全
SPSS 统计软件的主菜单及子菜单
spss软件的中英文翻译 Absolute deviation, 绝对离差 Absolute number, 绝对数 Absolute residuals, 绝对残差 Acceleration array, 加速度立体阵 Acceleration in an arbitrary direction, 任意方向上的加速度Acceleration normal, 法向加速度 Acceleration space dimension, 加速度空间的维数Acceleration tangential, 切向加速度 Acceleration vector, 加速度向量 Acceptable hypothesis, 可接受假设 Accumulation, 累积 Accuracy, 准确度 Actual frequency, 实际频数 Adaptive estimator, 自适应估计量 Addition, 相加 Addition theorem, 加法定理 Additivity, 可加性 Adjusted rate, 调整率 Adjusted value, 校正值 Admissible error, 容许误差 Aggregation, 聚集性 Alternative hypothesis, 备择假设 Among groups, 组间 Amounts, 总量 Analysis of correlation, 相关分析 Analysis of covariance, 协方差分析 Analysis of regression, 回归分析 Analysis of time series, 时间序列分析 Analysis of variance, 方差分析 Angular transformation, 角转换 ANOVA （analysis of variance）, 方差分析 ANOVA Models, 方差分析模型 Arcing, 弧/弧旋 Arcsine transformation, 反正弦变换 Area under the curve, 曲线面积 AREG , 评估从一个时间点到下一个时间点回归相关时的误差ARIMA, 季节和非季节性单变量模型的极大似然估计 Arithmetic grid paper, 算术格纸 Arithmetic mean, 算术平均数
英汉互译在线翻译句子
如果只是遇见，不能停留，不如不遇见。 if we can only encounter each other rather than stay with each other,then i wish we had never encountered. 2 。宁愿笑着流泪，也不哭着说后悔。心碎了，还需再补吗？ i would like weeping with the smile rather than repenting with the cry, when my heart is broken, is it needed to fix? 3 。没有谁对不起谁，只有谁不懂得珍惜谁。 no one indebted for others, while many people dont know how to cherish others. 4 。命里有时钟需有命里无时莫强求you will have it if it belongs to you, whereas you dont kvetch for it if it doesnt appear in your life. 5 。当香烟爱上火柴时，就注定受到伤害when a cigarette falls in love with a match, it is destined to be hurt. 6。爱情??在指缝间承诺指缝…。在爱情下交缠。love ,promised between the fingers finger rift, twisted in the love 7。没有人值得你流泪，值得让你这么做的人不会让你哭泣。 no man or woman is worth your tears, and the one who is, won?t make you cry. 8 。记住该记住的，忘记该忘记的。改变能改变的，接受不能改变的。 remember what should be remembered, and forget what should be forgotten. alter what is changeable, and accept what is unchangeable. love is like a butterfly. it goes where it pleases and it pleases where it goes. 爱情就像 一只蝴蝶，它喜欢飞到哪里，就把欢乐带到哪里。 if i had a single flower for every time i think about you, i could walk forever in my garden. 假如每次想起你我都会得到一朵鲜花，那么我将永远在花丛中徜徉。 within you i lose myself, without you i find myself wanting to be lost again. 有了你，我迷失了自我。失去你，我多么希望自己再度迷失。每一个沐浴在 爱河中的人都是诗人。 look into my eyes - you will see what you mean to me. 看看我的眼睛，你会发现你对 我而言意味着什么。distance makes the hearts grow fonder. 距离使两颗心靠得更 近。 i need him like i need the air to breathe. 我需要他，正如我需要呼吸空气。 if equal affection cannot be, let the more loving be me. 如果没有相等的爱，那就让 我爱多一些吧。 love is a vine that grows into our hearts. 爱是长在我们心里的藤蔓。
英汉互译在线翻译句子教案资料
英汉互译在线翻译句 子
美句集锦 如果只是遇见，不能停留，不如不遇见。 if we can only encounter each other rather than stay with each other,then i wish we had never encountered. 2。宁愿笑着流泪，也不哭着说后悔。心碎了，还需再补吗？ i would like weeping with the smile rather than repenting with the cry, when my heart is broken, is it needed to fix? 3。没有谁对不起谁，只有谁不懂得珍惜谁。 no one indebted for others, while many people dont know how to cherish others. 4。命里有时钟需有命里无时莫强求 you will have it if it belongs to you, whereas you dont kvetch for it if it doesnt appear in your life. 5。当香烟爱上火柴时，就注定受到伤害 when a cigarette falls in love with a match, it is destined to be hurt. 6。爱情…在指缝间承诺指缝…。在爱情下交缠。 love ,promised between the fingers finger rift, twisted in the love 7。没有人值得你流泪，值得让你这么做的人不会让你哭泣。 no man or woman is worth your tears, and the one who is, won?t make you cry. 8。记住该记住的，忘记该忘记的。改变能改变的，接受不能改变的。 remember what should be remembered, and forget what should be forgotten. alter what is changeable, and accept what is unchangeable. love is like a butterfly. it goes where it pleases and it pleases where it goes. 爱情就像一只蝴蝶，它喜欢飞到哪里，就把欢乐带到哪里。 if i had a single flower for every time i think about you, i could walk forever in my garden. 假如每次想起你我都会得到一朵鲜花，那么我将永远在花丛中徜徉。 within you i lose myself, without you i find myself wanting to be lost again. 有了你，我迷失了自我。失去你，我多么希望自己再度迷失。 每一个沐浴在爱河中的人都是诗人。 look into my eyes - you will see what you mean to me. 看看我的眼睛，你会发现你对我而言意味着什么。 distance makes the hearts grow fonder. 距离使两颗心靠得更近。 i need him like i need the air to breathe. 我需要他，正如我需要呼吸空气。 if equal affection cannot be, let the more loving be me. 如果没有相等的爱，那就让我爱多一些吧。 love is a vine that grows into our hearts. 爱是长在我们心里的藤蔓。 if i know what love is, it is because of you.
英文翻译工具
五分钟搞定5000字－外文文献翻译【你想要的工具都在这里】 五分钟搞定5000字－外文文献翻译 工具大全https://www.sodocs.net/doc/3a12973584.html,/node/2151 在科研过程中阅读翻译外文文献是一个非常重要的环节，许多领域高水平的文献都是外文文献，借鉴一些外文文献翻译的经验是非常必要的。由于特殊原因我翻译外文文献的机会比较多，慢慢地就发现了外文文献翻译过程中的三大利器：G oogle“翻译”频道、金山词霸（完整版本）和CNKI“翻译助手"。 具体操作过程如下： 1.先打开金山词霸自动取词功能，然后阅读文献； 2.遇到无法理解的长句时，可以交给Google处理，处理后的结果猛一看，不堪入目，可是经过大脑的再处理后句子的意思基本就明了了； 3.如果通过Google仍然无法理解，感觉就是不同，那肯定是对其中某个“常用单词”理解有误，因为某些单词看似很简单，但是在文献中有特殊的意思，这时就可以通过CNKI的“翻译助手”来查询相关单词的意思，由于CNKI的单词意思都是来源与大量的文献，所以它的吻合率很高。
另外，在翻译过程中最好以“段落”或者“长句”作为翻译的基本单位，这样才不会造成“只见树木，不见森林”的误导。 注： 1、Google翻译：https://www.sodocs.net/doc/3a12973584.html,/language_tools google，众所周知，谷歌里面的英文文献和资料还算是比较详实的。我利用它是这样的。一方面可以用它查询英文论文，当然这方面的帖子很多，大家可以搜索，在此不赘述。回到我自己说的翻译上来。下面给大家举个例子来说明如何用吧 比如说“电磁感应透明效应”这个词汇你不知道他怎么翻译， 首先你可以在CNKI里查中文的，根据它们的关键词中英文对照来做，一般比较准确。 在此主要是说在google里怎么知道这个翻译意思。大家应该都有词典吧，按中国人的办法，把一个一个词分着查出来，敲到google里，你的这种翻译一般不太准，当然你需要验证是否准确了，这下看着吧，把你的那支离破碎的翻译在google里搜索，你能看到许多相关的文献或资料，大家都不是笨蛋，看看，也就能找到最精确的翻译了，纯西式的！我就是这么用的。 2、CNKI翻译：https://www.sodocs.net/doc/3a12973584.html, CNKI翻译助手，这个网站不需要介绍太多，可能有些人也知道的。主要说说它的有点，你进去看看就能发现：搜索的肯定是专业词汇，而且它翻译结果下面有文章与之对应（因为它是CNKI检索提供的，它的翻译是从文献里抽出来的），很实用的一个网站。估计别的写文章的人不是傻子吧，它们的东西我们可以直接
中英文互译
中英文翻译 EXW FCA FAS FOB CFR CIF CPT DAF DES DEQ DDU DDP Offer Offeror Offeree Invitation for offer Subject to our final confirmation Cross offer Withdrawal Revocability Counter-offer Acceptance Mail box rule Receive of the letter of acceptance rule Late acceptance Identified to the contract Shipping documents Sale by description Sale by sample Fundamental breach of contract Anticipatory breach Specific performance Breach of condition Breach of warranty Unconditionally appropriated to the contract Reserve the right of disposal To the order of the seller or his agent Sale on approval Floating cargo Quality to be considered as being about equal to the sample Sales by specification, grade or standard Fair average quality Sales by brand of trade mark
中英互译中遇到的不对等词及其翻译
中英互译中遇到的不对等词及其翻译 王碧娟 （洛阳师范学院公共外语教研部河南洛阳471022） 【摘要】本文就中英语言中的不对等对等词汇进行了比较研究，探讨了它们对翻译的重大影响，并介绍如何利用当代的翻译理论及其翻译技巧，如音译、直译、意译等处理一些汉英翻译中看似不可译的英汉中词汇不对等现象。 【关键词】不对等；音译；直译；意译 一、简述 美国翻译理论家尤金.A奈达指出每一种语言都具有其独特的构词功能、词序、句法和语言风格，比如成语和诗句，每一种语言中都有大量的词汇用以体现该民族，该文化的特征。[1]但在长期的发展过程中，不同民族要面对一些完全相同的事物，如太阳、月亮、水、火，如生老病死。所以，不同的语言之间就会有一些对等的词汇来表示相同的事物，但其表达方式却不尽相同。中文、英文分属不同的语系，所以在这一点上，它们自然也不例外。翻译是跨语言交际的一种途径，所以，理解词汇的意义就非常重要了。本文就中英语言中的对等词汇进行了比较研究，并探讨了它们对翻译的重大影响，并介绍如何利用当代的翻译理论及其翻译技巧处理一些汉英翻译中看似不可译的英汉中词汇不对等现象。 二、中英对等词汇的比较研究 为了更好的理解对等词汇，我们应先讨论一下词义，著名的英语语言学家利奇，在他的《语义学》一书中将词义清晰地划分为七类： （一）概念意义；（二）含蓄意义；（三）风格意义；（四）感情意义；（五）折射意义；（六）搭配意义；（七）主题意义。 其中（二）、（三）、（四）、（五）、（六）可被归纳为联想意义。[2]这样的分类能帮助我们更好的理解词义。但当我们在探讨词汇语义学时，我们主要关注两种词义，即代表该词在实际语言学领域的意义的指称意义和指在使用过程中形成的价值观和态度，即联想意义。这里，我们将对中英文中对等词的指称义和联想意义进行比较和分析。 1、指称意义相同但联想意义不同 在这一部分，我们将把指称意义相同但联想意义不同的词做一比较。我们也知道，语言，作为文化的一个重要部分，能反应一个地区，一个民族或一个国家的文化。语言同时也是人们表达自己文化的途径。语言与文化间的关系就如同文
十个最流行的在线英汉翻译网站准确性评测对比
Facebook、Digg、Twitter、美味书签(https://www.sodocs.net/doc/3a12973584.html,)……很多名声大噪且已逐渐步入主流的网络服务都是从国外开始引爆的,而即便是抛却技术上的前瞻性,仅从资源上来看“外域”的也更丰富.当网友们浏览国外网站时,即使有些英文基础,也大都或多或少要使用到翻译工具.在线翻译显然是最便捷的方式,目前提供此类服务的网站有不少,但机器智能翻译尤其考验真功夫,翻译质量的优劣直接影响着用户的阅读效果.在这里我们将全面网罗十个颇有些关注度的在线翻译服务,试炼其翻译质量、速度等各方面的表现. 参评在线翻译 1、Google翻译 网址：https://www.sodocs.net/doc/3a12973584.html,/language_tools?hl=zh-CN 2、Windows Live在线翻译 网址：https://www.sodocs.net/doc/3a12973584.html,/Default.aspx 3、雅虎翻译 网址：https://www.sodocs.net/doc/3a12973584.html,/ 4、爱词霸 网址：https://www.sodocs.net/doc/3a12973584.html,/trans.php
5、百度词典 网址：https://www.sodocs.net/doc/3a12973584.html,/ 6、海词在线翻译 网址：https://www.sodocs.net/doc/3a12973584.html,/ 7、金桥翻译 网址：https://www.sodocs.net/doc/3a12973584.html,/ 8、谷词在线词典 网址：https://www.sodocs.net/doc/3a12973584.html,/ 9、木头鱼在线翻译 网址：https://www.sodocs.net/doc/3a12973584.html,/translation/ 10、nciku在线词典 网址：https://www.sodocs.net/doc/3a12973584.html,/ 一、翻译质量比拼 单词翻译 测试项1：日常用语 翻译单词：boil 参考释义：煮沸 测试结果： 1、Google翻译：沸腾、煮沸等 2、Windows Live在线翻译：煮沸
【9A文】英汉互译在线翻译句子
美句集锦 如果只是遇见，不能停留，不如不遇见。ifwecanonlRencountereachotherratherthanstaRwitheachother,theniwishwehadneverenco untered. 2。宁愿笑着流泪，也不哭着说后悔。心碎了，还需再补吗？iwouldlikeweepingwiththesmileratherthanrepentingwiththecrR,whenmRheartisbroken,i sitneededtofiR? 3。没有谁对不起谁，只有谁不懂得珍惜谁。 nooneindebtedforothers,whilemanRpeopledontknowhowtocherishothers. 4。命里有时钟需有命里无时莫强求 RouwillhaveitifitbelongstoRou,whereasRoudontkvetchforitifitdoesntappearinRourlif e. 5。当香烟爱上火柴时，就注定受到伤害 whenacigarettefallsinlovewithamatch,itisdestinedtobehurt. 6。爱情...在指缝间承诺指缝...。在爱情下交缠。 love,promisedbetweenthefingers fingerrift,twistedinthelove 7。没有人值得你流泪，值得让你这么做的人不会让你哭泣。nomanorwomanisworthRourtears,andtheonewhois,won?tmakeRoucrR. 8。记住该记住的，忘记该忘记的。改变能改变的，接受不能改变的。rememberwhatshouldberemembered,andforgetwhatshouldbeforgotten.alterwhatischangea ble,andacceptwhatisunchangeable. loveislikeabutterflR.itgoeswhereitpleasesanditpleaseswhereitgoes.爱情就像一只蝴蝶，它喜欢飞到哪里，就把欢乐带到哪里。ifihadasingleflowerforeverRtimeithinkaboutRou,icouldwalkforeverinmRgarden. 假如每次想起你我都会得到一朵鲜花，那么我将永远在花丛中徜徉。withinRouilosemRself,withoutRouifindmRselfwantingtobelostagain. 有了你，我迷失了自我。失去你，我多么希望自己再度迷失。 每一个沐浴在爱河中的人都是诗人。 lookintomReRes-RouwillseewhatRoumeantome. 看看我的眼睛，你会发现你对我而言意味着什么。distancemakestheheartsgrowfonder. 距离使两颗心靠得更近。 ineedhimlikeineedtheairtobreathe. 我需要他，正如我需要呼吸空气。 ifequalaffectioncannotbe,letthemorelovingbeme. 如果没有相等的爱，那就让我爱多一些吧。 loveisavinethatgrowsintoourhearts. 爱是长在我们心里的藤蔓。 ifiknowwhatloveis,itisbecauseofRou. 因为你，我懂得了爱。 loveisthegreatestrefreshmentinlife. 爱情是生活最好的提神剂。 loveneverdies.
软件工程中英文翻译
Internet of electronic information resources development and utilization The development and utilization of Internet richness of the electronic information resource, which can be directly consider E-mail, file transfer, Telnet approach, also can indirectly consider using several common information retrieval tool, the paper made a detailed introduction and analysis, aims to help help user well using the Internet. For information institutions or library is concerned, to learn and use well, not only can enlarge Internet information resources development and utilization of the scope, but also able to enhance the level of service to users. Keywords Internet electronic information resources development and utilization Exploitation andUtilization of Electronic Information Resources on Internet - The Internet can be extensive communication in the world every person, connect all the computer and provides a wealth of information resources, and provide A variety of service tool to obtain these resources. Information institutions or libraries in the Internet for information resources, retrieval electricity The son journals and newspapers, orders and electronic publications, retrieval online catalogue and union catalog, a searchable database system, access journals to discuss, through the file transfer (FTP) receiving documents. So we can use Internet richness of the information resources to expand its collection, still can use directly these information resources to carry on the information retrieval consulting services. In searching available in the email, database retrieval, file transfer, remote login, and information query tools etc. In order to enrich the exploitation and utilization of Internet information resources, the author thinks that should through the following ways. 1 directly use the Internet E-mail (hereinafter Email) Electronicmail, E-mail is a based on computer network to store, forward form various data, images, and exchange information in words of exchange System, sending and receiving and managementare in computer Internet E-mail systems management software. Email software generally provide teleport, browse, storage, transfer, delete, restore E-mail and the reply, and other functions, can match a communication, also can spread, each user has a particular coding mailbox, can with any users online information transmission, spontaneous since the received or forwardingletters. User simply equipped with a modem, a telephone lines and thcorresponding communication software, can in any part of the microcomputer with communication phase even on sending and receiving information, to realize communication. Email take storage, forwarding way, open E-mail program is adopted, the web server machine online way 24 hours working around-the-clock, always receive emails from all of the world, no matter what, when and where will the computer connected server only, can scoop out your E-mail. Need to send electronic information, users first the arbitrary length of letters for its input computer plus addressee address, and send button, the information being sent to the information high male road. On the other side of the addressee open
the-egg-全文中英互译-翻译
2三十五岁的春天, 他娶了当时还是学校教员的妈妈, 第二年春, 我便呱呱坠地. 打那儿起, 他俩起了变化. 他们变得雄心勃勃, 满脑子都是美国式飞黄腾达的远大理想. 3对此我妈可能也要付一定责任. 她识文断字, 一定经常读书看报. 我估计她在坐月子的时候, 就读了伽菲和林肯等人怎么从一介草民变成一代伟人--当时我就躺在她边上--兴许她指望我哪天也能呼风唤雨. 她不由分说, 怂恿爸爸辞掉了雇农的工作, 卖了马匹自己做买卖. 她身高体长, 沉默寡言, 鼻梁高耸, 灰色的眼珠常显得忧虑不安. 她对自己无欲无求, 为我们却豪情万丈到无可救药. 4他们的第一桩投资就惨不忍睹. 他们在距彼兑奥镇八英里的格利路边租了十英亩贫瘠的石板地, 将养鸡厂投入运营. 我在那里进入了孩提时代, 并获得了对人生的第一印象. 最初的印象充斥着死亡和不幸, 如果说我后来成了一个彻头彻尾的悲观主义者, 都归功于我在养鸡场度过的本应快乐的童年时光. 5没有相同的生活经历, 你绝想不到鸡的一生能惨绝人寰到何种程度. 它破壳而生, 像复活节明信片上的小毛球样子活上几周, 然后令人发指地掉毛, 成堆地吃掉你老爹辛勤汗水换来的谷粮, 染上喉舌病, 霍乱等各种鸡瘟, 傻站着两眼朝天, 生病, 然后死翘翘. 多数母鸡和少数公鸡, 为了践行上帝的神秘旨意, 挣扎着撑到成年. 随后母鸡下蛋, 孵出小鸡, 恐怖的生命轮回籍此画上圆圈. 整个过程复杂得匪夷所思. 绝大多数哲学家的童年一定都在养鸡厂度过. 各种期许美轮美奂, 到头来眼睁睁地一一破灭. 初生的小鸡看似聪明伶俐, 实际上蠢得骇人听闻. 倘若能侥幸熬过鸡瘟, 引得你期待满满, 它们便闲庭信步地走向马车轮底, 被轧成肉饼向上帝报道. 寄生虫是他们健康的大敌, 于是大笔的钱被用来购买药粉. 多年之后, 文坛涌现了一种致力于描写靠养鸡发家致富的文学流派. 那是写给全知全能开天眼的神人看的. 此类养鸡文学积极向上, 描绘了人类靠两窝母鸡可以取得的巨大成就. 别上当, 那不是写给你看的. 上阿拉斯加的冻土淘金, 相信政客敢上测谎仪, 坚信人类不会玩完或仁者无敌, 也坚决不要相信任何与母鸡有关的文艺作品. 那不是写给你看的. 6怎么回事, 我跑题了. 这个故事其实跟母鸡无关, 确切地说, 是关于鸡蛋. 十年来爹妈累死累活, 让养鸡场扭亏为盈的尝试还是以失败告终. 他们果断地改变投资项目, 前往毕兑奥镇进军餐饮业. 十年来他们第一次可以不用担心孵蛋器不孵蛋, 或者为从半裸雏鸡变成死老母鸡的小毛球--它们确有自己的可爱之处--操心受累. 我们打点家当扔掉鸡舍, 怀揣对新生活的美好憧憬, 沿着格利路启程朝毕兑奥进发. 7如果没人硬说我们是逃荒的难民, 往轻了说, 我们也是个个愁云惨淡凄风苦雨. 我和妈妈走路, 全部家当装在向邻居艾格里借来一天的马车里. 椅子腿从车子两旁支棱出来, 床铺桌子厨具后面是一木箱活鸡, 箱子上放着我幼年用过的婴儿车. 我想不通干嘛还留着它--我不太可能有弟弟妹妹, 而且车轱辘早坏了. 穷人总是什么都不舍得扔. 此类种种, 生活如此让人沮丧. 8爸爸高坐在马车上. 当时他四十五岁, 谢顶略胖, 常年与妈妈和鸡相伴使他变得习惯性的寡言少语闷闷不乐. 十年间他一直在临近农场打零工, 赚来的钱大都花在了维魔特效霍乱散, 毕教授催蛋剂, 以及各种妈妈在家禽杂志广告上看到的鸡瘟特效药上. 爸爸鬓角有两缕稀疏的头发. 我记得小时候的冬天下午, 我会看着他在壁炉前的椅子里打瞌睡. 那时我已经开始看书认字, 萌生了这么一个想法, 爸爸头顶上的光秃小径, 就像凯撒大帝的大路, 将他的疆土从罗马通向未知世界. 他耳旁的发丛, 则是森林. 在半梦半醒之间, 我看到全家沿着爸爸头顶上的康庄大道, 走向无鸡无蛋的幸福生活. 9我们从鸡场到市镇的长途跋涉可以写成一篇纪实文学. 我和妈妈溜溜走了八英里, 她照看车上摇摇欲坠的东西, 我则打量着世上的奇景. 父亲的旁边是他的宝贝, 我接下来就要说.
中英文在线翻译
英文翻译中文在线翻译 英文翻译中文在线翻译 （一）促进经济平稳较快发展 1. Promoting steady and robust economic development 扩大内需特别是消费需求是我国经济长期平稳较快发展的根本立足点，是今年工作的重点。 Expanding domestic demand, particularly consumer demand, which is essential to ensuring China’s long -term, steady, and robust economic development, is the focus of our economic work this year. 着力扩大消费需求。加快构建扩大消费的长效机制。大力调整收入分配格局，增加中低收入者收入，提高居民消费能力。完善鼓励居民消费政策。大力发展社会化养老、家政、物业、医疗保健等服务业。鼓励文化、旅游、健身等消费，落实好带薪休假制度。积极发展网络购物等新型消费业态。支持引导环保建材、节水洁具、节能汽车等绿色消费。
扩大消费信贷。加强城乡流通体系和道路、停车场等基础设 施建设。加强产品质量安全监管。改善消费环境，维护消费 者合法权益。 We will work hard to expand consumer demand. We will move faster to set up a permanent mechanism for boosting consumption. Wewill vigorously adjust income distribution, increase the incomes of low-and middle- income groups, and enhance people ’s ability to consume. We will improve policies that encourage consumption. We will vigorously develop elderly care, domestic, property management, medical and healthcare services. We will encourage consumer spending on cultural activities, tourism, and fitness; and implement the system of paid vacations. We will actively develop new forms of consumption such as online shopping; support and guide the consumption of green goods such as environmentally friendly building materials, water-saving sanitation products, and energy-efficient vehicles; and expand consumer credit. We will improve the urban-rural logistics system and infrastructural facilities, such as roads and parking lots, strengthen supervision over product quality and
最新汉译英在线翻译句子
[标签:标题] 篇一：2015汉译英句子翻译(包括参考译文) 2015年汉译英综合练习 1. 她就是这样风里来，雨里去，成年累月地工作着。 This is how she carries on her work, rain or shine, all the year round. 2. 西湖如明镜，千峰凝翠，洞壑幽深，风光奇丽。 The West Lake is like a mirror, embellished all around with emerald hills and deep caves of enchanting beauty. 3. 但我就是这个脾气，虽然几经努力，却未能改变过来。 But it’s the way I am, and try as I might, I haven’t been able to change it. 4. 一踏上中华人民共和国国土，我们就随时随地地受到关怀和照顾。 From the moment we stepped into the People’s Republic of China, care and kindness surrounded us on every side. 5. 袭人道：“一百年还记得呢！比不得你，拿着我的话当耳边风，夜里说了，早起就忘了。”“I’ll remember it if I live to be a hundred!”said Aroma. “I am not like you, letting what I say go in at one ear and out at the other forgetting what’s said at night by the next morning.” 6. 要制造飞机，就必须仔细考虑空气阻力问题。 Air resistance must be given careful consideration when the aircraft is to be made. 7. 为什么总把这些麻烦事推给我呢？ Why should all the unpleasant jobs be pushed onto me? 8. 只有在我过于劳累，在我长时间无间断地工作，在我感到内心空虚，需要补充精神营养的时候，我才感到寂寞。 I am lonely when I am overtired, when I have worked too long without a break, when for the time being I feel empty and need filling up. 9. 中国成功地爆炸了第一颗原子弹，在全世界引起了巨大的反响。 The successful explosion of the first atomic bomb in China caused great repercussions all over the world. 10. 我们应该实行国民经济信息化和科研成果产业化。 We should build an information-based national economy and apply scientific research achievements to industrial production. 11. 你说的倒轻巧，你也给我捧个奖杯回来。 You talk as if it were very simple. Why not try yourself and see if you can bring back a trophy, too? 12. 中国应该用实践向世界表明，中国反对霸权主义、强权政治、永不称霸。 China should show the world through actions that she is opposed to hegemonism and power politics and will never seek hegemony. 13. 中国明朝的著名旅行家徐霞客一生周游考察了16个省，足迹几乎遍布全国。 Xu Xiake, a great traveler in China’s Ming Dynasty, visited 16 provinces in his lifetime, leaving his footprints in nearly every corner of the country. 14. 阿Q将衣服摔在地上，吐一口唾沫，说：“这毛虫”！ Ah Q flung his jacket on the ground, spat, and swore, “Hairy worm!” 15. “三个臭皮匠，顶个诸葛亮”，这就是说，群众有伟大的创造力。