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期末笔试30分复习范围

一、了解三个重要的跨文化理论的提出者分别是谁。

Cross cultural Dimensions ( Hofstede`s cultural dimensions):Greet Hofstede

High and Low Content: Edward T. Hall

Face Value 英国社会心理学家：Erving Goffmann

二、会判断以下说法的正误：

1. Studies revealed that men’s values differ less among societies than women’s values. ( F )

2. Uncertainty accepting cultures try to minimize the possibility of are novel, unknown, surprising, and different situations by strict laws and rules, safety and security measures. ( F )

3. The dimension of Individualism/Collectivism refers to the degree to which

individuals are integrated into groups.( T )

4. Power Distance Index is the extent to which the less powerful members of organizations and institutions (like the family) accept and expect that power is distributed unequally. ( T )

5.People have got a polychronic time system in high-context culture. So one can concentrate only on one thing during a period of time. ( F )

6. In low-context cultures, the verbal message contains most of the information and very little is embedded in the context or the participants. ( T )

7. FACEWORK refers only to the favorable social attributes that people want others to acknowledge.(T)

8. English Romanticism begins in 1798 with the publication of Wordsworth and Coleridge’s The Lyrical Ballads and ends in 1832 with Walter Scott’s death. ( T )

9. Virginia Woolf believes that traditional plots, direct dialogues, chronological order and geographic space are all vital to narration.(F)

10. The soliloquy “To be or not to be”connects many of Hamlet’s main themes, including the idea of suicide and death, the difficulty of knowing the truth in a spiritually ambiguous universe, and the connection between thought and action.(T)

三、知道以下作品的作者是谁

A Tale of Two Cities Charles Dickens

Oedipus the King 《俄狄浦斯王》索福克里斯（Sophocles）

Sons and Lovers戴维·赫伯特·劳伦斯(D. H. Lawrence）

Mrs Dalloway Virginia Woolf

Leaves of Grass Walt Whitman

The Hours Michael Cunningham

Wuthering Heights 呼啸山庄Emily Bronte

Tess of the D’urbervilles德伯家的苔丝Thomas Hardy （托马斯·哈代）The Old Man and the Sea 老人与海Ernest Hemingway（欧内斯特·海明威）The Comedy Divine Dante Alighieri

The Road Not Taken 未选择的路Robert Frost（罗伯特·佛罗斯特）

Romeo and Juliet William Shakespeare（威廉·莎士比亚）

Jane Eyre Charlotte Bronte（夏洛蒂·勃朗特）

Life on the Mississippi Mark Twain（马克·吐温）

Sense and Sensibility 理智与情感Jane Austen（简·奥斯汀）

四、了解西方文学重要发展阶段的顺序。

The Ancient World----The Middle Ages ---- The Renaissance ---- Neo-Classicism ---Romanticism ---Realism - --Modernism -- Postmodernism

?The Ancient World (古代)

?The Middle Ages (中世纪)

?The Renaissance (文艺复兴)

?Neo-classicism (新古典主义)

?Romanticism (浪漫主义)

?Realism (现实主义)

Modernism&posemodernism

五、会回答以下问题(唯一的主观题版块，简答即可；不是每题都考）：

1. What is an abstract (for scientific papers)?

An abstract is a self-contained, short, and powerful statement that describes a larger work. Components vary according to discipline; an abstract of a social science or scientific work may contain the scope, purpose, results, and contents of the work. An abstract of a humanities work may contain the thesis, back ground, and conclusion of the larger work. An abstract is not a review, nor does it evaluate the work being abstracted. While it contains key words found in the larger work, the abstract is an original document rather than an excerpted passage.

2. How long should an introduction be (compared with the total length of the essay)?

A introduction should not longer than 8％of the length of the essay

3. Please name at least four sources for the Literature Review section of a scientific paper.

A literature review is a scientific research paper that surveys scholar articles, books and other source (eg: dissertations, conference, proceeding) relevant to a particular issue, area of research or theory, providing a description, summary, and critical evaluation of each work.

4. What are the six Information Elements in the Conclusion section of a scientific paper?

1.original question or hypothesis （复述研究目的或假设）

2.review of major findings（评述主要的研究成果,如:成果与原假设是否相符,与他人研究

成果之间的异同等）

3.explanation for findings （解释研究成果）

4.limitations （说明研究的局限性）

5.implications （探析研究成果的普遍意义和启示）

6.further research applications （对进一步开展深入研究的建议）

5. What does paraphrasing mean?

To paraphrase means to completely and correctly express other people`s ideas in one`s own words.

6. Why is it beneficial for science and engineering majors to read literary works?

Literature is part of our cultural heritage which is freely available to everyone, and which can enrich our lives in all kinds of ways. Once we have broken the barriers that make studying literature seem daunting, we find that literary works can be entertaining, beautiful, funny, or tragic. They can convey profundity of thought, richness of emotion, and insight into character. They take us beyond our limited experience of life to show us the lives of other people at other times. They stir us intellectually and emotionally, and deepen our understanding of our history, our society, and our own individual lives. Good works of literature are not museum pieces, preserved and studied only for historical interest. They last because they remain fresh, transcending as well as embodying the era in which they were written. Each reader reading each work is a new and unique event and the works speak to us now, telling us truths about human life which are relevant to all times.

7. What are the four great tragedies by William Shakespeare?

Hamlet, Macbeth , Othello , Romeo and Juliet (莎士比亚四大悲剧：哈姆雷特，麦克白，奥赛罗和罗密欧与朱丽叶

8. How is Realism different from Romanticism?

Romanticists showed a profound admiration and love for nature.Romanticist were full of moral enthusiasm, believing ideality,Romanticists took interest in the strange and the mysterious as opposed to common sense

?Critical realism was characterized by the verisimilitude（逼真的）of details derived from observation and objective description of the representative character in a typical circumstance,The language was usually simple, clear and direct, and their tone was often sarcastic,It provided a vivid picture of the capitalist world, exposed the social contradictions and criticized the ugliness of the bourgeois world, Realists showed profound sympathy for the common people, but could not find them a right way out. Their words pointed toward moral evolution and reform rather than revolution.

9. How is Modernism different from Realism?

Realism describe people what they really are, language is simple, clear, direct, satiric.

Features: 1. Critical realism depicted familiar, ordinary characters with flesh and blood in the various environments of capitalism;

2. The language employed by critical realists was usually simple, clear, and direct, and their tone was often satiric;

3. Critical realists had their own limitations. They showed profound sympathy for the common people, but could not find them a right way out.

Modernism: The economic crisis and the great tragedy of the two world wars shook people’s trust and belief in the future and values of capitalism. A large group of writers took up pens to express people’s frustration and present how people were distorted and dislocated under the irrational forces of the modern world.Modernism is mainly characterized by a conscious rejection of established rules, traditions and conventions both in content and in form,In content, the search for identity is the frequent common theme. To modernists, the world is an irrational machine, from whose control man can by no means escape; man is an indifferent, selfish animal who is unable to understand each other; nature is like a horrible prison where man’s freedom is not allowed. In such a world of chaos, man loses his identity and doesn’t know where he belongs to

10. Please name at least two major figures of speech used in the poem O CAPTAIN! MY CAPTAIN!.

(1)Metaphor

(2)Apostrophe

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