如何写英语文献综述
如何写英语文献综述
文献综述（Literautre Review）是科研论文中重要的文体之一。它以作者对各种文献资料的整理、归纳、分析和比较为基础，就某个专题的历史背景、前人的工作、研究现状、争论的焦点及发展前景等方面进行综合、总结和评论。通过阅读文献综述，科研工作者可花费较少的时间获得较多的关于某一专题系统而具体的信息，了解其研究现状、存在的问题和未来的发展方向。因此，它的学术水平和价值受到特别的重视。文献综述往往被收集在专业期刊的Review栏目中，常见的有Survey, Advances, Progress, Recent Advances,Update 和Annual Review等。
根据写作目的和内容的侧重点，文献综述大致可以分为动态性综述(developmental review)、成就性综述(result review)和争鸣性综述(contentious review)。按时间来划分，文献综述又可分为回顾性综述(retrospective review)和前瞻性综述(prospective review)。根据作者的参与情况，文献综述还可分为归纳性综述(inductive review)和评论性综述(critical review)。文献综述的分类并非绝对，在实际写作中，往往是各种类型综合在一起。一篇结构完整的文献综述应由六个部分组成：标题与作者(title and author)、摘要与关键词(abstract and key words)、引言(introduction)、述评(review)、结论(conclusion)和参考文献(references)。与研究论文相比，文献综述的篇章结构比较自由，但其中最为核心的部分是引言、述评和结论。下面将分别介绍这几个部分的特点及其写作方法。
2.1 引言(Introduction)
引言是文献综述正文的开始部分，主要包括两个内容：一是提出问题；二是介绍综述的范围和内容。提出问题时，作者要给出定义性解释、交代研究背景、简单介绍不同文献的看法和分歧所在并介绍该文献的写作目的；介绍该综述的范围和主要内容时，作者应使用简明扼要的语句加以概括。引言部分通常为200~300词。
引言的内容和结构具有以下特点：
（1）综述的引言通常包括定义性解释、研究背景、现存问题或分歧、综述的目的、内容和范围；
（2）使用一般现在时介绍背景知识，使用现在完成时叙述他人成果，使用一般将来时或一般现在时简介本文内容；
（3）句子结构力求简洁明了，多用简单句，并列成份较为常见；
（4）以第三人称主语为主，间或使用第一人称复数充当主语。要将引言的内容清楚地用英文表述出来，常常需要借助以下的语言形式：
（1）表定义或解释
①??被定义为??: ?is defined as?/ ?has been defined as?②所谓??是指??: By?is meant?/ By?we mean?
③??指的是??: ?refers to?
④??包括??: ?includes?
⑤??有??种类型: ...is / can be classified into?; There are
?kinds of?
⑥我们知道,??是一种??的常见病: ?is a common disease that?; ?is known to be a common disease that?
（2）表现状和分歧
①据发现/ 报道/ 证实??：It has been found/reported/proved that?
②普遍认为??：It is generally recognized / agreed/ accepted that?
③一般认为??：It is thought / regarded/ considered that?
④??依然是一个尚待解决的问题：?remains an unsolved problem.
⑤关于??目前有两种解释: Two theories have been postulated to explain?
⑥第一种理论认为??, 而第二种理论则认为??: The first theory proposes that?, whereas the second theory proposes that?
⑦一些文献报道??；而另一些人持不同观点: Some papers have reported that?; however, other groups have disputed these findings.
⑧最初的一些研究支持这种看法: Several initial studies seemed to support this concept.
（3）表内容和目的
①本综述的目的是??：The purpose / aim / object of this reviewis to?
②本文综述了有关文献：The pertinent literature is reviewed.
③本文综述了??：This article reviews?/We review?
④本文将重点讨论??：This review will concentrate on?
⑤下面本文就??作一简单综述：In the following, a brief review is
given of / about?
⑥本篇综述的目的是着重阐述??：In this review, we aim to highlight?
⑦我们将回顾有关??的研究：We will review published studies on?
⑧我们将重点回顾??：We will focus on?
⑨本文主要阐述??：This review focuses on?
⑩本文就??作一综述: The following paper reviews?
⑾本文并非旨在说服读者??：No attempt will be made to convince the reader that?
2.2 述评(Review)
述评是文献综述的核心所在，是对引言的展开和深入。根据引言所提出的问题和限定的范围，作者要对大量有关文献进行系统的整理、归纳、对比和分析，在此基础上列出与主题有关的所有重要学术观点，然后分别加以论述，以便读者获得全面的了解。动态性综述在论述观点时，通常由一般到具体、由过去到最近、由他人观点到自己看法。引述文献时，只介绍主要研究成果和结论性意见，对于研究的材料、方法和过程则不必详述，但成就性综述在介绍创新点时则应多加论述。对于争鸣性综述中尚无定论和存在分歧的观点，只需归纳提及，由读者自己进行思考和判断。述评部分通常较长，为了条理清晰，作者一般将其分成几个部分并给出每个部分的小标题。述评的内容和结构常具有以下特点：述评部分常由几个部分组成，每个部分又有各自的标题及下级标题。回顾前人研究，以时间为序，由远及近。以有叙有议的方式体现述评的功能，叙前人研究，议其结果、探其原因、究其不足。
叙述时使用一般过去时，评论时使用一般现在时或现在完成时。分析评论，特别是表达作者自己的观点时，要客观、谨慎，因此多使用模糊性语言和表推测的语言形式。述评是文献综述的主体部分，借助符合科技文体写作规范的语言形式就显得的颇为重要。善于使用下列表达不仅能使文章流畅清晰，还能使文章彰显学术性。
（1）表述观点
①研究表明??：Studies show that?
②据（已经）发现??：It is (has been) found that?/ sb. Found that?
③据报道??：It is (has been) reported that?
④有人指出??：It has been pointed out that?
⑤业已证明??: It has been proved / showed that?
⑥一般认为??：It is generally recognized / agreed / accepted
that?
⑦有人认为??：It is thought / regarded / considered that?
⑧已观察到??：It has been observed that?
⑨必须指出??：It must be pointed out that?
⑩还得指出??：It should be added that?
⑾必须承认??：It must be admitted that?
⑿不用说??：It need not be said that?
⒀必须强调??：It must be emphasized / stressed that?
⒁应当讲明??：It should be made clear that?
⒂一项有趣的发现是??：An interesting finding is that?
⒃最重要的事实是??: Nothing is more important than the fact that
⒄更重要的事实是??：A more important fact is that?
⒅我认为??: I am of the opinion that?
⒆有人声称??：It is asserted that?
⒇多数人一致认为??：Most researchers agree that?
（2）探讨可能性
①可以有把握地说??：It may be safely said that?
②由此可见??：It can be seen from this that?
③??有（不）可能：It is (not) possible / probable / likely that?
④??是合乎情理的: It stands to reason that?
⑤毫无疑问: There is no doubt that?
⑥显然: It is obvious / clear / apparent / evident that?
⑦目前尚无临床证据说明: There is no clinical proof of ?
（3）表比较和对照
①使用句型
（a）A 与B 之间存在差异（相似点）：There are some / a few /
many differences (similarities) between A and B.
（b）A 与B 在三个方面有不同点：A differs from B / is different
fromB in three aspects.
（c）一个不同(相同)之处在于：One difference (similarity) seems
to be / lies in / is that
②词及词组
on the contrary, in contrast, in comparison, on the other hand be like (unlike)just as be the same as similarly likewise while whereas yet
but however differently
2.3 综述的结论(Conclusion）
结论不仅是作者对全文的总结，也是作者发表个人意见的部分，一般有标题Conclusion 或Summary，较短的综述如果没有小标题，则往往有As mentioned above，To sum up，To conclude，Inshort，In all 等短语引出结论。结论的内容包括：对述评的归纳、对各种问题的评论性意见、对未来研究的建议或展望。对述评的归纳还可以逐条加序号撰写。有的文献综述不在最后作总体的结论，而是放在述评各部分之后分别总结，内容分别与述评的几大部分相对应，但笔墨的重点放在结果的陈述与评价上。每个部分又由事实陈述、结果评价和研究预测组成。结论是述评的浓缩，语言方面亦如此，除了使用一般现在时态外，大量使用现在完成时，以强调该研究到目前所取得的成果。另外，表比较和评价的语言形式也是该部分的语言特点之一。要写好英语文献综述并非一朝一夕的易事，在对其内容、结构和语言的特征有所了解后，持之以恒的写和练一定会提高写作水平。
英文文献综述样本 威尼斯商人
毕业论文 （或毕业设计） 文献综述 文献综述题目 （中文小二号黑体居中或英文Times New Roman小二号加粗居中或日文明朝体小二号加粗） 学生姓名指导教师 二级学院专业名称 班级学号 年月日
（标题Times New Roman三号加粗） The Literature Review of The Mystery of Antonio’s Sadness in The Merchant of Venice （正文用Times New Roman小四，1.5倍行距，各段首行空4个字符，书名用斜体加粗） Written sometime between 1596 and 1598, The Merchant of Venice is classified as both an early Shakespearean comedy (more specifically, as a "Christian comedy") and as one of the Bard's problem plays; it is a work in which good triumphs over evil, but serious themes are examined and some issues remain unresolved. In The Merchant of Venice , Shakespeare wove together two ancient folk tales, one involving a vengeful, greedy creditor trying to exact a pound of flesh, the other involving a marriage suitor's choice among three chests and thereby winning his (or her) mate. Shakespeare's treatment of the first standard plot scheme centers around the villain of Merchant, the Jewish moneylender Shylock, who seeks a literal pound of flesh from his Christian opposite, the generous, faithful Antonio. Shakespeare's version of the chest-choosing device revolves around the play's Christian heroine Portia, who steers her lover Bassanio toward the correct humble casket and then successfully defends his bosom friend Antonio from Shylock's horrid legal suit. Antonio, as the title character, is sad from the beginning to the end of the play but never names the cause of his melancholy even when his friends ask him. Antonio plays the role as an outcast in the play. Shakespeare uses Antonio’s sadness simply as the device to set the tragic tone in the comedy or make Antonio be one of his melancholic characters in his works? Or Antonio is the representative of the complicated human nature? Antonio's unexplained melancholy is a significant element in understanding the play. 1. Studies on The Merchant of V enice（Times New Roman + 四号+首缩进4字符，下同） Karl Marx once cited that Shakespeare is the greatest playwright in the world.
英语师范生毕业论文 文献综述
The Revelation of the Western Maritime Literature’ Vicissitude 姓名：叶牡丹学号：2010520070 班级：1013 Literature Review The Western Maritime Literature In the western countries, from the 17th to the 19th century, there are producing a large number of literary works, which relate to sea or take sea as a description object. From a special angle, presenting the relationship between human and sea ,human and nature ,and various understanding of human’ own po wer at that time , all of these providing a kind of special literary reading. However ,after entering the 21st century ,when human conquer ocean and nature rapidly ,we lost the wonderful imagination of ocean ,and no longer take ocean as a medium to express human’s good qualities .We divert the attention to the damages done by human to the sea . The Western Maritime Literature shift from passionate to cool style .This change is worth literary studying and the common concern of the social studies. Due to the kinship with the ocean, man has always taken the ocean as the aesthetic object and included it into the reflections upon history. The sea, one of the important regions of the Western, has become the common subject and theme in the Western literature. Sea literature as an important type of Western literature makes the ocean as a background or the narrative object, of reflects the relationship among ocean and human by describing shipping and island life. Western sea literature consisting of numerous outstanding works, distinctive artistic characteristics, a wide range of literary influence, such as The Old Man and the Sea ,Moby Dick, Robinson Crusoe and Leagues Under the Sea and so on,has a long historical tradition and profound cultural significance. Western sea novel occupies a prominent place in Western literature; to some extent, it represents the highest level of the Western sea literature. Sea literature is an important component in Western literature as well as an indispensable part of the literary canon. No matter as a geographical area for production, living, transportation and colonization, or a cultural symbol of mystery, fortune, power, conquering, and promise, the sea plays a constructive part in sustaining and enriching Western literature. The large number of sea literature not only enriches narrative aesthetics, but also contributes to the molding of national character and culture. However, t here is not a clear definition of “sea literature” or “maritime literature” in
英语专业文献综述
英语专业文献综述 The Standardization Office was revised on the afternoon of December 13, 2020
Y i b i n U n i v e r s i t y 2015届本科毕业论文文献综述 题目_翻译目的论指导下的英语介词汉译策略研究 二级学院外国语学院 专业英语 学生姓名简汝梦 学号年级 2011级 指导教师徐文英职称讲师 年月日 文献综述 翻译目的论指导下的英语介词汉译策略研究 Study on the Translation Strategies of English Prepositions Based on Skopos Theory 摘要：英语介词使用频率高，搭配能力强，含义灵活，因此在翻译中属于比较难以处理的一种词类。目的论论者认为翻译是有明确的目的和意图，在译者的作用
下，以原文文本为基础的跨文化的人类交际活动。目的论以文本目的为翻译过程的第一准则，目的决定了译者需要采用何种翻译策略和方法。目的论的提出为英语介词的汉译提供了可靠的指导。本文将目的论引入到介词翻译中，认为在目的论原则的指导下，英语介词的汉译可通过加词、减词、分译、转译等策略来达到较好的翻译效果以及更好地实现翻译目的。 关键词：英语介词；翻译；目的论 导言：随着时代的发展，以及中国入世的大好形势的出现，汉语与英语在世界上似乎显得同等重要，所以将这两种语言互相转化是我们越来越重要的任务。在英语中，英语介词数量不多，但其构成的介词短语在英语中的出现频率很高，功能多样且位置灵活，对构成句子具有重要作用，因此对于英语介词的翻译策略问题一直深受广大翻译学者的关注。目的论以文本目的为翻译过程的第一准则，目的论者认为翻译是一种有目的的活动，目的决定了译者需要采用何种翻译策略和方法，即“目的决定论”。目的论的提出为英语介词汉译提供了有效的指导。因此，译者若能熟练掌握翻译目的和翻译方法，则能译出高质量的译文。鉴于此，本文先是阐述各大专家对于英语介词翻译以及翻译目的论的已有研究和探索，并结合笔者自己的观点加以评述；然后以此综述在翻译目的论指导下研究英语介词的汉译策略是个切实可行的手段；最后预测此观点的发展前景一定是光明受欢迎的。 历史发展：对于翻译目的论的发展历程，笔者在总结各前辈的资料中得出：在20世纪70年代，功能主义翻译理论兴起于德国，其四大代表性人物及其理论是: 凯瑟林娜·赖斯(Katharina Reiss)的功能主义翻译批评理论(functional category
英语论文文献综述精编版
英语论文文献综述精编 版 MQS system office room 【MQS16H-TTMS2A-MQSS8Q8-MQSH16898】
How to Write a Literature Review ? I. The definition of Literature Review 文献综述（Literautre Review）是科研论文中重要的文体之一。它以作者对各种 文献资料的整理、归纳、分析和比较为基础，就某个专题的历史背景、前人的工 作、研究现状、争论的焦点及发展前景等方面进行综合、总结和评论。通过阅读文 献综述，科研工作者可花费较少的时间获得较多的关于某一专题系统而具体的信 息，了解其研究现状、存在的问题和未来的发展方向。 II. The purposes of literature review And Its Components A. The Purposes On the one hand, it helps you broaden the view and perspective of the topic for your graduation thesis. On the other hand, it helps you narrow down the topic and arrive at a focused research question. B. Its Components There are six parts in a complete Literature Review. 标题与作者(title and author) 摘要与关键词(abstract and key words) 引言(introduction) 述评(review) 结论(conclusion) 参考文献(references) III. Classification of Source Materials How can we locate the materials relevant to our topics better and faster? Basically, all these source materials may be classified into four majors of sources. A: Background sources: Basic information which can usually be found in dictionaries and encyclopedia complied by major scholars or founders of the field. Three very good and commonly recommenced encyclopedias are encyclopedias ABC, namely, Encyclopedia Americana, Encyclopedia Britannica, and Collier’s Encyclopedia. There are also reference works more specialized, such as The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics for linguistics and TEFL studies. Moreover, you may also find Encyclopedia on the web. B: Primary sources Those providing direct evidence, such as works of scholars of the field, biographies or autobiographies, memoirs, speeches, lectures, diaries, collection of letters, interviews, case studies, approaches, etc. Primary sources come in various shapes and sizes, and often you have to do a little bit of research about the source to make sure you have correctly identified it. When a first search yields too few
英语口语教学法文献综述
A Study on Teaching Methods of English Speaking in Junior Middle School “初中英语口语教学方法探究” Literature Review Ⅰ. Introduction Spoken language is defined as a kind of output capabilities. Stimulated by the external sound or other information, speakers produce an initial motivation and intention, form deep syntactic structure through internal language stage, and then expand into an external speech based on a surface structure. (Zhu Chun, 1993) Linguist French once said that speaking is a basis of other abilities (listening, reading and writing). believed that no one would be born to speak, and people can communicate with others only by much practice. The Father of Application linguistic in British thought that, to learn English, you need to open your mouth , to read, to say. Linguist Thomas (D. HYMES) said, language refers not only ability of whether one can make grammatical sentence, but also the ability of whether one can apply it properly. He said speech is an important form of language and a significant way in communication. With economic globalization, the deepening of China's reform and opening up, the current world is changing rapidly and international exchanges increase frequently. It has became a necessity of the society to learn English and use English in common communication. English is a language communication tool. Enhancing the teaching of spoken English and helping students improve overall level of oral English communication have been paid much attention. It is not only a real application of the knowledge on the books in daily life, but also a respond to face work, business, and other problems encountered in future. English speaking teaching is an important and integral part of English teaching in junior middle middle school is a key stage of English study for all Chinese is a period which transition from simple word recognition in primary school to proficiently expression in senior high school. Speaking learning of this stage will lay a solid foundation for deep English study in future, also help in all aspects of English learning capabilities. However, it has been reported that English teaching in our junior middle school still exists the following questions. Firstly, influenced by the examination-oriented education, most of the teaching methods can not achieve the outline of the standard released by the Ministry of Education. Secondly, insufficient emphasis is put on the teaching of pronunciation. Thirdly, the common level of teachers is not advanced. Fourthly, because of the over class size, fewer opportunities to practice is given the students. Fifthly, lack the necessary language environment. These problems encourage us to make further exploration on English teaching methods of the junior middle school,so as to improve the standard of teaching and to enhance students' speaking level. The following paper reviews researches on main teaching methods of English speaking in and abroad. Ⅱ. Research status in and abroad Speaking is one of main language output skills. American linguist Krashen put forward the Second Language Acquisition Theory in the 1970s, which attracted much attention in both linguistics field
英语论文文献综述(描述研究现状)
General descriptions of the relevant literature: A considerable amount of literature has been published on X. These studies .... There is a large volume of published studies describing the role of .... The first serious discussions and analyses of X emerged during the 1970s with .... The generalisability of much published research on this issue is problematic. What we know about X is largely based upon empirical studies that investigate how .... During the past 30 years much more information has become available on .... In recent years, there has been an increasing amount of literature on .... A large and growing body of literature has investigated .... General reference to previous research/scholarly activity (usually more than one author) Many historians have argued that.... (eg. Jones, 1987; Johnson, 1990; Smith, 1994) Numerous studies have attempted to explain .... (for example, Smith , 1996; Kelly, 1998; Johnson, 2002) Recent evidence suggests that .... (Smith, 1996; Jones 1999; Johnson, 2001) Recently, in vitro studies have shown that T.thermophylus EFTu can .... (Patel et al., 1997; Jones et al., 1998). Surveys such as that conducted by Smith (1988) have shown that .... Several attempts have been made to .... (Smith, 1996; Jones 1999; Johnson, 2001) Several studies have revealed that it is not just X that acts on ..... (Smith, 1996; Jones .... Several biographies of Harris have been published. Smith presents an .... account, whilst Jones .... Several studies investigating X have been carried out on .... Data from several sources have identified the increased morbidity and mortality associated with obesity Previous studies have reported .... (Smith, 1985; Jones, 1987; Johnson, 1992). Previous research findings into X have been inconsistent and contradictory (Smith, 1996; Jones 1999, .... A number of studies have found that .... (Smith , 2003; Jones, 2004).
英语论文文献综述
英语专业毕业论文文献资料目录及综述表
文献综述（2000字以上） In the early reviews of this novel reveals a variety of attitudes toward and assessments. Some early reviewers suspected strongly that Sons and Lovers is an autobiographical work. “We suspect that Paul is a projection of the writer’s own personality,” Harold Massingham said. Others did not explicitly make a direct to the passionately personal style of Sons and Lovers. Some of Lawrence’s contemporaries insist on seeing the novel Sons and Lovers as the author’s only-slightly-revised personal history; others do not, although one complains about the writer’s lack of “scientific detachment.” Some of the reviews believe the book to be about the tragic “wastage” of Walter Morel; others think the author is writing against his own biological father. Then, too, there are critics who seemed to sense that the inconsistent reviews of the book are made possible by the work itself, which is about emotional oxymoron, passionate contradictions. Before any reviewers fully insisted upon the autobiographical nature of Sons and Lovers. “In order to understand Mr. Lawrence fully, we must go beyond his works,” Alfred Kuttner suggested in A Freudian Appreciation in Sons and Lovers. Insisting on the strong similarity between Sons and Lovers and Lawrence’s earlier novels and love poems, Kuttner declared all these works to be “expressions of the same personal experience,”namely,Lawrence’s “hatred”for his “father.” Having said this, Kuttner went even further, suggesting that what Lawrence “particularizes so passionately” is what Freud, more generally, “has proved beyond cavil,” namely, that “the child’s attachment to the parent of the opposite sex becomes the prototype of all later love relations.” According to Showalter E, said in Sexual Anarchy, that Lawrence was difficult to accept women have their own thoughts, in the poems he had written have shown the anger, resentment,fear and pity of female. At the same time, this figure also expressed the view that male should be the dominant position in the relationship between men and women, Lawrence also expressed in the text the resentment of possessive, strong and feisty women. Lawrence articulated a unique view of religion: That the only way to save mankind is the unification of body and mind, the perfect harmony of sex and the male-dominated marriage. Only when it reaches the natural balance between the two and the respect with each other,
如何写英语文献综述
如何写英语文献综述 文献综述（Literautre Review）是科研论文中重要的文体之一。它以作者对各种文献资料的整理、归纳、分析和比较为基础，就某个专题的历史背景、前人的工作、研究现状、争论的焦点及发展前景等方面进行综合、总结和评论。通过阅读文献综述，科研工作者可花费较少的时间获得较多的关于某一专题系统而具体的信息，了解其研究现状、存在的问题和未来的发展方向。因此，它的学术水平和价值受到特别的重视。文献综述往往被收集在专业期刊的Review栏目中，常见的有Survey, Advances, Progress, Recent Advances,Update 和Annual Review等。 根据写作目的和内容的侧重点，文献综述大致可以分为动态性综述(developmental review)、成就性综述(result review)和争鸣性综述(contentious review)。按时间来划分，文献综述又可分为回顾性综述(retrospective review)和前瞻性综述(prospective review)。根据作者的参与情况，文献综述还可分为归纳性综述(inductive review)和评论性综述(critical review)。文献综述的分类并非绝对，在实际写作中，往往是各种类型综合在一起。一篇结构完整的文献综述应由六个部分组成：标题与作者(title and author)、摘要与关键词(abstract and key words)、引言(introduction)、述评(review)、结论(conclusion)和参考文献(references)。与研究论文相比，文献综述的篇章结构比较自由，但其中最为核心的部分是引言、述评和结论。下面将分别介绍这几个部分的特点及其写作方法。 2.1 引言(Introduction) 引言是文献综述正文的开始部分，主要包括两个内容：一是提出问题；二是介绍综述的范围和内容。提出问题时，作者要给出定义性解释、交代研究背景、简单介绍不同文献的看法和分歧所在并介绍该文献的写作目的；介绍该综述的范围和主要内容时，作者应使用简明扼要的语句加以概括。引言部分通常为200~300词。 引言的内容和结构具有以下特点： （1）综述的引言通常包括定义性解释、研究背景、现存问题或分歧、综述的目的、内容和范围； （2）使用一般现在时介绍背景知识，使用现在完成时叙述他人成果，使用一般将来时或一般现在时简介本文内容； （3）句子结构力求简洁明了，多用简单句，并列成份较为常见； （4）以第三人称主语为主，间或使用第一人称复数充当主语。要将引言的内容清楚地用英文表述出来，常常需要借助以下的语言形式： （1）表定义或解释 ①??被定义为??: ?is defined as?/ ?has been defined as?②所谓??是指??: By?is meant?/ By?we mean? ③??指的是??: ?refers to? ④??包括??: ?includes? ⑤??有??种类型: ...is / can be classified into?; There are ?kinds of? ⑥我们知道,??是一种??的常见病: ?is a common disease that?; ?is known to be a common disease that? （2）表现状和分歧 ①据发现/ 报道/ 证实??：It has been found/reported/proved that? ②普遍认为??：It is generally recognized / agreed/ accepted that? ③一般认为??：It is thought / regarded/ considered that?
英语本科论文文献综述
Chapter One Literature Review In this chapter, the author will discuss the definition and the development of Nida’s functional equivalence theory, and the previous studies on the American film titles translation. 1.1 An Overview of Functional Equivalence Functional equivalence, sometimes known as meaning based translation, is Eugene A. Nida’s most notable contribution to translation theory. Nida (2001: 87) stated as follows: There is always some loss and distortions in verbal communication since no two interlocutors ever have exactly the same designative and associative meaning for the same phonological, lexical, grammatical, and discourse features. Their grids for comprehension and evaluation are always somewhat different, but their experience in the use of language and their capacity for foreign —language empathy make it possible for them to communicate effectively. It is a translation method which attempts to convey the ideas or thought of the writer in a source language, often at the expense of the original word order, literalness. 1.1.1 Development of the Theory In his early essays, Nida (2004) emphasized that not the two languages are identical to each other. And there can be no fully exact translations. Later Nida (2001) put forth……. 1.1.1.1 Formal Equivalence
英语专业毕业论文文献综述样例
英语专业毕业论文文献综述样例 参考范文1 Distance Learning This paper will summarize two articles on distance learning and give the author’s views on the benefits and obstacles of implementing distance-learning in a junior and senior high school learning environment. Jeannette McDonald, in her article: Is “As good as face-to-face” as good as it gets? (2002), raises a very important question as to whether “[the] goal [of online learning should be] to meet existing standards of traditional education”(McDonald, 2002) or “has distance learning, and especially online education opened the door to enhanced strategies in teaching and learning”(McDonald, 2002)? Online learning may just be “doing different things” (McDonald, 2002). What are these different things? Jeannette McDonald claims that “distance education can be a frontier for new methods of communication giving rise to innovative teaching and learning practices that may not be possible in traditional, place-bound education”(2002). The article discusses both the positive and “potential negative impacts of online education” (McDonald, 2002). There are many benefits to using online distance learning environments. Online education is available “anyplace, anytime [for] global communities of learners based on shared interests”(McDonald, 2002). Jeannette McDonald claims that “online education [with its] group-based instruction [and] computer mediated communication (CMC) provides an opportunity for new development and understanding in teaching and learning” (2002). CMC encourages “collaborative learning [by not providing] cues regarding appearance, race, gender, education, or social status bestowing a sort of anonymity to participants” (McDonald, 2002). Distance also “permits the expression of emotion (both positive and negative) and promotes discussion that normally would be inhibited. [Yet, this same] text-based [positive aspect of online learning], makes online education more cumbersome and therefore takes more time than face-to-face learning. [In addition,] the sheer bulk of messages can be overwhelming”(McDonald, 2002). The learner only has the written text and no other “non-verbal”(McDonald, 2002) cues. This may confuse the learner and cause “misunderstanding” (McDonald, 2002). The article lists the “seven principles of good practice in undergraduate education” (McDonald, 2004) published in 1987 by the American Association of Higher Education Bulletin. Jeannette McDonald claims that “online education has the potential to achiever all of these practices”(2002). There is a need for quality and standards for distance learning. “In April 2000, the institute of Higher Education Policy produced a study with 24 benchmarks for the success in Internet-based distance education”(The Institute for Higher Education Policy, 2000). Although Jeannette McDonald feels that there are “biases against distance learning programs”(2002), her recommendation is “to take advantage of the potential of online education [by striving] to understand the technology and how it affects human communication and interaction” (2002). “In the road to dotcom in education” (2004), Mark David Milliron deals with