新编汉英翻译教程答案

新编汉英翻译教程答案

【篇一：(新编汉英翻译教程第二版)第二章汉英翻译

基础知识】

xt>1.探春笑道：“只恐又是你的杜撰。”宝玉笑道：“除《四书》外，

杜撰的太多，偏只我是杜撰不成?”

“youre making that up, im afraid,” teased tan chun. “most works, apart from the four books, are made up; am i the only one who made things up?” he retorted with a grin.

2.贾母笑道：“你不认得他，他是我们这里有名的一个泼皮破落户儿，南省俗谓作‘辣子’，你只叫他‘凤辣子’就是了。”

“you dont know her, ”said grandmother jia merrily. “shes a

holy terror this one. what we used to call in nanking a

‘peppercorn’. you just call her ‘peppercorn feng’. shell know who you mean!” (david hawkes 译)

3.贾母笑道：“外客未见，就脱了衣裳，还不去见你妹妹!” with a smile at pao-yu, the lady dowager s colded, “fancy changing your clothes before greeting our visitor. hurry up now and pay your respects to your cousin.”

4.贾母笑道：“可又是胡说，你又何曾见过他?”

“youre talking nonsense again,” said his grandmother, laughing. “how could you possibly have met her?”

5.他是只狡猾的老狐狸。

he is an old fox．

6.他们的拉车姿势，讲价时的那随机应变，走路时的抄近绕远，都

足以使他们想起过去的光荣，而且用鼻翅扇着那些后起之辈。”

their pulling posture, their adroit bargaining, their shrewd use

of short-cuts or circuitous routes are enough to make them relive past glories and turn up their noses at the younger generation.

7.那本书的作者似乎没有自己的观点，书里都是人云亦云的东西。

that book, whose author doesnt seem to have his own viewpoints, is full of parrot-learned knowledge．

8.岛之西南海边，有一块巨大的岩石，(中空)，人可穿行其间 at

the southwest end of the islet, there is a huge rock with a big hole in the center through which people can walk to and fro．

9.全岛6300户(人家)，共有200多架钢琴。

of 6300 households on the islet, more than 200 have a piano at home．

10.①我常见许多青年的朋友，②聪明用功，③成绩优异，④而语文程度不足以达意，⑤甚至写一封信亦难得通顺，⑥问其故则曰其兴趣不在语文方面。

i have come across a great many bright and diligent young friends (who) have done exceedingly well in their studies, but are rather weak in chinese. (they) cannot even write a letter in correct chinese. (when i) asked them why, (they) said they were not interested in the chinese language.

11.爸爸妈妈，你们也买个钱罐存钱吧。你们没钱用了罐子就会把肚肚里的钱掏出来给你们的。

daddy, mummy, please buy a piggie for yourselves. when you have no more money, the piggie will open its tummy and give you money.

12.这幅画是一部用思考和修养完成的杰作，它既有历史感又有现代艺术语言的独特性。

the painting is a masterpiece reflecting deep insight and artistic attainments; it expresses a sense of history by using specific

modern artistic vocabulary.

13.稍稍能安慰我们的，是在那石上有一个不大不小的坑凹儿，雨天就盛满了水。

the only thing had interested us in the ugly stone was a little pit on top of it , which was filled with water on rainy days.

14.这种力，使一般人看不见的生命力，只要生命存在，这种力就要显现，??

it is an invisible force of life. so long as there is life, the force will show itself.

15.一路上吃了半斤炒栗子，睡了一会儿觉，就到了北京。 we ate half a jin of roast chestnuts, had a nap and soon arrived in beijing.

16.还是从火车上说起吧！

ill begin from the time when i was on the train.

17.①我仍旧站在那颗柿子树下，望着树梢上那个孤零零的小火柿子。②它那红得透亮的色泽，依然给人一种喜盈盈的感觉。③可是我却哭了。④哭那陌生的，但却疼爱我的

卖灶糖的老汉。

① i stood under the persimmon tree, looking at the lone little persimmon.② its flaming redness was a joyous sight, but i

cried for the strange old candy peddler who had been so fond

of me.

18.虚心使人进步，骄傲使人落后。（对偶）

modesty helps one to go forward, whereas conceit makes one lag behind.

19.燕子去了，有再来的时候；杨树枯了，有再青的时候；桃花谢了，有再开的时候。但是，聪明的，你告诉我，我们的日子为什么一去

不复返呢？（排比）

swallows fly away, yet return; willows wither, yet burgeon again; peach-blossom fades, yet blooms afresh. but tell me,

you who are wise, why do our days depart never to return?

20.大红花一朵朵全被拉长了，这时是泼刺奔进的红锦带。带织

入狗中，狗织入白云中。白云织入村女中?? each of the great crimson flowers stretched out now into rippling red silk belts. the belts interwove with the dogs, the dogs with the white clouds, and the white clouds with the country girls.

【篇二：新编汉英翻译教程(翻译)试题范围】slation?

? the nature of translation is paraphrasing, or transferring the original

(source language -- sl) meaning to the target language (tl).

? translation is always meaning-based.

2. what is the most influential and most popular criterion of translation in china? p.3

? pressiveness and elegance (“信、达、雅”) – a most

influential and most

popular criterion of translation– that is first advocated by yan

fu (严复).

3. what is the criterion of cet adopted in this course-book by chen hongwei and li yadan? p.5/7

? “similarity in function and corresponding in meaning” (功能

相似，语义相

符) is what is adopted as the criteria of cet in this course-book by chen hongwei and li yadan.

4.what types of culture are there?

? there are 3 types of “culture” defined by 邢福义, which are: material

culture, institutional culture and mental culture..

5.what kinds of scritpt are chinese and english respectively? ? chinese is an ideographic one / ideographic-oriented syllabic script (表意

音节文字) , while english is an alphabetic script, formed by the combination of one or more of the 26 english letters.

6.what is the reason leading to cultural shock, simentically? p.34-

? simentically, semantic non-correspondence (语义相异) and semantic zero

(语义空缺) are the very reasons leading to the so-called cultural shock .

7.what is text? what are its unique features:

? text(语篇) is a semantic unit expressing a holistic concept. coherence(衔

接) consistency(连贯) are its unique features.

8.心有余而力不足。

one’s ability falls short of one’

9.您的建议我会永远铭记在心。

10.得人心者得天下。

11.哀莫大于心死。 12.治国/家/病/水

administer a country

manage a household

cure disease

tame rivers

13.基本工资/建设/设施/利益

basic wage

capital construction

infrastructure

fundamental interest

14.箱子里已经没有地方了。

there is no more space in the chest.

15.费孝通(社会学家、人类学家、民族学家) 在80寿辰聚会上，曾经意味深长地讲了一句16字箴言：“各美其美，美人之美，美美与共，天下大同。”

mr. fei xiaotong (a sociologist, anthropologist and ethnologist as well) once uttered a significant maxim at his 80th birthday party: “every country will by rights treasure her own civilization, and if each is willing to cherish that of the other

and when all are ready to share with each other their own civilizations, then a truly harmonious world will come into being.”

16.只有冷静才能成功。

success depends on calm minds.

17.学习的敌人是自己的满足，要认真学一点东西必须从不自满开始。 complacency is the enemy of study. we cannot learn anything until we rid ourselves of complacency.

18.那不是明朝的建筑。

that is anything but a building of the min dynasty.

19.欲速则不达。 more haste, less speed.

20.不破不立，不塞不流，不止不行，它们之间的斗争是生死斗争。

there is no construction without destructionm, no flowing without damming, and no motion without rest; the two are locked in life-and-death struggle.

21.动物没有水就不能生存，植物没有水也不能生长。

animals cannot live without water, neither can plants grow..

22.上海男人聪明、务实，有时也相当圆滑。最令人印象深刻的是，

上海男人在事业上有进取心，对家庭有很强的责任感，而且尊重女性。 p.127

shanghai men are smart and practical and even slippery, but what impressive most is that they are aggressive in their

career responsible to their families and respectful to their females.

23.在四川西部，有一美妙去处。它背依岷山主峰雪宝顶，树木苍翠、花香袭人，鸟声婉啭，流水潺潺。它就是松潘县的黄龙。 p.132

one of sichuan’s fine spots is huanglong, which lies in song pan county, just beneath xuebao, the main peak of the

minshan mountain. it has lush green forests filled with fragrant flowers, bubbling streams and songbirds.

24.虽然上海男人被戏谑为“妻管严”，但他并不屈从妻子。在与妻子

有争议时，他要么保持沉默，要么一笑置之。有时候他会发火，但

事后不久，他也会毫不迟疑地道歉。最终他妻子发现，她还是按照

他的想法行事。 p.141

shanghai men are jokingly called “henpecked husbands”.

however, they will never yield to their wives but remain silent

or smile away the quarrels. and they will apologize without hesitation shortly after they lose their temper, which is a rarity. finally, their wives find themselves complying with what their husbands say.

25.“长城号”游艇设施豪华舒适，除观景塔、露天观景塔、酒吧间、

日光浴室外，佳肴美点，中西兼备，并有宽敞的游步甲板，游客饱

览沿途风光，华丽舒适的客房均有空调设备，令您有宾至如归的感

受。 p.185

being a deluxe cruiser to tour the yangtze river, “the great

wall” has indoor and open-air observation towers, a swimming pool, a bar, a solarium as well as chinese and western restaurants and a spacious deck. all the cabins are superb, comfortable and air-conditioned.

【篇三：第3章_词语英译(新编汉英翻译教程_陈宏薇)】txt>a. the british army climbed onto the island successfully.

b. the british army landed on the island successfully.

析：“登”一词既有“爬、攀登”之意，又可理解为“登陆”。从本句的

上下文来看，“登”这一动作的施动者是军队，对象是小岛而非高山，“登上”意为“登陆、上岸”，应译作 land on ，而非 climb onto 。

２、他对事情的进展情况也还满意。

he is quite satisfied with the way things went.

析：“也”在句中是表示程度的副词，不可作“同样”解，不应译为

also 或 as well 。

３、他是我父亲。 he is my father.

这姑娘是漂亮。 this is girl is really beautiful.

此人是书就读。 this man reads every book he can reach .

是可忍，孰不可忍？ if this can be tolerated, what cannot?

是古非今 praise the past to condemn the present

析：“是”在以上各句中的指称意义各不相同。第一句的“是”表示判断，第二句中的“是”必须重读，表示“的确、实在”，第三句中的“是”表示凡是，第四句的“是”意为“这”，仅用于书面语中，“是”的这一

用法已带有蕴涵意义了。第五句的“是”意为“认为正确”，作动词用，也是书面语。所以，译文的表达也相应地有所不同。

４、知之为知之，不知为不知，是知也。

when you know a thing, to hold that you know it, and when

you do not know a thing, to allow that you do not know it----

this is knowledge .

（孔子《论语》， james legge 译）

析：句中一连出现了五个“知”字，前四个“知”的词性与指称意义相同，都作动词“知道”解。在这种情况下，译者稍有大意就会将“是知也”中的“知”也理解为“知道”。然而这一理解在此句中无法自圆其说，因为“知之”也好，“不知”也罢，最后都“是知也”，这岂非有悖逻辑？因此，“是知也”中的“知”应作“学识修养”解。

５、南京的风俗：但凡新媳妇进门，三日就要到厨下收拾一样菜，发个利市。这菜一定是鱼，取“富贵有余”的意思。

the custom in nanjing is for all brides to invite good luck by going to the kitchen on the third day and cooking a fish, which stands for fortune.

（吴敬梓《儒林外史》，杨宪益、戴乃迭译）

3.1.2 蕴涵意义的理解与表达

然而，仅仅懂得词语的指称意义是远远不够的。要想全面理解并忠

实传达词义，还必须了解词语的蕴涵意义。

某一具体语言环境中出现的词语往往不仅具备基本的指称意义，还

包含由指称意义衍生出的蕴涵意义。根据《牛津简明英语语言词典》的解释，蕴涵意义指词语内含的情感和联想意义，是词语的隐含意义。

词语的蕴涵意义反映了该民族特有的思维方式和社会文化。正因为

如此，同一词语在不同语言中所具有的蕴涵意义往往有天壤之别，

甚至同一语言体系中指称意义相近的词所具有的蕴涵意义也往往不

尽相同。例如“月球”与“月亮”的指称意义相同，但后者在汉语语言

文化中被赋予了许多美好的蕴涵意义。一提到月亮，中国人就会联

想到团圆、爱情、故乡。英语中的moon一词虽具有与“月亮”相同

的指称意义，但两者的蕴涵意义却大不相同。对英美人士而言，月

亮让他们联想到的是反复无常的性格、阴森的气氛，甚至是在月圆

之夜现身的狼人。又如“玉”这个词语，在不同的语言文化中具有截

然相反的蕴涵意义。玉在中国文化中象征着珍贵高洁的品质，端庄

秀丽的容貌，因此女性的名字常常包含“玉”或是其他意为“美玉”的

字眼。然而jade一词在英语中如果指女性，其比喻意义是“不名誉

的女子、荡妇”。由此可见，语言的魅力和表现力得益于词语丰富的

蕴涵意义，而不同的社会文化环境导致了相同词语各具特色的蕴涵

意义。译者不应满足于对原文指称意义的传达，真正做到达意传神。词语的蕴涵意义是词语内含的情感和联想意义，主要体现在词语的

修辞色彩、文体特征、文化内涵等方面。汉语词语的语言形式往往

具有浓厚的修辞色彩，折射出中国人独特的思维模式和深厚的文化

积淀，给人以极大的审美享受。这一特点集中地体现在汉语的国俗

词语中，如俗语、成语、歇后语等等。翻译此类词语时，译者应在

不影响指称意义传达的前提之下尽可能在译文中反映出原文独特的

文化信息和审美价值。

（6）他是个纸老虎。

he is a paper tiger.

（7）咱们俩的事，一条绳上拴着两只蚂蚱——谁也跑不了！

（老舍《骆驼祥子》）

were like two grasshoppers tied to one cord, neither can get away!

（8）去设埋伏我们都没有信心，想他一定在昨天晚上就早溜了，今天去也是瞎子点灯白费蜡。

（曲波《林海雪原》）

we had no confidence in todays ambush because we were

sure he had escaped last night. it seemed as useless as a blind man lighting a candle.

译者在处理以上各句中汉语独有的、生动形象的词语时都采用了直

译法，使得原文的指称和蕴涵意义在译文中都得到了体现。在译文

中保留原文独具文化特色的语言形式不仅不会影响信息的交流，还

能促进文化和思想的交流，给译文读者以相似的审美享受，因为原

文中那些惟妙惟肖的比喻是人类共性思维的产物，完全可以跨越语

言的障碍为操其他语言的读者所理解接受。

（9）??只因生得妩媚风流，满学中都送了两个外号：一个叫“香怜”，一个叫“玉爱”。（曹雪芹《红楼梦》）

but on account of their good looks and charm they were nicknamed sweetie and lovely. (杨宪益、戴乃迭译)

... because of their glamorous looks and affected manners, were universally known by the nickname of darling and precious.

（david hawkes译）

“香怜”和“玉爱”这两个名字的蕴涵意义在原文环境中相当关键，因

此杨宪益夫妇和hawkes都不约而同地放弃音译，用诙谐而地道的

英文昵称将其译出，颇有异曲同工之妙。

（10）克明：觉新哪，你听着！

keming: juexin, i want you to pay particular attention to this.（巴金原著、曹禺改编的话剧《家》，英若诚译）

“你听着”这一词组在汉语中往往被用作长辈教育晚辈时的开场白，

具有鲜明的文体特色。在剧中觉新就要拜堂成亲之前，其父高克明

借机向他宣讲了一大段封建礼教和处世之道。如果简单地将该句直

译为“listen, juexin”，则译文变成了英语中吸引听者注意力时常说

的口语词组，完全体现不出高老爷长篇大论地训导觉新时严肃的语气。译者在翻译时的灵活处理准确地把握了剧中人物的语气和情感，译文既达其意、又摹其神。

（11）在我的后园，可以看见墙外有两株树，一株是枣树，还有一

株也是枣树。

behind the wall of my backyard you can see two trees. one is a date tree, the other is also a date tree.

（鲁迅《秋夜》，杨宪益、戴乃迭译）

这一句乍一看好像有些啰嗦重复，其实文风一向简练犀利的鲁迅先

生是想通过有意的重复来达到一种特殊的文体效果。因此，原文中

的“一株是枣树，还有一株也是枣树”不仅具有“有两株枣树”这一指

称意义，还含有单调、寂寞的意味，为全篇散文的气氛定了基调。

这便是该句的蕴涵意义。杨氏夫妇没有将句子译为over the wall from my back garden you can see two date trees，而是特地将

译文拆成两句，通过one is a date tree, the other is also a date tree这一强调成分成功地再现了原文的蕴涵意义和文体特征。

汉语中的颜色词、叠词、数词等词汇往往具有丰富的蕴涵意义，译

者在翻译这类词语时应充分考虑到它们在汉语语言文化中的特殊内涵，注重其蕴涵意义在译文中的再现。

人类生存的世界是丰富多彩、五颜六色的，在各种语言中也相应地

出现了大量的颜色词。颜色词除各自具有与现实中的颜色相对应的

指称意义之外，还具有丰富的联想意义、象征意义和感情色彩。因此，颜色词在语言中的运用不仅可以贴切逼真地描摹出客观物质世

界的绚丽景象，还能恰到好处地反映出语言使用者的内心情感世界，给读者以审美享受。请看以下译例：

（12）客人一走进大门，扑鼻的是一阵幽香，入目的是绿蜡似的叶

子和红霞或白雪似的花朵??

as guests entered the gate, they would first smell a sweet fragrance and then see the waxy green leaves and the rainbow red or snow-white flowers.

（季羡林《夹竹桃》，张梦井、杜耀文译）

原文中的“绿蜡”、“红霞”和“白雪”将鲜艳的颜色与美好的联想结合

在一起，丰富了语言的色彩和表现力。译文则相应地运用一组合成词，再现了原文中的颜色词及其联想意义。

（13）晚霞如同一片赤红的落叶坠到铺着黄尘的地上，斜阳之下的

山冈变成了暗紫，好像是云海之中的礁石。

the evening glow there is like a patch of red leaves fallen on

the ground covered with golden dust. under the sloping suays the hills become dark brown, as if they were rocks among a

sea of clouds.

（丽尼《鹰之歌》，张梦井、杜耀文译）

译者没有简单地将“黄尘”译为yellow dust，而是用了golden一词，更符合大地在夕照之下泛着金光这一景象。“暗紫”译作dark brown，词语的指称意义虽变为“深棕”，但与山冈和海中礁石这两个意象结

合在一起，也不失贴切。译者将“赤红”译为red略有不妥，建议改

为scarlet。根据《美国传统辞典》的解释，scarlet意为strong to vivid red or reddish orange，能更准确地表现出晚霞深红与橙黄相

混杂的颜色。

由于中国人特别重视均衡美，这一审美心理在语言中的反映是汉语

很讲求音节的均衡对称，有大量的叠词。叠词的蕴涵意义十分丰富，除具备基本的信息功能外，还具备表情功能与美感功能。叠词的使

用能使语言更具表现力和感染力，叠词中音节的重叠使词语生动活泼，具有强烈的节奏感。例如：

（14）水是怎样的开心呵，她将那可怜的失路的小红叶儿，推推挤

挤的推到一个漩涡里，使他滴滴溜溜的打圆转儿；那叶向前不得，

向后不得，急得几乎哭出来；水笑嘻嘻的将手一松，他才一溜烟的

逃走了。

how happy the water is! at first she pushes and elbows the pitiful misled maple leaf into a water whirl, making it rapidly

swirl in circle. there the leaf can neither move forward nor backward. being too worried, it nearly bursts out crying. it is

only when the water loses her grip grinningly that the little maple leaf gets swiftly away.

（苏雪林《溪水》，张梦井、杜耀文译）

原文作者通过拟人手法和叠词的成功运用，生动地描写出一片红叶

在溪水中漂荡的情景。用pushes and elbows译“推推挤挤”，既准

确地传递了词语的指称意义，又因含有4个音节，在一定程度上再

现了“推推挤挤”这一aabb式的叠词特有的音韵特色；“滴滴溜溜”意为“快速地转动”，即rapidly swirl；“笑嘻嘻”如果译为smilingly，

虽传达了词语的指称意义，却未能体现出作者笔下拟人化的水活泼

调皮的一面。与smile这一泛泛地表示“笑”的上义词不同，grin更

加具体形象地表现出一种开心、活泼的笑，即smile broadly, so as to show the teeth, expressing amusement (oaled)。译者用grinningly来译“笑嘻嘻”，可谓达意传神。

（15）最耐寻味是秋日天宇的闲云。那么淡淡然、悠悠然，悄悄远

离尘间，对俗世悲欢扰攘，不再有动于衷。??它把一切的赞美与宠

爱都隔离在澹澹的秋光外，而只愿做一个闲闲的、远远的、可望而

不可及的，秋。

the thing which gives man most food for thought is the leisure in autumn clouds. as they drift sway from the human world,

they are so pale, so calm and silent, so indifferent to the

worldly sadness and happy outcries ... it sets all the praise and love outside its own pale sense and is willing to be in peacefulness and quietness, which can neither be held nor possessed ... autumn.

（罗兰《秋颂》，张梦井、杜耀文译）

原文文风恬淡清幽，一系列叠词的运用勾画出秋日的闲适、悠远。

译文选词恰如原文一般清淡悠然，如drift away、pale、calm、silent、peacefulness、quietness等，贴切地再现了原文的神采风韵。

数词也是各种语言中普遍存在的词汇现象。数词首先具有指称意义，与物体的数量相对应，在翻译时可直接用直译法对应译出。除此之外，数词往往还具有丰富的蕴涵意义，在译

文中也应予以传达。例如：

（16）??三十六家花酒店，七十二座管弦楼。

...the countless taverns and music halls.

（吴敬梓《儒林外史》，杨宪益、戴乃迭译）

汉语中的许多数字都具有极言其多或是极言其少的蕴涵意义。数字“一”和“二”常指太少，如“一毛不拔”、“就只剩这两个了”等。满数“十”、“百”、“千”，常指很多，如“将军百战死，壮士十年归”、“万

水千山”、“百万雄狮”等。除此之外，“三”以及“三”的倍数也可以表

示很多。清代学者王中就在《述学释三九》中指出，“凡一二不能尽者，则约之以三以见其多；三之不能尽者，则约之以九以见其极多”，例如“望君三思”、“九死一生”、“军书十二卷，卷卷有爷名”、“十八

层地狱”、“七十二变”等。此例中的“三十六”和“七十二”都具有极言

其多的意味，countless恰到好处地反映了这一蕴义，倘若照直翻译其指称意义“三十六”和“七十二”反而会误导读者。从此例不难看出，我们在做翻译时应留意辨析汉语数词的蕴涵意义，以免犯下貌似忠实、实为误译的错误。

（17）它用竹子做骨架，金字屋顶上，覆盖着蓑衣或松树皮，临河

四周也是松树皮编成的女墙，可凭栏品茗，八面来风，即便三伏天，这茶居也是一片清凉的世界。

it is built with bamboo as the frame. its a-typed roof is covered with the straw or pine bark and all the three sides near the river are parapet walls woven with the pine bark. here you can sip

tea with the pleasant breeze from all directions. even in the hottest days of the year, the tea stall is still a place for refreshment.

（杨羽仪《水乡茶居》，张梦井、杜耀文译）

“临河四周”其实是指靠近河边的三面，因此译者用all the three sides near the river来表达，指称意义传达准确；“八面来风”和“三伏天”则着重译其蕴涵意义，不宜死板地将数词的指称意义译出。（18）??两块肩胛骨高高凸出，印成一个阳文的“八”字。

...and his shoulder blades stuck out so sharply, an inverted v seemed stamped there.

（鲁迅《药》，杨宪益、戴乃迭等）

鲁迅先生寥寥几笔就刻画出一个病入膏肓的人物形象。“阳文”指的

是印章或某些器物上所刻或所铸的凸出的文字或花纹，“阴文”则指

凹下的文字或花纹。如果不深入分析原文的指称意义，将“阳文的‘八’字”译为character eight cut in relief，虽然译出了原文的指称意义，却无法再现鲁迅先生对形容枯槁的小栓形象生动的描摹。杨氏夫妇

采用变通手法，用英语中的字母v生动地传递了原文的蕴涵意义，

再现了原文作者笔下真实细致的形象。

以上分析了词语指称意义与蕴涵意义的理解与表达。我们在翻译时

应从悉心分析词语的指称与蕴涵意义着手，借助词语在原文中的上

下文来准确理解词义，结合词语在译文中出现的环境来选择器最佳

表达方式，并最终得出与原文“意义相符，功能相似”的译文。

3.2 词语翻译与语言语境

词义与语境关系密切。“每个词在一个新的语境中就是一个新

词”(each word when used in a new context is a new word)(firth, 1957)，“没有语境，词就没有意义”(mal inowski, 1923)。正因为词

义对语境有很强的依赖性，语境在翻译中的重要地位毋庸置疑。“在

所有的翻译过程中，语境都是凌驾于一切的因素，而且优先于任何

的规则、理论或是基本意义”(newmark, 1981:113)。因此，我们在

做汉译英时绝不能死扣词典、“就词论词”，而应结合具体的语境对

词语进行细致的观察和分析，如此方能恰如其分地理解和表达词义。在王宗炎先生编写的《英汉应用语言学词典》（1988）中将语言环

境定义为上下文，即词、短语、语句或篇章的前后关系。具体而言，词与词之间固定的或是临时的搭配关系以及