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英专英国文学考试重点总结Summary-of-Chapter-One-3

英专英国文学考试重点总结Summary-of-Chapter-One-3
英专英国文学考试重点总结Summary-of-Chapter-One-3

Summary of Three Major Poets in 14th-Century England

Chapter one

1. Historical Background

? The Normans conquered in 1066

In 1066, William the Conqueror and his Norman warriors defeated the Anglo-Saxons and made themselves masters of England. The Norman Conquest ended the purely Anglo-Saxon period and started a new period in English history ---- the Medieval Period in England (1066-1485).

In the medieval period, chivalry was the important code of behavior for the knights. It served as a law that bound the often-lawless warriors. Violating the code of chivalry could mean the loss of honor.

2. Middle English

For three centuries after the Norman Conquest, three languages were used side by side in England. Latin and French were the languages of the upper classes, spoken at courts and used in churches and schools.

In the 14th century thousands of words and expressions were borrowed from French and Latin and Greek, and many inflectional forms of the words were dropped and formal grammar simplified.

3. Religious Literature

By far the largest proportion of surviving Middle English literature is religious.

4. Romance and the Influence of French Literature

Medieval romance was a type of literature that became a popular form of literature in the Middle Ages.

Romance, in the original sense of the word, means the vernacular (native) language, as opposed to Lain, and later it means a tale in verse,

embodying the life and adventures of knights.

In subject matters, romance naturally falls under three categories:

(1) The matter of France

(2) The matter of Rome

(3) The matter of Britain

The influence of the Norman Conquest upon English language and literature:

After the conquest, the body of customs and ideals known as chivalry was introduced by the Normans into England. The knightly code, the romantic interest in women, tenderness and reverence paid to Virgin Mary were reflected in the literature.

With the coming of the Normans, the Anglo-Saxons sank to a position of abjectness. Their language was mad a despised thing. French words of Warfare and chivalry, art and luxury, science and law, began to come into the English language. Thus three languages existed in England at that time. The Normans spoke French, the lower class spoke English, and the scholars and clergymen used Latin.

The literature was varied in interest and extensive in range. The Normans began to write histories or chronicles. Most of them were written in Latin or French. The prevailing form of literature in the feudal England was the Romance.

5. Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400)

5.1 Historical background

(1) The Hundred Years’ War

(2) The peasant uprising of 1381

5.2 John Wycliff (1324? -1384)

He was important because he was one of the first figures who demanded to reform the church in order to do away with the corruption and rottenness. He was also important because he was the man who translated the

Bible into Standard English.

5.3 Geoffrey Chaucer’s Life

Chaucer opened a brilliant page in English literature and had a profound influence on many important English poets. Chaucer is the father of modern English poetry. Chaucer’s poetry belongs to both the Middle Ages and the Renaissance.

5.4 Geoffrey Chaucer’s Major Poems

The works of Chaucer are roughly divided into three periods, corresponding to the three periods in his life: the French period, the Italian period and the mature period.

The French period refers to the period of French influence and it extends from 1360 to 1372. The outstanding poem of this period is The Book of the Duchess.

The second period is from 1372 to 1386 when he wrote under the influence of the Italian literature. The most outstanding work is Troilus and Criseyde. Other poems of this period are The Parliament of Fowls, The House of Fame and The legend of Good Women.

The third period covers the last fifteen years of his life. The Canterbury Tales was written in the years between 1387 and 1400. It has a general prologue and twenty-four tales that are connected by “links”. The Canterbury Tales(1378-1400) is Chaucer’s monumental success.

5.5 The Function of the General Prologue to The Canterbury Tales

The General Prologue is usually regarded as the greatest portrait gallery in English literature. It is largely composed of a series of sketches differing widely in length and method, and blending the individual and the typical in varying degrees. The purpose of the General Prologue is not only to present a vivid collection of character sketches, but also to reveal the author

’s intention in bringing together a great variety of people and narrative materials to unite the diversity of the tales by allotting them to a diversity of tellers engaged in a common endeavor, to set the tone for the story-telling ---- one of jollity which accords with the tone of the whole work; that of grateful acceptance of life, to make clear the plan for the tales, to motivate the telling of tales and to introduce the pilgrims and the time and occasion of the pilgrimage. The pilgrims are people from various parts of England. They serve as the representatives of various sides of life and social groups. Each of the pilgrims or narrators is presented vividly in the Prologue. Ranging in status from a knight to a humble plowman, the pilgrims are a microcosm of 14th century English society. On the other hand, there is also an intimate connection between the tales and the Prologue, both complementing each other. The Prologue provides a framework for the tales.

5.6 The Significance of The Canterbury Tales

(1) It gives a comprehensive picture of Chaucer’s time.

(2) The dramatic structure of the poem has been highly commended by critics.

(3) Chaucer’s humor.

(4) Chaucer’s contribution to the English language.

5.7 Read and Discuss the first 18 lines of the General Prologue

Two topics for discussion

(1) What is expressed in these opening lines of The Canterbury Tales?

The magnificent eighteen-line sentence that opens the General Prologue is a superb expression of a double view of the Canterbury pilgrimage. The first eleven lines are a chant of welcome to the spring with its harmonious marriage between heaven and earth which mellows vegetations, pricks fouls and stirs the heart of man with a renewing power of nature. Thus the pilgrimage is treated as an event in the calendar of

nature, an aspect of the general springtime surge of human energy which wakens man

’s love of nature. But spring is also the season of Easter and is allegorically regarded as the time of the Redemption through the sacrifice of Jesus Christ with its connotations of religious rebirth, which wakens man’s love of God (divine love). Therefore, the pilgrimage is also treated as an event in the calendars of divinity, an aspect of religious piety, which draws pilgrims to holy places.

(2) How does the author emphasize the transition from nature to divinity?

The structure of this opening passage can be regarded as one from the whole Western tradition of the celebration of spring to a local event of English society, from natural forces in their general operation to a specific Christian manifestation. The transition from nature to divinity is emphasized by contrast between the physical vitality which conditions the pilgrimage and the spiritual sickness which occasions the pilgrimage, as well as by parallelism between the renewal power of nature and the restorative power of super nature (divinity).

6. Sir Gawain and The Green Knight

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight was written about 1375-1400 and the poem lasts about 2,500 lines. Sir Gawain and the Green Knigh t brings the reader into a more remote world, a world that belongs to the Celtic legend of King Arthur and his Knights of the Round Table.

The story is a chivalrous romance based on an ancient legend of a Green Knight who challenges the courage of King Arthur’s knights.

Artistically, the poem is a brilliant example of the wisdom of the minstrels of the Middle Ages. It contains several elements, which prepared ground for a new culture. These elements are:

(1) A vivid portrayal of the hero Gawain and a fine analysis of his

psychology.

(2) A well-unified and exciting plot full of climaxes and surprises.

(3) The three hunting scenes and the three bedchamber scenes are closely related with each other. The deer, the Boar and the fox is a cunning animal, so is Gawain as he takes the belt from the hostess in order to protect his own life, and in so doing, he violates the chivalric code of honesty.

(4) Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is a mixture of Anglo-Saxon poetry. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight combines alliterative verse with metrical verse.

The story of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is the culmination of the Arthurian romances. It has two main motifs in the story, one is the testing of faith, courage and purity, the other is the proving of human weakness for self-preservation. The two motifs provide the poem with unmistakable traits of chivalric romances, plus some strong Christian coloring. The poem reflects the ideal of feudal knighthood. A true knight should not only dedicate himself to the church but also possess the virtues of great courage, of fidelity to his promise, and of physical chastity and purity.

7. William Langland (1332-1400)

Piers Plowman has three versions. The A text has 2,567 lines. The B text, a revision and extension of the A text, is commonly accepted as the best form of the poem. It has about 7,277 lines. The C text is a substantial revision of the B text, but they are about the same length. Though the poem was popular, its author is little known.

The poem consists of a series of dream visions interrupted with occasional wake-ups.

The poem is a rich and realistic representation of the unhappy side of the life in feudal England at the second half of the 14th century: social

injustices, the corruption of the church, the meaningless power struggle in the court, and the sufferings of the poor peasants.

The poem is both allegorical and satirical. In the poem, the poet has several dream visions in which different religious and moral issues are brought into discussion. The poet suggests that honest work and devotion to religion is the way to lead one to heaven. The common people, through their hard work and religious observance, can become better individuals than those corrupt lords and rich people.With vivid imagination, the poet divides the way to Truth into three stages ---- Do Well, Do bet(ter), and Do Best.

7.3 The Writing Features of the Poem

The writing features are:

(1) Pier the Plowman is written in the form of a dream vision. The author tells his story under the guise of having dreamed of it.

(2) The poem is an allegory which relates truth through symbolism.

(3) The poet uses indignant satire in his description of social abuses caused by the corruption prevailing among the ruling classes, ecclesiastical and secular.

(4) The poem is written in alliteration.

(5) Its language is plain and direct, its images are clear as well as familiar.

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英国文学史及选读 复习要点总结

《英国文学史及选读》第一册复习要点 1. Beowulf: national epic of the English people; Denmark story; alliteration, metaphors and understatements (此处可能会有填空,选择等小题) 2. Romance (名词解释) 3. “Sir Gawain and the Green Knight”: a famous roman about King Arthur’s story 4. Ballad(名词解释) 5. Character of Robin Hood 6. Geoffrey Chaucer: founder of English poetry; The Canterbury Tales (main contents; 124 stories planned, only 24 finished; written in Middle English; significance; form: heroic couplet) 7. Heroic couplet (名词解释)8. Renaissance(名词解释)9.Thomas More——Utopia 10. Sonnet(名词解释)11. Blank verse(名词解释)12. Edmund Spenser “The Faerie Queene” 13. Francis Bacon “essays” esp. “Of Studies”(推荐阅读,学习写正式语体的英文文章的好参照,本文用词正式优雅,多排比句和长句,语言造诣非常高,里面很多话都可以引用做格言警句,非常值得一读) 14. William Shakespeare四大悲剧比较重要,此外就是罗密欧与朱立叶了,这些剧的主题,背景,情节,人物形象都要熟悉,当然他最重要的是Hamlet这是肯定的。他的sonnet也很重要,最重要属sonnet18。(其戏剧中著名对白和几首有名的十四行诗可能会出选读) 15. John Milton 三大史诗非常重要,特别是Paradise Lost和Samson Agonistes。对于Paradise Lost需要知道它是blank verse写成的,故事情节来自Old Testament,另外要知道此书theme和Satan的形象。 16. John Bunyan——The Pilgrim’s Progress 17. Founder of the Metaphysical school——John Donne; features of the school: philosophical poems, complex rhythms and strange images. 18. Enlightenment(名词解释) 19. Neoclassicism(名词解释) 20. Richard Steele——“The Tatler” 21. Joseph Addison——“The Spectator”这个比上面那个要重要,注意这个报纸和我们今天的报纸不一样,它虚构了一系列的人物,以这些人物的口气来写报纸上刊登的散文,这一部分要仔细读。 22. Steel’s and Addison’s styles and their contributions 23. Alexander Pope: “Essay on Criticism”, “Essay on Man”, “The Rape of Lock”, “The Dunciad”; his workmanship (features) and limitations 24. Jonathan Swift: “Gulliver’s Travels”此书非常重要,要知道具体内容,就是Gulliver游历过的四个地方的英文名称,和每个部分具体的讽刺对象; (我们主要讲了三个地方)“A Modest Proposal”比较重要,要注意作者用的irony 也就是反讽手法。 25. The rise and growth of the realistic novel is the most prominent achievement of 18th century English literature. 26. Daniel Defoe: “Robinson Crusoe”, “Moll Flanders”, 当然是Robinson Crusoe比较重要,剧情要清楚,Robinson Crusoe的形象和故事中蕴涵的早期黑奴的原形,以及殖民主义的萌芽。另外注意Defoe的style和feature,另外Defoe是forerunner of English realistic novel。 27. Samuel Richardson——“Pamela” (first epistolary novel), “Clarissa Harlowe”, “Sir Charles Grandison” 28. Henry Fielding: “Joseph Andrews”, “Jonathan Wild”, “Tom Jones”第一个和第三个比较重要,需要仔细看。他是一个比较重要的作家,另外Fielding也被称为father of the English novel. 29. Laurence Sterne——“Tristram Shandy”项狄传 30. Richard Sheridan——“The School for Scandal” 31. Oliver Goldsmith——“The Traveller”(poem), “The Deserted V illage” (poem) (both two poems were written by heroic couplet), “The Vicar of Wakefield” (novel), “The Good-Natured Man” (comedy), “She stoops to Conquer” (comedy),

文学概论考试资料总结

文学观念与文学本体 1、美国学者艾布拉姆斯在哪部着作中提出了文学四要素,分别是什么 《镜与灯——浪漫主义文论及批评传统》 艾布拉姆斯的文学研究座标:强调文学研究要从世界、作者(艺术家)、作品、读者(欣赏者)四个角度进行,这就是着名的“四要素”说。 2、模仿说与表现说 模仿说:【从文学与生活的关系上界定文学的特点,西方有古老的“模仿说”。模仿最初是指祭祀活动中祭司表演的歌舞,后来从祭典术语转化为哲学术语,表现对外在世界的再造或复制,“模仿说”就是在这个意义上解释什么是文学的。】 模仿说的文学观在亚里士多德的《诗学》中得到了详尽、系统的阐述。亚里士多德认为,模仿是艺术的本质,一切艺术都是模仿的产物,并强调不同的艺术在模仿的对象、媒介和方式上具有各自的特点。在这个基础上,他进一步提出,史诗与戏剧的模仿对象是人,是人的“行动和生活”。显然,与前人偏重于模仿自然的说法相比,他更关注文学与社会生活的联系。 表现说:“表现说”的文学观认为,“一件艺术品本质上是内心世界的外化,是激情支配下的创造,是诗人的感受、思想、情感的共同体现。因此,一首诗的本原和主题,是诗人心灵的属性和活动,如果以外部世界的某些方面作为诗的本质和主题,那必须先经诗人心灵的情感和心理活动由事实而变为诗”。 表现说认为文学是对主体心灵与情感的表现和抒发。中国古代文论倾向于表现说。中国古代的“诗言志”和“诗缘情”的理论与上述的观点非常接近,特别是“诗缘情”的认识,不仅注意到主体在文学创造中的作用,而且把情感视为文学表现的主要对象,这大大推进了中国古代文论对文学特质的认识。(1)“言志说”。《庄子天下篇》最早提出:“诗以道志”。(2)“缘情说”。陆机《文赋》:“诗缘情而绮靡”。 由于叙事文学长期居于主导地位,表现说的文学观在西方产生的比较晚,直到18世纪末随着浪漫主义运动的兴起,才对文学实践发生广泛的影响。表现论是近现代西方占主导地位的文学观。(1)情感表现说。华兹华斯:诗是强烈情感的自然流露。(2)本能表现说。弗洛伊德:“艺术即做梦”,是作家愿望的实现。合理性与不足:本能表现说重视创作主体的能动性、自主性,和丰富的心理蕴涵,对文学的性质和规律有不少新的发现。但片面强调艺术的自我表现性,忽视了文学与广阔社会生活的密切关联。

美国文学选读期末考试重点

1、The Colonial Period(1607-1765) American Puritanism ( in the early 17th century through the end of the 18th) 北美第一位女诗人Anne Bradstreet(宗教气息,夫妻恩爱) Edward Taylor 都受英国玄学派影响(metaphysical) 2、The Enlightenment and Revolution Period Benjamin Franklin:Poor Richard's Almanac The Autobiography---“美国梦”的根源 3、American Romanticism(end of 18th to the civil war) American writers emphasis upon the imaginative and emotional qualities of literature. 早期浪漫主义Washington Irving father of American Literature 短篇小说 James Fenimore Cooper 历史,冒险,边疆小说《The Leather-stocking Tales>文明发展对大 自然的摧残与破坏 William Cullen Bryant 美国第一个浪漫主义诗人《To a Waterfowl>美国 山水,讴歌大自然,歌颂美国生活现实 Edgar Allan Poe ---(48 poems,70 short stories) He greatly influenced the devotees of “Art for art’s sake.” He was father of psychoanalytic criticism , and the detective story. Ralph Waldo Emerson---The chief spokesman of New England Transcendentalism American Transcendentalism (also known as “American Renaissance”) It is the high tide of American romanticism Transcendentalists spoke for the cultural rejuvenation and against the materialism of American society. 《Nature》---the Bible of Transcendentalism by Emerson 《Self-Reliance》表达他的超验主义观点Henry David Thoreau------ Walden he regarded nature as a symbol of spirit.Thoreau was very critical of modern civilization. 小说家:Hawthorne-赞成超验He is a master of symbolism The Scarlet Letter《红字》 Melville 怀疑,悲观,sailing experiences Moby Dick百科全书式性质/海洋作品/动物史诗 诗人Longfellow《I Shot an Arrow...》《A Psalm of Life》第一首被完整地介绍到中国的美国诗歌Whitman (Free Verse---without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme ) 《Leaves of Grass》《One's Self I Sing》《O Captain! My Captain!》song Dickinson inner life of the individual ---died for beauty 4、The Age of Realism James upper reaches of American society. <一位女士的肖像》inner world of man Howells, concerned himself chiefly with middle class life. Twain the lower strata of society. humor and local colorism American Naturalism 自然主义(新型现实) Stephen Crane;《Maggie: A Girl of the Streets》《The Red Badge of Courage》pessimistic Theodore Dreiser;Sister Carrie;Jennie Gerhardt;An American Tragedy(Trilogy of Desire) O.Henry (William Sydney Porter):The Gift of the Magi;The Cop and the anthem Jack London:The Call of the Wild;Martin Eden 5、The Modern Period The 1920s-1930s ( the second renaissance of American literature) The Roaring Twenties ,The Jazz Age ,“lost”(Gertrude Stein) and “waste land”(T.S.Eliot) 现代主义小说家 F. Scott Fitzgerald:《The Great Gatsby》被视为美国文学“爵士时代”的象征,以美国梦American Dream 为主线。

英国文学史期末复习重点

英国文学史 Part one: Early and Medieval English Literature Chapter 1 The Making of England 1. The early inhabitants in the island now we call England were Britons, a tribe of Gelts. 2. In 55 B.C., Britain was invaded by Julius Caesar. The Roman occupation lasted for about 400 years. It was also during the Roman role that Christianity was introduced to Britain. And in 410 A.D., all the Roman troops went back to the continent and never returned. 3. The English Conquest At the same time Britain was invaded by swarms of pirates(海盗). They were three tribes from Northern Europe: the Angles, Saxons and Jutes. And by the 7th century these small kingdoms were combined into a United Kingdom called England, or, the land of Angles. And the three dialects spoken by them naturally grew into a single language called Anglo -Saxon, or Old English. 4. The Social Condition of the Anglo -Saxon Therefore, the Anglo -Saxon period witnessed a transition from tribal society to feudalism. 5. Anglo -Saxon Religious Belief and Its Influence The Anglo -Saxons were Christianized in the seventh century. Chapter 2 Beowulf 1. Anglo -Saxon Poetry But there is one long poem of over 3,000 lines. It is Beowulf, the national epic of the English people. Grendel is a monster described in Beowulf. 3. Analysis of Its Content Beowulf is a folk lengend brought to England by Anglo -Saxons from their continental homes. It had been passed from mouth to mouth for hundreds of years before it was written down in the tenth century. 4. Features of Beowulf The most striking feature in its poetical form is the use of alliteration, metaphors and understatements. Chapter 3 Feudal England 1)T he Norman Conquest 2. The Norman Conquest The French -speaking Normans under Duke William came in 1066. After defeating the English at Hastings, William was crowned as King of England. The Norman Conquest marks the establishment of feudalism in England.

美国文学期末考试复习必备(精)

美国文学期末考试复习必备(精) 1. What’s Puritanism? A religious and political movement which appeals to the right of the individual to political & religious independence. It includes three parts: a code of values, a point of view & a philosophy of life 2. What are the basic Puritan beliefs? 1). Total Depravity 2). Unconditional Election 3). Limited Atonement 4). Irresistible Grace 5). Perseverance of the "saints" 3. What are American Puritan values? Sobriety thrift, Self-reliance Diligence, Struggle, simple tastes 4. What are the features of American literature in the Colonial Period? A. Humble origins: diaries, journals, histories, letters. Its various forms, occupy a major position in the literature of the early colonial period. B. in content: serving either god or colonial expansion or both C. in form: imitating English literary traditions. D. in style: tight and logic structure, precise and compact expression, avoidance of rhetorical decoration, adoption of homely imagery and simplicity of diction. E. Symbolism formed in this period ------To the pious Puritan, the physical, phenomenal world was nothing but a symbol of God. F. Simple, fresh and direct style

英国文学复习总结

英国文学复习总结详解 Part one:Early and medieval English literature 1.Beowulf《贝奥武甫》------the national epic of the English people ,it is also the epic of the Anglo-Saxon.(P3) 2.The name of the terrible monster------Grendel(格伦德尔)(P3) 3.the most striking feature in its poetical form is the use of alliteration(头韵),others are metaphor (暗喻)and understatement(保守陈述)(P5) 4The Norman Conquest (诺曼征服)marks the establishment of feudalism in England. (P6) 5.The romance(传奇文学)(P8) The most popular of literature in fedual England was the romance. It was a long composition, sometimes in verse, sometimes in prose, describing the life and adventures of a noble hero. The hero of the romance was the the knight, a man of noble birth, skilled in the use of weapons. It was written for the noble class(贵族的文学) Romances falls into three cycles : “matters of Britain”( adventures of King Arthur and his knights of the Round Table),“matters of France” (Emperor Charlemagne and his peers) “matters of Rome”. (Alexander the Great and so for th) 6. William Langland威廉·朗兰------ Piers the Plowman《耕者皮尔斯》(P11) 7.The ballads(民谣)(P17) The most important department of English folk literature is the ballad.It is a story told in song ,usually in 4-line stanzas [?st?nz?],with the second and fourth lines rhymed. It was written for common people(平民文学). The subjects of ballads are various in kind,as the struggle of young loves against their feudal-minded families,the conflict between love and wealth ,the cruelty of envy,the criticism of the civil war,and the matters of class struggle. The most famous ballads are the ballads of Robin Hood. 8.Geoffrey Chaucer’ Contributions <1>Father of English poetry in 14th century. Chaucer introduces from France the rhymed stanzas of various types instead of the old Anglo-Saxon alliterative verse,especially the rhymed couplet of 5 accents in iambic meter(the heroic couplet) to English poetry.(P26) <2>Chaucer is the first great poet who wrote in the English language. His production of so much excellent poetry is an important factor in establishing English as the literary language of the country.He did much in making the dialect of London the standard for the modern English speech.(P26) <3>the founder of English realism(P23) The Prologue(序言)suppies a miniature of the English so ciety of Chaucer’s time <4>. he forerunner of humanisim (P24 倒数第二行) 9.Geoffrey Chaucer died in 1400 and was buried in Westminster Abbey(威斯敏斯特教堂)thus founding the “Poets’ Corner”..(P20) 10.The Romaunt of the Rose(translated from Franch)《玫瑰传奇》 Troilus and Criseyde(adapted from the Italian)《特洛勒斯和克莱西》 10. Geoffrey Chaucer 杰弗里·乔叟------The Canterbury Tales《坎特伯雷故事集》 The tales of the Knight,the Pardoner(卖赎罪券者),the Nun’s Priest (尼姑的牧师),the Wife of Bath,together with the Prologue,are the best of the whole collection.(P24)(了解一下) Part two:The English renaissance

(完整)最全面英国文学史知识点总结,推荐文档

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Masterpieces created by writers of this g roup include Kerouac’s On the Road and Ginsberg’s Howl and Other Poems, which were regarded as pocket Bibles of that generation. Other prominent Beats include William S. Burroughs, Lawrence Ferlinghetti, Gregory Corso, Michael McClure, and Neal Cassady. The Beat Generation, had greatly influenced the countercultural movements of the 1960s and the adolescents and adults in other countries. In England, the “angry young men” made an echo and imitated the American “beatnik.” 二、1. Ralph Waldo Emerson: Nature: it is generally regarded as the Bible of New England Transcendentalism. The American Scholar:it has been regarded as “America’s Declaration of Intellectual Independence”. 2. Henry David Thoreau: Walden 3. Nathaniel Hawthorne: The Scarlet Letter: 主题:Hawthorne focuses his attention on the moral, emotional, and psychological effects or consequences of the sin on the people in general and those main characters in particular, so as to show us the tension between society and individuals. To Hawthorne, everybody is potentially a sinner, and great moral courage is therefore indispensable for the improvement of human nature. 4. Herman Melville: Moby Dick A. 作品分析: (1)Moby Dick represents the sum total of Melville’s bleak view of the world in which he lived. It is at once godless and purposeless. The loss of faith and the sense of futility and meaningless which characterize modern life of the West were expresse d in Melville’s work so well that the twentieth century has found it both fascinating and great. (2) One of the major themes of this novel is alienation, which exists in the life of Melville on different levels, between man and man, man and society, and man and nature. 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