搜档网
当前位置:搜档网 › 高等教育和就业中英文对照外文翻译文献

高等教育和就业中英文对照外文翻译文献

高等教育和就业中英文对照外文翻译文献
高等教育和就业中英文对照外文翻译文献

中英文对照外文翻译

(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)

What Do Educational Mismatches Tell Us About Skill Mismatches? A Cross-country Analysis

Introduction

There is a substantial research literature which deals with various aspects of imperfect matching between graduates’ e ducational attainment and the educational requirements of jobs. In the economic literature on over-education, over-utilisation and underutilisation more especially, the relationship between higher education and employment is interpreted in terms of the extent to which the higher education sector provides graduates with the knowledge and skills to match employment needs (see Borghans & De Grip, 2000; Büchel, De Grip & Mertens,2003). This match is believed to affect productivity, earnings, and work satisfaction. Most of this research concentrated on the effects of working in a job that does not match one’s level of education, the underlying assumption being that this imposes a limitation on the use of skills. In addition, many

studies also take into account the effects of working in a job for which a different field of study is required.

This article seeks to analyse how far the knowledge acquired in higher education corresponds to that required on the job. The central issue is what a perceived mismatch means in terms of the match between required and available skills. Do educational mismatches necessarily imply mismatches between acquired and required skills? To answer this question, five countries that participated in the 1998 CHEERS study will be examined in more detail. Particular attention will be paid to the differences between these countries.

Five countries were selected which differed from each other in terms of both the structure of their national labour markets and of their higher education systems: Spain, Germany, the Netherlands, the UK and Japan. There are widespread beliefs about differences and common elements in these countries. Germany and the Netherlands are examples of countries where the match is generally believed to be rather close. In the UK and Japan, it is generally thought to be rather loose and indirect and employers tend to give greater value to generic skills. Spain is somewhere in between. These countries also differ considerably in the incidence of both over- and under-education. Although the impressive evolution of the supply of highly educated people has not been matched by an equal increase in the supply of skilled vacancies, countries show a varied pattern in this respect. In countries such as the UK and Germany, studies have found overeducation to be more pronounced than undereducation, while in the Netherlands and Spain, some studies have found the opposite (see for country-specific studies Dolton & Vignoles, 1998; Groot, Maassen & Brink, 2000; Alba-Ramirez, 1993; Alba-Ramirez & Blásquez, 2003; See also the overview by Sloane, 2003).

Theoretical Background

The human capital theory was developed in the early 1960s to explain the relationship between individuals’ level of schooling and their earnings in the labour m arket. Education develops skills (‘human capital’) that make graduates more productive in their jobs and this is reflected in higher earnings (Becker, 1964;Mincer, 1974). The human capital theory is based on three main propositions(Rumberger, 1994):

1 the primary role of formal schooling is to develop the human capital, or the knowledge and skills, of future workers;

2 the labour market efficiently allocates educated workers to firms and jobs where they are required;

3 the human capital of workers increases their productivity in the workplace which is then rewarded with higher earnings.

Although this theory has been well supported by the results of research, it has been criticised. Some of the main criticisms have come from scholars who emphasise the demand side of the labour market. One such criticism is that it ignores important qualitative differences in the types of knowledge and skills produced in higher education. Although the theory acknowledges differences in general skills that can be applied to a wide variety of jobs, there are important independent dimensions to human abilities and skills that cover not only the cognitive area, but also the physical and social areas (Gardner, 1983). Another criticism is the effects of mismatches between graduates’ acquired skills levels and those that are required in the workplace. They are thought to have adverse effects on both productivity and earnings.

More than the standard human capital model, the job assignment model is very explicit about the relevance of the demand side of the labour market. This model as developed by Sattinger (1993) is based on the proposition that there is an allocation problem in assigning heterogeneous workers to jobs that differ in their complexity. The allocation is regarded as optimal when the most competent workers are assigned to the most complex job and the less competent workers are assigned to simpler jobs. In other words, if you can get the right person in the right place, you will optimise earnings, productivity gains, job satisfaction, etc. In the case of a mismatch, the limitations of the worker or the job impose an unnecessary restriction on the productivity that can be achieved. Employees working below their educational level will find that the characteristics of the job impose a limitation to the use of their skills and therefore to productivity and earnings. Conversely, employees working in a job above their level will lack some of the skills needed to realise the productive potential of the job.

An important assumption of the assignment model is that different categories of education and jobs can be characterised as having fixed levels of available and required knowledge and skills. In other words, educational mismatches imply skill mismatches. Although the assignment model in itself seems highly plausible, this basic assumption can be questioned. Using data from a survey of graduates from Dutch universities and higher professional institutions, Allen and Van der

Velden(2001) made a distinction between a formal mismatch between actual and required education (educational mismatch) and between actual and required skills (skill mismatch). Two kinds of skill mismatch were considered. Graduates were asked (1) whether their current job offered sufficient scope to use their knowledge and skills (skill use), and (2) whether they felt that they would perform better in their current job if they had additional knowledge and skills (skill deficit). Their study revealed only a rather weak relationship between educational mismatches and these two forms of skills mismatches. Their results provide strong support for the assumption that the match between individual human capital and the characteristics of the job matters. Contrary to the assumptions of the assignment theory, however, educational mismatches are neither a necessary nor a sufficient condition for skill mismatches. It appeared that a high number of Dutch graduates who were working in jobs that were not closely related to their level and/or field of study nonetheless stated that they made great use of their knowledge and skills in their work. Furthermore, only a small proportion of the wage effects of educational mismatches was accounted for by skill mismatches. These had a strong negative impact on job satisfaction, unlike educational mismatches.

CHEERS Data

It is worth considering whether the CHEERS data provide further insight. In his concluding chapter of the forthcoming book on the CHEERS project, U. Teichler questions the assumption that a close ‘match’ between education and employment categories is a good indicator of graduates’ preparation for their professional tasks.He goes on to claim that employment outside graduates’ traditional professional areas cannot be taken as an indication that stud y is irrelevant for employment and work. He bases this claim on the finding that at least a third of

the graduates working in a position for which a lower level of education would have been more appropriate reported that they made use of some of the knowledge they acquired during their course of study in their work assignments (Teichler, forthcoming, pp. 277–279). Concentrating on five countries that participated in the 1998 CHEERS study, namely Spain, Germany, the Netherlands, the UK and Japan, we will attempt to replicate the results of Allen and Van der Velden (2001). We will first describe the extent of educational and skill mismatches and the relationship between the two in the five countries and then examine the labour market effects of mismatches in terms of hourly wages, job satisfaction and the intention to quit. Method

Two major issues will be analysed:

(1)The relationship between the education-job match on the one hand and the use of knowledge and skills on the other;

(2)The effects of educational and skill mismatches on wage, job satisfaction and on-the-job search.

Relationship between the Education-Job Match and Use of Knowledge and Skills

Several methods will be employed to measure the extent of matching. In determining educational mismatches, graduates were asked to indicate what was the most appropriate level of course of study/degree. Answer categories were: higher, same level, lower tertiary level, and below tertiary level. Graduates from universities and non-university HE institutions were represented in all five countries.

Effects of Mismatches on Wage, Job Satisfaction and On-the-job Search

Some regression models will be used to measure the effects of educational and skill mismatches on the dependent variables. In the explanatory analysis, we will assess the effects on the following dependent variables: natural logarithm of hourly wage, job satisfaction, and on-the-job search. In each of these analyses, the dependent variable of the previous analysis will be included in order to account for their effect. Relevant control variables will be taken into account.

Conclusion

Our analyses indicate that educational and skill mismatches are indeed related, as one would expect. Graduates working below their level and/or outside their own field use fewer competences than those in ‘matching’ jobs. Graduates working above their level or outside their field experience more skill shortages than those in ‘matching’ jobs. However, educational mismatches by no means imply mismatches between available and required knowledge and skills, as claimed by the job assignment model. Many graduates in ‘matching’ jobs nonetheless report skill mismatches. Furthermore, a substantial proportion of ‘overeducated’ graduates report high levels of skill use and few skill shortages.

The multivariate analyses revealed strong wage effects of over-education. The wage effects of skill mismatches were much weaker. Interestingly, in Germany and the UK, there were positive wage effects of skill shortages. This seems to indicate that skill shortages do not indicate so much a below-par worker as a high-powered job. Job satisfaction was influenced by both educational

and skill mismatches. The propensity to change jobs appears only weakly related to mismatches of either kind. The results of the analyses of job satisfaction and propensity to change jobs deviate somewhat from those of Allen and Van der Velden, who found strong effects of skill mismatches on these variables.

The results were broadly similar across the five countries, but there were some interesting differences. It was notable that the education-job match was best in those countries where higher education was strongly geared to the labour market (Germany and the Netherlands), but that the relation between educational and skill mismatches was weakest in those countries. Furthermore, the wage effects of over-education were also relatively weak in Germany and the Netherlands. Another notable difference was that under-educated workers in Germany and Japan showed surprisingly high levels of skill shortages in contrast to the other three countries. Finally, the propensity to change jobs was strongly dependent on both educational and skills mismatches in Germany and the UK, on educational mismatches in Spain and the Netherlands, and on neither in Japan.

REFERENCES

ALBA-RAMIREZ, A. (1993) Mismatch in the Spanish labor market: overeducation? Journal of Human Resources, 27, pp. 259–278.

ALBA-RAMIREZ, A. & BLáZQUEZ, M. (2003) Types of job match, overeducation and labour mobility in Spain pp. 65–93.

ALLEN, J. & V AN DER VELDEN, R. (2001) Educational mismatches versus skill mismatches: effects on wages, job satisfaction, and on-the-job search, Oxford Economic Papers 3, pp. 434–452. BECKER, G.S. (1964) Human Capital: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis with special Reference to Education (New York, NBER).

教育不匹配能告诉我们技能不匹配?一次横越全国分析

引言

目前有大量的研究文献,其中涉及各方面的毕业生的教育程度和教育的工作要求之间的不完善匹配。在经济学文献中关于过度教育,过度使用和使用不足,尤其是在高等教育界在何种程度上提供了毕业生的知识和技能,以符合就业需求方面,解释了较高的教育和就业之间的关系(见Borghans & De Grip,2000; B üchel, De Grip & Mertens,2003年)。这种匹配被认为是影响生产力,收入和工作满意度。大部分集中在这项研究工作的工作,一个人的教育水平,基本假设是,这会带来限制使用技能不匹配的影响。此外,许多研究也考虑到在工作中的工作是必需的,不同的研究领域的影响。

本文试图分析学到的知识在高等教育对应的工作到底有多么需要。中心问题是什么感知的不匹配意味着必需的和可用的技能之间的比赛。教育不匹配必然意味着收购及所需技能之间的不匹配?要回答这个问题,这五个国家参加了1998年芝华仕研究会研究更多的细节。将特别关注这些国家之间的差异。

不同于对方在本国的劳动力市场和其较高的教育系统结构:西班牙,德国,荷兰,英国和日本五个国家被选中。有广泛的信仰差异和这些国家的共同元素。德国和荷兰的匹配被普遍认为是比较接近的国家的例子。在英国和日本,人们普遍认为是相当松散,间接和雇主往往共通能力提供更大的价值。西班牙是介于两者之间。这些国家既过剩又不足,教育的发生率也有很大的不同。虽然令人印象深刻的演变还没有相匹配的高学历人才的供给等量增加供应的熟练工职位空缺,国家在这方面显示各种不同的模式。在一些国家,如英国和德国,有研究发现过度教育比未受充分教育更加明显,而在荷兰和西班牙,一些研究发现相反(具体见国家研究Dolton & Vignoles, 1998; Groot, Maassen & Brink, 2000; Alba-Ramirez, 1993; Alba-Ramirez & Blásquez, 2003; Sloane, 2003).

理论背景

在20世纪60年代初开发的人力资本理论用来解释个人的教育水平和他们在劳动力市场上的盈利之间的关系。教育发展技能(“人力资本”),使毕业生在他们的工作中更富有成效,其中的体现就是能获得更高的收益(Becker, 1964;Mincer, 1974)。人力资本理论是基于三个主要命题(Rumberger,1994):1正规学校教育的主要作用是开发未来的劳动者的人力资本或知识和技能;

2劳动力市场能有效地把受过教育的工人分配到公司和需要他们的岗位上去;

3劳动者的人力资本提高他们在工作场所的生产力,然后将获得更高的回报。

虽然这一理论的研究成果得到了很好的支持,但是也受到批评。一些批评主要来自强调劳动力市场需求方的学者们。这样的批评它忽略了知识和技能在高等教育的各类重要的质的差别。尽管理论上承认可应用于各种各样的就业机会一般技能的差异,然而人的能力和技能有重要的独立的维度,不仅包括认知领域,也有物理和社会领域(加德纳,1983)。另一种批评是毕业生掌握的技能水平和那些在工作场所需要掌握的技能之间不匹配的影响。他们认为这会影响生产力和盈利。

超过标准的人力资本模型,作业分配模型与劳动力市场需求方具有非常明确的相关性,这种模式是由Sattinger 在1993年开发的,它是基于在异构工人分配到不同的工作,在他们的复杂性,有一个分配问题上的主张。被视为最佳的分配时,最能干的工人被分配到最复杂的工作和能力不足的工人被分配到简单的工作。换句话说,如果你能在合适的地方得到合适的人,你就可以优化收益,提高生产力和工作满意度等。而在不匹配的情况下,工人或工作的局限性施加不必要的限制,可以实现生产率。低于他们的教育水平工作的员工会发现,工作的特点施加限制使用他们的技能影响生产率和收入。相反,员工从事在自己的水平以上的工作,缺乏实现作业的生产潜力所需的技能。

分配模型的一个重要假设是可以被定性为具有固定提供不同类别的教育和就业机会所需的知识和技能水平。换句话说,教育的不匹配意味着技能不匹配。虽然分配模型本身似乎很有道理,但是这个基本的假设还是受到质疑。荷兰大学高等专业院校的毕业生的调查数据,阿伦和范德费尔登(2001年)在实际和必要的教育(教育不匹配)和正式之间的不匹配实际和所需的技能(技能错配)之

间做了区分,并对两种技能错配进行了审议。毕业生被问到(1)是否为自己在目前的工作中使用知识和技能(技能使用)提供了足够的空间。(2)他们是否觉得,如果他们有更多的知识和技能(技能赤字)。那么他们在目前的工作会表现得更好。他们的研究发现只有一个相当薄弱的教育不匹配和这两种形式的技能不匹配之间的关系。他们的研究结果提供了强有力的支持假设个体人力资本之间的匹配和工作事项的特点。但是,分配理论的假设相反,教育不匹配的既不是技能不匹配必要条件也不是充分条件。荷兰毕业生大量的工作在自己的水平和/或仍然表示,他们利用他们的知识和技能,在他们研究领域密切相关的工作中取得了很大成绩。此外,只有一小部分的教育不匹配的工

资效应占技能不匹配。这些措施不像教育不匹配对工作的满意度产生了强烈的负面影响。CHEERS数据

这是值得考虑CHEERS的数据是否提供了进一步了解。在U.泰克勒即将出版的新书CHEERS项目的最后一章中问题的假设,教育和就业类别之间密切的“匹配”是其专业职责的毕业生准备的一个很好的指标。他声称境外就业毕业生的传统的专业领域,不能被视为与研究就业和工作无关。他基于这个发现声称,至少有三分之一的毕业生工作在教育水平较低的位置更合适,本来报告说,他们利用他们的课程学习期间获得的知识来完成他们的一些工作任务(泰克勒,即将出版,第277-279页)。

集中在参加了1998年的CHEERS研究五个国家,分别是西班牙,德国,荷兰,英国和日本,我们将尝试复制 - 阿伦和范德费尔登(2001)的结果。我们将首先介绍教育和技能不匹配的程度,以及在五个国家两者之间的关系,然后检查劳动力市场的每小时工资,工作满意度和离职意愿的错配的影响。

方法

两个主要问题将被进行分析:

1教育工作的匹配与使用知识和技能之间的关系。

2教育和技能不匹配对工资,工作满意度和对求职的影响。

教育工作知识和技能的搭配使用之间的关系

将采用几种方法来衡量的程度相匹配。在确定的教育不匹配中,毕业生被

员工激励外文文献Word版

1. 原则之一:激励要因人而异 由于不同员工的需求不同,所以,相同的激励政策起到的激励效果也会不尽相同。即便是同一位员工,在不同的时间或环境下,也会有不同的需求。由于激 励取决于内因,是员工的主观感受,所以,激励要因人而异。 在制定和实施激励政策时,首先要调查清楚每个员工真正需要的是什么。将这 些需要整理、归类,然后来制定相应的激励政策帮助员工满足这些需求。 2. 原则之二:奖励适度 奖励和惩罚不适度都会影响激励效果,同时增加激励成本。奖励过重会使员工 产生骄傲和满足的情绪,失去进一步提高自己的欲望;奖励过轻会起不到激励 效果,或者使员工产生不被重视的感觉。惩罚过重会让员工感到不公,或者失 去对公司的认同,甚至产生怠工或破坏的情绪;惩罚过轻会让员工轻视错误的 严重性,从而可能还会犯同样的错误。 3. 原则之三:公平性 公平性是员工管理中一个很重要的原则,员工感到的任何不公的待遇都会影响 他的工作效率和工作情绪,并且影响激励效果。取得同等成绩的员工,一定要 获得同等层次的奖励;同理,犯同等错误的员工,也应受到同等层次的处罚。 如果做不到这一点,管理者宁可不奖励或者不处罚。 管理者在处理员工问题时,一定要有一种公平的心态,不应有任何的偏见和喜好。虽然某些员工可能让你喜欢,有些你不太喜欢,但在工作中,一定要一视 同仁,不能有任何不公的言语和行为。 1. 激励员工从结果均等转移到机会均等,并努力创造公平竞争环境。 举例来说,吴士宏在IBM从一个打扫卫生的人做起,一步一步到销售业务员, 到地区负责人,到中国区总经理,是什么原因呢?除了个人努力,还应该说 IBM良好的企业文化给了一个发展的舞台,那就是每一个人都有无限的发展机会,只要有能力就会有发展的空间,实现自我,这在很多企业是做不到的,这 种体制无疑会给员工莫大的激励作用。 2. 激励要把握最佳时机。 ——需在目标任务下达前激励的,要提前激励。 ——员工遇到困难,有强烈要求愿望时,给予关怀,及时激励。 3. 激励要公平准确、奖罚分明 ——健全、完善绩效考核制度,做到考核尺度相宜、公平合理。 ——克服有亲有疏的人情风。 ——在提薪、晋级、评奖、评优等涉及员工切身利益热点问题上务求做到公平。 4. 推行职工持股计划。

计算机专业外文文献及翻译

微软Visual Studio 1微软Visual Studio Visual Studio 是微软公司推出的开发环境,Visual Studio可以用来创建Windows平台下的Windows应用程序和网络应用程序,也可以用来创建网络服务、智能设备应用程序和Office 插件。Visual Studio是一个来自微软的集成开发环境IDE,它可以用来开发由微软视窗,视窗手机,Windows CE、.NET框架、.NET精简框架和微软的Silverlight支持的控制台和图形用户界面的应用程序以及Windows窗体应用程序,网站,Web应用程序和网络服务中的本地代码连同托管代码。 Visual Studio包含一个由智能感知和代码重构支持的代码编辑器。集成的调试工作既作为一个源代码级调试器又可以作为一台机器级调试器。其他内置工具包括一个窗体设计的GUI应用程序,网页设计师,类设计师,数据库架构设计师。它有几乎各个层面的插件增强功能,包括增加对支持源代码控制系统(如Subversion和Visual SourceSafe)并添加新的工具集设计和可视化编辑器,如特定于域的语言或用于其他方面的软件开发生命周期的工具(例如Team Foundation Server的客户端:团队资源管理器)。 Visual Studio支持不同的编程语言的服务方式的语言,它允许代码编辑器和调试器(在不同程度上)支持几乎所有的编程语言,提供了一个语言特定服务的存在。内置的语言中包括C/C + +中(通过Visual C++),https://www.sodocs.net/doc/4411678632.html,(通过Visual https://www.sodocs.net/doc/4411678632.html,),C#中(通过Visual C#)和F#(作为Visual Studio 2010),为支持其他语言,如M,Python,和Ruby等,可通过安装单独的语言服务。它也支持的 XML/XSLT,HTML/XHTML ,JavaScript和CSS.为特定用户提供服务的Visual Studio也是存在的:微软Visual Basic,Visual J#、Visual C#和Visual C++。 微软提供了“直通车”的Visual Studio 2010组件的Visual Basic和Visual C#和Visual C + +,和Visual Web Developer版本,不需任何费用。Visual Studio 2010、2008年和2005专业版,以及Visual Studio 2005的特定语言版本(Visual Basic、C++、C#、J#),通过微软的下载DreamSpark计划,对学生免费。 2架构 Visual Studio不支持任何编程语言,解决方案或工具本质。相反,它允许插入各种功能。特定的功能是作为一个VS压缩包的代码。安装时,这个功能可以从服务器得到。IDE提供三项服务:SVsSolution,它提供了能够列举的项目和解决方案; SVsUIShell,它提供了窗口和用户界面功能(包括标签,工具栏和工具窗口)和SVsShell,它处理VS压缩包的注册。此外,IDE还可以负责协调和服务之间实现通信。所有的编辑器,设计器,项目类型和其他工具都是VS压缩包存在。Visual Studio 使用COM访问VSPackage。在Visual Studio SDK中还包括了管理软件包框架(MPF),这是一套管理的允许在写的CLI兼容的语言的任何围绕COM的接口。然而,MPF并不提供所有的Visual Studio COM 功能。

旅游服务贸易外文翻译文献

旅游服务贸易外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)

旅游服务贸易的国际竞争力:罗马尼亚的案例 引言 旅游业是唯一的可以为任何发展水平的国家提供贸易机会的服务活动。然而,它也是一个很大程度因为国家的能力和在全球经济中的表现而又有明确的利益分配不均行业,而这又需要提高自己的竞争力。 自20世纪90年代初,罗马尼亚旅游业经历了出口量,生长速率和结构的重大变化。这些不同的波动都影响了罗马尼亚在国际旅游市场上相对的竞争地位并引起了其旅游贸易平衡的变化。同时,新的和更多的错杂的欧式建筑,引起了罗马尼亚的区域旅游竞争力的显著变化。 在此背景下,本文试图提出一个框架,以竞争力和旅游贸易表现之间的关系为重点,来评估罗马尼亚的旅游服务贸易的国际竞争力。 一、国际竞争力视角:国际竞争力之与国际旅游业的相关性 国际竞争力的概念,尽管有争议,难以捉摸,但现在已经得到认可,并继续吸引世界各地的学者和决策者的关注。 到目前为止,为提高国际竞争力已采取措施,都被认为是在经济层面进行的(加瑞利,2003)通常是指一个国家生产的商品和服务,以满足国际市场的考验,并同时保持和增加公民的收入的能力(欧洲委员会,2007)。 由于竞争力最终取决于一国企业在国内和国际的市场成功,所以对竞争力的注意力都集中在企业层面的竞争力上(波特,1990),对于此的普遍理解是指“……该公司保持,并更好的是,扩大其全球市场份额,增加和扩大利润的能力” (克拉克和盖,1998, 经济合作与发展组织,1993)。 因此,虽然广泛流传但是国际竞争力作为与国家经济和其国际贸易相关

的理论基础已经不太在学术文献进行分析。因此,一个国家国际竞争力的性质,效益和局限性仍然含糊不清(科尔德威尔,2000,克鲁格曼,1994, 1996)。 国际竞争力,是指一个国家在货物和服务贸易方面巩固和保持贸易优势相对于世界其他地区的贸易优势。 每当一个国家的经济福利通过贸易流量的增加,或通过从初始平衡状态的贸易条件的改变而增加,他的国际竞争力都会得到提高(科尔德威尔,2000)。 贸易理论表示,经济福利依赖于一个国家有比较优势的货物和服务的生产。这实际上意味着当生产符合一国的比较优势的情况时国际竞争力能得到保障。如果一国能在国际上表现良好并在出口市场竞争成功,这可能就是他们健全的国际竞争力的标志。 因此,在国际上,竞争力定义为一个经济体能够吸引其出口需求和投资供给需求的能力和在所有社会规范内提升公民生活水平的能力。这反过来又取决于宏观和微观经济政策,影响生产的经济生产率要素和经营成本的法规和制度。 一个可用的文献回顾和实证证据支持国际竞争力可以解释为在一定程度上,一个国家的出口能力这一观点(道乐和沃尔夫,1993, 格博格等. 2004)。还有就是,事实上,是出口表现和国际竞争力之间的循环关系。出口是国际竞争力的第一衡量指标。出口情况的改善会导致了一个国家的竞争力提升。这种效果是一个企业的技能,知识,创新和运用新技术并能够在一个成功的商业方式中利用技术机会等的结果。 另一方面,为了在竞争激烈的全球市场努力成功实现出口,一个国家被迫提高竞争力。更具竞争力的国家,它的经济更强大。因此,它更有能力在全球市场竞争,以吸引具有较高的知识,技能,水平人们去购买新技术等,

酒店服务质量管理外文文献翻译

文献出处:Borkar S, Koranne S. Study of Service Quality Management in Hotel Industry [J]. Pacific Business Review International, 2014, 6(9): 21-25. 原文 Study of Service Quality Management in Hotel Industry Borkar; Sameer Abstract It is an attempt to understand the role of quality improvement process in hospitality industry and effectiveness in making it sustainable business enterprise. It is a survey of the presently adopted quality management tools which are making the hotels operations better focused and reliable and meet the customer expectations. Descriptive research design is used to know the parameters of service quality management in hospitality industry. Exploratory research design is undertaken to dig out the service quality management practices and its effectiveness. Data analysis is done and presented; hypothesis is tested against the collected data. Since the industry continuously tries to improve upon their services to meet the levels of customer satisfaction; Study presents tools for continuous improvement process and how it benefits all the stake holders. It can be inferred from the study that the hotel implement continuous improvement process and quality management tools to remain competitive in the market. The study involves hotels of highly competitive market with limited number of respondents. This limits the study to hotel industry and has scope of including other hospitality service providers as well. Keywords:Customer Satisfaction, Perception, Performance Measurement, Continuous, Improvement Process. Introduction It has brought paradigm shifts in the operations of hospitality industry. The overall perspective of the industry is changed due to introduction of new techniques

人力资源3000字外文文献翻译

Human resource management more and more drives value. Under the system that economy development mature, human resource management have to match with fight for the best resources performance, if out of character of the manpower form couples out of character of post, the resources performance be not only whole have no, or may have already exhaust. The modern economy stress balance and match, promote management effect and quality vegetable, will human resource match with make balance, the inside contents establish human resource structure frame, use most in keeping with of the person do most in keeping with of work. Establishment human resource terrace is a communication and collection information way, everyone's opinion comprehensive, give up short take long, with processing salary, welfare etc. affair. Human resource most the importance be a training and development, human resource development have to investment at training aspect, with exertive each stratum of human resource potential. 人力资源管理愈来愈被重视。在经济发展成熟的体系下,人力资源管理必须配合以争取最佳的资源效益,若将不适当的人力配对不适当的职位,资源效益不但全无,或可能有损耗。现代经济讲求平衡及配合,提升管理效能和质素,就要人力资源配合以作平衡,其中的内容是设立人力资源架构框架,用最适合的人做最适合的工作。建立人力资源平台,作为沟通及搜集信息管道,将各方意见综合,舍短取长,以处理薪酬、福利等事宜。人力资源最重要是培训及发展,人力资源发展必须投资在培训方面,以发挥各阶层的人力资源潜能。 发展简史 Generally say, the academic circles development of human resource experience: Personal management, human resource management be recently till now rise of manpower capital management. The main dissimilarity namely lay in the principle that company and business enterprise treat an employee of variety and development. 一般说来,人力资源在学术界的发展经历了:人事管理,人力资源管理,到现在新近兴起的人力资本管理。其主要不同即在于公司和企业对待职员的理念的变化和发展。

数字电视外文翻译文献

数字电视外文翻译文献 (文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译) 原文: Ginga Middleware and Digital TV in Latin America Gabriel Baum, Universidad Nacional de La Plata Luiz Fernando G. Soares, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro In 2005, Brazil launched its digital TV (DTV) agenda. Its main premise was to reduce the digital divide present in the country, giving the lower social classes the right to access , produce, and distribute information . As a natural consequence, a second premise stressed the generation of local IT jobs and companies to support the entire effort. To bring the benefits of DTV to the masses, Brazil devised the Japanese-Brazilian terrestrial DTV(ISDB-T—the International Standard for Digital Broadcasting),taking the earlier ISDB Japanese standard as a base (with some video and audio coding updates) and introducing the innovative Brazilian middleware system, called Ginga. Argentina adopted ISDB-T in2009 with similar objectives to those of Brazil. Since then, Ginga has been adopted in 12 Latin-American countries. Several other countries in Central America and Africa are testing it as well.

服务贸易自由化机制外文文献翻译2014年译文4000字

文献出处:Barattieri A. The mechanism of service trade liberalization[J]. Journal of International Economics, 2014, 92(1): 1-13. (声明:本译文归百度文库所有,完整译文请到百度文库。) 原文 The mechanism of service trade liberalization Barattieri A Abstract In this paper, Service trade liberalization is the key areas of the United States to promote the TPP negotiations, the United States in the negotiations are pushing mechanism of a high standard of service trade liberalization. In this paper the progress of the TPP negotiations and services trade issues important position, on the basis of the acceptance, architecture design, focus on services, regulatory consistency four aspects in the TPP uncovers the "high standards" service trade liberalization mechanism establishment. American "high standards" service trade liberalization mechanism is tailored to the interests of the United States, actually services in the service of the United States. These mechanisms are through to strengthen and promote the TPP platform, forming reversed transmission to other countries. Key words: the TPP; The United States; Service trade liberalization; High standards; Mechanism design America is the first largest exporter global trade in services, and for many years, continues to service trade surplus. Competitive advantage based on service industry and service industry The importance of promoting American exports, jobs and economic growth, the United States in the multilateral, bilateral and regional multiple layers jointly promoting service trade liberalization. In the Uruguay round negotiations, the United States has overcome many obstacles, for the first time to include the Service Trade in multilateral negotiations, contributed to the general Agreement on Trade in services (the Genre - al Agreement on Trade and Service,

供应商质量管理文献翻译(外文翻译-中英对照)

互利共赢的供应商质量控制 前言 近年来,随着对供应链的重视,供应商管理正逐渐成为企业和学术界的关注对象,IS09000族标准以及QS 9000标准都对供应商的管理提出了相应的要求,与供应商管理有关的研究成果正逐渐增多,一些软件巨头也推出了供应商关系管理的软件,但是在这些研究成果和应用软件中,涉及到的供应商质量控制的内容只是一些最基本的要求,而供应商质量控制恰恰是供应商管理的最基本、最重要的内容。另一方而,质量管理界对质量控制的研究取得了大量的成果,遗憾的是这些成果大多依然局限于企业的内部控制,仅仅研究从企业内部各环节如何改善产品的质量,而基于供应链的角度来研究质量控制的成果尚不多见。因此,系统地研究经济全球化形势下供应商质量控制的理论与方法,将有助于推动我国企业产品质量的快速提高和供应链竞争优势的形成与巩固。 1、质量与企业共存 质量一直是一个随着时代的变化而不断变化的概念,人们对质量的认识也往往因关注点不同而有所不同。如,早在1908年,通用汽车公司的工程师们在皇家汽车俱乐部会员们的面前拆解了3辆凯迪拉克轿车,并把这些零件混在一起,而后从中选择零件重新组装成车,然后驾车绝尘而去。这令在场的会员极为震惊,认为凯迪拉克车质量之高令人惊叹。显然在当时,汽车零件具有互换性是一种了不起的质量特性,这也是福特公司的N型车和T型车取得辉煌成功的重要原因.时至今日,即使农用三轮车的零部件也具有极高的互换性,零部件的标准化和互换性已经是理所当然的事情,不再是吸引顾客的重要质量特性.可见质量的内涵是不断变化的.那么究竟什么是质量呢? (1)市场竟争就是企业间对“顾客”的争夺,在日益激烈的“顾客"争夺战中,质量、价格、交付(交付日期、方式和手段)和服务是企业常用的四个法宝,其中质量是根本,离开质量其他三项将变得毫无意义,因此可以说质量己成为市场竞争的焦点.它反映了产品是否能够反映顾客需求、能否满足顾客需求,从面决定了产品的市场前途。有鉴于此,质量己成为一项全球性运动,世界上所有优秀企业无一不把质量作为企业战略的关键内容,从战略的角度来规划质量。 (2)对于企业经营者来说,认识到质量对企业的重要意义只是经营企业的第一步,重要的是如何利用科学的方法来保证产品和服务的质量,使顾客满意,来保证过程和工作的质量来获互利共炭的供应商质量控制得良好的业绩。 众所周知,企业管理是社会生产力发展到一定程度的历史产物,质量管理作为企业管理的组成部分,同样也是社会发展的客观要求,特别是顾客处于主导地位的今天,要使顾客满意,就必须有过硬的产品质量和服务质量,这就要求企业积极推行先进的质量管理理论与方法,不断进行质量管理创新. 2、企业与供应商质量控制 随着生产社会化的不断发展,企业的生产活动分工越来越细,专业化程度越来越强,促使生产技术水平越来越高,产品质量得到大幅度改善。通常,某一产品不可能由一个企业从最初的原材料开始加工直至形成顾客最终使用的产品,往往是通过多个企业分工协作来完成.另外,先进生产方式的广泛应用,如准时生产、敏捷制造、零库存等,使企业与供应商的关系愈加紧密,企业与供应商的关系也由单纯的买卖关系向互利共底的合作关系演变。 ISO 9000族标准自1987年诞生以来受到了世界各国的一致追捧,全球约50多万家企业通过ISO9001质量管理体系认证足以说明这套管理标准在引领国际管理潮流方面的巨大成功。在备受企业欢迎的新版标准ISO9000:2000中,互利的供应商关系被作为八项质量管理原则之一,充分体现了供应商关系管理在企业经营实践中的作用和价值。企业要贯彻这一原则,就必须

员工激励机制外文文献

员工激励机制外文文献 员工激励机制外文文献 有一个国外民意调查组织在研究以往二十年的数据后发现:在所有的工作分类中,员工们都将工资与收益视为最重要或次重要的指标。工资能极大地影响员工行为--在何处工作及是否好好干。 因此,如何让员工从薪酬上得到最大的满意,成为现代企业组织应当努力把握的课题。应该从以下方面把握: 一、为员工提供有竞争力的薪酬,使他们一进门便珍惜这份工作,竭尽全力,把自己的本领都使出来。 支付最高工资的企业最能吸引并且留住人才,尤其是那些出类拔萃的员工。这对于行业内的领先公司,尤其必要。较高的报酬会带来更高的满意度,与之俱来的还有较低的离职率。一个结构合理、管理良好的绩效付酬制度,应能留住优秀的员工,淘汰表现较差的员工。 二、重视内在报酬。 实际上,报酬可以划分为两类:外在的与内在的。外在报酬主要指:组织提供的金钱、津贴和晋升机会,以及来自于同事和上级的认同。而内在报酬是和外在报酬相对而言的,它是基于工作任务本身的报酬,如对工作的胜任感、成就感、责任感、受重视、有影响力、个人成长和富有价值的贡献等。事实上,对于知识型的员工,内在报酬和员工的工作满意感有相当之大的关系。因此,企业组织可以通过工作制度、员工影响力、人力资本流动政策来执行内在报酬,让员工从工作本身中得到最大的满足。 三、把收入和技能挂钩。

建立个人技能评估制度,以雇员的能力为基础确定其薪水,工资标准由技能最低直到最高划分出不同级别。基于技能的制度能在调 换岗位和引入新技术方面带来较大的灵活性,当员工证明自己能够 胜任更高一级工作时,他们所获的报酬也会顺理成章地提高。此外,基于技能的薪资制度还改变了管理的导向,实行按技能付酬后,管 理的重点不再是限制任务指派使其与岗位级别一致,相反,最大限 度地利用员工已有技能将成为新的着重点。这种评估制度最大的好 处是能传递信息使员工关注自身的发展。 四、增强沟通交流。 现在许多公司采用秘密工资制,提薪或奖金发放不公开,使得员工很难判断在报酬与绩效之间是否存在着联系。人们既看不到别人 的报酬,也不了解自己对公司的贡献价值的倾向,这样自然会削弱 制度的激励和满足功能,一种封闭式制度会伤害人们平等的感觉。 而平等,是实现报酬制度满足与激励机制的重要成分之一。 五、参与报酬制度的设计与管理。 国外公司在这方面的实践结果表明:与没有员工参加的绩效付酬制度相比,让员工参与报酬制度的设计与管理常令人满意且能长期 有效。员工对报酬制度设计与管理更多的参与,无疑有助于一个更 适合员工的需要和更符合实际的报酬制度的形成。在参与制度设计 的过程中,针对报酬政策及目的进行沟通、促进管理者与员工之间 的相互信任,这样能使带有缺陷的薪资系统变得更加有效。 六、增加意外性工资收入。 那什么时候你会感到手头宽松、阔绰?拿红包,还是突然得到一 笔奖金,或是股票赚了?--当你有了”额外″或″意外”收入的时候。 员工对薪酬的感觉同样如此。也就是说,当有了″正常收入以外”收入的时候,他们的满意度最高。 因此,管理者千万不要以为付出了一笔高薪就万事大吉,因为规律性不会提高员工对薪酬的满意度--这钱本来就是我该得的!

单片机 外文翻译 外文文献 英文文献 单片机简介 中英对

单片机外文翻译外文文献英文文献单片机简介中英对原文来源图书馆电子资源 Single chip brief introduction The monolithic integrated circuit said that the monolithic micro controller, it is not completes some logical function the chip, but integrates a computer system to a chip on. Summary speaking: A chip has become a computer. Its volume is small, the quality is light, and the price cheap, for the study, the application and the development has provided the convenient condition. At the same time, the study use monolithic integrated circuit is understands the computer principle and the structure best choice. The monolithic integrated circuit interior also uses with the computer function similar module, for instance CPU, memory, parallel main line, but also has with the hard disk behave identically the memory component7 what is different is its these part performance is opposite our home-use computer weak many, but the price is also low, generally does not surpass 10 Yuan then Made some control electric appliance one kind with it is not the 'very complex work foot, We use now the completely automatic drum washer, the platoon petti-coat pipe: VCD and so on Inside the electrical appliances may see its form! It is mainly takes the control section the core part. It is one kind of online -like real-time control computer, online -like is the scene control, needs to have the strong antijamming ability,

中英金融服务贸易国际竞争力比较研究【文献综述】

毕业论文文献综述 国际经济与贸易 中英金融服务贸易国际竞争力比较研究 金融服务贸易国际竞争力相关理论综述 服务贸易是以服务作为交易标的的一种贸易行为。《服务贸易总协定》(GATS)所界定的国际服务贸易是指以过境交付、境外消费、商业存在和自然人流动这四种形式进行的各国间的服务交易。该定义已成为有一定权威性和指导性的定义为各国接受。 根据《服务贸易总协定》中的服务部门清单,可以将服务贸易分为12类:商业性服务,销售服务,金融服务,娱乐服务,通讯服务,教育服务,卫生服务,运输服务,建筑服务,环境服务,旅游服务和其他服务。而对于金融服务贸易,国内外并没有确切的定义。本文将对金融服务贸易国外及国内有代表性的研究进行综述。 一、GATS与OECD对金融服务贸易的定义 根据GATS的定义,金融服务贸易是指由一成员国的金融服务提供者所提供的任何金融性质的服务。它包括两个部分:所有保险和保险相关的服务、银行和其他金融服务(保险除外),其中其他金融服务指证券和金融信息服务。 经济合作和发展组织(OECD)对金融服务贸易的定义为由金融机构提供服务的收入,或者接受付出的支持,包括得到的和付出的直接投资收益(未分配收益和利息);从其他金融投资得到的和付出的收益(得到的和付出的利息和红利);得到的、付出的手续费和佣金。 可见,经济合作和发展组织对金融服务贸易的界定强调了金融服务贸易交易的提供方,而忽略了金融服务贸易的消费方。金融服务贸易的发展主要是以此换取其他贸易领域的发展,而且金融服务贸易可以促进本国金融业与国际金融业的接轨,从而在国际竞争中促进本国金融业的发展。 二、国外对金融服务贸易相关研究 对于金融服务贸易研究,国外学者从不同角度出发,有不同的看法。 列为恩(1996)认为,各种金融服务可以实现五种基本功能:方便商品和劳务的交易;易于风险管理;加速资源流动;获取信息,评估企业和配置资本;提供公司法人治理。同时,更多的相关文献表示,金融中介可以降低由于信息不对称产生的管理成本(戴蒙德1984;威廉森1987)也可以对规模经济产生积极的效应。 莫施里安(Moshirian 1994)认为,金融服务贸易和制造业类似,一些基本要素赋予了

质量管理文献综述

关于企业质量管理文献综述 摘要:随着新世纪的到来,特别是我国加入WTO后,中国将进一步融入世界经济的主流,质量将成为我国广大企业抓住机遇、迎接严峻挑战的关键。要拓展海外市场,必须靠有竞争力的质量;要保护国内的市场,不再有高关税和政府的过渡保护,也要靠质量的较量。随着科学技术的进步,质量管理的理论和方法有了更大发展。本文综合了质量管理的发展历程,并简要评价,提出看法,以便为企业的质量管理和理论研究提供参考。 关键词:质量管理、管理改进 21世纪是质量的世纪”。随着经济全球化和信息革命的迅猛发展,竞争日益加剧。在“数量”问题已解决的今天,人们将越来越追求和依赖于高质量的产品和服务,而且质量的领域不断拓宽,生活的质量、环境的质量、文化的质量、经济增长的质量更加受到全社会的关注。质量已成为竞争的焦点,不仅关系到企业的生存发展,而且影响到国家经济实力的增强和民族的形象。质量已成为全球经济发展战略的核心问题。 一、质量管理理论的回顾 (一)、质量管理的发展阶段 (1)质量检验阶段(20世纪20-30年代) 生产力迅猛发展,生产过程分工细化、日益复杂,许多美国企业按照泰勒的管理模式,纷纷设立检验部门,使检验与生产分离开来,其最大特点为“事后把关”。(2)统计质量阶段(20世纪40-50年代) 早在20世纪20年代,美国贝尔实验室工程师休哈特就提出“控制与预防缺陷”的概念。主要是利用数理统计原理,预防产生废品并检验产品质量,在方式上由专业质量控制工程师和技术人员承担。但这种方法只是保证生产过程中的产品质量,而不能提高产品本身的质量。 (3)全面质量管理阶段(20世纪60年代至今) 美国的费根堡姆提出,“全面质量是为了能够在最经济的水平上,并考虑到充分满足顾客要求的条件下进行生产和提供服务,将企业各部门研制质量、维持质量和提高质量的活动构成为一体的一种有效体系”。 (二)、质量管理的理论流派 1、事后检验 20世纪,美国工程师泰勒提出“科学管理理论”,1911 年泰勒出版了专

员工激励的文献综述、外文翻译.doc

一、激励理论的背景 在经济发展的过程中,劳动分工与交易的出现带来了激励问题。激励理论是行为科学中用于处理需要,动机,目标和行为四者之间关系的核心理论。行为科学认为人的动机来自需要,由需要确定人们的行为目标,激励则作用于人内心活动,激发,驱动和强化人的行为。哈佛大学维廉詹姆士研究表明:在没有激励措施下,下属一般仅能发挥工作能力的20%~30%,而当他受到激励后,其工作能力可以提升到80%~90%,所发挥的作用相当于激励前的3到4倍。日本丰田公司采取激励措施鼓励员工提建议,结果仅1983年一年,员工提了165万条建议,平均每人31条,它为公司带来900亿日元利润,相当于当年总利润的18%。由于激励的效果明显,所以各种组织为了提高生产效率,有些专家学者就开始了对激励理论的研究之中,探索激励的无穷潜力。 二、国外研究现状 国外对于激励理论有了大量的研究并获得了丰硕的成果。总体来说,可以分为两类激励理论。一类是以人的心理需求和动机为主要研究对象的激励理论,熟称“内容型激励理论”。另一类是以人的心理过程和行为过程相互作用的动态系统为研究对象的激励过程理论,它也被称作是“行为型激励理论”。 1 内容型激励理论 1.1 奠瑞的人类人格理论 这种理论认为,在面临着动态且不断变化的环境时,人们都是自适应的。它把需求分成了两种类型,即生理需求和心理需求。前者与人体基本生理过程的满足感有关,而后者所关注的是情绪上和精神上的满足感。 1.2 马斯洛的“需要层次”理论 美国心理学家马斯洛(A.H.Maslow)进一步发展了莫瑞的研究,在1954年出版的《动机与人格》一书中对该理论作了进一步的阐释。马斯洛认为人的需要可以划分为五个层次,从低到高依次为生理需要,安全需要,社交需要,尊熏需要,自我实现需要,且这五个层次的顺序,对每个人都是相同的。只有当较低层次的需要获得了基本满足后,下一个较高层次的需要才能成为主导需要。 1.3 赫茨伯格的激励—保健双因素理论 美国心理学家赫茨伯格因素理论打破了这一假设。他于1959年在《工作的激励》一书中提出了保健——激励因素理论,简称双因素理论。即保健因素和激励因素。保健因素可以用来体现高水平员工的不满意,激励因素可以用来体现高水平员工的满意度。他认为只有激励因素才能促发员工积极性,提高生产效率。 2 行为型激励理论 2.1 洛克的目标设置理论 2O世纪6O年代末,埃德温·A·洛克和他的同事们花了许多年的时间研究目标对于人类行为和绩效的效果。他们的研究导致了目标设置理论的创立并不断地得到验证,提出:指向一共同目标的工作意向是工作效率的主要源泉。他还提出了具体的设置目标的步骤。 2.2 亚当斯的公平理论 美国心理学家亚当斯(J.s.Adams)对员工受激励程度的大小与他人之间的关系进行研究,并在《工人关于工资不公平的内心冲突同其生产率的关系》(1962年与罗森合写),《工

远程视频监控系统大学毕业论文外文文献翻译及原文

毕业设计(论文)外文文献翻译 文献、资料中文题目:远程视频监控系统 文献、资料英文题目: 文献、资料来源: 文献、资料发表(出版)日期: 院(部): 专业:电子信息工程 班级: 姓名: 学号: 指导教师: 翻译日期: 2017.02.14

外文文献翻译 A System for Remote Video Surveillance and Monitoring The thrust of CMU research under the DARPA Video Surveillance and Monitoring (VSAM) project is cooperative multi-sensor surveillance to support battlefield awareness. Under our VSAM Integrated Feasibility Demonstration (IFD) contract, we have developed automated video understanding technology that enables a single human operator to monitor activities over a complex area using a distributed network of active video sensors. The goal is to automatically collect and disseminate real-time information from the battlefield to improve the situational awareness of commanders and staff. Other military and federal law enforcement applications include providing perimeter security for troops, monitoring peace treaties or refugee movements from unmanned air vehicles, providing security for embassies or airports, and staking out suspected drug or terrorist hide-outs by collecting time-stamped pictures of everyone entering and exiting the building. Automated video surveillance is an important research area in the commercial sector as well. Technology has reached a stage where mounting cameras to capture video imagery is cheap, but finding available human resources to sit and watch that imagery is expensive. Surveillance cameras are already prevalent in commercial establishments, with camera output being recorded to tapes that are either rewritten

相关主题