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大学英语电子教案

大学英语电子教案
大学英语电子教案

第六章英译汉技巧与能力提高

一.基本介绍

翻译涉及到两个方面,一是正确理解原文。正确的翻译首先是建立在准确的理解原文,因此首先要先分析英文句子的结构,弄清主谓语宾状等成分,通过语法关系和词与词之间的语义关系等对英文句子进行透彻理解。第一步是要在正确分析原文的语言现象和逻辑关系,确定内容。第二步还要运用推理,对语言现象本身和语言外的隐含信息加以归纳。

例Each time history repeats itself, the price goes up. (《大学英语》model test 5, No 57)

此处的理解关键就是price,注意此处是单数形式,这意味着它的含义就不是我们通常熟悉的“物价”含义,因为如果指物价上涨的现象,要用prices . 如,Prices are falling.

此处应该理解为‘代价“。因此

每次历史总是重演,价格上涨了。(错误)

每次历史重演,代价更昂贵。(正确)

二是要准确表达原文。理解原信息后,还有一个将此信息用中文转化的问题。在转换中,需要运用一定的翻译方法和技巧。表达方式上尽量用直译,可以保持原文内容以及形式风格。直译有困难的情况下也可以通过意译来变通。在这两种语言的转换过程中,一定要注意中英文的表达方式的差异。

考查重点

是要求在20分钟内翻译5个难度适中英文句子。被动态,从句,比较结构等的翻译常常是考察重点。

二.翻译的基本技巧及例解

一.词汇的翻译

(一)。.词义的选择

有时候一个简单的熟悉的词可能在再表达过程中成为障碍。因为在对该词的理解可能只是停留于相对应的汉语释义上,缺乏灵活性和感悟性。

以fail 这个词在下面这些句子中的翻译为例:

1. Why did you fail? 你为什么失败了啊?

2. Why did you fail in your business? 你为什么做生意做砸了啊?你为什么生意亏了啊?

3. Why did you fail in your test? 你为什么考试没通过啊?

4. We received his calls every day; he never fails to phone us. 我们每天都接到他的电话,他从不忘记给我们打电话。

5. His courage failed him in the end. 他最后却没了勇气。

在记fail这个单词时,肯定都是记得这个含义:失败。但是以上5个例句中,只有第一句中直接用了“失败”。其他的都是有所变通。

英语中一个词在不同的场合往往有不同的引申含义。词的基本意义虽然没变,但在表达方式上大不一样,所以要根据上下文和逻辑关系以及词的搭配确定词义,并灵活机动的处理。

(二)。词性的转换

由于英汉两种语言的结构和表达习惯的不同,有时候不一定要将英语中的某一词类处理成汉语的同一词类。否则表达会不通顺或有障碍。

例句;

They work for lower birth rate.

他们力求降低出生率。此处将lower转化为动词。

In the developing world, real changes will only come about with increased literacy.

试比较下面两种译法:

不改变词性:在发展中国家,真正的变化只会伴随提高的文化水平而产生。

转换词性: 在发展中国家,可以带来真正改变现状。

显然,后者的表达更地道。此处,change (名词)-- 改变现状(动词)increased(形容词)---提高文化水平(动词)。

上面两个例子还只是说为了让汉语表达更地道而进行的转换,但是下面的这个词由于在中文相对应词的空缺,不转换的话,还真不好表达。

He said the meeting was informative.

他说这次会议提供了不少信息。(转化成动词)

或者翻译为他说这次会议信息量很大(用句子来表达)

His addition completes the list.

把他添上去,名单就完备了。

(三)。词的增译和减译

由于英汉两种语言在语法结构,表达方式,修辞手段等方法的不同,在翻译的过程中,为了使表达符合汉语的表达习惯,有时候需要在译文中加入一些原文虽然没有但是有这个意思的词语,而有时侯需要省略部分词语,需要提醒的是,省略法不是回避困难,将难以翻译的内容一省了之。

In an age of plenty, we feel spiritual hunger. (《大学英语》model test 5, No 58)

这题的关键是要理解an age of plenty plenty 是大量,丰富的意思,从spiritual hunger 来看,这儿应该是指物质上的丰富,所以在表达的时候可以把这个意思明确表达出来。

在物质丰富的年代,我们感到精神上的饥渴。

Perhaps you have overlooked the fact that your account for July purchases has not yet been settled.

原文中有个由fact 引导的同位语从句。在译文中就可以将这个fact省略。

也许您忘记了七月份的购货款还没有结算。

试着比较一下不省略的译文:也许您忘记了这么个事实,那就是七月份的购货款还没有结算。啰嗦吧?!

二.句子的翻译

(一)。翻译的技巧

1.顺译法和逆译法

顺译法指译文跟原文的顺序大致一致,逆译法则是指汉语表达时候必须对原文的结构进行一定的调整,否则不流畅。

2.正说反译法和反说正译法。

就是有些是正话反说,反话正说。

The explanation is pretty thin.

这种解释站不住脚。用否定的来表达原文中的肯定(thin)。

No criticism will be too severe to be grateful and acknowledged.

此句里有个结构“too…to”意思是“太。。。以至于不能”,另外又有个否定词“No”

双重否定变为肯定,所以此时可以正说,“我们衷心欢迎任何尖锐的批评“

We don’t know what we’ve got until we lost it; we don’t know what we have been missing until it arrives.

失去的时候才知道曾经的拥有,也只有失去的时候我们才知道我们已经失去的。

3.主动态和被态态转化

英语句子的被动态表达要较汉语的此类现象多的多,所以一些被动态常常转化为了主动态,并在前面加上一些比如“我们”,“人们”等主语,或者用汉语的无主句。

He had no knowledge of this and had not been consulted on these plans.

他对此一无所知,没有人跟他商讨过这样计划。(加上“人“变主动态)

The matter was never mentioned again.

再也没有提到过这事了。(无主句)译文文gree with you more. nt you are ,the more chances you have of getting more.

4.分译法

将长句拆开,或者将拦路虎的词语单独提出来分开译。

He has been lying in the sleepless bed for the whole night.

在此句中,sleepless bed 很难表达,因为中文中没有“无眠的床“这一修饰,于是可以将这个”sleepless”单独提出来,单独翻译。

他躺在床上,一整夜无眠。

I want to believe in the power of smiles, hugs, kind words, truth, dreams , the imagination…

此句的难点是在于后面所跟的列举太多,总不能说“。。。。。的”,于是可以将这“power”提出来,分成两句话译出。

我相信,微笑,拥抱,善言,真理,梦想,想象力等等。他们都拥有非凡的力量。

各种从句特别是定语从句常要求拆分来译

The Chinese ,Holum said, complained about U.S. sales of weapons to Taiwan, which Beiiing considers a part of the motherland.

霍伦说,中国对美国向台湾出售武器不满,因为北京认为台湾是中国的一部分。

(二)。常考的句子结构

在统考英语中的句子翻译,有些是考察对英语一些特别结构的理解与转换。

英语比较级的句子

They are less than happy to stay at home.

他们不愿意呆在家里。此处的比较级用否定式表达了。

I couldn’t agree with you more.

我非常赞成你。

The closer to the government you are ,the more chances you have of getting more.

谁越接近政府,谁就越有可能捞一把。The more,…the more 结构常常被考查。

倒装句和否定句

In no other country in the world can you find such plants as this one.

像这种植物在世界上的其他国家中都找不到。

像这种植物只有在这个国家才有。

All that glitters is not gold

闪光的东西未必都是金子。(部分否定)

各种从句,特别是定语从句

其它句型

There is (are) +…的句子中,其主语若为行为动词,常常是把名词译成动词。

There was a sudden fall in temperature. 气温突然下降。

There is a reference to Tom in my letter. 我信中提到过汤姆。

It never occurred to sb that…从没想到。。。。。

三.历年出现的翻译全真题目(必看题。重现率相当高!)

大学英语B

英翻汉

按开头字母排序,重点难点单词黑体标注。

A开头

A bundant natural resources in the island are to be exploited and used.

这个岛子上丰富的资源有待开发和使用。

A characteristic of American culture is to respect the self-made man – the man who has made it through his own efforts.

美国文化的一个特点就是尊重自我奋斗者,即通过自身努力成功的人。

A dolphin is always well-known as a clever and friendly animal

在动物中海豚素以其聪明和友好而闻名。

A friend of mine from high school is working in England now.

我的一个高中朋友现在英国工作。

A great many changes have taken place in China since the policy of reform and opening to the outside world.

中国从改革开放以来,发生了很大的变化。

Air pollution is more serious than water pollution.

空气污染比水污染更厉害

All that glitters is not gold.

所有闪光的未必都是金子。

All things are difficult before they are easy.

凡事总是由难而易。任何事情开头都显得困难,然后就会越来越容易。

Apples here like water and sunshine.

这里的苹果喜欢水和阳光。

Are you fond of music?

你喜欢音乐吗?

As is know to all, Beijing is the capital of China.

众所周知,北京是中国的首都

As soon as he got home on Friday , his wife made him give her all this money.

星期五他一回到家,他的妻子就叫他交出所有的钱。.

As was expected,he passed the exam easily.

果不出所料,他轻而易举地通过了考试。

As is known to all, China is a developing country.

众所周知,中国是一个发展中国家。

B、C、D开头

Because of his carelessness, Jack hit his car into a big tree by the roadside.

因为粗心,杰克开车撞到路边的树上。

Bill hit his car into a wall last night.

昨晚比尔开车时车撞到了墙上。

Bob was such a hardworking man that he always worked late till night.

鲍勃是个勤奋的人,他总是工作到深夜。

Bob and Peter found out that they were twin brothers.

鲍勃和皮特发现他们原来是双胞胎兄弟。

Both Ann and Mary are suitable for the job.

安和玛丽都适合做这份工作。

But I’ve got room for only two of you in the house.

不过我只是为你们中的两个留了位置。

But Little Smart is not really that smart.

不过“小聪明”他不是真的那么聪明。

By 1900, most states had laws against selling cigarettes to young people.

到1900,大多数的州都法令禁止向年轻人出售香烟。

Can you answer a question which I want to ask and which is puzzling me?

我有个问题弄不懂,想请教你,你能回答吗?

Could you tell me where the post office is?

你能告诉我邮局在哪儿吗?

Could you give me a cup of coffee, please?

可以给我一杯咖啡吗?

Crops grow well in the south.

庄稼在南方生长得很好。

Don’t you see it was just for fun ? You got it all wrong.

你没看出那不过是开开玩笑吗?你完全误解了。

1Don’t you think smoking is harmful to your health?

你不认为抽烟对你的身体有害吗?

Do you mind my smoking here?

你介意我在这儿吸烟吗?

Does she computer have instructions on it?

电脑上面有使用说明吗?

Did you get that E-mail from us?

你收到我发的那封电子邮件了吗?

E 开头

Each time history repeats itself, the price goes up.

历史每重演一次,代价就增加(一分)。

Each year some of his money is given to the best scientists and writers of the world. 每年他都会给世界上最好的科学家和作家一些钱。

Economists study the way a society uses scarce resources such as land, labor and raw materials. 经济学家研究社会使用土地、劳力及原材料等稀有资源的方式。

Even young people with little money do not want to buy cheap furniture that they may soon dislike.

就连手里没多少钱年轻人也不想买便宜家具,因为对这些便宜家具很快就会厌倦。F.G开头

Fires may do more damage than the earthquakes.

火灾可能比地震的灾害还大。

F light 220 is scheduled to arrive at 10:30 pm.

航班220将在晚上10;30到达。

Fred was such a hardworking student that he soon came out first in the class.

弗瑞德是一个学习十分用功的学生,以至于不久他就成了班里学习最好的学生

From the East Coast to the West Coast it is about 3,000 miles wide.

从东海岸到西海岸大概是3000公里宽。

Great writers are those who not only have great thoughts but also express these thoughts in powerful or moving words.

伟大的作家不仅拥有为大的思想,还能用有力、感人的语言表达这些思想。

H开头

Have you seen Tom recently?

最近见过汤姆吗?

He has a foreign friend who live in America.

他有个外国朋友住在美国。

He had a traffic accident last week.

他上周遇上了个交通事故。

He is the very person whom I’m looking for.

他正是我要找的人。

He is in the world a famous pop star.

他是世界上著名的流行音乐明星。

He is one of the greatest writers in the world.

他是世界上最伟大的作家之一。

He is always very active in student activities.

他在学生活动中非常积极。

He looks much older than his age.

他看起来显老。

He often went from town to town giving lecturer.

他经常从一个城镇到另一个城镇的做演讲。

He’s growing more like his father now.

他越长越像他父亲。

He shows a great interest in learning English.

他对学习英语有浓厚的兴趣。

He told me that he had lived in America for ten years before he came to China.

他告诉我:在来中国前他在美国已生活十年了。

He wanted to help all the wounded people no matter which side they were fighting for. 他想帮助所有受伤的人,不管他们是为了哪一方而战。

He was such a hardworking student that he achieved the first place in the final exam. 他是一个学习十分用功的学生,以至于他在期末考试中考取第一名。

He was very happy to hear from his old friend.

他很高兴收到老朋友的信。

He was satisfied with his new car, and drove to work in it the very next day.

他很满意他的新车,每两天开车上班。

He went out of the room and came back a few minutes later

它跑出房间,几分钟后又回来了。

.“How did you write your advertisement,” asked a businessman.

一个商人问道:“你的广告是怎么写的?”

How did you spend your holiday?

你假期怎么过的?

17.How long will it take us to get there?

我们到那儿要用多长时间?

I开头

I am writing this letter to complain about the service in your hotel.

我写这封信投诉你旅店的服务

I’m busy studying for my exams.

我在忙备考。

I don’ t know who broke the window.

我不知道谁打破了窗户

I feel satisfied with my life.

我对我的生活满意。

I feel lonely without you.

没有你我感到孤独。

I have no interest in what they say about me.

我对别人这么说不感兴趣

I have idea what to say

我不知道说什么。

I had no choice.

我毫无选择/办法。

I hurried to my office.

我匆忙得赶往我的办公室。

I hope we can have some snow this winter.

我希望我们今年冬天能下雪。

I’ll have to try using the search engines.

我得使着用这个搜索引擎

I’m now a distance education student

我现在是一名远程教育学员

I’m having a headache now.

我现在头疼

I’m thinking about a visit to Paris.

我在考虑去巴黎一趟。

I'm looking forward to your visit to China.

我期待着你来中国。

I met one of my old friends on my way home yesterday evening.

昨晚在回家的路上我遇到了我的一个老朋友。

In the world, the soccer football is the most popular sport.

在世界上,英式足球是最流行的体育活动。

In most cultures, animals are in a worse position than human beings.

在大多数文化中,动物的地位都比人类的差。

I got there by plane late at night.

我晚上很晚坐飞机去那儿的。

I picked up the bag to protect my face from the smoke and heat.

我拿起包,用包保护住我的脸,不让它受到烟雾和热浪的侵害。

我拿起包来抵挡烟雾和热浪以保护我的脸不受伤。

I plan to play football with my classmates.

我计划跟同学们踢足球。

I read the local newspapers with great interest every evening.

我每天晚上抱着极大的兴趣阅读当地的报纸。

I saw a man walking across the road with the o bvious intention of talking to me. 我看到一个人穿过大街,明显地想跟我交谈。

I saved her baby and became a hero.

我救了她的孩子,成了个英雄。

I took Mr. John to the village where I had spent my carefree childhood.

我把约翰先生带到我度过无忧无虑童年的乡村。

I think the picture shows us how fruit is necessary to life.

我想这幅图是告诉我们水果对生活是不可缺的。

I think everyone knows how to swim.

我想每个人都知道如何游泳

I think she will change her mind tomorrow.

我想她明天将会改变主意的。

I've lost interest in my work.

我对我的工作已没了兴趣。

I’ve got accustomed to the weather in Shanghai.

我已经适应了上海的天气。

I was having a nap when suddenly the telephone rang.

我在睡觉时,电话铃突然响了。

I was so bewildered by their conflicting advice that I did not know how to act. 我被他们相互矛盾的意见搞糊涂了,不知如何去做才是。

I want to get back home by five o'clock if it is possible.

如果可能的话,我想在五点前回家。

I'll be waiting for you at the library this time tomorrow.

我明天这个时候会在图书馆里等你。

If you decided to learn a new language, you would have to dedicate yourself wholeheartedly to the cause. 如果你决定学一门新的语言,你必须全身心地投入。

If you don’t mind, please pass me the salt.

如果方便的话,请把盐递给我。

If you travel by ship across the pacific, you cross the international date line

如果你乘船穿过太平洋,你就可以穿过国际日期变更线。

In an age of plenty, we feel s piritual h unger.

在这个物质财富充裕的时代,我们感到精神上的饥渴。

In fact, he did not even own a bed.

实际上,他连一张床都没有。

In many factories, an assembly line is used to speed up the efficiency of the workforce.

许多工厂采用装配线来提高生产效率。

In no other country in the world can you find such plants as this one.

像这种植物在世界上的其他任何一个国家中都找不到。

In no other country in the world can you find such plants as this one.

这种植物在其他国家是不可能找到的。

In no other region i n the world can you find such rare animals as giant pandas.

像大熊猫这样的珍稀动物在世界其他地区你是找不到的。

Inside , this large plane looks more like a high building than a plane

在里面看,这个大飞机比起飞机看起来更像一个高大的大厦。

J、K、L开头

Jack and Tom have worked in the same company for ten years.

杰克和汤姆已经在同一个公司工作了10年了。

John and his brother differ in personality even if their differences in age are not significant.

尽管约翰和他哥哥在年纪上相差不大,但他们的个性却不相同。

John has been teaching English here since he came to China in 2003.

约翰2003年来到中国后就一直在这儿教英语。

Give me your advice.

给我你的建议。

Karsh was praised as a master portraitist, often working in black and white, influenced by great patient painters of the past.

卡什被人们誉为人像大师,由于受到历史上一些著名画家的影响,他在拍摄中经常运用黑白摄影。

Laptop computers are popular all over the world and give people easy access to the Internet. 手提电脑在全世界都十分普及,为人们提供便利上网的途径。

Li Ping’s father has been an English teacher since he graduated from Peking University.

李萍的父亲从北京大学毕业后就一直做英语教师。

Luckily , the planes appear to be quite safe.

很幸运,这些飞机安全降落了。

M、N开头

Many valuable resources in China’s west area are to be exploited and used.

中国西部地区有许多珍贵的资源有待开发和利用。

Many schools will not open for lessons until the beginning of September.

许多学校要到九月初才有课上。

Mark couldn 't come to the party because he had to work.

马克由于得工作,不能来参加晚会。

Most of the plants like water and sunshine.

大多数植物都喜欢水和阳光。

Most of us can find 15 minutes or half an hour each day for some specific regular activity.

我们中的大多数人每天之中安排一刻钟或半小时进行某项具体的常规性活动是可行的。My classmates are cleverer than I.

我的同学比我聪明。

My doctor advised that I write down any worries, thoughts or questions before I go to bed.

我的医生建议我上床睡觉前写下所有担忧、想法与问题。

O P开头

One can never succeed without enough confidence in himself.

一个人如果对自己没有足够的信心就不可能成功

Our teacher always encourages us to speak English bravely.

我们的老师总是鼓励我们大胆讲英语

Our textbooks are very different from theirs.

我们的课本跟他们的不一样。

On their way they came to a shop where bread was sold

在路上,他们去了一家商店,那里有面包卖。

On textbooks are very different from theirs

我们的教材和他们的教材有多不一样的。

Only on weekends, Central Park is close to cars.

只有在周末,中央公园不让小汽车进入。

People all over the world are trying to help the people in Sichuan.

全世界的人们都努力帮助四川人民。

People usually hate mice, but one mouse won the hearts of the people all over the world.

人们一般讨厌老鼠,不过有只老鼠赢得了全世界人民的心。

Paper is one of the most important products ever invented by man.

纸张是人类发明的最重要的产品之一。

Please give this book to whoever comes first.

请把这本书给最先来的人。

S开头

Semiconductor chips are small in size and light in weight.

半导体芯片体积小而且重量轻。

She has a perfect figure.

她身材不错。

She likes to help any one who is in difficulty.

她喜欢帮助任何有困难的人。

She said he shouldn’t be lifting those heavy milk boxes.

她说他不应该举起这些沉重的牛奶箱子

She sent me a Christmas card last year.

她去年给我寄了一张圣诞卡。

She was the only daughter and youngest child of five.

她是五个孩子中唯一的女儿,也是最小的孩子。

Shy people are anxious and self-conscious, excessively (过度) concerned with their own appearance and actions.

腼腆的人容易焦虑、自我意识较强,过度关注自己外表与行为。

Some footba11 teams will have games there.

一些足球队将在那儿比赛。

Some people take no interest in country things: for them, happiness lies in the town, with its cinemas, shops, dance halls and restaurants.

有些人对乡村事物不感兴趣。对他们来说,快乐存在于城镇及其电影院、商店、舞厅、餐厅等场所。

Some of his pictures were shown in an art exhibition in Shanghai when she was 4 years old.

在她四岁的时候,他的一些图片在上海艺术展览中展出了

Some parents even stop their children from meeting their good friends.

有些父母甚至不让孩子们与他们的老朋友见面。

Soon it was time for my friend to take Jack for walk.

过会儿,就是我的朋友带着杰克去散步的时间了。

13.Since the earth looks like a ball, the sun can shine on only half of it at a time

既然地球看起来像个球,太阳一次只能照射半边。

T开头

Talking for a long time makes me tired.

讲话太久了,我累了。

Ted and William have lived under the same roof for five years.

泰德和威廉已经在同一个屋檐下生活了五年了。

The doctor tell me to have more water.

医生要我多喝水

The earthquake in Sichuan made Chinese people unite as one.

The evolution theory explains the differences in sleep among animals.

进化论解释动物之间的睡眠差异。

The friend saw everything but did not say a single word.

这个朋友什么都看到了,但他没吐露一个字。

The farmer did met spend much time working on his farm.

这位农夫在农活上没花多少时间。

The greater amount of time you spent learning English, the greater progress you are likely to make.

你投入英语学习的时间越多,可能取得的进步就越大。

The little boy wanted to exchange his toy car for my cake.

这个小男孩想用他的玩具小汽车换我的蛋糕。

The little girl ran so fast that she was thrown off balance and fell over.

那个小女孩跑得太快,身体一下失去平衡,跌倒了。

The library is to be closed because it needs redecorating.

The more experiences we have, the more capable we are likely to be.

我们经历得越多,我们的能力就会越强。

The more passions we have, the more happiness we are likely to experience.

我们的激情越多,我们有可能体验到的快乐就越多。

The more you read the text, the easier you will find it to understand it.

你把课文读得越透,你就会发现就越容易理解它。

The national flags should raised and lowered by hand.

国旗必须用手升降。

The new stadium should have been built by now.

到现在为止,这座新体育馆应该建成了

The only other people who knew the secret were his father and mother.

别的知道这个秘密的人就是他的父母。

The price of gasoline will come down in Chinese market.

中国市场的汽油价格将下降。

The school therefore plans games and matches for the pupils.

学校因此给这些小学生安排了游戏和比赛。

The students are encouraged to take part in the national English speaking contest.

鼓励学生参加全国英语演讲竞赛。

The students are encouraged by their teacher to do more listening, reading and writing.

老师鼓励学生多听,多读,多写。

Though it was beyond them, they tried their best to do it.

虽然这件事超出他们的能力,他们还是尽力去做。

Though it was late, they kept on working.

尽管已经很晚了,他们还在继续工作。

Though this question is very difficult, if you keep on trying, you will find the right answer.

尽管这个问题很难,但是如果你继续不断尝试,你会得到正确答案的。

They questioned both men,but neither of them could speak English.

他们问了这两个人,但是俩人都不会讲英文。

They thought that there must be something wrong with their TV set.

他们想他们的电视机一定有问题。

They were brought up under the same roof when they were young.

他们小的时候是在同一个家中抚养大的。

They were sitting in the park, playing cards.

他们坐在公园里打牌。

Then a waiter found out the reason.

然后一个服务员找到了原因。

Their parents don’t know them as well as their friends do.

他们的父母不像他们的朋友那样了解他们。

There is a large amount of energy wasted due to friction.

由于摩擦而损耗了大量的能量。

This is indeed a most pressing problem.

这的确是一个非常棘手的问题。

This place has plentiful material resources.

这个地方有大量的物质资源

This picture doesn't look like you.

这张照片看起来不像你。

This pair of shoes cost me 260yuan.

这双鞋花了我260元钱These five boys failed in their English exam lat term.

这五个男同学上学期的英语考试没过

These people moved from place to place.

这些人四处迁徙。

To mark students' test papers, a checking machine is used.

为判学生的试卷使用了判卷机。

Tom was such a hardworking student that he soon came our first in the class.

汤姆是一个学习十分用功的学生,以至于不久他就成了班里学习最好的学生。Traveling by train is slower than by plane, but it has its advantages.

乘火车旅行比乘飞机慢一些,但是它也有自己的优势。

了。

Transistors are small in size and light in weight.

晶体管的体积小,重量轻。

V开头

Various substances differ widely in their magnetic characteristics.

各种材料的磁性有很大的不同。

W开头

Wang Li’s father has taught Englis h here since he graduated from Peking University. 王丽的父亲从北京大学毕业后就一直在这里教英语。

We must take some measures to control the pollution.

我们必须采取措施来控制污染

We were having a party at school last night when the lights suddenly went out.

昨晚我们正在学校举行派对,突然电停了。

What kind of life do most people enjoy?

大多数人们喜欢什么样的生活?

What time do you go swimming every day?

你每天什么时候去游泳?

Were there any phone calls for me while I was out?

我出去的时候有找我的电话吗?

When completed, this bridge will be the largest in Asia.

这座桥一旦竣工将是亚洲最大的。

When she left school, she went first to Britain.

她离开学校后,先去的英国。

When we praise the Chinese leadership and the people, we are not merely being polite.

我们赞美中国领导人和中国人民不仅仅是出于礼貌。

When will the work be finished?

什么时候这工作可以完成?

When she got home that evening, she showed her husband the beautiful hat she had bought. 那天晚上她回家时,她向她丈夫展示她买的漂亮的帽子。

Who can help me clean the room?

谁帮我清扫房间?

Who’s going to answer the telephone?

谁去接电话?

Who's going to answer the door?

谁去开门?

Who is the girl in white shirt?

那个穿白T恤的女孩是谁?

Whoever disobeys the law will be punished.

谁违反了法律就要受到惩罚。

Would you mind closing the window for me?

你介意帮我关上窗户吗?

Would you mind close window for me?

你可以帮我关上窗户吗?

Would you please help me with my homework?

你能帮我看看我的作业吗?

With all his savings gone, he started to look for a job.

积蓄都用完以后,他就开始去找工作。

Y开头

You and your team can discover the answers to problems together.

你的你的团队能够一起发现问题的答案。

You’d better do that again.

你最好再做一次。

You must always remember not to cheat in exams.

你们必须记住永远都不要在考试时作弊

You needn’t go there anymore. He already know s about it.

你不必去了,他已经知道那件事了。

You needn’t tell him anymore, he already knows about the news. 你不必告诉他了,他已经知道了那个消息了。

You should make good use of your time.

你应该充分利用你的时间。

You should put part of your salary in the bank each month.

你应该每个月把你部分的收入存在银行。

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1]?The joy of laughing at a funny story is universal, probably as old as language itself.?But, what is it that makes a story or a j o k e f u n n y? [2]?As one who has enjoyed humor since I first recognized it, I've?made an attempt to?explain and discuss humor with students in such diverse cultures as Latin America and China.?I've done some serious thinking about funny stories. It has been a labor of love[N]![3]?Why is it that several students in a class will fall out of their chairs laughing after I tell a joke while the rest of the students look as if I've just read the weather report?[N]?Obviously some people are more sensitive to humor than others.?And, we recognize that some people tell jokes very well while others struggle to say something funny.?We've all heard people say, "I like jokes, but I can't tell one well, and I can never remember them."?Some people have a better sense of humor than others just as some people have more musical talent, mathematical talent, etc. than others.?A truly funny person has a joke for every occasion, and when one is told, that triggers an entire?string?of jokes from that person's memory bank.[N]?A?humorless?person is not likely to be the most popular person in a group.?It is reasonable to say that the truly?humorous?individual is not only well liked, but is often the focus of attention in any gathering.[4]?Even some animals have a sense of humor.?My wife's mother often visited us for extended stays.[N]?She normally didn't like dogs, but she?fell in love with Blitzen[N]—a female Lab[N]?we had, and the relationship was?mutual.?Even when young, Blitzen would?tease?Grandma?by very?selectively?carrying one of her bedroom slippers into the living room where Grandma sat in her favorite, comfortable chair.?Blitzen?pranced?just?beyond the reach of?Grandma until Grandma was?tempted?to leave her chair to get the slipper from Blitzen.?When Grandma left her chair, Blitzen would quickly jump into the chair,?flashing?her Lab smile?from?sparkling?brown eyes which clearly said, "Aha, I fooled you again." [5]?Typical jokes or humorous stories have a three-part?anatomy?that is easily recognized.?First is the SETUP (or?setting), next is the BODY (or story line), and these are followed by the PUNCH LINE[N]?(an unexpected or surprise ending) which will make the joke funny if it contains some humor.?Usually all three parts are present, and each must be clearly presented[N].?It helps if the story/joke teller uses gestures and language which are well known to the audience. [6]?Humor, as a form of entertainment, can be analyzed in order to discover what makes a funny story or joke seem funny.?Here, for example, are some of the most common types of humor. They range from the most obvious humor to the more subtle types. [7]?"SLAP-STICK" is the most obvious humor.?Its language is simple, direct, and often makes fun of another person or group.?Slap-stick was and is the technique of the stand-up comedian[N]?and the?clown.?It appeals to all ages and all cultures.?Nearly every English-speaking?comedian?in this century has used the following joke in one form or another.?One man asks another, "Who was that lady I saw you with last night?"?The other replies, "That was no lady, that was my wife."The humor lies in the fact that the second man is saying that his wife is not a lady.In other words, she is not a refined woman.?The joke is no less funny because it is so often used.?The audience knows in advance what will be said, because it is classic humor, and any audience values it even more because of its?familiarity. [8]?Chinese "cross-talk" is a special type of slap-stick in which two Chinese comedians humorously discuss topics such as?bureaucrats, family problems, or other personal topics.?Cross-talk can be heard anywhere from small village stages to the largest Beijing theatres, and to radio and television.?It is clearly a traditional form of humor well understood by Chinese people. [9]?A PLAY ON WORDS is not so obvious as slap-stick, but it is funny because of?misused?or misunderstood language.?My favorite example is the story of three elderly gentlemen traveling by train in England.?As the train slowed for a

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收稿日期:2012-10-29 作者简介:曲歌(1987-),女,黑龙江哈尔滨人,助教,从事学术英语研究。大学英语课堂教学有效性研究 曲歌 (黑龙江大学应用外语学院,哈尔滨150080) 大学英语课堂教学有效性应该从五方面标准来衡量:教学目标确定是否合理,教学活动的设置是否符合目标的需要,教师是否有足够的教学能力,教学组织与管理是否恰当有序,是否能及时有效地进行反馈反思。一、教学目标确定是否合理要明确教学目标设计是否符合实际要求需要着重考虑以下两大方面。(一)如何合理设计教学目标课堂教学目标是整个课堂教学的关键,设立合理的教学目标是课堂教学的前提,课堂教学目标的制定应该包括所有可能与知识、技能和价值观相关联的预期结果,结果之间应该相互关联,反应一致的价值取向,符合授课对象现有水平,并且描述准确具体[1]。在实践过程中,教学目标应具有阶段预期性、具体指向性、效果可测性及结构合理性[2]。教学目标应该随着教学实践不断地更新,避免一些经常在课堂教学中发生的问题,如只注重教授的知识内容,没有将内容与学生实际应用相联系,造成学生学习盲目,没有目的,这就是重教轻学的表现;教师应该通过阐述教学目标及时把握学生的实际情况,观察学生心理状态,及时对课堂教学目标进行调整。具体研究方法可采用:文献研究法,访谈法及课堂观察法。(二)如何建设课堂教学目标实践环境大学英语课堂教学环境主要包括以下几个方面:物理环境、心理环境、教科书的利用与开发。其中教科书的利用和开发既有物理环境性质又有心理环境的作用,因此教科书及教辅材料的运用是实现教学目标,教学环境建设的关键。其中物理环境包括教学设施,教学手段,学生及教师行为等;心理环境包括课堂气氛,教学过程中体现的情感态度等。需要补充的是环境条件不仅指外在力量,还包括制度上保障不同角色目标设计参与者之间的交流。二、教学活动的设置是否符合目标的需要教学活动的设置要随着教学目标,学生表现,及教学内容进行随时的调整与更新。创建以学生为主导、形式多样的课堂实践活动。按照教学大纲安排的教学进度,为每个单元设计与主题紧密关联的课堂活动内容,将听力、口语、阅读、写作和翻译充分结合起来,全面调动学生的学习 积极性,为以后更为成熟的教学模式作铺垫。以上是从广泛意义上谈教学活动设计的基本原则,下面要着重针对听、说、读、写及翻译五大方面进行详细的阐述。 (一)课堂教学活动中对于听力能力的培养 培养大学生英语听力能力是课堂教学的难点。学生仅仅通过课堂十几分钟的听力练习,去做任务型试题,对他们的帮助并不大,根据我个人的教学经历,很多同学在完成课本听力内容以外,几乎不注重其他形式的听力材料。对于课本中给出的听力材料也仅仅是在课堂中去听,没有足够的时间去精听,这种状态下,我们在教学大纲中所列出的对于听力内容的教学目标就无法实现,学生并不能达到大纲中要求的听力能力。因此在课堂活动中,不仅仅要以课本或者教师引导学生的问题为准,还要开发和调动学生自主学习的能力。在新课程目标建设下,黑龙江大学英语教学采用了多本教材同时使用的方法,使得学生有资料可用,那么重点就是如何在课堂上很好的调动学生课下学习的积极性的问题了。现在大多数课堂,都配有多媒体教 学工具,在此基础上,我们可以把传统的听力音频与视频进行完美结合,找一些与课本听力音频内容相关的视频内容,调动学生感官。看到视频中的对话人物及场景,会使学生感到听力内容的真实性有所提高,从而提高其学习兴趣。还可以通过角色扮演的形式,让学生听完以后进行模仿,采用与视频人物模拟对话的形式,可以增加学生的学习兴趣。要想在大学英语课堂教学中,看到学生听力能力提高的明显效果,就必须传授并且模拟整个听力练习的过程,对听力技巧的应用等。听力要进行泛听和精听两种,泛 听内容一般重点突出,但是词汇量较大、较广泛;精听内容一般要有逻辑顺序,生词较少,适合模仿等特点。课堂中应摘要:随着大学英语教学改革的推进,大学英语课堂规模的扩大,为不断提高大学英语综合水平,有效管理 课堂及通过合理的教学评价增强教学有效性成为大学英语教师教学的关键。要提高大学英语课堂教学有效 性,教师要根据各方面能力的培养特点,有针对性地设置教学目标,安排课堂教学活动,不断提高个人教学能 力,并对教学策略进行改进,同时形成完善的评估体系。 关键词:教学目标;教学活动;教学能力;教学策略 中图分类号:G640文献标志码:A文章编号:1002-2589(2012)36-0277-02 J iaoXue Sh i J i an Yan J i u ☆教学实践研究☆ 277

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