英语翻译课件

1、Brief History

中国翻译的四大高潮

?1、汉唐时期的佛经翻译

?2、明清时期的西方近代科学的翻译

?3、五·四时期的西方人文科学的翻译

?4、建国以后，尤其是改革开放以来，对西方的全面译介

2、The standard of translation

?Faithfulness（信）Expressiveness （达）Elegance （雅）

Faithfulness（信）

?the meaning in the target language should be faithful to the meaning of the original

Expressiveness （达）

?the requirement of intelligibility(可理解性) of the target language text, the translated text should be in accordance with the language rules of the target language

Elegance （雅）

?requires a translation to be esthetically pleasing

From there I could see the whole valley below, the fields, the river, and the village. It was all very beautiful, and the sight of it filled me with longing.

?从那里，我可以看见下面的整个山谷，那田野、河流和村庄。这一切非常美丽，见到后使我心里充满了渴望。

?从这里望下去，整个山谷一览无遗，只见那田野、河流和村庄，全都美不胜收，真叫我心驰神往。

?忠实通顺

直译vs.意译

?统一、结合举例：

?1.It’ s a Smoke Free Area.

?直译:它是个自由吸烟区。（×）

?意译:它是个无烟区。

?2 .Shakespeare put his hometown on the map.

?直译:莎士比亚把他的家乡放在了地图上。（×）

?意译:莎土比亚使他的家乡声名远扬。

?3. He is a rough-and-ready character.

?直译:他是个粗兽并有准备的人。（×）

?意译:他是个粗鲁但尚能顶用的人。

?4 .Frank ran circles around the other boys on the basketball team.

?直译:弗兰克绕着篮球队的其他男孩儿转圈。（×）

?意译:在篮球队里弗兰克的技术最好。

?5 .On a rainy day the children sometimes ran their mother ragged.

?直译:在雨天，孩子们有时候把他们的母亲跑得衣衫槛楼。（×）

意译:在雨天，孩子们有时候把他们的母亲闹得筋疲力尽。

? 6 .The teacher sat on his student as soon as he began showing off.

直译:学生一开始炫耀，老师就坐在了他的身上。

意译:学生一开始炫耀就被老师打断了。

?7. My father was a loyal member of his party and always voted the straight ticket.

?直译:我爸爸忠于他的党派，而且总是直接投票。（×）

?意译:我爸爸忠于他的党派，而且总是把票投给他那个党派的候选人。

3、Scope of translation

?In terms of language

?Native languages into foreign languages

?Foreign languages into native languages

?In terms of the mode

?Oral interpretation

?Written translation

?Machine translation

?In terms of materials

?Scientific materials

?Translation of literary works

?Translation of political essays

?Translation of practical writing

?4. 翻译的条件

? 4.1 掌握必要的翻译理论和技巧

?语言学家吕叔湘说：“原稿纸旁放一词典，又放一文法书，左顾右盼才写上一行，那我们自不必去谈它”——这决算不上翻译。

?4.2 加强英汉两种语言的修养、拓宽知识面

?1. 要努力提高汉语的修养，多读经典的著作，学习地道规范汉语；

?2.要看一些英汉对照的文章；

?3. 一篇原著最好找到两种以上的译本，进行对比，从中学习。

不能直译的常用词汇及句子

?词汇类：busboy 餐馆勤杂工（不是“公汽售票员”）

?busybody 爱管闲事的人（不是“大忙人”）

?dry goods （美）纺织品；（英）谷物（不是“干货”）

?heartman 换心人（不是“有心人”）

?mad doctor 精神病科医生（不是“发疯的医生”）

?eleventh hour 最后时刻（不是“十一点”）

?blind date （由第三者安排的）男女初次会面（并非“盲目约会”或“瞎约会”）

?dead president 美钞（上印有总统头像）（并非“死了的总统”）

?personal remark 人身攻击（不是“个人评论”）

?sweet water 淡水（不是“糖水”或“甜水”）

?confidence man 骗子（不是“信得过的人”）

?horse sense 常识（不是“马的感觉”）

?capital idea 好主意（不是“资本主义思想”）

?familiar talk 庸俗的交谈（不是“熟悉的谈话”）

black tea 红茶（不是“黑茶”）

?black art 妖术（不是“黑色艺术”）

?black stranger 完全陌生的人（不是“陌生的黑人”）

?Spanish athlete 吹牛的人（不是“西班牙运动员”）

?green hand 新手（不是“绿手”）

?English disease 软骨病（不是“英国病”）

?white man 忠实可靠的人（不是“皮肤白的人”）

?成语类：

?pull one’s leg 开玩笑（不是“拉后腿”）

?in one’s birthday suit 赤身裸体（不是“穿着生日礼服”）

an apple of love 西红柿（不是“爱情之果”）

bring down the house 博得全场喝彩（不是“推倒房子”）

?have a fit 勃然大怒（不是“试穿”）

?表达类：

?Look out! 当心！（不是“向外看”）

?What a shame! 多可惜！真遗憾！（不是“多可耻”）

You don’t say! 是吗！（不是“你别说”）

?You can say that again! 说得好！（不是“你可以再说一遍”）

?I haven't slept better. 我睡得好极了。（不是“我从未睡过好觉”）

?It has been 4 years since I smoked. 我戒烟4年了。（不是“我抽烟4年了”）

?All his friends did not turn up. 他的朋友没全到。（不是“他的朋友全没到”）

?People will be long forgetting her. 人们在很长时间内会记住她的。（不是“人们会永远忘记她”）It can’t be less interesting. 它无聊极了。（不是“它不可能没有趣）

避免翻译腔

?I had not known you a month before I felt that you were the last man in the world whom I could ever be prevailed on to marry. ( Pride and Prejudice)

?我还没有认识你一个月，就觉得象你这样一个人，在天下男人中我最不愿意和他结婚的就是你。?我认识你还不到一个月的时候，就觉得哪怕我一辈子找不到男人，也休想让我嫁给你。

?In the doorway lay at least twelve umbrellas of all sizes and colors．

?门口放着至少有十二把五颜六色、大小不一的雨伞。

?门口放着一堆雨伞，少说也有十二把，五颜六色，大小不一。

?There are many wonderful stories to tell about the places I visited and the people I met．

?关于我所访问的一些地方和遇见的不少人有许多奇妙的故事可以讲。

?我访问了一些地方，遇到了不少人。要谈起来，奇妙的事儿可多着哩。

?4.4 背景知识

?由于语言随社会的发展而发展，随社会的变化而变化，同一词语在不同的历史时期往往具有不尽相同的含义。如：

?一些词语的产生，伴有特定的时代背景。如：

?“ If that picture is genuine, I’m a Dutchman!”“如果那张画是真迹，我就不是人”

?（历史上英国人对荷兰人的痛恨）

?英语中涉及宗教的词语要比任何其他语种都多，同时宗教典故之丰富在世界语林中也是独占鳌头。

?John can be relied on. He eats no fish.约翰为人可靠，他很忠诚。

?Speak of angels, and you will hear their wings; talk of the devil, and he’s sure to appear.说曹操，曹操到。

?1. Actions speak louder than words. 1. 事实胜于雄辩。

?2. A fall into a pit，a gain in your wit. 2. 吃一堑，长一智。

?3. A good conscience is a soft pillow. . 不做亏心事，不怕鬼敲门。

?4. All good things come to an end. 4. 天下没有不散的筵席。

?5. All rivers run into sea. 5. 海纳百川。

?6. As a man sows, so he shall reap. 种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆。

?7. A word spoken is past recalling. 7. 一言既出，驷马难追。

?8. Bad news has wings. 8. 好事不出门，坏事传千里。

?9. Beauty lies in the love's eyes. 9. 情人眼里出西施。

?10. Birds of a feather flock together. 物以类聚，人以群分。

Section 2

英汉对比

Contrast Between English-Chinese

2.1 英汉语言对比

?试译以下这个简单的句子：

A dialect is known by every linguist in this room.

[参考译文1] 一种方言被这间屋子里的每一个语言学家所懂得。

[参考译文2] 有一种方言这间屋子里的每一个语言学家都懂得。

课内练习现在请大家通过翻译以下的简单句子熟练掌握这一技巧

1.I would not believe what he said.

2.I did not remember a single point discussed at the meeting.

3.I know Mr. Wang.

4.He is the best singer.

参考译文

1.他的话，我可不信。

2.会上讲了什么，我一点没记住。

3.王先生我认识。

4.唱歌，他是最棒的。

2.1.2 形合与意合

?All was cleared up some time later when news came from a distant place that an earthquake was felt the very day the little copper ball fell.

?过了一些时候，从远方传来了消息：在小铜球坠落的当天，确实发生了地震。这一切终于得到了澄清。

?The many colors of a rainbow range from red on the outside to violet on the inside.

?彩虹有多种颜色，外圈红，内圈紫。

?人不犯我，我不犯人。(词序)

?We will not attack unless we are attacked.

?种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆。（排比）

?As you sow, so will you reap.

?不到黄河心不死。（紧缩）

?Until all is over, ambition never dies.

?不进则退。（四字格）

?He who does not advance falls backward.

?英语句法结构重形合，句中各成分的相互结合常用适当的连接词语，以表示其结构关系。?汉语句法结构重意合，句中各成分的相互结合多依靠语义的贯通，语境的映衬，少用连接词语。

练习

?Even if the monk can run away, his temple cannot run with him.

跑得了和尚，跑不了庙。

2. Even if I were to be beaten to death, I will not tell.

打死我也不说。

3. Modesty helps one go forward, whereas conceit makes one lag behind.

谦虚使人进步，骄傲使人落后。

4. If winter comes, can spring be far behind?

冬天来了，春天还会远吗？

The boy, who was crying as if his heart would break, said, when I spoke to him, that he was very hungry because he had had no food for two days.

[参考译文] 男孩哭得心都快碎了，当我问及他时，他说饿极了，有两天没吃了。

从上例可看出，英语十分注重句子的形式和结构的完整，上面英语句子主干为The boy said，但节外生枝，叠床架屋，竟有5个从句，用了who, as if, when, that, because等多个连接成分，形成一个空间构架，犹如“枝叶繁茂的参天大树”，呈树状。而相应的汉语节节展开,言简意赅，语意连贯，结构紧凑，呈竹状，逐节（短语或小句）展开。

Chinese

bamboo-like sentence structure （竹式结构）with different sections linked and yet separated

English

tree-like sentence structure （树式结构）with different parts connected like branches and sub-branches to the trunk line

2.1.4繁复与简短

?1. Can you answer a question which I want to ask and which is puzzling me?

?我有一个问题弄不懂，想请教你，你能回答吗?(比较：你能回答一个使我弄不懂而又想问你的问题吗?)

?2. If the man who was seen to take an umbrella from the City Church last Sunday evening does not wish to get into trouble，he will return the umbrella to No．10 Broad Street．He is well known．?上星期日傍晚。有人曾见某君在市教堂取走雨伞一把。取伞者如不愿卷入纠纷，还是将伞送至布劳德街十号为妙。此君为谁，尽人皆知。

2.1.5间接和直接

?英美民族富于幽默，表达时常常不把要说的话直接说出来，而是用某种间接、含蓄的方式来陈述。汉语也有含蓄表达法，但较常用作修辞手段。总的说来，汉语比较倾向于直截了当，而英语则比较常用克制陈述、间接肯定、委婉否定和婉转暗示的表达方式。

?1)To my no small astonishment，I found the house on fire．

?我发现房子着了火，这使我大吃一惊。

?2)It serves no little purpose to continue public discussion of this issue．

?继续公开讨论这一问题是大有用处的。

?1)He didn’t half like that girl．(=He liked her very much)

?他非常喜欢那姑娘。

?2)I couldn’t feel better．(=I’m feeling first-rate)我觉得身体好极了。

2.1.6替换和重复

?1)Flartery is more dangerous than hatred because it covers the stain which the other causes to be wiped out．

?阿谀比怨恨更危险，因为阿谀掩饰了污点，而怨恨却能使人消除污点。

?2)Reading exercises one’s eyes；speaking，one’s tongue；while writing，one’s mind. (F．Bacon) ?阅读训练人的眼睛，说话训练人的口齿，写作训练人的思维。

2.1.7 物称和人称

?Astonishment and even horror oppressed him.

?Excitement deprived me of all power of utterance.

?The sight of the big tree always reminds me of my childhood.

他很难受，感到惊讶甚至恐惧。

我兴奋得什么话都说不出来。

我一看到那棵大树就想起了童年的情景。

2.1.8 被动和主动

?They are paid for this.

?The difficulties have been overcome, and the problem solved.

?Table tennis is played all over China.

?Why should all these unpleasant jobs be pushed on to me?

他们拿钱就是干这事的。（他们干这事是有偿的。）

困难克服了，问题也解决了。

乒乓球运动风靡全中国。

为什么总要把这些麻烦事推给我？

2.1.9 静态和动态

?If you have any problems, she is a good listener.

?There is a crying need for a new remedy.

?It was only my capacity for hard work that saved me from early dismissal.

如果你有麻烦事，她会倾听你诉说。

现在急需想出新法子来补救。

要不是我能干重活，早就给辞退了。

再翻译以下几个句子，看怎样变原文的“静”为译文的“动”。

1. Party officials worked long hour on meager food, in old caves, by dim lamps.

2. What film will be on this evening?

3. He walked around the house with a gun.

4. A study of that letter leaves us in no doubt as to the motives behind it.

参考译文

1. 党的干部吃着粗茶淡饭，住着寒冷的窑洞，点着昏暗的油灯，长时间地工作。

2. 今晚放映什么影片？

3. 他拿着枪，绕着屋子走。

4.研究一下那封信，就使我们毫不怀疑该信是别有用心的。

2.1.10 抽象和具体

?They discussed greatness and excellence.

?Their eccentricity often makes you frown.

?We stepped onto the mysterious land with caution and uneasiness.

他他们探讨了伟大和优秀的涵义。

他们的古怪行为常常令人皱眉。

我们怀着谨慎和不安的心情踏上了那片神秘的国土。

以下长句引自美国官方的一篇文章

?The present movement toward simplification of language and directness of statement in government writing and the elimination of jargon and unnecessary wordiness as well as the use of short，direct statements instead of long sentences which are difficult to understand because the reader is apt to get lost before he arrives，if he ever does，at the meaning intended by the writer，is a valuable attempt to achieve economy and intelligibility，for many pamphlets．instruction sheets，ordinary memoranda and assorted missives circulated through the War Department fail of their primary purpose through befogging their contents by use of pseudo-official phraseology which only the initiated can hope to understand and of which even they cannot be certain without reference either to the key works needed for translating them or to their own garbled and confused memories of dealing，usually without much success and always after a long period of time and travail，with similar kinds of wording in similar situations，so，though don’ t be too hopeful，for someone with unusual gifts and energy in applying them will manage triumphantly to misunderstand you no matter what you say or how you say it，try saying what you have to say as simply and as briefly as you can，and then after you've·66。said it。stop saying it and don’t say it any more．

如何使我们的成功世代相传娜塔莎·珀尔

?祝贺您！

?您现在取得的成功，已经远远超越了儿时的梦想。您创造了巨额财富，这也为您家人和后代的生存奠定了坚实的基础。但是，与财富与成功伴随而来的还有一些挑战。其中最重要的一点是如何确保您的子孙后代能够继承并发扬您的财富与成功。很多人一开始都是创造了巨大财富，但其子孙后代却落得一贫如洗，结局十分凄惨。如何避免陷入这种结局？

关心下一代非常关键。但是，这并不意味着对孩子有求必应，或者“溺爱”孩子。说到下一代，有三个关键词需要牢记：价值观、交流、热情。

您已经确立了自己独特的价值观——即您所信奉的原则——正是它们帮助您获得了成功。找出这些价值观，以及您如何在它们的指导下取得了成功。与商业成功相关的常见价值观如下：家庭的重要作用、

节约开支，不滥用财富，努力学习，尊重教育辛勤工作，注重细节，细微之处见精神，遵守道德规范，相信自我，不妄自菲薄。当然其他的价值观还有很多，上面这些只是个开头。关键是您需要找出究竟是哪些价值观成就了您的成功。

与孩子交流，探讨您的价值观。从孩子幼年时，您就可以通过讲故事的方式与他们交流，他们年龄稍大点，就可以通过举例说明，为何您选择了这条道路？因为您的价值观。当然，父母与孩子最重要的沟通方式是通过自己的行动。

例如，如果您把节约开支看作很重要的一项价值观，那么您就要做出表率让孩子知道，虽然您能买得起很多心仪的物品，例如一辆全新的跑车，但是却并没有买，因为节约金钱曾助您取得今天的成就。如果辛勤工作是您的价值观，那么请跟孩子说明您儿时如何努力学习和工作，而这种精神如何帮助您获得了成功。

最后一点，培养孩子对事物的热情——例如乐器、地理、外语、足球、机械、武术或收集硬币等。尽量确保孩子亲自学会、掌握某项技能，然后有兴趣继续更上一层楼。在这个过程中孩子将会经历沮丧和艰难的挑战。让孩子经历这一切，能够让他们在面对挫折时有耐心——这对他们将来的成功是非常重要的，因为想要成功，必须面对挑战。

有些家庭有足够的时间锻炼孩子，能够跟孩子交流，让其认识价值观并培养其热情。如果做不到，则需要外部咨询师辅助完成这一过程。价值观，交流，热情。为了使您的财富能够世代传承，请牢记这三个关键词。

词类的转译Conversion

1. As the man leaned over, the driver caught his first good look at the small cat-like face.那个人

弯下腰来，司机才第一次看清那张小小的猫儿脸。

? 2. We mustn’t lose sight of the fact that air pollution is going from bad to worse in our city. 我们不能忽略这一事实，空气污染在我们城市中日益严重。

?2、动词派生的名词

? 1. There has been a tremendous expansion of kindergartens in both towns and villages. 城市和农村的幼儿园都在大量发展。

? 2. The new situation requires the formation of a new strategy.

?新形势要求制定新战略。

? 3. My suggestion is that he should quit smoking at once.我建议他立刻戒烟。

?3、含有动作意味的名词可转译成动词

?1. Vietnamese War is a drain on American resources.

?越南战争不断地消耗美国的资源。

?2. In fact, the abuse of drugs has become one of America’s most serious social problems.

?事实上，滥用毒品已经成为美国最为严重的社会问题之一。

? 3. He is an ardent lover of classical music.他酷爱古典音乐。

4、由动词+er构成的名词可转译成动词

?1. His father is a non-smoker, but he is a chain-smoker.

?他父亲根本不抽烟，他抽起烟来却一根接一根。

?2. I am an amateur actor. He is a better player than I .

?我是个业余演员，他演得比我好。

?二. 介词转译成动词

? 1. He went to the shop for a bottle of wine. 他去小店买了一瓶酒。

? 2. At noon, she came home for lunch.中午，她回家吃午饭。

? 3. He came to me with a luggage. 他拿着行李向我走来。

? 1. It was a very informative meeting. 会上透露了很多信息。

?2. The manager is grateful to the customers for their valuable suggestions.

?经理感谢顾客们提出的宝贵意见。

? 3. Animals become indifferent to their young as soon as their young can look after themselves.

一旦它们的后代能够自己照料自己，它们就不管了。

四. 副词转译成动词

? 1. Our holiday is three weeks away. 离我们的假期还有3个星期。

? 2. When will your mother be back? 你妈妈什么时候回来？

? 3. The boy told me that his father was out.那个男孩告诉我他的父亲出去了。

Translate the following sentences:

?1. His very appearance at any affair proclaims it a triumph.

?2. The successful fishermen of that day were already in.

? 3. Difference between the social systems of states shall not be an obstacle to their co-operation.

1. 无论什么事，只要他一露面，就算成功了。

2. 那天交好运的渔夫们都已回来。

3. 国与国之间不同的社会制度不应该妨碍彼此的合作。

转译成名词

?英语中好很多由名词派生出来的动词，以及由名词转用的动词，在汉语中往往不易找到相应的动词，这时可将其转译成汉语名词。

? 1. This store features round-the-clock service.这家商店的特点是昼夜服务。

?2. Your work is characterized by lack of attention to detail.

?你工作的毛病是粗心大意。

?3、The youths always dream fondly of their future.

?年轻人对前途总是怀有美好的梦想。

?4、Independent observers have commented favorably on the achievements you have made in this direction.

?有独立见解的观察家们对你们在这方面所取得的成就给予了很高的评价。

?有些英语被动句式中的动词，可以译成“受到（遭到）…+ 名词”

?1. Several buildings around the square were damaged.

?广场附近的几幢建筑物遭到了毁坏。

?2. Mr. Snow was treated very shabbily by the U.S.press and officialdom.

?在这期间，斯诺受到了美国和政界极不公正的对待。

二：形容词转译成名词

?有些英语的形容词前加定冠词时，其功能就相当于名词，译时将其转译成名词。还有一些形容词充当表语时，为了行文方便，转译为汉语的名词。

?1. They did their best to help the sick and the wounded.

?他们尽了最大的努力帮助病号和伤员。

? 2. Tom was eloquent and elegant—— but soft.

?汤姆有口才、有风度，但很软弱。

三：副词转译成名词

?由名词派生出来的副词，如译成汉语时很难找到对应词，而酌情将其译成名词。

? 1. Originally Ingrid Bergman was from Sweden. 英格丽.褒曼的原籍是瑞典。

?2. He is strong physically, but weak mentally.

?他体力很强，可智力很弱。

转译为形容词

?一、副词转译为形容词

?有些副词是形容词派生出来的，翻译时如副词所修饰的动词转译为名词，那么副词亦转译为形容词。如：

?He was deeply impressed by what they did in the critical moment.

?他们在关键时刻的行为给他留下了深刻的印象。

?She stupidly answered such a question.她真笨，竟然回答了这样一个问题。

?The English language had changed subtly and pervasively.

?英语的变化很敏感，很普遍。

?二、名词转译为形容词

?有时名词在句子中充当表语，前面通常有冠词，译时可以转换为形容词。

?A newly-elected Senator is a power, I know that.

?一个新当选的参议员的确是威风十足，那我是知道的。

?She said, “Good country people are the salt of the earth!”

?她说：“善良的乡下人最可贵！”

?Oh, she is all gentleness, kindness, goodness!

?她真是最温柔，最体贴，最善良了！

?His question reflected the enormity of his doubts.

–他的问题反映出他有很大的怀疑。*

–他的问题反映出他疑虑颇大。*

–他的问题反映出他疑虑重重。

转译为副词

?一、名词转译为副词

?They were sitting on a bank and talking of the universe.

?他们坐在河岸边，高谈阔论地谈着。

?We set out in great haste for Venice.我们匆匆忙忙地动身来到威尼斯。

?When he catches a glimpse of a potential antagonist, his instinct is to win him over with charm and humor.

?只要是一发现有可能反对他的人，他就本能地要用自己的魅力和幽默将这个人争取过来。?二、形容词转译为副词

?About all these sticky question, he writes with calm frankness.

?对于所有这些棘手的问题，他都心平气和地、坦率地写了出来。

It was a clear and unemotional exposition of the President’s reasons for willing to begin a chinese-American dialogue.

这篇发言清清楚楚地，心平气和地说明了总统希望开始中美对话的原因。

Translate the following sentences into Chinese:

?1. The landing was designed to cut the peninsula in two.

?2. They signed two agreements that served to warm up the atmosphere of their relations. ?3. His image as a good student was badly tarnished.

?4. M. Gorky had deep sympathy for the insulted and the injured.

?5. Hospitals are getting more efficient these days.

1.登陆的目的是要把该岛一切为二。

2. 他们签定了两个协定，目的是使他们的关系热乎起来。

3.他作为一个好学生的形象，已遭到很大的玷污。

4. 高尔基对于受侮辱的和受损害的人有深厚的同情心。

5. 近日来，医院的效率越来越高了.

?练习

?1．They went on strike in demand of a 40 per cent wage increase.

?2．The road to development is long but we are

firmly on it.

? 1. 他们举行罢工，要求工资增加40%。

（名词→动词）

2、发展的道路虽然漫长，可我们已坚定地走上了这条路。（介词→动词）?3．Don’t be afraid of those who might have a better idea or who might even be smarter than you are.

?4．That book will be out pretty soon.

3、不要惧怕那些想法比你高明，或者那些可能比你更聪明的人。（形容词→动词）

4、那本书不久就要出版了。（副词→动词

?5．It is our goal that the people in the under-developed area will be finally off poverty.

?6. Obedience is obligatory on a soldier.

?7. Our government shows great concern for the Chinese resident abroad.

?5、我们的目标是让不发达地区的人民最终摆脱贫困。（介词→动词）

?6、服从命令是军人的天职。（形容词→名词）

?7、我国政府十分关怀海外华侨。

（副词→形容词）

?8．From the front, back and both sides we kept a strict watch on the enemy.

?我们在前后左右严密地监视敌人。（形容词→副词）

增词法

一、为了语法的需要

1、英语中没有量词，汉译时就得根据汉语的表达习惯增加合适的量词。

a martial music 一首军乐曲

“A Saxon heiress of large possessions.” replied the prior Aymer, “a rose of loveliness, a jewel of wealth, the fairest among a thousand, a bundle of myrrh（香草）, and a cluster of balsams（凤仙花）.”

修道院院长艾梅回答道：“她是一个拥有一大笔家产的撒克逊世家的嗣女，她是一朵可爱的玫瑰花，一颗无价的珠宝；她是一个绝色的美人，一束香草，一簇凤仙花。

2、英语动词的语法意义涉及人称、数、时态、体、态、语气等六个语法范畴。而汉语动词没有

形态变化，语法意义的实现由上下文、词汇（时间词、副词、助词）语调等体现。因此，在英翻汉时，常常需要增加一些表示时态、体和语气的词。

?I was a middle school teacher and my dream was to teach college students.

?我曾经是一名中学老师，那时我的梦想就是当一名大学老师。

?The surgeons weren't sure how long my new joints would last. But they’re holding up fine.

?那些外科医生当时不能肯定我的新关节可以维持多久，但他们至今还运转良好呢。

?She would spend hours dressing herself in fine clothes, and brushing her black hair. Then she would stand by the mirror and admire herself.

?她总是要花上好几个小时为自己盛装打扮，梳理她乌黑的头发，之后常常照着镜子自我欣赏一番。

?The old man said: “They say his father was a fisherman. Maybe he was as poor as we are.”

?老头儿说：“听人说，他父亲以前是个打鱼的，他过去跟我们现在一样穷。”

3、英语中可数名词有单、复数之分，汉语则没有。英语可直接用可数名词复数形式表达模糊、

不确定的数量关系，而汉语中，则需要数量词组、副词、名词重叠以及带数字的固定词组来表达类似的意义。

?Up the street they went, past stores, across a broad square and then entered a huge building.

?他们沿着大街走过去，一路经过几家商店，穿过一个大广场，最后进了一栋大厦。

?Adversaries are powerful without question.

?毫无疑问，对手个个都很强大。

?New buildings, massive in span and artful in design, have sprung up everywhere. A plethora of stores and shops have sprouted everywhere.

?一幢幢新建的大厦在各处拔地而起，规模宏伟，设计精美。到处冒出了大大小小、数不胜数的商店。

?This small old village lies in green mountains.

?这个古旧的村落坐落在苍翠的群山之中。

4、英语中常用省略句，翻译时要根据汉语的表达习惯，作些适当的增补。从句子成分来看，英

汉省略的部分可以是主语、谓语、定语，也可以把主语谓语或谓语宾语一起省去；从语言单位看，省略的部分可以是词、词组或分句。总的来说，英语省略主语的现象远不如汉语频繁，而省略谓语动词的情形则多于汉语，针对这种差异，英译汉时往往需要增补。英语中常见的省略情况有：1）简短回答；2）谓语动词；3）比较句；4）含蓄条件句。

?Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep.

?读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使人周密，科学使人深刻。

?I fell madly in love with her, and she with me.

?我狂热地爱上了她，她也狂热地爱上了我。

?They began to study and analyze the situation of the enemy.

?他们开始研究敌情，分析敌情。

?He became an oil baron---all by himself.

?他成为一个石油大亨—一个白手起家的石油大亨。

?That year the Chinese yuan bought more, and the US dollar bought less.

?那一年，中国人民币可买的东西多，美元可买的东西少。

?Anthrax（炭疽病）was not known in the area at the time, or if it was, wasn’t thought to be of any consequence by the local tribes, and went unmentioned.

?当时炭疽病在那个地区还不为人所知，就算当地部落里有人听说过这种疾病，也没有想到它