2017年考研英语真题与翻译

2017年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）试题

Section I Use of English

Directions:

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

Could a hug a day keep the doctor away? The answer may be a resounding ―yes!‖

1 helping you feel close and 2to people you care about, it turns out that hugs can bring

a 3of health benefits to your body and mind. Believe it or not, a warm embrace might even help you 4getting sick this winter.

In a recent study5 over 400 health adults, researchers from Carnegie Mellon University in Pennsylvania examined the effects of perceived social support and the receipt of hugs6 the participants’ susceptibility to developing the common cold after being 7 to the virus .People who perceived greater social support were less likely to come 8with a cold,and the researchers9that the stress-reducing effects of hugging10 about 32 percent of that beneficial effect. 11 among those who got a cold, the ones who felt greater social support and received more frequent hugs had less severe12.

―Hugging protects people who are under stress from the13 risk for colds that’s usually14 with stress,‖ notes Sheldon Cohen, a professor of psychology at Carnegie. Hugging ―is a marker of intimacy and helps15 the feeling that others are there to help16difficulty.‖

Some experts 17the stress-reducing , health-related benefits of hugging to the release of oxytocin, often called ―the bonding hormone‖18 it promotes attachment in relationships, including that between mother and their newborn babies. Oxytocin is made primarily in the central lower part of the brain, and some of it is released into the bloodstream. But some of it19 in the brain, where it 20 mood, behavior and physiology.

拥抱可以使医生远离我们吗？答案也许是响亮的“是的”。除了能帮助你感到和自己在乎的人关系亲密之外，事实证明拥抱还可以给你的身心健康带来许多好处。不管你信不信，温暖的拥抱在冬天可以帮助你避免生病。

最近，宾夕法尼亚州卡耐基梅隆大学的研究人员对超过400名健康成年人进行了研究。他们在让这些实验对象接触感冒病毒后，检测了“感觉到社会支持”和“受到别人拥抱”这两点对他们患上常见感冒的敏感性的影响。感觉到更多社会支持的人更不容易患感冒，研究人员推算出，这种对健康的有益影响，大约有32%是由拥抱所产生的减压效果所带来的。甚至在已经患上感冒的人群中，感觉得到更多社会支持和频繁得到拥抱的人的症状也更轻。

“拥抱可以保护那些处于压力之下的人免受与压力有关的、愈发增加的感冒的风险，”来自卡内基大学的心理学教授谢尔登·科恩观察道。拥抱“能制造亲密，也能帮助产生面对困难时，有人来帮助你的感觉。”

一些专家将拥抱所产生的减缓压力的健康好处归因于拥抱所释放的催生素，其通常被称为“结合激素”，因为它能促进依附关系，包括母亲与新生婴儿之间的依附关系。催生素主要产生在大脑的中低部，其有一部分会被释放进血液里。但还有一部分会留在大脑里，影响人们的情绪、行为及生理。

Section ⅡReading Comprehension

Part A

Directions:

Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)

Text 1

First two hours,now three hours—this is how far in advance authorities are recommending people show up to catch a domestic flight, at least at some major U.S. airports with increasingly massive security lines.

Americans are willing to tolerate time-consuming security procedures in return for increased safety. The crash of Egypt Air Flight 804,which terrorists may have downed over the Mediterranean Sea,provides another tragic reminder of why. But demanding too much of air travelers or providing too little security in return undermines public support for the process. And it should: Wasted time is a drag on Americans’ economic and private lives, n ot to mention infuriating.

Last year, the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) found in a secret check that undercover investigators were able to sneak weapons—both fake and real—past airport security nearly every time they tried.Enhanced security measures since then, combined with a rise in airline travel due to the improving economy and and low oil prices, have resulted in long waits at major airports such as Chicago’s O’Hare International.It is not yet clear how much more effective airline securi ty has become—but the lines are obvious.

Part of the issue is that the government did not anticipate the steep increase in airline travel, so the TSA is now rushing to get new screeners on the line. Part of the issue is that airports have only so much room for screening lanes. Another factor may be that more people are trying to overpack their carry-on bags to avoid checked-baggage fees, though the airlines strongly dispute this.

There is one step the TSA could take that would not require remodeling airports or rushing to hire: Enroll more people in the PreCheck program.PreCheck is supposed

to be a win-win for travelers and the TSA. Passengers who pass a background check are eligible to use expedited screening lanes.This allows the TSA to focus on travelers who are higher risks, saving time for everyone involved.TSA wants to enroll 25 million people in PreCheck.

It has not gotten anywhere close to that, and one big reason is sticker shock: Passengers must pay $85 every five years to process their background checks. Since the beginning, this price tag has been PreCheck’s fatal flaw. Upcoming reforms might bring the price to a more reasonable level.But Congress should look into doing so directly, by helping to finance PreCheck enrollment or to cut costs in other ways.

The TSA cannot continue diverting resources into underused PreCheck lanes while most of the traveling public suffers in unnecessary lines. It is long past time to make the program work.

21.The crash of Egypt Air Flight 804 is mentioned to________.

[A] stress the urgency to strengthen security worldwide

[B] highlight the necessity of upgrading major US airports

[C] explain Americans’ tolerance of current security checks

[D] emphasis the importance of privacy protection

22. Which of the following contributions to long waits at major airport?

[A] New restrictions on carry-on bags

[B] The declining efficiency of the TSA

[C] An increase in the number of travelers

[D] Frequent unexpected secret checks

23.The word ―expedited‖ (Line 4, Para.5) is closes t in meaning to________.

[A] faster

[B] quieter

[C] wider

[D] cheaper

24. One problem with the PreCheck program is___________.

[A] A dramatic reduction of its scale

[B] Its wrongly-directed implementation

[C] The government’s reluctance to back it

[D] An unreasonable price for enrollment

25. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?

[A] Less Screening for More Safety

[B] PreCheck-a Belated Solution

[C] Getting Stuck in Security Lines

[D] Underused PreCheck Lanes

Text 1

全文翻译

以前是2小时，现在是3小时——这就是航空当局建议旅客提前到达机场赶国内航班的时间，至少美国一些大的机场是这么建议的，因为安检队伍正变得越来越长。

美国人现在愿意忍受费时的安检程序，以换取更高的安全性。被恐怖分子袭击而坠入地中海的埃及航空804号航班给了大家为什么这么做的一个悲剧提醒。但是对飞机乘客要求太多或者在安全保障方面的成效不足反过来又会降低公众对这一程序的支持。其就会演变成：浪费的时间耽误了美国的经济和私人生活，也会使乘客感到愤怒。

去年，美国运输安全管理局在一次秘密检查中发现，管理局的便衣调查员在尝试偷运武器的时候（无论真假），屡次通过了安检。随后，机场加强了安检措施，同时经济复苏和低油价也导致了国际航班的增加，这些因素就导致包括芝加哥奥黑尔国际机场在内的主要机场的安检队伍变长。目前，安检措施是否变得更加有效尚不得而知，但安检队伍确实变长了。

导致这一问题的部分原因是政府没有预料到乘飞机出行的乘客数量会猛增，所以美国运输安全管理局现在正紧锣密鼓地在各机场增加新的安检人员。另一个原因是，机场只有这么多空间，能容下的安检队伍有限。还有一个因素可能是，越来越多的人想要过度打包他们的随身行李以避免行李安检费用，尽管航空公司对此强烈反对。

美国运输安全管理局可以采取的一个不需要改造机场或仓促招聘人员的措施，那就是鼓励更多的乘客参加预检项目。预检对游客和美国运输安全管理局而言是双赢的选择。通过背景检查的乘客有资格使用快速安检通道。这能使美国运

输安全管理局能重点检查具有高风险的乘客，从而节省了其他人的时间。美国运输安全管理局计划将2500万乘客纳入预检项目。

然而，这一计划还未达到预期目标，其中的一个主要原因就是定价太高。乘客必须每五年支付85美元进行背景审核。从一开始这一价格就是预检项目的重大缺陷。接下来的改革也许会把价格调整到合理的水平。但是国会应该通过资助预检项目或以别的方式来降低成本的方式直接参与到价格调整中去。

在大部分的游客得忍受不必要排队的痛苦之时，美国运输安全管理局不能继续将资源投入到未充分使用的预检通道中去了。要想让预检项目真的开始起作用，那还需要很长的时间。

Text 2

―The ancient Hawaiians were astronomers,‖ wrote Queen Liliuokalani, Hawaii’s last reigning monarch, in 1897. Star watchers were among the most esteemed members of Hawaiian society. Sadly, all is not well with astronomy in Hawaii today. Protests have erupted over construction of the Thirty Meter Telescope(TMT), a giant observator y that promises to revolutionize humanity’s view of the cosmos.

At issue is the TMT’s planned location on Mauna Kea, a dormant volcano worshiped by some Hawaiians as the piko, that connects the Hawaiian Islands to the heavens. But Mauna Kea is also home to some of the world’s most powerful telescopes. Rested in the Pacific Ocean, Mauna Kea’s peak rises above the bulk of our planet’s dense atmosphere, where conditions allow telescopes to obtain images of unsurpassed clarity.

Opposition to telescopes on Mauna Kea is nothing new. A small but vocal group of Hawaiians and environments have long viewed their presence as disrespect for sacred land and a painful reminder of the occupation of what was once a sovereign nation.

Some blame for the current controversy belongs to astronomers.In their eagerness to build bigger telescopes, they forgot that science is the only way of understanding the world.They did not always prioritize the protection of Mauna Kea’s

fragile ecosystems or its holiness to the island’s inhabita nts. Hawaiian culture is not a relic of the past; it is a living culture undergoing a renaissance today.

Yet science has a cultural history, too, with roots going back to the dawn of civilization. The same curiosity to find what lies beyond the horizon that first brought early Polynesians to Hawaii’s shores inspires astronomers today to explore the heavens.Calls to disassemble all telescopes on Mauna Kea or to ban future development there ignore the reality that astronomy and Hawaiian culture both seek to answer big questions about who we are, where we come from and where we are going. Perhaps that is why we explore the starry skies, as if answering a primal calling to know ourselves and our true ancestral homes.

The astronomy community is making compromises to change its use of Mauna Kea. The TMT site was chosen to minimize the telescope’s visibility around the island and to avoid archaeological and environmental impact.To limit the number of telescopes on Mauna Kea, old ones will be removed at the end of their lifetimes and their sites returned to a natural state. There is no reason why everyone cannot be welcomed on Mauna Kea to embrace their cultural heritage and to study the stars.

26. Queen Liliuokalani’s remark in Paragraph 1 indicates_________.

[A] its conservative view on the historical role of astronomy

[B] the importance of astronomy in ancient Hawaiian society

[C] the regrettable decline of astronomy in ancient times

[D] her appreciation of star watchers’ feats in her time

27. Mauna Kea is deemed as an ideal astronomical site due to__________.

[A] its geographical features

[B] its protective surroundings

[C] its religious implications

[D] its existing infrastructure

28. The construction of the TMT is opposed by some locals partly because________.

[A] it may risk ruining their intellectual life

[B] it reminds them of a humiliating history

[C] their culture will lose a chance of revival

[D] they fear losing control of Mauna Kea

29.It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that progress in today’s astronom y __________.

[A] is fulfilling the dreams of ancient Hawaiians

[B] helps spread Hawaiian culture across the world

[C] may uncover the origin of Hawaiian culture

[D] will eventually soften Hawaiians’ hostility

30. The author’s attitude toward choosing Mau na Kea as the TMT site is one of________.

[A] severe criticism

[B] passive acceptance

[C] slight hesitancy

[D] full approval

Text 2

全文翻译

“古时候的夏威夷人是天文学家，”夏威夷最后一任执政君主利留卡拉尼女王在1897年写道。观星宿者过去是夏威夷社会中最受尊敬的人物。悲哀的是，现在的夏威夷不再如此。一座有望改变人类宇宙观的巨大天文台“30米望远镜”的修建计划引发了激烈的抗议。

抗议的焦点是30米望远镜在冒纳凯阿火山计划的选址，该休眠火山被一些夏威夷人供奉为阳光，其将夏威夷岛屿连接至天堂。但冒纳凯阿火山也是一些世界上功能最强大的望远镜的所在地。处于大西洋之中，冒纳凯阿火山的顶峰可以远远升到我们星球的浓密大气层之上，那里的地质条件可以使天文望远镜获得无比清晰的图像。

反对在冒纳凯阿火山上建造望远镜并非新鲜事。一小部分直言不讳的夏威夷人和环保主义者长期以来都认为这些望远镜的存在是对这片神圣土地的不尊重，同时也是对“夏威夷曾经作为主权国家却被占领”这一痛苦事实的提醒。

一些人指责道，天文学家也对现在的争议负有一定的责任。他们渴望建造更大的天文望远镜，却忘了科学不是了解世界的唯一方式。他们没有始终将对冒纳凯阿火山脆弱生态系统的保护和捍卫该火山对岛屿居民的神圣意义置于优先位置。夏威夷文明不是历史遗产，今日，它是正在复兴的生动文化。

然而，科学也有文化史，其根源可以追溯至文明诞生之初。抱着希望发现地

平线之外东西的好奇心，早期的波利尼西亚人首次踏上了夏威夷海岸，而同样的好奇心则鼓舞今天的天文学家去探索天堂。那些要求拆除冒纳凯阿火山上所有望远镜或禁止未来所有发展的呼吁忽视了一个事实，那就是天文学和夏威夷文化都在探寻解答有关于我们是谁、我们来自哪里以及我们到哪里去这样的宏大问题。也许这就是我们探索繁星天空的原因，好像我们正在回应一个原始的召唤，去了解我们自己以及我们真正的祖先起源。

天文学界正在做出妥协，他们改变了对冒纳凯阿火山的使用方式。他们在岛上选了一个尽可能隐蔽的地方来修建30米望远镜观望台，并尽可能避免对考古和环境造成影响。为了限制冒纳凯阿火山上望远镜的数量，旧的望远镜在达到使用年限时就会被移除，并让它们的原址回归到自然状态。因此，任何人都应被欢迎在冒纳凯阿火山拥抱他们的文化遗产，研究天空的繁星。

Text 3

Robert F. Kennedy once said that a country’s GDP measures ―everything except that which makes life worthwhile.‖ With Britain voting to leave the European Union, and GDP already predicted to slow as a result, it is now a timely moment to assess what he was referring to.

The question of GDP and its usefulness has annoyed policymakers for over half a century. Many argue that it is a flawed concept. It measures things that do not matter and misses things that do. By most recent me asures, the UK’s GDP has been the envy of the Western world, with record low unemployment and high growth figures. If everything was going so well, then why did over 17 million people vote for Brexit, despite the warnings about what it could do to their co untry’s economic prospects?

A recent annual study of countries and their ability to convert growth into well-being sheds some light on that question. Across the 163 countries measured, the UK is one of the poorest performers in ensuring that economic growth is translated into meaningful improvements for its citizens. Rather than just focusing on GDP, over 40 different sets of criteria from health, education and civil society engagement have been measured to get a more rounded assessment of how countries are performing.

While all of these countries face their own challenges,there are a number of consistent themes.Yes,there has been a budding economic recovery since the 2008 global crash,but in key indicators in areas such as health and education, major

econom ies have continued to decline. Yet this isn’t the case with all countries. Some relatively poor European countries have seen huge improvements across measures including civil society , income equality and the environment.

This is a lesson that rich countries can learn: When GDP is no longer regarded as the sole measure of a country’s success, the world looks very different .

So, what Kennedy was referring to was that while GDP has been the most common method for measuring the economic activity of nations,as a measure,it is no longer enough.It does not include important factors such as environmental quality or education outcomes –all things that contribute to a person’s sense of well-being.

The sharp hit to growth predicted around the world and in the UK could lead to a decline in the everyday services we depend on for our well-being and for growth.But policymakers who refocus efforts on improving well-being rather than simply worrying about GDP figures could avoid the forecasted doom and may even see progress.

31.Robert F.Kennedy is cited because he_________.

[A]praised the UK for its GDP

[B]identified GDP with happiness

[C]misinterpreted the role of GDP

[D]had a low opinion of GDP

32.It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that________.

[A]the UK is reluctant to remold its economic pattern

[B]GDP as the measure of success is widely defied in the UK

[C]the UK will contribute less to the world economy

[D]policymakers in the UK are paying less attention to GDP

33.Which of the following is true about the recent annual study ?

[A]It is sponsored by 163 countries.

[B]It excludes GDP as an indicator.

[C]Its criteria are questionable.

[D]Its results are enlightening.

34.In the last two paragraphs , the author suggests that_________.

[A]the UK is preparing for an economic boom

[B]high GDP foreshadows an economic decline

[C]it is essential to consider factors beyond GDP

[D]it requires caution to handle economic issues

35.Which of the following is the best title for the text ?

[A]High GDP But Inadequate Well-being, a UK Lesson

[B]GDP Figures, a Window on Global Economic Health

[C]Rebort F. Kennedy,a Terminator of GDP

[D]Brexit, the UK’s Gateway to Well-being

Text 3

全文翻译

罗伯特·肯尼迪曾说过，一个国家的GDP能衡量“除了使生活变得有意义的事之外的任何事物。”由于英国投票决定脱离欧盟，其GDP预计会出现下跌。现在是时候来思考肯尼迪所说的话了。

有关对GDP及其有用性的质疑已经困扰政策制定者超过半世纪了。许多人认为GDP是一个有瑕疵的概念。其衡量一些无关紧要的事物，而没有衡量一些重要的事物。最近的衡量结果表明，英国的GDP因其低失业率以及高增长而令西方世界羡慕。如果一切进展得如此顺利，那为什么1.7亿人在被警告说脱欧将会影响国家经济前景的情况下还要投票支持脱离欧盟呢？

最近一份调查了各国和它们将经济增长转换为幸福感能力的年度报告可能会对上述问题有一定的启示性作用。在163个被调查的国家中，英国在确保将增长转化为公民生活水平提升方面是表现得最差的国家之一。这次调查并没有将衡量重心放在GDP上，其还涉及到了包括健康、教育以及公民社会参与度等40多项不同的指标，以求对接受调查的国家的表现做一个更加全面的评估。

尽管这些国家都面临挑战，但仍然存在许多持续性的主题。确实，自2008年全球衰退以来，经济复苏缓慢，但主要经济体在医疗和教育领域的关键性指标呈现出继续下滑的态势。然而，这并不是所有国家面临的情况。一些相对贫困的欧洲国家在公民社会、收入平等以及环保等指标上都取得了显著的进步。

这是富裕国家需要学习的经验：当GDP不再被视为衡量国家成功的唯一标

准时，这个世界会变得与众不同。

所以，肯尼迪的言外之意是，尽管GDP是最常用的衡量一个国家经济活动的方法之一，但作为衡量指标，GDP已经不够用了。其并不包括一些重要的因素，比如环境质量或教育成果这些能提升人类幸福感的事物。

意料中全世界及英国经济增长的受挫会导致我们幸福感和经济增长所依赖的日常服务有所下滑。但那些将重心重新放在如何提升幸福感上，而不是简单考虑GDP数据的政策制定者将会避开可以预见的风暴，并能看到进步。

Text 4

In a rare unanimous ruling, the US Supreme Court has overturned the corruption conviction of a former Virginia governor, Robert McDonnell. But it did so while holding its nose at the ethics of his conduct, which included accepting gifts such as a Rolex watch and a Ferrari automobile from a company seeking access to government.

The high court’s decision said the judge in Mr. McDonnell’s trial failed to tell a jury that it must look only at his ―official acts,‖ or the former governor’s decisions on ―specific‖ and ―unsettled‖ issues related to his duties.

Merely helping a gift-giver gain access to other officials, unless done with clear intent to pressure those officials, is not corruption, the justices found.

The court did suggest that accepting favors in return for opening doors is ―distasteful‖ and ―nasty.‖ But under anti-bribery laws, proof must be made of concrete benefits, such as approval of a contract or regulation. Simply arranging a meeting, making a phone call, or hosting an event is not an ―official act‖.

The court’s ruling is legally sound in de fining a kind of favoritism that is not criminal. Elected leaders must be allowed to help supporters deal with bureaucratic problems without fear of prosecution for bribery.―The basic compact underlying representative government,‖ wrote Chief Justice John Roberts for the court,―assumes that public officials will hear from their constituents and act on their concerns.‖But the ruling reinforces the need for citizens and their elected representatives, not the courts, to ensure equality of access to government. Officials must not be allowed to play favorites in providing information or in arranging meetings simply because an individual or group provides a campaign donation or a personal gift. This type of integrity requires well-enforced laws in government transparency, such as records of official meetings, rules on lobbying, and information about each elected leader’s source of wealth.

Favoritism in official access can fan public perceptions of corruption. But it is

not always corruption. Rather officials must avoid double standards, or different types of access for average people and the wealthy. If connections can be bought, a basic premise of democratic society—that all are equal in treatment by government—is undermined. Good governance rests on an understanding of the inherent worth of each individual.

The court’s ruling is a step forward in the struggle against both corruption and official favoritism.

36. The underlined sentence (Para.1) most probably shows that the court_________.

[A] avoided defining the extent of McDonnell’s duties

[B] made no compromise in convicting McDonnell

[C] was contemptuous of McDonnell’s conduct

[D] refused to comment on McDonnell’s ethics

37.According to Paragraph 4, an official act is deemed corruptive only if it involves___________.

[A] leaking secrets intentionally

[B] sizable gains in the form of gifts

[C] concrete returns for gift-givers

[D] breaking contracts officially

38. The court’s ruling is based on the assumption that public officials are_________.

[A] justified in addressing the needs of their constituents

[B] qualified to deal independently with bureaucratic issues

[C] allowed to focus on the concerns of their supporters

[D] exempt from conviction on the charge of favoritism

39. Well-enforced laws in government transparency are needed to__________.

[A] awaken the conscience of officials

[B] guarantee fair play in official access

[C] allow for certain kinds of lobbying

[D] inspire hopes in average people

40. The author’s attitude toward the court’s ruling is__________.

[A] sarcastic

[B] tolerant

[C] skeptical

[D] supportive

Text 4

全文翻译

美国最高法院推翻了对前弗吉尼亚州州长罗伯特·麦克唐纳的贪腐指控，法官罕见地一致通过了这一判决。但最高法院是强忍着对麦克唐纳行为道德的鄙视做出这一判决的，其涉嫌接受了一家想要接近政府的公司送给他礼物，包括劳力士手表和法拉利汽车。最高法院的这一判决认为，在麦克唐纳案中，法官并未告知陪审团只要关注其“公务行为”，或者说应该只对这位前州长在某些“特定”且“并未解决”的职责范围内的问题所做的决定进行判决。

法官认为，除非蓄意对相关政府官员施加压力，否则仅仅帮助送礼的公司接触政府官员不能算是腐败。

最高法院确实认为，帮忙牵线政府人员并以此收受好处的行为令人“反感”和“讨厌”。但根据反贿赂法，腐败指控的成立一定要有证据证明官员给送礼人带来了实质性的好处，比如帮其批准了一项合同或规定。仅仅安排见面、打一个电话或举办一次活动并不属于“公务行为”。

法院将这种牵线行为判定为偏袒而非犯罪看上去是合乎法理的。被选举的领袖应当被允许帮助自己的支持者解决政务问题，而不用担心自己背上贪污的指控。最高法院的首席大法官约翰·罗伯茨写道，“代议制政府下的基本条约”意味着公职人员应听取选民意见，并以选民的利益行事。

但是这个判决强化了确保接触政府公平的需要，这主要是针对公民和他们所选举的代表的，而不是法院的。官员不能因个人或组织为其选举活动提供募捐或私人资助而在提供信息或安排与官员见面方面表现出偏袒。这种正直要求具备有关政府透明度方面的切实执行的法律，比如政府会议的记录、游说的规定以及有关每位被选举领导财产来源信息的相关规定。

虽然在与政府官员接触的渠道上发生偏袒行为可能会煽动公众对腐败的反

感。但这种偏袒行为不一定就意味着腐败。更确切地说，政府官员必须避免对普通人和富人采取双重标准，或者说对他们在接触政府官员这一问题上被区别对待。如果与官员的关系可以被买卖，民主社会的基本信条（即政府应对人人平等）就会受到损害。良好的治理依靠的是对每个个体内在价值的理解。

在打击腐败以及行政不公方面，法院的这一判断是一次进步。

Part B

Directions：

The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G to filling them into the numbered box. Paragraphs B and D have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

[A]The first published sketch,―A Dinner at Poplar Walk‖brought tears to Dickens’s eyes when he discovered it in the pages of The Monthly Magazine. From then on his sketches,which appeared under the pen name ―Boz‖ in The Evening Chronicle, earned him a modest reputation.

[B]The runaway success of The Pickwick Papers, as it is generally known today, secured Dickens’s fame. There were Pickwick coats and Pickwick cigars, and the plump, spectacled hero, Samuel Pickwick, became a national figure.

[C]Soon after Sketches by Boz appeared, a publishing firm approached Dickens to write a story in monthly installments, as a backdrop for a series of woodcuts by the then-famous artist Robert Seymour, who had originated the idea for the story. With characteristic confidence,Dickens successfully insisted that Seymour’s pictures illustrate his own story instead. After the first installment, Dickens wrote to the artist and asked him to correct a drawing Dickens felt was not faithful enough to his prose. Seymour made the change, went into his backyard, and expressed his displeasure by committing suicide. Dickens and his publishers simply pressed on with a new artist. The comic novel, The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club, appeared serially in 1836 and 1837, and was first published in book form in 1837.

[D]Charles Dickens is probably the best-known and, to many people, the greatest English novelist of the 19th century. A moralist, satirist, and social reformer. Dickens crafted complex plots and striking characters that capture the panorama of English society.

[E]Soon after his father’s release from prison, Dic kens got a better job as errand boy in law offices. He taught himself shorthand to get an even better job later as a

court stenographer and as a reporter in Parliament. At the same time, Dickens, who had a reporter’s eye for transcribing the life around hi m especially anything comic or odd, submitted short sketches to obscure magazines.

[F] Dickens was born in Portsmouth, on England’s southern coast. His father was a clerk in the British navy pay office –a respectable position, but with little social status. His paternal grandparents, a steward and a housekeeper possessed even less status, having been servants, and Dickens later concealed their background. Dickens’s mother supposedly came from a more respectable family. Yet two years before Dickens’s birth, his mother’s father was caught stealing and fled to Europe, never to return. The family’s increasing poverty forced Dickens out of school at age 12 to work in Warren’s Blacking Warehouse, a shoe-polish factory, where the other working boys mocked him as ―the young gentleman.‖ His father was then imprisoned for debt. The humiliations of his father’s imprisonment and his labor in the blacking factory formed Dickens’s greatest wound and became his deepest secret. He could not confide them even to his wife, although they provide the unacknowledged foundation of his fiction.

[G] After Pickwick, Dickens plunged into a bleaker world. In Oliver Twist, he traces an orphan’s progress from the workhouse to the criminal slums of London. Nicholas Nickleby, his next novel, combines the darkness of Oliver Twist with the sunlight of Pickwick. The popularity of these novels consolidated Dickens’ as a nationally and internationally celebrated man of letters.

D 41. 42. 43. 44. B 45.

Part B

文章大意

本文节选自《查尔斯·狄更斯传记》，本文主要介绍了英国19世纪最伟大的小说家查尔斯·狄更斯的生平及其早期踏上文学之路的背景。

全文翻译

查尔斯·狄更斯也许最为人所熟知的身份是英国19世纪最伟大的小说家。一位道德家、讽刺作家以及社会改革者。狄更斯设计了复杂的细节以及能反映英国社会全貌的角色。

狄更斯出生于英格兰南部的海滨城市朴茨茅斯。他的父亲是英国海军军需处

职员，这是一个受人尊敬、却没什么社会地位的职位。他的祖父母均是仆人。作为仆人，他们的社会地位更加卑微。狄更斯日后隐瞒了他们的背景。然而，狄更斯出生的前两年，他的外公因偷窃被捕，随后逃离至欧洲，从此再没回来过。家庭与日俱增的贫穷迫使狄更斯在12岁的时候辍学，去Warren’s Blacking仓库打工，这是一家鞋油工厂，在那里，其他童工嘲笑他是“最年轻的绅士”。随后，他的父亲因无法偿还债务而入狱。他父亲坐牢以及自己鞋油厂打工经历的耻辱给狄更斯造成了巨大的伤害，也成了他最深处的秘密。他没将这些事告诉妻子，尽管这些事情为其小说的创作提供了不为人知的素材。

在父亲释放后不久，狄更斯找到了一份更好的工作——法律事务所的助理。为了在日后找到速记员或议会记者的工作，他自学了速记法。同时，狄更斯还以记者独有的视角记录着身边的生活，尤其是滑稽或荒诞的事物，狄更斯写成短篇小说投稿给了一些不知名的杂志社。

当狄更斯看到自己第一篇短篇小说《白杨路的主餐》公开发表在《月刊杂志》的时候，他潸然泪下。自那以后，他以笔名“博兹”在《记事晚报》上发表的短篇小说为他赢得了一定的赞誉。

在《博兹札记》发表之后，一家出版商邀请狄更斯以每月连载的形式来写故事，以此作为著名艺术家罗伯特·西摩某个木刻画系列的故事背景，这一想法最初是由西摩提出来的。由于特有的自信，狄更斯反而更坚持认为西摩的画作应该描绘他写的故事，他的这个要求最终得到了满足。在刊载了一期之后，狄更斯写信给西摩，要求他修改一副狄更斯认为不完全忠于其表述的画作。西摩对此作出了调整，其之后走进自家后院，并以自杀的方式表达了不满之情。之后，狄更斯和出版商立即启用一位新的艺术家接着完成工作。喜剧小说《匹克威克外传》在

1836年至1837年间以连载的形式刊登，并于1837年首次以图书的形式发表。

正如我们今天所知道的那样，《匹克威克外传》的成功确立了狄更斯的名声。当时出现了匹克威克外套、雪茄，而体型丰满、佩戴眼镜的英雄萨穆埃尔·匹克威克则成了全国名人。

《匹克威克外传》之后，狄更斯的写作进入到了一个愈加阴郁的世界。在《雾都孤儿》一书中，他描写了一个孤儿从济贫院到伦敦贫民窟的生活经历。其后一部小说《尼古拉斯·尼克贝》则融合了《雾都孤儿》的黑暗和《匹克威克外传》的阳光。这些小说的风靡巩固了狄更斯作为举国乃至全世界最出名的作家地位。

Part C

Directions

Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.

(10 points)

The growth of the use of English as the world`s primary language for international communication has obviously been continuing for several decades.

(46)But even as the number of English speakers expands further there are signs that the global predominance of the language may fade within the foreseeable future.

Complex international, economic, technological and cultural changes could start to diminish the leading position of English as the language of the world market, and UK interests which enjoy advantage from the breadth of English usage would consequently face new pressures. Those realistic possibilities are highlighted in the study presented by David Graddol.(47)His analysis should therefore end any self-contentedness among those who may believe that the global position of English is so stable that the young generation of the United Kingdom do not need additional language capabilities.

David Graddol concludes that monoglot English graduates face a bleak economic future as qualified multilingual youngsters from other countries are proving to have a competitive advantage over their British counterparts in global companies and

organizations. Alongside that,(48)many countries are introducing English into the primary-school curriculum but British schoolchildren and students do not appear to be gaining greater encouragement to achieve fluency in other languages.

If left to themselves, such trends will diminish the relative strength of the English language in international education markets as the demand for educational resources in languages, such as Spanish ,Arabic or Mandarin grows and international business process outsourcing in other language such as Japanese, French and German, spreads.

(49)The changes identified by David Graddol all present clear and major challenges to UK`s providers of English language teaching to people of other countries and to broader education business sectors.The English language teaching sector directly earns nearly &1.3 billion for the UK in invisible exports and our other education related explores earn up to &10 billion a year more. As the international education market expands, the recent slowdown in the number of international students studying in the main English-speaking countries is likely to continue, especially if there are no effective strategic policies to prevent such slippage.

The anticipation of possible shifts in demand provided by this study is significant:(50) It gives a basis to all organization which seek to promote the learning and a use of English, a basis for planning to meet possibilities of what could be a very different operating environment.That is a necessary and practical approach.In this as in much else, those who wish to influence the future must prepare for it.

Part C

Section III Translation

文章大意

本文节选自大卫·格拉德沃所著的English Next（《英语走向何方》）一书的序言部分，全文主要讨论了英语在当前国际形势下的发展状况及其受到的挑战。

全文翻译

英语作为国际交流的主要语言，使用人数的上升已经持续数十年了。(46)但即使当下英语使用者的人数还在进一步扩大，有迹象表明：在可预见的未来，英语可能会逐渐失去其全球主导的地位。

复杂的国际、经济、技术以及文化层面的变化逐渐开始削弱英语作为世界市场语言的领导地位，与此同时，得益于英语广泛使用的英国也将因此面临新的压力。大卫·格拉多尔在其研究中强调了这些现实的可能性。(47)因此，他的分析应当使一些人不再自满，这些人认为英语的国际地位如此稳固以至于觉得英国的年轻后辈不需要学习其他语言。

大卫·格拉多尔的结论是，仅仅会英语的毕业生将面临暗淡的经济前景，因为来自不同国家的优质的、掌握多门语言的年轻人正在证明他们比跨国公司及组织里的英语同行更具优势。(48)此外，许多国家正在将英语引入小学课程，但毫不夸张地说，英国学童和学生似乎没有受到更多的鼓励去学会流利地使用其他语言。

如果顺其自然的话，随着对西班牙语、阿拉伯语或普通话的教育资源需求的增加以及国际商务开展如日语、法语和德语这样语言外包的增多，这些趋势将会削弱英语在国际教育市场上的相对优势。

(49)大卫·格拉多尔所发现的变化给教授他国人士英语的英国机构以及更广阔的教育市场带来了清晰而重大的挑战。在无形的出口中，英语培训行业为英国直接赚取了约13亿英镑，而其他与教育相关的出口一年则可以赚100亿英镑。随着国际教育市场的扩张，近来在主要英语国家学习的留学生人数有所下降，且可能持续下降下去，尤其是如果没有更好的方式去阻止这一趋势的话。

该研究对可能发生的需求的变化所做的预期是具有重要意义的：(50)这给所有寻求推广英语学习和使用的机构提供了基础，该基础使它们能在不同的运营环境下应对可能出现的状况。这是种必要且实际的方法。在这个以及许多其他方面，那些希望去影响未来的人一定要对此做好准备。

2017考研英语翻译真题精析(20)

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