电子信息工程专业英语英译汉翻译

1 The transistor is what started the evolution of the modern computer industry in motion.

晶体管开启了现代电脑工业的革命

2 The storage cell only requires one capacitor and one transistor, whereas a flip-flop connected in an array requires 6 transistors.

存储单元仅需要一个电容和晶体管，并而不像触发器整列那样需要6个晶体管

3 There has been a never ending series of new op amps released each year since then, and their performance and reliability has improved to the point where present day op amps can be used for analog applications by anybody.

从此以后每年都有新系列的运放发布，他们的性能和可靠性得到了提升，如今任何人都能用运放来设计模拟电路。

4 This is capable of very high speed conversion and thus can accommodate high sampling rates, but in its basic form is very power hungry.

它具有高速转换能力，从而能适应高速采样速率，但它的基本形式非常耗电。

5 During the “on” period , energy is being stored within the core material of the inductor in the form of flux.

在”on”阶段，能量以涌浪形式存储在电感的核芯材料里面

6 The design goal of frequency synthesizers is to replace multiple oscillators in a system, and hence reduce board space and cost.

频率合成器的设计目标是取代系统中多个振荡器，从而减小板卡面积和成本。7 The faster clock rates and rise times increase both capacitive and inductive coupling effects, which makes crosstalk problems greater.

时钟和上升沿时间越快，将增强电容和电感耦合效应，从而导致串扰问题越严重

8 What allowed the creation of modern processors was the invention of the integrated circuit, which is a group of transistors manufactured from a single piece of material and connected together internally , without extra wiring.

使得现代处理器能够制造的因素是集成电路的发明，集成电路是一组制造在单块材料上的晶体管，他们在芯片内部相互连接而不需要外部连线。

9 It can function as a line driver , comparator ,amplifier, level shifter, oscillator, filter, signal conditioner, actuator driver, current source, voltage source, and etc.

它能用于线性驱动器，比较器，放大器，电平转换器，振荡器，滤波器，信号调理，电磁驱动器，电流，电压源等。

10 If we were to now digitally filter this sampled signal, we could remove approximately 3/4 of the noise, increasing the signal to noise ratio by a factor of 4 or 6dB.

如果我们用数字滤波方法处理采样信号，我们能去除大约3/4的噪音，把信噪比提高4到6分贝。

1、Many of the products and services in modern society are based upon the work of electrical engineers and computer scientists. The tremendous reduction over the last decade in the cost of digital electronic devices has led to an explosive growth in the use of computers and computation. At the same time, out increased understanding of computer science has made possible the development of new software systems of increased power, sophistication, and flexibility.

现在社会的许多产品和服务都是建立在电器工程师和计算机科学家的工作基础之。在过去几十年中，数字电子器件成本的大幅下降已经带来了计算机应用迅猛的增长。与此同时，人们对计算机科学认识的提高是的开发新的更强大，更复杂，更灵活的软件成为可能。

2、It is extremely hard to define dynamic range (DR) for an op amp, so let's start with a digital-to-analog converter (DAC)where DR is an defined as the ratio of the maximum output voltage to the smallest output voltage the DAC can produce.

由于很难定义运算放大器的“动态范围”（DR），因此先给“数模转换器”（DAC）的动态范围下定义。DAC的动态范围就是起最大输出电压和最小输出电压之比。

3、The available spectrum bandwidth is shared in number of ways by various wireless radio links. The way in which this is done is referred to as a multiple access scheme. there are basically four principle schemes. These are frequency division multiple access(FDMA), time division multiple access(TDMA), code division multiple access(CDMA), and space division multiple access(SDMA)

不同的无限射频链路以不同的方式公用频谱带宽。这些共用方式称为“多址模式”“频分多址”（FDMA）、“时分多址”（TDMA）、“码分多址”（CDMA)和“空分多址”（SDMA)是四种主要的多址模式。

4、Use of custom gate array logic, application specific integrated circuits(ASICs),ball grid arrays (BGAs), multichip modules(MCMs) and digital devices operating in the subnanosecond range present new and challenging opportunities for EMC engineers.

定制门阵陈列逻辑、专用集成电路、秋栅阵列、多芯片模块和呀纳米数字器件的使用为电磁兼容工程师提供了新的挑战性机遇。

5、Some digital logic IC and their and their analog counterplots(analog/digital converters,for example) are standard parts, or standard IC. You can select standard IC from catalogs and data books and buy them from distributors. Systems manufacturers and designers can use the same standard part in a variety of different microelectrionic systems( systems that use microelectronic or IC)

有些数字逻辑集成电路和模拟电路（如模数转换器）是标准器件或者标准集成点路。可以从产品目录和数据手册当中选择标准集成电路，从经销商处购买。系统制造商和设计人员可以在各种不同的微电子系统（“微电子系统”是指应用微电子技术和集成电路的系统）中使用相同的标准器件。

6、In November 1971, Intel introduced the world's first commercial microprocessor, the 4004, invented by three Intel engineers. Primitive by today's standards, it contained a mere 2300 transistors and performed about 6000calculations in a second. Today, the microprocessor is the most complex mass-produced product ever, with millions of transistors performing hundreds of millions of calculations each second.

1971年11月，英特尔公司的三位工程师发明了世界上受骗商用未处理器4004.以今天的标准看，4004是比较简单的。它仅包含2300个晶体管，在一秒内可执行约60000次运算。今天微处理器是最复杂的大量生产产品。它包含几百万个晶体管，一秒中可完成数亿次运算。

7、The same definition of DR can be used for an op amp. And the maximum output voltage swing equals VOUTMAX. This output voltage swing is defined as the maximum output voltage the op amp can achieve(VOH) minus the minimum output voltage the op amp can achieve (VOL).VOH and VOL ate easily obtainable from an op amp IC data sheet.

这个“动态范围”的定义也可以用于运算放大器，器最大输出电压摆幅为VOUTMAX输出电压摆幅定义为运算放大器能达到的最大输出电压减去嘴子输出电压。从运放集成电路数据手册中，可以很容易获得VOL和VOH

8、A resistor at high frequency acts like a series combination of inductance with

the resistor in parallel with a capacitor. A capacitor at high frequency acts like an inductor and resistor in series combination with the capacitor plates.

工作在高频的电阻表现为电感和并联的电阻、电容之间的级联。工作在高频的电容表现为电感、电阻和电容的级联。

9、The area served by mobile phone systems is divided into small areas known as cells. Each cell contains a base station that communication with mobiles in the cell by transmitting and receiving signals on radio links. The transmission from the base station to a mobile is typically referred to as downstream, forwardlink, or downlink. The corresponding terms for the transmission from a mobile to the base are upstream reverse-link, and uplink. Each bade station is associated with a mobile to the base ate upstream. Reverse-link, and uplink. Each base station is associated with a mobile switching center(MSC) that connects calls to and from the base to mobiles in other cells and the public switched telephone network.

移动电话系统的服务区划分为一个个“蜂窝”小区。每隔“蜂窝”小区都有一座基站；通过在无线链路上发送、接受信号，基站和“蜂窝”内移动用户通信。基站向移动用户发送信号称作“前向链路”或“下行链路”。移动用户向基站发送信号称作“反向链路”或“上行链路”。每个基站都要和“移动交换中心”联络，而MSC的作用是把来往于基站的呼叫和其他蜂窝的移动用户、公共交换电话网连接起来。

10、An ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuit) is a chip that is custom designed for a specific application rather than a general-purpose chip such as a microprocessor. The use of ASICs improves performance over general-purpose CPUs. Because ASIC are "hardwired" to do a specific job and do not incur the overhead of fetching and interpreting stored instructions. An ASIC chip performs an electronic operation as fast as it is possible to do so, providing, of course, that the circuit design is efficiently constructed

“专用集成电路”不是微处理器这样的通用芯片，而是一种为特殊用途设计的定制芯片。和通用CPU相比，使用专用集成电路可以提高性能。因为专用集成电路是使用硬连线完胜距离工作的，并不需要为取指令和解释指令付出开销。专用集成电路芯片能够以尽可能快的速度完成一项电子操作；当然，器电路设计应该具有搞笑的结构。

1、The primary reason for processing real-world signals is to extract information from them. This information normally exists in the form of signal amplitude(absolute or relative),frequency or spectral content, phase, or timing relationships with respect to other signals. Once the desired information is extracted from the signal, it may be uses in a number of ways.

“提取信息”是对现实世界信号进行处理的主要原因。通常，信息的存在在形式是信号幅度（绝对幅度或相对幅度）、频率（或频谱成分、相位（或者和其他信号之间的时序关系）。一旦把有用信息从信号中提取出来，就能以多种方式使用这些信息。

2、The term octave means a factor of two in frequency. On the piano, one octave comprises eight white keys, accounting for the name(octo is Latin for eight). In other word, the piano's frequency doubles after every seven white keys, and the entire keyboard spans a little over seven octaves. The range of human hearing is generally quoted as 20Hz to 20KHz, corresponding to about 1/2xoctave to the left, and two octaves to the right of the piano keyboard.

Octave ("八度音阶”或“倍频程”是指频率上的两倍关系。在钢琴上，一个“八度音阶”包括八个白的琴键，这就是octave 得名的原因（在拉丁文中，octo代表“八”）换句话说，每隔七个白色琴键之后，钢琴的频率就加倍，而整个键盘跨越了七个多一点的“八度音阶”。通常认为人类听了范围在20Hz到20KHz之间，这两个频率分别对应与钢琴键盘左边约1/2“八度”处的频率和钢琴键盘右边两个“八度”处的频率。

3、The three-dimensional world is imaged by the lens of the human eye onto the retina, which is populated with photoreceptor cells that respond to light having

wavelengths in the range of about 400nm to 700nm. In an imaging system, we build a camera having a lens and a photosensitive device, to mimic how the world is perceived by vision.

通过人眼成像系统，三维世界成像在视网膜上。视网膜上遍布着光接受细胞，这些细胞对400~700nm的光有反应。在成像系统当中，我们用镜头和光敏器件组成照相机来模拟人类视觉观察世界的方式。

4、Hardware means machinery and equipment (CPU, disks, tapes, modem, cables, etc.). In operation, a computer is both hardware and software. One is useless without the other. The hardware design specifies the commands it can follow, and the instructions tell it what to do.

"硬件”就是机器和设备（如处理器，磁盘，磁带，调制解调器和电缆等）。计算机在运行时需要硬件，也需要软件，没有了哪一个都不行。硬件设计制定可计算机能够遵循的指令，而指令告诉计算机该做什么。

5、The term"wave"can be defined as a pattern of varying quantitative value that repeats over some interval of time. Waves are common in nature : sound waves, brain waves, ocean waves, light waves, voltage waves, and many more. All are periodically repeating phenomena. Signal sources are usually concerned with producing electrical(typically voltage) waves that repeat in a controllable manner.

"波”可以被定义为每隔一段时间重复出现的、由变化树枝构成的曲线。在自然界中，波是很常见的——如声波、脑电波、海浪、光波和电压波形等——这都是周期性出现的现象。信号源通常产生重复出现可控的电气波形。

6、Another requirement for signal processing is to compress the frequency content of the signal(without losing significant information )then format and transmit the information at lower data rates, thereby achieving a reduction in required channel bandwidth. High speed ,modems and adaptive pulse code modulation systems (ADPCM)make extensive use of date reduction algorithms, as do digital mobile radio systems, MPEG recording and playback, and High Definition Television (HDTV)

信号处理还可以满足以下需求：在不损失重要信息的前提下，对信号的频率成分进行压缩、赋予新的格式并以低数据率进行传输，从而减小可用带宽。和数字移动射频系统、MPEG录放设备和高清晰度电视一样，在告诉调制解调器和“子适应差分脉冲调制系统”ADPCM中也大量使用数据压缩算法。

7、In computing, a display is described by the count of pixels across the width and height of the image. Conventional television would be denoted 633*483, which indicates 483 picture lines. But any display system involves some scanning overhead, so the total number of lines in the raster of conventional video is necessarily greater than 483

在计算机领域，显示器用图像宽、高方向上的像素进行描述。常规电视表示644*483，这以为这483条图像线。不过，显示系统都包含一些用于扫描的开销；因此，常规视频扫描的总线数一定大于483

8、Firmware is a category of memory chips that hold their content without electrical power and include ROM,PROM, EPROM and EEPROM technologies. Firmware becomes"hard software"when holding program code.

固件是无需电源而能保存内容的存储芯片，包括ROM、PROM、EPROM和EEPROM。在存储了程序代码之后，过肩就成为一种硬的软件。

9、Waveforms have many characteristic but their key properties pertain to amplitude, frequency, and phase. The amplitude, frequency, and phase characteristic of waveform are the building blocks a signal source use to optimize waveforms for almost any application.

“数字多用表”是一种用来测量电学量（电压、电流、电阻）的仪表。“数字多用表”的用途广泛、形状多样、尺寸各异。“模拟多用表”在音质刻度上移动指针来

现实结果。虽然指针移动有利于显示渐进的变化，但精确度却不如数字显示。“数

字多用表”在数字液晶读出器或者发光二极管读出器上现实精确的测量结果。

10、An oscilloscope is a test instrument that displays electronic signals (waves and pulses) on a screen. It creates its own time base against which signals can be measured.

“示波器”是一种在屏幕上显示电信好（波形和脉冲）的测量仪器。“示波器”能够产生“时基”用来进行信号测量

1、differential signals are those that use two commentary paths carrying copies of the same signal in equal and opposite polarity (relative to ground).

差分信号是指使用两路互补通道的信号。两路互补通道分别以正反极性传输同一个信号。

2、A real-time system is a computer system that response to input signals fast enough to keep an operation moving at its required speed.

“实时系统”是这样一种计算机系统：它能够对输入信号快速响应来维持所需的处理速度

3、The JPEG(Joint Photographic Experts Group) is used for compressing continuous-tone still pictures. JPEG was developed by photographic experts working under the joint auspices of ITU, ISO and IEC.

JPEG(联合图像专家组）用来对连续色调静止图像进行压缩。JPEG是由ITU、ISO 和IEC共同支持的图像专家开发出来的。

4、The noise is an extraneous signal that invades an electrical transmission.it can come from strong electrical or magnetic signals in nearby lines, from poorly fitting electrical contacts, and from power line spikes. “噪声”是一种侵入到电气传输中的无关信号。“噪声”来源可能是附近电线的强电磁信号、匹配欠佳的电气连接和电力线尖锋信号。

5、Digital signal processing is an essential element of countless home and business systems. Its domain can only increase as time proceeds. Thus , DSP is becoming an essential area of expertise for technologists and engineers

数字信号处理是无数家用和商用系统的关键部分，其应用领域与日俱增。因此，DSP正在成为技术专家和工程师专业知识的重要组成部分之一。

6、Rise and fall time are measures of the time it takes the signal edge to make a transition from on state to another. In modern digital circuitry, these values are usually several nanoseconds.

“上升时间”和下降时间是指信号边沿进行状态转换所用的时间。在现代数字电路中，器数值通常是几个纳秒。

7、Real-Time Operation System is an operating system designed for use in a real-tome computer system.

“实时操作系统”是专为“实时计算机系统”设计的操作系统。

8、As high-speed digital systems become more complex, it is becoming increasingly difficult to mange timings and signal integrity

随着高速数字系统变得越来越复杂，时序和信号完整性的实现也越来越困难。

9、In digital designs the occurrence of crosstalk is very widespread. Crosstalk will whenever the electromagnetic fields from different structures interact

在数字系统中，串扰是非常普遍的。在芯片上、印制电路版上、芯片封装上和连

接电缆上都可以出现串扰。

10、These are several reasons to use Flash memory instead of a hard disk: Flash memory allows faster access. It is noiseless, lighter and smaller in size and has no moving parts.

不用硬盘而采用闪存的理由有好几个：闪存的存取速度更快、不产生噪声、重量更轻、尺寸更小、而且没有活动的部件

1、Microprocessors ate the brains of your personal computer. Here on this tiny silicon chip are millions of switches and pathways that help your computer make important decisions and perform helpful tasks. And microprocessors don't just think for computers-you might find a processor in many other everyday items like your telephone or car.

微处理器是个人计算机的神经中枢。在这个小小的硅片上集成了数以百万的开关和数据通路，它们帮助计算机做出重要的决定和完成有意义的任务。但微处理器不是只为计算机而设计的。人们可以在电话、汽车等许多日常物品中发现处理器。

2、The Chebyshev equal ripple filter distributes the roll-off across the whole passband. It introduces more ripples in the passband but provides a sharper roll-off in the transition region. This type of filter has poorer transient and step responses due to its higher Q values in the stages of the tilter

切比雪服等波纹滤波器的频域滚降分布在整个通带范围内。其通带内波纹较多、而过渡区的滚降比较陡峭。引起在滤波过程中的Q值较高，切比雪服等波纹滤波器的暂态响应和阶跃响应较差。

3、SPICE( Simulation Program with Integrated Circuit Emphasis) is a program widely used to simulate the performance of analog electronic systems and mixed mode analog and digital systems. SPICE solves sets of non-linear differential equations in the frequency domain, steady state and time domain and can simulate the behaviour of transistor and gate designs.

SPICE（侧重集成电路的仿真程序）是一个广泛用于模拟电路混合电路仿真的程序。SPICE解决了多组建立在频域、稳态和时域的非线性方程，从而能够对晶体管和门电路的设计行为进行模拟

4、In TDMA and FDMA systems a frequency channel used in a cell is not used in adjacent cells to prevent co-channel interference. In a CDMA system it is possible to use the same frequency channel in adjacent cells and thus increase the system capacity

在TDMA和FDMA系统中，为了防止信道间干扰，某个蜂窝小区使用感动额频道不会被临近蜂窝小区使用。在CDMA系统中，可以在临近蜂窝小区中使用相同频率，从而增加了系统容量。

5、A soft core is a block of logic for a particular function that is designed to be implemented in a programmable logic chip (PLD)or on a programmable section of a microcontroller chip or system on a chip (Sock).depending on the vendor, the logic can come as schematic ,netlist of HDL code. Soft cores may be implemented with hard cores on a chip.

“软核”是在可变成逻辑芯片上或在微控器、片上系统的可编程部分实现的。根据生产商的不同，逻辑功能可能以原理图、网表或者硬件描述语言代码的形式提供。软核可以用芯片上的硬核来实现。

6、The primary reason for processing real-world signals is to extract information from them. This information normally exists in the form of signal amplitude(absolute or relative),frequency or spectral content, phase, or timing relationships with respect to other signals. Once the desired information is extracted from the signal, it may be uses in a number of ways.

“提取信息”是对现实世界信号进行处理的主要原因。通常，信息的存在在形式是信号幅度（绝对幅度或相对幅度）、频率（或频谱成分、相位（或者和其他信号之间的时序关系）。一旦把有用信息从信号中提取出来，就能以多种方式使用这些信息。

7、The term octave means a factor of two in frequency. On the piano, one octave comprises eight white keys, accounting for the name(octo is Latin for eight). In other word, the piano's frequency doubles after every seven white keys, and the entire keyboard spans a little over seven octaves. The range of human hearing is generally quoted as 20Hz to 20KHz, corresponding to about 1/2xoctave to the left, and two octaves to the right of the piano keyboard.

Octave ("八度音阶”或“倍频程”是指频率上的两倍关系。在钢琴上，一个“八度音阶”包括八个白的琴键，这就是octave 得名的原因（在拉丁文中，octo代表“八”）换句话说，每隔七个白色琴键之后，钢琴的频率就加倍，而整个键盘跨越了七个多一点的“八度音阶”。通常认为人类听了范围在20Hz到20KHz之间，这两个频率分别对应与钢琴键盘左边约1/2“八度”处的频率和钢琴键盘右边两个“八度”处的频率。

8、The three-dimensional world is imaged by the lens of the human eye onto the retina, which is populated with photoreceptor cells that respond to light having wavelengths in the range of about 400nm to 700nm. In an imaging system, we build a camera having a lens and a photosensitive device, to mimic how the world is perceived by vision.

通过人眼成像系统，三维世界成像在视网膜上。视网膜上遍布着光接受细胞，这些细胞对400~700nm的光有反应。在成像系统当中，我们用镜头和光敏器件组成照相机来模拟人类视觉观察世界的方式。

9、Hardware means machinery and equipment (CPU, disks, tapes, modem, cables, etc.). In operation, a computer is both hardware and software. One is useless without the other. The hardware design specifies the commands it can follow, and the instructions tell it what to do.

"硬件”就是机器和设备（如处理器，磁盘，磁带，调制解调器和电缆等）。计算机在运行时需要硬件，也需要软件，没有了哪一个都不行。硬件设计制定可计算机能够遵循的指令，而指令告诉计算机该做什么。

10、The term "wave" can be defined as a pattern of varying quantitative value that repeats over some interval of time. Waves are common in nature : sound waves, brain waves, ocean waves, light waves, voltage waves, and many more. All are periodically repeating phenomena. Signal sources are usually concerned with producing electrical (typically voltage) waves that repeat in a controllable manner.

"波”可以被定义为每隔一段时间重复出现的、由变化树枝构成的曲线。在自然界中，波是很常见的——如声波、脑电波、海浪、光波和电压波形等——这都是周期性出现的现象。信号源通常产生重复出现可控的电气波形。

1、Many systems operate at high frequencies at which conductors no longer behave as simple wires, but instead exhibit high-frequency effects and behave as transmission lines. If there transmission lines are not handled properly, they can unintentionally ruin system timing.

许多系统功过在高频上，导体在这些频率上不再仅仅表芯为导线，而是展现出高频效应并表现为传输线。如果没有正确处理这些传输线，就可能在无意中破坏了系统时序。

2、Memory can be split into two main categories: Volatile and nonvolatile. Volatile memory loses its content when the system is powered off, most types of RAM fall into this category. Nonvolatile memory does not lose its data when the system or device is tuned off

存储器可以分为两大类“易失的和非易失的。易失存储器在系统掉电后就丢失了

其存储内容。非易失存储器系统或者器件掉电之后不会丢失数据。

3、Ohm's law is stated as V=IR, and it is fundamental to all electronic. Ohm's law can be applied to a single component, to any group of components, or to a complete circuit, when the current flowing through any portion of a circuit is known, the voltage dropped across that portion of the circuit is obtained by multiplying the current times the resistance.

在电子技术各领域中，欧姆定律都是基本定律。欧姆定律可表述为V=IR。欧姆定律可应用于单个器件、一组器件或一个完整电路。当已知流过电路中个部分的电流时，其电压降可有电阻和电流的乘积获得。

4、The same definition of DR can be used for an op amp. And the maximum output voltage swing equals VOUTMAX. This output voltage swing is defined as the maximum output voltage the op amp can achieve(VOH) minus the minimum output voltage the op amp can achieve (VOL).VOH and VOL ate easily obtainable from an op amp IC data sheet.

这个“动态范围”的定义也可以用于运算放大器，器最大输出电压摆幅为VOUTMAX输出电压摆幅定义为运算放大器能达到的最大输出电压减去嘴子输出电压。从运放集成电路数据手册中，可以很容易获得VOL和VOH

5、A video system conveys image data in the form of a component that represents brightness, and two other components that represent color. It is important to convey the brightness component in such a way that noise introduced in transmission processing, and storage has a perceptually similar effect across the entire tone scale from black to white.

视频系统采用一个亮度分量和两个四菜分量的形式传送图像数据。亮度分量的传输是很重要的；因为在传输、处理和存储过程中引入的噪声也会引起和亮度相似的感知效应，而且覆盖整个“从黑到白”的范围。6、It is extremely hard to define dynamic range (DR) for an op amp, so let's start with a digital-to-analog converter (DAC)where DR is an defined as the ratio of the maximum output voltage to the smallest output voltage the DAC can produce.

由于很难定义运算放大器的“动态范围”（DR），因此先给“数模转换器”（DAC）的动态范围下定义。DAC的动态范围就是起最大输出电压和最小输出电压之比。

7、The primary reason for processing real-world signals is to extract information from them. This information normally exists in the form of signal amplitude(absolute or relative),frequency or spectral content, phase, or timing relationships with respect to other signals. Once the desired information is extracted from the signal, it may be uses in a number of ways.

“提取信息”是对现实世界信号进行处理的主要原因。通常，信息的存在在形式是信号幅度（绝对幅度或相对幅度）、频率（或频谱成分、相位（或者和其他信号之间的时序关系）。一旦把有用信息从信号中提取出来，就能以多种方式使用这些信息。

8、In computing, a display is described by the count of pixels across the width and height of the image. Conventional television would be denoted 633*483, which indicates 483 picture lines. But any display system involves some scanning overhead, so the total number of lines in the raster of conventional video is necessarily greater than 483.

在计算机领域，显示器用图像宽、高方向上的像素进行描述。常规电视表示644*483，这以为这483条图像线。不过，显示系统都包含一些用于扫描的开销；因此，常规视频扫描的总线数一定大于483

9、Digital signal processing is an essential element of countless home and business systems. Its domain can only increase as time proceeds. Thus , DSP is becoming an essential area of expertise for technologists and engineers.

数字信号处理是无数家用和商用系统的关键部分，其应用领域与日俱增。因此，DSP正在成为技术专家和工程师专业知识的重要组成部分之一。

10、A soft core is a block of logic for a particular function that is designed to be implemented in a programmable logic chip (PLD)or on a programmable section of a microcontroller chip or system on a chip (Sock).depending on the vendor, the logic can come as schematic ,netlist of HDL code. Soft cores may be implemented with hard cores on a chip.

“软核”是在可变成逻辑芯片上或在微控器、片上系统的可编程部分实现的。根据生产商的不同，逻辑功能可能以原理图、网表或者硬件描述语言代码的形式提供。软核可以用芯片上的硬核来实现。

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Lesson One: The Time Message Elwood N, Chapman 新的学习任务开始之际，千头万绪，最重要的是安排好时间，做时间的主人。本文作者提出了7点具体建议，或许对你有所启迪。 1 Time is tricky. It is difficult to control and easy to waste. When you look a head, you think you have more time than you need. For Example,at the beginning of a semester, you may feel that you have plenty of time on your hands, but toward the end of the term you may suddenly find that time is running out. You don't have enough time to cover all your duties (duty), so you get worried. What is the answer? Control! 译：时间真是不好对付，既难以控制好，又很容易浪费掉，当你向前看时，你觉得你的时间用不完。例如，在一个学期的开始，你或许觉得你有许多时间，但到学期快要结束时，你会突然发现时间快用光了，你甚至找不出时间把所有你必须干的事情干完，这样你就紧张了。答案是什么呢？控制。 2 Time is dangerous. If you don't control it, it will control you. I f you don't make it work fo r you, it will work against you. So you must become the master of time, not its servant. As a first-year college student, time management will be your number one Problem. 译：时间是危险的，如果你控制不了时间，时间就会控制你，如果你不能让时间为你服务，它就会起反作用。所以，你必须成为时间的主人，而不是它的奴仆，作为刚入学的大学生，妥善安排时间是你的头等大事。 3 Time is valuable. Wasting time is a bad habit. It is like a drug. The more time you waste,the easier it is to go on wasting time. If seriously wish to get the most out of college, you must put the time message into practice. 译：时间是珍贵的，浪费时间是个坏习惯，这就像毒品一样，你越浪费时间，就越容易继续浪费下去，如果你真的想充分利用上大学的机会，你就应该把利用时间的要旨付诸实践。 Message1. Control time from the beginning. 4 Time is today, not tomorrow or next week. Start your plan at the Beginning of the term. 译：抓紧时间就是抓紧当前的时间，不要把事情推到明天或是下周，在学期开始就开始计划。 Message2. Get the notebook habit. 5 Go and buy a notebook today, Use it to plan your study time each day. Once a weekly study plan is prepared, follow the same pattern every week with small changes. Sunday is a good day to make the Plan for the following week.

句子翻译练习(汉译英)

一、翻译下列句子，注意选词： 1.人民现在为什么拥护我们？就是这十几年有发展。 2.由于全球气候变暖，海平面在一点点地上升。 3.改革开放也使民族精神获得了解放。 4.我们的企业应着重提高国际竞争力。 5.中国的现代化建设离不开与世界各国的经济合作与贸易往来。 6.湖区水位提高可能要危及竹子的生长。这意味着以竹子为食物的大熊猫也将 受到威胁。 参考译文： 1.Why do people support us? Because our economy has been developing. 2.The sea level is rising little by little in the consequence of global warming. 3.Reforms and the open policy have also emancipated the minds of the people. 4.We need to be enhancing international competitiveness. 5.China’s modernization is inseparable from her economic cooperation and trade ties with other nations. 6.Higher water levels in the lake area may endanger the growing of bamboos, which means giant pandas that feed on these plants will suffer, too. 二、物称与人称（翻译下列句子，注意运用物称表达法） 我想到希望，忽然害怕起来了。 他气得话也说不出来。 我一时想不起他的名字。 我疏忽了这个问题。 我兴奋得什么话都说不出来。 走过草地几步，我们就到了一个华丽的大酒店。 你只消仔细比较一下，就会发现不同。 一看到那棵大树，我便想起了童年的情景。 恕我孤陋寡闻，对此关系一无所知。 凭良心讲，你待我礼貌有加，我却受之有愧。 参考译文： The access of hope made me suddenly afraid. Anger choked his words. His name escaped me for the moment. This point slipped my attention. Excitement deprived me of all power of utterance. A few steps across the lawn brought me to a large, splendid hotel.

02英译汉基本步骤

The most important fact in Washington’s failure on Thursday to be re-elected for the first time since 1947 to the U.N.Human Rights Commission is that it was America’s friends,not its enemies,that engineered the defeat 一、确定主干 The most important fact in Washington’s failure on Thursday to be re-elected for the first time since 1947 to the U.N.Human Rights Commission is that it was America’s friends,not its enemies,that engineered the defeat 二、分析意群（表达一串独立意义的词） The most important fact (in Washington’s failure on Thursday to be re-elected for the first time since 1947to the U.N.Human Rights Commission)is that it was America’s friends,not its enemies,that engineered the defeat 三、切分意群 The most important fact (in Washington’s failure on Thursday to be re-elected for the first time since 1947to the U.N.Human Rights Commission) is that it was America’s friends,not its enemies,that engineered the defeat 切分出去作为独立的句子 四、转译原则 The most important fact (in Washington’s failure on Thursday to be re-elected for the first time since 1947to the U.N.Human Rights Commission) is that it was America’s friends,not its enemies,that engineered the defeat failure →派生名词→变为动词 Washington failed on Thursday to be re-elected for the first time since 1947 to the U.N.Human Rights Commission 五、明确词义 The most important fact is that it was America’s friends,not its enemies,that engineered the defeat Smart →My eyes smarted. 刺痛 flag：v. 下降 engineered 导致 六、转序原则 Washington’s failure on Thursday to be re-elected for the first time since 1947 to the U.N.Human Rights Commission. 英语中时间状语和地点状语在地点的中间 中文需要调整 Washington→首都指代国家 最终翻译：本周四美国自1947年以来首次未能再次入选联合国人权委员会，其中引人注目的一点在于是美国的盟友而不是敌人导致了它的失利

大学英语翻译答案

Unit1 1. 背离传统需要极大的勇气。(departure, enormous) {It takes an enormous amount of courage to make a departure from the tradition.} 2. 汤姆过去很腼腆，但这次却非常勇敢能在大庭广众面前上台表演了。(performance, bold) {Tom used to be very shy, but this time he was bold enough to give a performance in front of a large audience.} 3. 很多教育家认为从小培养孩子的创新精神是很可取的。 (creative, desirable) {Many educators think it desirable to foster the creative spirit in the child at an early age.} 4. 假设（assume）那幅画确实是名作（masterpiece），你觉得值得购买吗？(worthwhile) {Assuming (that) this painting really is a masterpiece, do you think it's worthwhile to buy / purchase it?} 5. 如果这些数据统计上是站得住脚的，那它将会帮助我们认识正在调查的问题。(throw light on , investigate, valid) {If the data is statistically valid, it will throw light on the problem we are investigating.} Unit2 1) 该公司否认其捐款有商业目的。(deny, commercial) {The company denied that its donations had a commercial purpose.} 2) 每当他生气的时候，他说话就有一点结巴。(stammer) {Whenever he was angry, he would begin to stammer slightly.} 3) 教育是我们家庭最看重的传统，这就是为什么我父母从不带我到昂贵的饭店吃饭，却送我到最好的私立学校上学。(cherish) {Education is the most cherished tradition in our family. That’s why my parents never took me to dinner at expensive restaurants, but sent me to the best private school.} 4) 手术康复后不久，他失业了，因此经历了人生的又一个困难阶段。(shortly after, go through) {Shortly after he recovered from the surgery, he lost his job and thus had to go through another difficult phase of his life.} 5) 与我们的富裕邻居相比，我们的父母就相当穷了，但是他们总是努力满足我们最起码的需求。(affluent, minimal) {In contrast to our affluent neighbors, my parents are rather poor, but they have always tried hard to meet our minimal needs.} Unit3 1) 科学家们找到火星上有水的证据了吗？(proof) {Have scientists found proof of water on Mars?} 2) 计划委员会已经将建核电厂的可能地点缩小到了两个沿海城镇。(location, narrow down) {The planning committee has narrowed down the possible locations for the nuclear power plant to two coastal towns.} 3) 任何一个有尊严的人都不会一辈子依靠社会救济过活。(welfare)

综合英语 1 课后翻译答案精编版

Unit 1 1.他对这次面试中可能提到的问题作好了准备。（confront） He has prepared answers to the questions that he may confront during the interview. 2.他悲惨的遭遇深深打动了我们，使我们几乎哭出声来。（touch） His sad experience touched us so deeply that we nearly cried. 3.他们俩手挽着手沿着河边散步，有说有笑。(hand in hand) The two of them are walking hand in hand along the riverbank, chatting and laughing. 4.听到这令人激动的消息之后，他眼睛里涌出欢乐的泪水。(well up) When he heard the exciting news, tears of joy welled up in his eyes. 5.上海人容易听懂苏州话，因为上海话和苏州话有许多共同之处。(in common) People from Shanghai can understand Suzhou dialect with ease, for Shanghai dialect and Suzhou dialect have much in common. 6.亨利和妻子正在考虑能不能在3年内买一幢新房子。(look into) Henry and his wife are looking into the possibility of buying a new house within three years. 7.女儿再三请求到国外去深造，他最终让步了。（give in to） He finally gave in to his daughter’s repeated requests to further her education abroad. 8.我们在动身去度假之前把所有的贵重物品都锁好了。（lock away） We locked all our valuables away before we went on holiday. 9.虽然咱们分手了，但我希望咱们依然是好朋友，像以前一样互相关心，互相帮助。(part) Although we have parted from each other, I hope that we will remain good friends and that we will care for and help each other just as we used to. 10.在紧急关头，军长召集全体军官开会，制定新的克敌战略战术。（summon） At the critical moment, the army commander summoned all the officers to work out new strategies and tactics to conquer the enemy. Unit 2 1.一个由外交部长率领的政府代表团昨天抵达南非，开始对该国进行为期3天的友好访问。（head） A government delegation headed by the Minister of Foreign Affairs arrived in South Africa yesterday, starting a three-day friendly visit to the country. 2.看看这些讽刺社会弊端的漫画实在好笑。（awfully funny） It is awfully funny to look at these caricatures which satirize social ills. 3.计算机是最有用的教学工具之一，所有的功课以及所有的问题和答案都可在屏幕上显示出来。（show on a screen） Computers are one of the most useful teaching tools, for all your lessons as well as all the questions and all the answers can be shown on a screen. 4.张利的母亲前天突然病倒，他赶紧派人请来医生。（send for） Zhang Li’s mother fell ill the day before yesterday, so he sent for a doctor immediately.

汉译英句子翻译原则

1. 主语的确定 ?主语的三种处理方法： ?①以原句主语作译文主语 ?直接法 ?②重新确定主语 ?间接法 ?③增补主语 ?添加法 ?①直接法 ?例句1：我们的房子是一百多年前制造的。 ?Our house was built over a hundred years ago. ?例句2：我是地球人。 ?I come from the earth. ?例句3：如果不恰当地处理，锅炉及机动车辆排出的废气就会造成城市空气污染。 ?Exhaust from boilers and vehicles, unless properly treated, causes air pollution in cities. ?例句4：如果说，词汇是语言的“建筑材料”，那么，句子便是文章的“基本部件”。 ?If vocabulary is the “building materials” for language, sentences are the “fundamental parts” of writing. ?例句5：中国有两点是靠得住的，一是讲原则，二是说话算数。 ?China can be counted on. Among other things, first, it upholds principles and second, it honors its words. ?例句6：人有失错，马有漏蹄。 ?As a horse may tumble, a man may make mistakes. ?非常简单

?文化差异 ?应用有限 ?②间接法 ?中英文表达的习惯不同 ?语言地道，句式多样 ?例句7：世纪之交，中国外交空前活跃。 ?译法1（直接法）：At the turn of the century, China is very active in its diplomatic activities. ?译法2（间接法）：The turn of the century finds China most active on the diplomatic arena. ?例句8：1964年十月中国爆炸了第一颗原子弹，使世界大为震惊。 ?译法1：In October, 1964, China blasted its first atomic bomb, which shocked the rest of the world significantly. ?译法2：China’s first atomic blast in October, 1964 was a great shock to the rest of the world. ?例句9：胎又瘪了。 ?译法1：We’ve got another flat tire. ?译法2：Our tire is flat again. ?例句10：人不可貌相，海水不可斗量。 ?译法1：It is impossible to judge people from their appearance, and impossible to measure the ocean by pints. ?译法2：We cannot judge people from their appearance, just as we cannot measure the ocean by pints. ?回忆：海纳百川，有容乃大。 ?③增补法 ?推敲语境 ?考虑英语语法习惯和行文的需要。

大学英语翻译教学_现状与对策

大学英语翻译教学:现状与对策 李忠华 (东莞理工学院外语系,广东东莞 523808) 摘 要:基于对不同版本5大学英语教学大纲6之解读,文章对当前我国面向大学英语的翻译教学之现状进行了综合性分析,针对目前翻译教学中存在的问题探讨了相应的对策。 关键词:大学英语翻译教学;问题;对策 Abstr act:This paper i ntends to present a comprehensive analysis of the present situation i n the teaching of trans lation to non-English majors in Ch i na on the basis of analyzing different versions of College English Teaching Syllabus,and to discuss current problems in the teaching of translation to non-English maj ors and constructive countermeasures. Key Wor ds:teaching of translation to non_English maj ors;problems;countermeasures 中图分类号:H059 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1004-6038(2007)09-0047-03 1.引言 英语翻译教学中存在的问题随着英语学习者的反应、翻译水平和能力测试的反馈信息以及用人单位的反馈意见而逐渐浮现。罗选民(2002)按照学习者的专业属性把翻译的教学对象分为大学翻译教学和专业翻译教学两大类别。为了避免概念混淆,笔者把前者称之为大学英语翻译教学,后者为英语专业翻译教学。目前,英语翻译教学关注的焦点集中在后者,即英语专业翻译教学,而前者却处于翻译教学与研究之边缘地带。本文拟就我国大学英语翻译教学的现状进行分析,并探讨其对策。 2.大学英语翻译教学现状 目前,大学英语翻译教学处于英语翻译教学研究之边缘地带。此现状从我国翻译界学者们关于德利尔(Jean Deli sle)所提出的/翻译教学0(Pedagogy of Translation)与/教学翻译0(Pedagogical T ransla 2tion)之辩论即可窥其一斑。关于上述争议,普遍的观点是:翻译教学的重心为翻译技巧与知识之传授,旨在培养翻译之专才;而教学翻译被视为外语教学手段之一,旨在帮助学生掌握相关语言点,从而提高其外语水平。诚然,翻译教学与教学翻译在关注的重点方面的确存在差异。然而,在我国翻译教学研究领域普遍存在的一种观点是:/教学翻译指语言教学中的中外互译,它对译文的要求较低,比较适合与翻译专业课之外的其他形式的外语教学;而作为教学目的的翻译教学则是专业的,它对译文的要求较高0(罗选民,2002)。众所周知,在我国的英语教学中,教学翻译主要应用于大学英语教学而很少应用于英语专业教学。笔者以为,译界学者之重翻译教学而轻教学翻译的态度有将教学翻译边缘化之嫌。事实上,教学翻译的确被边缘化,甚至有研究者有失偏颇地将翻译教学之不良影响归咎于教学翻译(裴剑波,2003)。 教学翻译边缘化的直接影响之一就是大学英语翻译教学在翻译教学领域的边缘化。不仅如此,在大学英语教学领域,翻译教学也被边缘化了。首先,作为指导及检查大学英语教学的纲领性文件5大学英语教学大纲6,对于翻译教学并没有给予足够的重视。我国大学英语教学发展的进程中主要有四部教学大纲:即5大学英语教学大纲6(高等学校理工本科用)(1985年版,后简称5理工科大纲6)、5大学英语教学大纲6(高等学校文理科本科用)(1986年版,后简称5文理科大纲6)、5大学英语教学大纲(修订本)6(高等学校本科用)(1999年版,以下简称5新大纲6)和5大学英语课程教学要求(试行)6(2004年版)。在上述四部教学大纲中,5理工科大纲6指出大学英语教学目的是培养学生具有较强的阅读能力,一定的听和译的能力,并根据大学英语教学基础阶段和专业阅读两个阶段的差异,对学生在翻译能力 方面给出了具体的规定。然而,1986年版的5文理科大纲6则只是强调语言基础教学,强调培养学生的阅读和听的能力,而对学生在翻译方面的能力却没有提出任何要求。1999年版的5新大纲6在其教学目的中重新提及了培养学生的翻译能力,其重点仍然为培养学生具有较强的阅读能力和一定的听、说、读、写、译能力,尽管在翻译能力方面它要求兼顾到学生英译汉和汉译英两方面的能力。5新大纲6的一个亮点是针对大学英语教学的不同的阶段对学生的翻译能力提出了不同的具体的要求。2004年版5大学英语课程教学要求(试行)6的教学目标集中在培养学生的英语综合应用能力,特别是听说能力方面。它与5新大纲6在对学生翻译能力培养方面的一个共同之处就是根据大学英语教学的一般要求、较高要求和更高要求等三个层次的不同分别提出了不同的具体要求。从上述教学大纲内容分析不难看出,翻译教学在大学英语教学中处于边缘化地位。 3.大学英语的翻译教学中存在的问题 翻译教学在大学英语教学中的边缘化,使得大学英语翻译教学所面临的问题日益凸现。 1翻译课程的设置处于尴尬的境地。据笔者不完全统计,面向作者简介:李忠华(1972-),讲师,硕士,研究方向:应用语言学,翻译研究收稿日期:2007-04-25(修改稿) 2007年第9期总第222期外语与外语教学 Foreign Languages and Their Teaching 2007,l 9 Serial l 222