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英汉互译技巧4

英汉互译技巧4
英汉互译技巧4

第二章英汉语言对比

A comparison between English and Chinese

第一部分

Part One

If one wants to be a qualified translator, one should, first of all, have a penetrating study and careful comparison of the similarities and differences between these two languages so that one may find the corresponding laws and methods in the translation between them, do translation effectively and ensure the quality of translation.

刘重德《文学翻译十讲》

Procedures of today

?Similarities between English and Chinese

?Differences between English and Chinese (vocabularies and grammars) ?Exercises in class

?Assignments of today

英汉语言的相同之处

similarities

?词类划分:

?汉语:

实词(content word): 名词、动词、形容词、副词、代词、数词、量词

虚词(empty word):介词、连词、语气词、助词(结构助词―的‖、―地‖、―得‖,时态助词―着‖、―了‖、―过‖,情态助词―吗‖、―呢‖、―吧‖、―啊‖、―嘛‖、―了‖等)?英语:

实词(content word): 名词、动词、形容词、副词、代词、数词

虚词(function word):介词、连词、冠词、助动词(shall, will, have/has, do/does/did/done, be)

?英语量词,汉语冠词

?E.g. a chair, the earth, a book, etc.

英汉语言的相同之处

similarities

?词类划分

?句子要素:都有主语、谓语、宾语(表语)、定语和状语的划分。特别是主语和谓语,从本质上来说都是英、汉两种语言的主要组成框架(S+V+O/P)

e.g. I like your new hairstyle.

我喜欢你的新发型。

It is cute.

它很可爱。

People are always talking about ―the problem of youth‖. If there is one –which I take leave to doubt –then it is older people who create it, not the young themselves. Let us get down to fundamentals and agree that the young are after all human beings – people just like their elders. There is only one difference between an old man and a young one: the young man has a glorious future before him and the old one has a splendid future behind him: and maybe that is where the hub is.

人们总是在谈论―年青人问题‖。如果真有这么一个问题——对此我不揣冒昧地表示怀疑——那也是年长者造出来的,而不是年青人自己造成的。让我们认真考虑问题的实质,而且我们要承认年青人毕竟是人——是跟他们长辈一样的人。年青人和老年人之间只有一点不同,那就是年青人的光辉未来在前头,而老年人的辉煌已经留在了身后,或许这就是问题所在。

?We do not choose to be born. We do not choose our parents. We do not choose our historical epoch, the country of our birth, or the immediate circumstances of our upbringing. We do not, most of us, choose to die; nor do we choose the time or conditions of our death. But with all this realm of choicelessness, we do choose how we shall live our lives.

?中国的疆域处于温带和亚热带地区,光、热、水和土等自然资源和自然条件都比较适合农业经济的发展。特别是在黄河流域与长江流域,农耕生产是主要的经济方式。?With the territory in the temperate and subtropical zones, the natural resources such as light, heat, water and soil are fit for the development of the agricultural economy. Especially in the Yellow River Valley and the Yangtze River Valley, farming is the major economic mode.

英汉语言的差异

Differences

?词汇差异(vocabularies)

?语法形态的差异(grammars)

?句法差异(syntax)

?修辞差异(figures of speech)

?段落与篇章差异(paragraphs and discourses)

Differences between vocabularies (Ⅰ)

?各种词性的使用频率

?英语语法重在动词,但使用较少,汉语则惯用动词或动词词组

?英语的代词使用频率高

?英语中的介词数量多,具有巨大的搭配联结能力和表达功能

?英语形容词表达能力强

英语名词与汉语动词

?Out of his (Jefferson’s) tremendous energy came inventions, books, new ideas and new starts in every field of human endeavor.

?他(Jefferson) 精力极其充沛,他创造发明,著书立说,阐发新思想,并在人类努力从事的各个领域中有所开创。

?His preoccupation with business left little time for his family.

?他全神贯注于事业,因而能与家人共度的时间很少。

?他们慢慢地沿着整个北冰洋岸航行,一路仔细观察。

?Little by little they went along the entire coast of the Arctic Ocean, making careful observation on the way.

?天已经擦黑,虫鸣蛙噪,一片喧闹。

?It is already dark, and the chorus of insects and frogs is in full swing. More examples

?Spontaneity has never been my forte. As a 14-year-old, I would refuse to go for walks around the block with my friends if I was the least bit behind my schoolwork.

?一时冲动心血来潮的做事向来不是我的专长。14岁时我就这样,那排只有一点作业没做完,我都不会丢开书本和朋友去玩。

?畅游在卢瓦河上,仿佛行进在历史、艺术与现实的交错之中,这欧洲的一角已被深深的镌刻在人们心中。

?A journey on the Loire is a meander in history, art and daily life. It is a corner of Europe that etched itself deeply in the heart and mind.

代词的使用

?A painter hangs his or her finished picture on a wall, and everyone can see it. A composer writes a work, but no one can hear it until it is performed.

?江南的春天素称多雨,一落就是七八天。住在上海的人们,平日既感不到雨的需要,一旦下雨,天气是那么阴沉,谁也耐不住闷在狭小的家里;可是跑到外面,没有山,没有湖,也没有经雨的嫩绿的叶子,一切都不及晴天好;有时阔人的汽车从你身旁驰过,还得带一身泥回来。(唐弢《故乡的雨》)

?A painter hangs his or her finished picture on a wall, and everyone can see it. A composer writes a work, but no one can hear it until it is performed.

?画家将已经完成的作品挂在墙上,每个人都可以观赏到。作曲家写完了一部作品,得由演奏者将其演奏出来,其他人才能得以欣赏。

?江南的春天素称多雨,一落就是七八天。住在上海的人们,平日既感不到雨的需要,一旦下雨,天气是那么阴沉,谁也耐不住闷在狭小的家里;可是跑到外面,没有山,没有湖,也没有经雨的嫩绿的叶子,一切都不及晴天好;有时阔人的汽车从你身旁驰过,还得带一身泥回来。

?Spring in the south is known to be rainy. During this season, it never rains there but it remains wet for seven or eight days on end. Dwellers in Shanghai, who usually do not feel the need for rain, will be bored with having to confine themselves in their close quarters when outside it is gloomy with rain. While in the open, seeing no mountains, nor lakes, nor rain-drenched soft green leaves, you’ll find nothing comparable to a fine day. Sometimes, worse still, a rich man’s car flashing past may splash you all over with mud. (Tr. by Zhang Peiji)

介词的使用

?I think he is above doing such a thing.

?我想他是不会做出这种事情来的。

?That was done without my knowledge and without my consent.

?他们做这事我既不知道也没同意。

?处理事情应讲究轻重缓急。

?Matters should be handled according to priority.

?有人轻轻拍了拍我的肩膀。我放下正在批改的作业,抬头一看,原来是一个身材矮小的老太太,她满脸皱纹,慈祥地微笑着。

?Somebody tapped me on the shoulder and I looked up from the exercise books which I was correcting, into the lined, kind and smiling face of a little old woman.

Some more examples:

?The sight and sound of our jet planes filled me with special longing.

?看到我们的喷气式飞机,听见隆隆的机声,我感到心驰神往。

?徐悲鸿画马画得特别好。

?Xu Beihong’s drawings of horses are exceptionally good.

?Hundreds of people leave their village to seek their fortune in cities.

?成千上万的人离开村庄去城里找出路。

?日本研究人员发现,适度饮酒可以益智,或许还有使老年人思维敏捷的作用。?Drinking wine in moderation improves the IQ and may boost mental agility in old people, according to Japanese researchers.

英语形容词的强表达能力

?My sweet, clever, attractive, economical, sensible little girl, free at last.

?我那性子又好,又聪明,又好看,又会当家,又识大体的女儿,这可自由了。?An inch taller than I, he had a lean, muscular frame, clear blue eyes, blond hair and a strikingly handsome face.

?他比我高一英寸,身材修长,肌肉结实,蓝蓝的眼睛,金黄的头发,还长着一张异常英俊的面孔。

?He was at his time in his late fifties, a tall, elegant man with good features and thick dark hair only sufficiently graying to add to the distinction of his appearance.

?他这时已是将近六旬的人,一表人才,高个儿,眉清目秀,头发又多又黑,略带花白,恰好衬出他那堂堂的仪表。

Differences between vocabularies (Ⅱ)

?词的兼类

一词多类,而且越是常用词,其兼类越多

如:like,

?I like lobster but it does not like me. (vt.)

?It's not like you to take offense. (prep.)

?Do as you like. (vi.)

?Other Latin American countries present a like picture. (adj.)

?It will rain tomorrow as like as not. (adv.)

?I've never seen the likes of this before. (n.)

?To dance like she does requires great discipline. (conj.)

Differences between vocabularies (Ⅲ)

?词汇的涵义范围

?英语词义比较灵活,词的涵义范围比较宽,富于变化,其词义对上下文的依赖性比较大,独立性比较小,No context, no text.

?汉语用词讲究精确、规范和严谨。汉语的词义比较严谨,词的涵义范围比较窄,比较精确和固定,词义的伸缩性和对上下文的依赖性比较小,独立性比较大。

?The snake charmer reached out gingerly to touch the snake in his basket.

?耍蛇人小心翼翼地伸手去摸他筐子里的那条蛇。(作―伸手‖讲)

?The ladder won't reach the window.

?梯子够不到窗户。(作―延伸‖、―伸展‖讲)

?The heat of summer has reached its climax.

?已经是夏季最热的天气了。(作―到达‖讲)

?"I've been trying all day to reach him on the telephone, but he's very elusive."

?―我整天都在打电话找他,但是找不着。‖(作―联系‖讲)

?No one seems able to reach her anymore.

?看起来没有人能够再对她产生任何影响。(作―影响‖讲)

?Sales reached the thousands.

?商品卖出了数千件。(作―合计‖、―累计‖讲)

Some more examples

?big storm(强), big cleft(宽), big gorge(深), big chimney(高), big mountain(高), big river(长), big radio(功率强), big stone(重), big brother(年龄大), big dictionary (详细), big landlord(富有), big army(人多), big man(重要), big difference (显著), big problem(严重),

?get too big for one’s boots(目中无人,自命不凡), go over big(走红,受欢迎), make big(飞黄腾达), talk big(说大话), pay big(付高薪), be big with young(怀孕), be big with rage(怒气冲冲), get a big hand(受到热烈欢迎), be big on(偏爱,热衷), big beat(摇滚音乐), big board(热门股票), big stink(没完没了的抱怨), big bug, big gun, big game, big shot, big wig, big wheel (名人,要人)

Differences between grammars (Ⅰ)

?英语:屈折语言( inflectional language ),名词有数和格的变化;动词有时态、语态、情态等的变化;形容词、副词有级的变化;英语词汇还可以通过添加前后缀引起词义或词类的变化等, ―法治‖

?汉语:非屈折语言( non-inflectional language) ,词与词之间的关系常要由读者自己来解读,―人治‖

Differences between grammars (Ⅱ)

?名词的形态

可数与不可数,单数与复数

英译汉时注意适当添加表示复数的汉语词汇,而汉译英时应注意分析汉语名词是可数还是不可数,是单数还是复数,在译文运用适当的名词形式

?After a series of experiments important phenomena have been ascertained.

?经过一系列实验后,弄清了许多重要现象。

?When the ends of a copper wire are joined to a device called an electric cell a steady stream of electricity flows through the wire.

?当把一根铜线的两端连接到一种叫做电池的电器上时,就会有稳定的电流通过该铜线。

?在使用这种仪器前,必须弄清它的性能。

?You must know the properties of the instrument before you use it.

?电子计算机于1945年投入使用。

?The first electronic computers went into operation in 1945.

Differences between grammars (Ⅲ)

?动词的形态

英语谓语动词的形态有人称、时态、语态、情态、语气以及非谓语的变化(不定式,分词,动名词),形式变化繁多而严谨稳定、范围广泛、表意功能规范。而汉语属于表意文字,动词没有形态变化

在翻译英语的形态变化时,汉语一般采用加词或变换说法的办法,通过词语手段来表达英语通过形态变化所表达的意思。而汉译英时,应特别注意对汉语进行分析,把汉语中通过词汇或暗含形式表达的时态、语态、情态、语气等用英语的形态变化表达出来。

通过加词或变换说法来翻译英语的形态变化

?对动词来说

?(1)前置的时态副词:过去、曾经、已经、现在、正在、将要……;

?(2)附着的时态助词:过、着、了、起来……

?(3)后置的时态语气词:了,来着……

?Oxford is much smaller in numbers, for example, than the State University of Minnesota, and is much poorer. It has, or had till yesterday, fewer students than the University of Toronto.

?例如,牛津大学在校学生比明尼苏达州立大学要少多了,也穷多了。牛津的在校学

生数无论现在还是过去都比多伦多大学少。

Some more examples:

?They told me that Professor Liu would have been teaching here for twenty years by this winter.

?他们说到今年冬天时刘教授在这里教书快(就)要满二十年了。

?他意识到自己现在已不像过去那么健康了。

?He realizes that he is not as healthy as he was.

?听到他这样讲话,我差点笑出来了。

?I could have laughed to hear him talk like this.

Differences between grammars (Ⅳ)

?被动语态

?英语中被动语态用得很多。特别是信息性、理论性和科技性的文体。

?汉语可以用主动句或无主语句表示被动。所以汉语的主动句或无主语句可以用英语的被动句来翻译,而英语的被动句可译为主动结构或没有明确形式标记的被动句。?Vegetable oil has been known from antiquity. No household can get on without it, for it is used in cooking. Perfumes may be made from the oils of certain flowers. Soaps are made from vegetable and animal oils.

?植物油自古以来以来就为人们所熟悉。任何家庭都离不开它,因为做饭的时候就要用它。有些花儿产生的油可以用来制造香水。植物油和动物油还可以用来制作肥皂。?仔细看看信的地址是否写对了。

?Care should be taken to see that the letter is properly addressed.

?每逢假日的下午,我总要漫游周围的乡村。

?My holiday afternoons were spent in rambling about the surrounding country. Some more examples:

?Heart murmurs are frequently heard in these patients.

?这些病人中常可听到心脏杂音。

?这类广告四处可见。

?This sort of advertisement is seen everywhere.

?His being neglected by the host added to his uneasiness.

?主人对他的忽略使他更加不舒服。

Exercises in class

?1)要不断调整投资和消费的关系,增加消费对经济增长的拉动作用。

?2)他们不顾一切困难、挫折,坚持战斗。

?3)―Coming!‖ Away she skimmed over the lawn, up the path, up the steps, across the veranda, and into the porch.

?4)What can easily be seen in his poems are his imagery and originality, power and range. ?5)The man who is above his business may one day find his business above him.

?6)The United States is a varied land——of forests, deserts, mountains, high flat lands and fertile plains. Almost every kind of climate may be found, but the country lies mostly in the temperate zone. Including the states of Alaska and Hawaii, the United States covers an area of 9 million square kilometers. The continental United States stretches 4,500 kilometers from the Atlantic Ocean on the east to the Pacific Ocean on the west. It borders Canada on the north, and reaches south to Mexico and the Gulf of Mexico.

?1) The relationship between investment and consumption has to be adjusted accordingly whenever necessary so as to enhance the stimulative impact of consumption on the growth of the economy.

?2)They kept on fighting in spite of all the difficulties and setbacks.

?3)―来啦!‖她转身蹦跳着越过草地,跑上小径,跨上台阶,穿过凉台,进了门廊。?4)他的诗形象生动,独具一格,而且气势磅礴,这是显而易见的。

?5)不屑于干自己工作的人,终会有一天发现自己不配干那份工作。

?6)美国是一个地形多样的国家——有森林、沙漠、山脉、平坦的高地和肥沃的平原。境内有各种气候,但是美国的大部分处在温带。把阿拉斯加和夏威夷两个州加在一起,美国的总面积达9百万平方公里。美国大陆东起大西洋,西至太平洋,横跨4,500公里。北面与加拿大接壤,南面与墨西哥和墨西哥湾毗邻。Assignments of today

?思考:

1) 英语中名词的使用及汉语中动词和动词短语的使用

2)英汉语在名词、动词上的形态差异及翻译策略

3)被动语态的翻译策略

?预习英汉语在句法、修辞、篇章上的差异

第四章 翻译的技巧参考译文

第四章翻译的技巧 Skills in Translation .课堂互动2:翻译句子(参考译文) 1.The sky turned to a tender pallet of pink and blue. 【译文】天空变成了一块由粉红色和蓝色构成的色彩柔和的调色板。 2. She had never let him know—never breathed a word. 【译文】她根本就没让他知道,从未透露过真情。 3.The president now is on a poverty tour. 【译文】总统目前正在访问贫困地区。 4. She doctored in the countryside. 【译文】她在农村当医生。 5. The old man carefully doctored the split in the cane chair. 【译文】老人仔细修补藤椅上的裂口。 6. The mayor of New York City is the Time magazine’s 2001 Person of the Year. 【译文】纽约市市长是2001年《时代》杂志的风云人物。 7. The girls all like Bob because he is a football captain. Nothing succeeds like success. 【译文】所有的女孩子都喜欢鲍伯,因为他是个足球队长。有本事又有人缘。 8. An expensive failure can be made into an asset if you’ve learnt from it, but Monsanto still has some learning to do. 【译文】失败的代价虽然昂贵,然而只要你能从中汲取教训,那也是一笔财富。不过,曼山托公司仍然需要总结教训。 9.In the social production which men carry on they enter into definite relations that are indispensable and independent of their will; these relations of production correspond to a definite stage of development of their material powers of production. 【译文】人们在自己生活的社会生产中发生一定的、必然的、不以其意志为转移的关系,即同他们的物质生产力的一定发展阶段相适合的生产关系。 The sum total of these relations of production constitutes the economic structure of society —the real foundation on which rise legal and political superstructures and to which correspond definite forms of social consciousness. 【续】这些生产关系的总和构成社会的经济结构,即有法律的和政治的上层建筑建立其上,并有一定的社会意识形式与之相适应的现实基础。 The mode of production in material life determines the general character of the social, political and spiritual processes of life. It is not the consciousness of men that determines their existence, but, on the contrary, their social existence determines their consciousness. (Karl Marx: A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy) 续】物质生活的生产方式制约着整个社会生活、政治生活和精神生活的过程。不是人们的意识决定人们的存在,相反,是人们的社会存在决定人们的意识。 (卡尔·马克思《政治经济学批判》) 10. There is no month in the whole year, in which nature wears a more beautiful appearance than in the month of August. Spring has many beauties, and May is a fresh and blooming month;but the charms of this time of year are enhanced by their contrast with the winter season. August has no such advantage. It comes when we remember nothing but clear skies, green fields and sweet-smelling flowers —when the recollection of snow, and ice, and bleak winds, has faded

英汉翻译技巧

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2. 中国将努力促进国内粮食增长,在正常情况下,粮食自给率不低于95%。 02 英汉语言结构对比和翻译中的转换 形合转为意合 英译汉——形合转为意合 1 在英译汉时,要摆脱原文形合结构的束缚,尽可能采用意合方法,才能符合汉语的表达习惯,使译文流转自如,明白晓畅。 另外,英语中除了多用关联词外,还有其他连接手段,包括通过词的形态变化表示各种语法概念。 泰特勒(Alexander Fraser Tytler)对“好的翻译”所下的定义是:“原作的长处完全移注在另一语文里,似的译文文字所属的国家的人能明确地领悟,强烈地感受,正像用原作的语文的人们所领悟的,所感受的一样” 实例分析 2 ① Some delighted films made by the late Dr. Arnold Gesell of Yale University show little creatures who can barely talk investigating problems with all the zeal and excitement of explorers, making discoveries with the passion and absorption of dedicated scientists.(Gilbert Highet, The Pleasure of Learning ) 由已故的耶鲁大学阿诺德·盖塞尔博士拍摄的几部有趣的电影表明,还没学会说话的小家伙们竟以探险家般的热情和兴奋来探究问题,以热诚的科学家们那种激情和专注来进行研究发现。 (句中 made by 构成过去分词短语作定语,修饰 films,两个现在分词investigating 和 making 则与宾语 creature 一起构成复合宾语。汉语中的动词没有词形变化,因此在汉语中就不必分谓语动词和非谓语动词)

英语翻译的十大方法

英汉两种语言在句法、词汇、修辞等方面均存在着很大的差异,因此在进行英汉互译时必然会遇到很多困难,需要有一定的翻译技巧作指导。常用的翻译技巧有增译法、省译法、转换法、拆句法、合并法、正译法、反译法、倒置法、包孕法、插入法、重组法和综合法等。这些技巧不但可以运用于笔译之中,也可以运用于口译过程中,而且应该用得更加熟练,因为口译工作的特点决定了译员没有更多的时间进行思考。 一、增译法 指根据英汉两种语言不同的思维方式、语言习惯和表达方式,在翻译时增添一些词、短句或句子,以便更准确地表达出原文所包含的意义。这种方式多半用在汉译英里。汉语无主句较多,而英语句子一般都要有主语,所以在翻译汉语无主句的时候,除了少数可用英语无主句、被动语态或“There be…”结构来翻译以外,一般都要根据语境补出主语,使句子完整。英汉两种语言在名词、代词、连词、介词和冠词的使用方法上也存在很大差别。英语中代词使用频率较高,凡说到人的器官和归某人所有的或与某人有关的事物时,必须在前面加上物主代词。因此,在汉译英时需要增补物主代词,而在英译汉时又需要根据情况适当地删减。英语词与词、词组与词组以及句子与句子的逻辑关系一般用连词来表示,而汉语则往往通过上下文和语序来表示这种关系。因此,在汉译英时常常需要增补连词。英语句子离不开介词和冠词。另外,在汉译英时还要注意增补一些原文中暗含而没有明言的词语和一些概括性、注释性的词语,以确保译文意思的完整。总之,通过增译,一是保证译文语法结构的完整,二是保证译文意思的明确。如: ①、What about calling him right away? 马上给他打个电话,你觉得如何(增译主语和谓语) ②、If only I could see the realization of the four modernizations. 要是我能看到四个现代化实现该有多好啊!(增译主句) ③、Indeed, the reverse is true. 实际情况恰好相反。(增译名词) ④、就是法西斯国家本国的人民也被剥夺了人权。 Even the people in the fascist countries were stripped of their human rights.(增译物主代词) ⑤、只许州官放火,不许百姓点灯。 While the magistrates were free to burn down house, the common people were forbidden to light lamps. (增译连词) ⑥、这是我们两国人民的又一个共同点。 This is yet another common point between the people of our two countries.(增译介词) ⑦、在人权领域,中国反对以大欺小、以强凌弱。 In the field of human rights, China opposes the practice of the big oppressing the small and the strong bullying the weak.(增译暗含词语) ⑧、三个臭皮匠,合成一个诸葛亮。 Three cobblers with their wits combined equal Zhuge Liang the mastermind.(增译注释性词语) 二、省译法 这是与增译法相对应的一种翻译方法,即删去不符合目标语思维习惯、语言习惯和表达方式的词,以避免译文累赘。增译法的例句反之即可。又如: ①、You will be staying in this hotel during your visit in Beijing. 你在北京访问期间就住在这家饭店里。(省译物主代词) ②、I hope you will enjoy your stay here.

翻译技巧-4

Amplification & Omission增词法和减词法 翻译的标准首先是忠实于原文。那么,忠实是否就意味着我们在翻译过程中不能增加词也不能减少词呢?实际上并非如此。美国著名翻译学家奈达曾经说过“Translation is translating meaning”,在翻译过程中主要是准确表达出原文的意思,而不必拘泥于原文用词的形式。英汉两种语言不论在词汇上还是在句法上都存在着显著的差异,一味拘泥于原文的形式,有时会令人费解、语句罗嗦或偏离原文的意思。适当地增加一些词或者省略一些词,恰恰是为了达到忠实于原文或者通顺流畅表达的目的。下面分别举例介绍一下英汉翻译过程中常见的增词和减词的用法。 1.增词法 增词法并不是说译者可以随心所欲地增加任何词。一般说来,增加的词尽管没有出现在原文字面上,但实际上其意思都隐含在原文中。经常使用的增词法有以下几种情况: (1)增加表示时态和复数的词 英语具有某些综合形语言的特征,可以通过名词、动词的词形变化来表现时态和复数。而汉语则是典型的分析形语言,词形本身没有变化,要表示时态和复数需要通过增加相应的时间副词或表示复数的词。所以一定要注意在汉语译文中添加这些词,如: 例1:His father was a fisherman. He was as poor as we are. 译文:他父亲过去是个渔夫。那时候他和我们现在一样穷。 例2:The agreement will come into force next spring. 译文:协议将于明年生效。 例3:Lion is the king of animals. 译文:狮子是百兽之王。 例4:As is known to all, air is a mixture of gases. 译文:众所周知,空气是许多种气体的混合物。 (2)增加语义表达中需要的词 增加语义表达中需要的词,是指为了使译文表达通顺流畅而根据汉语的表达习惯增加的一些词。经常增加的语义表达中需要的词有动词、名词、形容词、副词和量词。 1) 增加动词 汉语句子中动词占优势,使用的频率很高。因此英汉翻译中经常需要根据上下文的意思添加一些动词,使译文表达更加清楚、通顺,如: 例5:He dismissed the meeting without a closing speech. 译文:他没有致闭幕词就宣布会议结束。 例6:I must finish this paper before class. 译文:我必须在上课之前做完这篇论文。 例7:The sports meeting is schedule for May 4. 译文:运动会定于五月四日举行。 例8:The molecules get closer and closer with the pressure. 译文:随着压力增大,分子排列得越来越紧密。 2)增加名词 英语中有大量由动词或形容词派生的抽象名词,在翻译这些词时,有时需在其后增加一些名词才能把词义表达得更加完整、自然,如: 例9:I was deeply impressed by the backwardness of the mountainous area. 译文;山区的落后状况给我留下了深刻印象。

汉英翻译技巧增词

C-E 汉英翻译技巧:增词(Amplification ) 三个臭皮匠,胜过诸葛亮。 Three cobblers with their wits combined equal Zhuge Liang the mastermind. (增加背景知识)(丁树德:《英汉汉英翻译教学综合指导》,天津大学出版社) 虚心使人进步,骄傲使人落后。 Modesty helps one to go forward, whereas conceit makes one lag behind. (增连词)(靳梅琳:《英汉翻译概要》,南开大学出版社) 要提倡顾全大局。 We should advocate the spirit of taking the whole situation into consideration. (许建平:《英汉互译实践与技巧》,清华大学出版社) 结婚大办酒席,实在可以免去了。 The practice of giving lavish feasts at weddings can well be dispensed with. (增回概括性词)(丁树德:《英汉汉英翻译教学综合指导》,天津大学出版社) 这个小男孩饭前都洗手,然后用餐巾纸擦干。 This little boy always washes his hands before meals and then dries them with napkins. (增物主代词,连词和宾语)(冯庆华:《实用翻译教程》,上海外语教育出版社) 老虎和猫同科。 The tiger and the cat belong to the same family of animals. (增冠词)(林佩汀:《中英对译技巧》,世界图书出版公司) 我不觉得用英语与外国人交谈有什么困难。 I don’t think it difficult to speak to a foreigner in English. (增形式主词it)(林佩汀:《中英对译技巧》,世界图书出版公司) 该地区已没什么城乡差别。 There is little difference between town and country in this region. (许建平:《英汉互译实践与技巧》,清华大学出版社) 请报水果罐头的最低价。 You are kindly requested to let us have your best quotation for the canned fruits. (王恩冕、李正中:《大学英汉翻译教程》,对外经济贸易大学出版社) 不入虎穴,焉得虎子。 If one does not enter the tiger’s den, how can he get a tiger’s cub? (增主语,表条件的连词)(丁树德:《英汉汉英翻译教学综合指导》,天津大学出版社)

英汉互译技巧4

第二章英汉语言对比 A comparison between English and Chinese 第一部分 Part One If one wants to be a qualified translator, one should, first of all, have a penetrating study and careful comparison of the similarities and differences between these two languages so that one may find the corresponding laws and methods in the translation between them, do translation effectively and ensure the quality of translation. 刘重德《文学翻译十讲》 Procedures of today ?Similarities between English and Chinese ?Differences between English and Chinese (vocabularies and grammars) ?Exercises in class ?Assignments of today 英汉语言的相同之处 similarities ?词类划分: ?汉语: 实词(content word): 名词、动词、形容词、副词、代词、数词、量词 虚词(empty word):介词、连词、语气词、助词(结构助词―的‖、―地‖、―得‖,时态助词―着‖、―了‖、―过‖,情态助词―吗‖、―呢‖、―吧‖、―啊‖、―嘛‖、―了‖等)?英语: 实词(content word): 名词、动词、形容词、副词、代词、数词 虚词(function word):介词、连词、冠词、助动词(shall, will, have/has, do/does/did/done, be) ?英语量词,汉语冠词 ?E.g. a chair, the earth, a book, etc. 英汉语言的相同之处 similarities ?词类划分 ?句子要素:都有主语、谓语、宾语(表语)、定语和状语的划分。特别是主语和谓语,从本质上来说都是英、汉两种语言的主要组成框架(S+V+O/P) e.g. I like your new hairstyle. 我喜欢你的新发型。 It is cute. 它很可爱。

英语翻译技巧实例

英语翻译技巧 5.拆句法和合并法: 这是两种相对应的翻译方法。拆句法是把一个长而复杂的句子拆译成若干个较短、较简单的句子,通常用于英译汉;合并法是把若干个短句合并成一个长句,一般用于汉译英。汉语强调意合,结构较松散,因此简单句较多;英语强调形合,结构较严密,因此长句较多。所以汉译英时要根据需要注意利用连词、分词、介词、不定式、定语从句、独立结构等把汉语短句连成长句;而英译汉时又常常要在原句的关系代词、关系副词、主谓连接处、并列或转折连接处、后续成分与主体的连接处,以及意群结束处将长句切断,译成汉语分句。这样就可以基本保留英语语序,顺译全句,顺应现代汉语长短句相替、单复句相间的句法修辞原则。如: (1) Increased cooperation with China is in the interests of the United States. 同中国加强合作,符合美国的利益。(在主谓连接处拆译) (2)I wish to thank you for the incomparable hospitalityfor which the Chinese people are justly famous throughout the world. 我要感谢你们无与伦比的盛情款待。中国人民正是以这种热情好客而闻明世界的。(在定语从句前拆译) 6.倒置法: 在汉语中,定语修饰语和状语修饰语往往位于被修饰语之前;在英语中,许多修饰语常常位于被修饰语之后,因此翻译时往往要把原文的语序颠倒过来。倒置法通常用于英译汉, 即对英语长句按照汉语的习惯表达法进行前后调换,按意群或

进行全部倒置,原则是使汉语译句安排符合现代汉语论理叙事的一般逻辑顺序。有时倒置法也用于汉译英。如: (1)At this moment, through the wonder of telecommunications, more people are seeing and hearing what we say than on any other occasions in the whole history of the world. 此时此刻,通过现代通信手段的奇迹,看到和听到我们讲话的人比整个世界历史上任何其他这样的场合都要多。(部分倒置) (2)I believe strongly that it is in the interest of my countrymen that Britain should remain an active and energetic member of the European Community. 我坚信,英国依然应该是欧共体中的一个积极的和充满活力的成员,这是符合我国人民利益的。(部分倒置) (3)改革开放以来,中国发生了巨大的变化。 Great changes have taken place in China since the introduction of the reform and opening policy.(全部倒置) 7.倒置法: 在汉语中,定语修饰语和状语修饰语往往位于被修饰语之前;在英语中,许多修饰语常常位于被修饰语之后,因此翻译时往往要把原文的语序颠倒过来。倒置法通常用于英译汉, 即对英语长句按照汉语的习惯表达法进行前后调换,按意群或进行全部倒置,原则是使汉语译句安排符合现代汉语论理叙事的一般逻辑顺序。有时倒置法也用于汉译英。如: (1)At this moment, through the wonder of telecommunications, more people are seeing and hearing what we say than on any other occasions in the whole history of the world.

汉译英翻译技巧分析解析

汉译英翻译技巧 一、分清主从(Subordination) 汉语句中各分句关系比较松散,所以在动笔前应认真分析句子要旨所在。句中重点往往在后。英译时,要突出重点或主句,其他部分可分别用介词短语,非谓语动词形式或各种从句表示。 1、没有农业,人们就不能生存,社会生产就不能继续下去。 Without agriculture, people cannot exist, neither can social production proceed. 2、他们一听到“反霸”就火冒三丈,这充分暴露了他们那霸权主义的蛮横嘴脸。 The fact that they fly into a rage at a mere mention of the expression“anti- hegemony”is enough to reveal their true colours as a domineering hegemonists. 3、有人以为社会主义就了不起,一点缺点也没有,哪有这个事? Some believe that socialism is just perfect, without a single flaw. How can that be true? 4、但是,象我们常说的那样,道路总是曲折的,前途总是光明的。 But as we have often said, while the road ahead is tortuous, the future is bright. 二、选词用字(Diction) 在汉译英时应特别注意选找与原文中在意义上和风味上尽可能都类似的词语。 1、每个民族都有它的长处,不然它为什么能存在?为什么能发展? Every nation has its own strong points. If not, how can it survive? How can it progress? 2、树雄心,立壮志,向科学技术现代化进军。 Foster lofty ideals, set high goals and march forward for the revolution of modernization of science and technology. 3、我国的社会主义建设,需要一个和平的国际环境,需要一个国内安定团结, 天下大治的局面。 For its socialist construction, China needs an international environment of peace and a domestic situation of stability, unity and great order. 4、论技术,她那时还不如我,但思想却比我高得多。 Professionally she was then not yet my equal, but ideologically she was head and shoulders above me. 三、增益(Ampification) 汉译英时的“增益”技巧的运用,有时是为了使英美人理解原文的精确含义,有时是为了遵循英语的行文习惯。 1、交出翻译之前,必须读几遍,看看有没有要修改的地方。这样才能把工作做好。 Before handing in your translation, you have to read it over and over again and see if there anything in it to be corrected or improved. Only then can you do your work well. (英语行文时人称代词,物主代词用得较多) 2、她挑水,生炉子,洗东西,忙个不停。 Fetching water, building the fire, washing --- she had her hands full every minute. (增益为了意译) 3、他们一听说有新任务,就坐不往了。

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