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新标准大学英语阅读教程4长篇翻译 unit 5

新标准大学英语阅读教程4长篇翻译 unit 5
新标准大学英语阅读教程4长篇翻译 unit 5

Unit 5 不要孩子

在雅典市中心繁华的柯诺那基广场的时尚的初音岛咖啡店里,三十多岁或四十出头的希腊语专业人员沉浸在冰卡布奇诺咖啡里,过奢侈的生活. 他们最喜欢谈论的话题是,当然,关系:男子不愿承诺,女性的独立,何时有孩子,或者说,逐渐是否有他们所有. “随着时间的推移,我有一个孩子的机会越来越小,37岁的行政助理美联社新闻社说.“但我不会只是因为要一个孩子而嫁给任何人.”她热爱她的工作,并从她那些紧密团结、志同道合的朋友那里得到她的社会支持,对于希腊年轻人来说,这些朋友渐渐充当了家人的角色.“如果在45岁,我仍然膝下无子,我会考虑要一个自己的孩子,”她说.但这并不意味着她个人成就取决于它.

在几十年前,Petropoulou和她的朋友们可能已经被认为是,嗯,奇怪的. 希腊被称为欧洲最传统的社会,在那里东正教的对于结婚和繁衍的严格戒律当道..强大的社会和宗教禁忌的标记是像不能怀孕的老处女一样的妇女无子,和对中年男子性偏好单一的怀疑. 渐渐地,在一代人期间,由于诸多因素,包括女性接受更好的教育和就业选择以及希腊融入欧盟的主流文化,那种严格的社会限制基本上已经消失了.结果是:结婚率低于欧盟的平均水平,并在每名妇女生育平均为1.3,是世界上最低的生育率. 这样的年轻希腊人,如果时间恰当拥有孩子是不错的.但他们肯定不是必不可少的.

在希腊,和世界上大部分地区,在激增的人口数下,有孩子们不再是一

个想当然的事情. “在许多社会里从未有过无子女的女性和男性是合法的现象.”,研究在伦敦经济学院研究此现象的凯瑟琳哈基姆说.在像瑞士和新加坡、加拿大和韩国这类迥异国度中发生了急剧的社会变迁,年轻人把生育推迟到30好几,甚至到40多岁或更大的年龄,以此来延续他们不受子女拖累的成年期.

根本没有孩子的群体越来越大.在德国西部,在受过大学教育的妇女中终身无子女已经达到30%,这个数据也在低等阶层的男性中迅速上升.在英国,无子女的妇女人数在20年增加了一倍.在日本一个出生率令人沮丧的地区,每1.25妇女代表,30岁的妇女仍然膝下无子的记录从1985年的24%增加到56%. “她们做母亲与否决定着日本的未来.”日本国立人口研究所的美穗说.

无子女的趋势也催生了新的文化.在英国,有一个渐渐庞大的图书市场,如“Child-Free and Loving It,”,记者Nicki Defago说,她写这本书是为了“让妇女了解她们对于孩子的抵触感是完全正常的.”N新的无子女支持团体如雨后春笋般涌现,从Vancouver-based No Kidding到英国的Childfree Association.在日本,这种推迟生育或不生育的趋势导致了一系列产品的问世,如床上用品供应商Kameo生产的“男友臂枕”,并为空前的养宠物热推波助澜. 利用在日本年轻人中间地位日益提高的

这些“baby-substitutes ”,本田现在正在设计让狗的板条箱取代儿童座椅的汽车,甚至创造了一个放置哈巴狗的地方.

在澳大利亚,房地产开发商和代理商都集中在了增长最快的无子女家庭类型.这些无子女人士有着逐渐增强的购买力,操控着昂贵地区的房

地产如曼哈顿和伦敦市中心的房地产价格;最近英国的一项研究表明,如果有孩子的邻居搬来,房价将降低5%.酒店也为无子女人士提供餐饮服务,意大利的La Veduta国家度假承诺,“你的托斯卡纳度假不会被儿童的呼声破坏.”在罗马,许多餐馆明确表示在某些情况下儿童不欢迎,比如有些“俱乐部”明确规定其成员必须是18岁以上.

无子女群体最新的趋势不遵循历史模式.在几个世纪以来的西欧,对于四分之一的女性保持无子女是寻常的,比今天任何国家的比率都要高.(事实上,人口学家说,这是家庭幸福的20世纪50年代和60年代,无视历史的常态),但是,人们在过去未生育通常是贫困或者社会动荡使然,或者是战争年代缺少男人的缘故;最多也只有3%的夫妻没有生育能力.今天对于要孩子与否是好多复杂因素相结合的结果,包括关系,职业机会,生活方式和经济组合等.

.新型的正常的无子女群体影响着社会各阶层,而不仅仅是刚刚定型的城市懒虫或DINKs(双收入无孩子). 凯蒂霍夫曼,柏林西部的Friesack 村37岁的发型师说:“当我是一个小女孩时,我知道内心深处我不想要孩子.”生长在共产主义东德,压力来自于结婚和18岁怀孕,这符合国家下达的水平..随着柏林墙倒塌,她将能够自由选择她的生活. 她的丈夫,一个39岁的消防队员,拉斯说,他也早已对孩子漠不关心“在车站带孩子的家伙告诉我们这些无子女人士,我们应该履行我们的责任,以致德国不会灭亡,”他说. “但如果我看到今天的失业,我会说一点点[人口]萎缩不能损害什么.”

无子女家庭早已在北美和西欧的大城市变的常见,他们正在快速获得

比较传统的农村社会的接受.仅仅在几十年以前,像意大利,希腊和西班牙等南欧国家是人丁兴旺、宗族紧密团结的代名词,那些不合这种模式的人会遭到社会的摒弃.现在,这三个国家一道成为欧洲出生率最低的国家.今天接近四分之一的40岁意大利妇女仍然希望没有孩子.

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