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现代语言学论文

现代语言学论文
现代语言学论文

现代语言学论文

题目关于莫言获奖谈谈语言文学对文化的

的影响

姓名许喆学号20120101243 专业英语教育班级二班

指导教师田灵芝

皖西学院

2012 年12 月

虽然关于莫言能最终得奖众说纷纭,大家的热情居高不下。但是冷静的思考一下,无论莫言是否最终获奖,毫无疑问,他都是中国当代最重要的作家之一,他的作品都值得被阅读,被了解,被铭记。

下面我们就莫言获奖谈谈关于语言文化对文学的影响,首先我们说说翻译,莫言比较幸运,他有个非常有经验的译者葛浩文,近年每出新作他都跟进,并通过他的影响力找到大出版社出版。因此莫言可能是过去一二十年最系统被翻译成英文的中国籍作家。葛浩文的翻译特点是比较通顺流畅。葛浩文的第一个身份是翻译家,他和文学出版界评论界联系更紧密。莫言通过文学翻译和批评获得了一部分影响,对他的关注不仅仅限于学术圈子。三年前,莫言访问纽约大学,和我的学生一起读《生死疲劳》,发现有些段落和词句在翻译中省略或简化了,莫言的中文风格繁复有力,但被翻译为英文后反而更干净了。他的书从来不是畅销书,但从1990年年代中期逐渐形成稳定的读者群,他的严肃文学不仅对专业读者,对一般读者也有吸引力,因为他涉猎的题材非常广泛。

他的文学创作生涯漫长,风格非常多样,一开始被认为属于寻根文学,后来带有魔幻现实主义,在文坛上有的风尚一再消失或再现,但莫言一直坚持走严肃文学道路,他一直把自己的长处不断加强。总的来说中国现代文学在海外影响是相当有限的,中国古代文学影响要大得多,但在美国翻译文学市场都是很小的角落,现代文学是小角落里的小角落。这是美国的特殊情况。在欧洲国家翻译文学在出版界可能占一半以上,但中国文学影响还是有限。

因此这次诺贝尔文学奖给人感觉是持有比较公允的文学立场,当然也考虑到地域、民族、国家的特殊性,这是对当代中国文学迟到的承认。诺贝尔奖这次的选择公布后有一些压力,主要是由于标榜客观性、推崇艺术自律性的西方媒体,偏偏热衷于把这个问题政治化了。他们一旦遇到中国文学,就会不自觉贴标签。但这并不代表一般读者的态度,也不代表专业批评界、学术界的态度。另一方面,莫言受到瑞典文学院的青睐,肯定不单单是市场或“人气”的因素,可能当地是有一小部分读者关注到莫言,但这并不意味着他是凭借流行程度获奖,因为村上春树的知名度要大得多。一般来说,诺贝尔奖不太受到一时一地流行趣味的影响。

西方读者是在西方文学脉络里用自己的语言阅读莫言的作品,他们有自己的接受传统和预期,一开始他们肯定用自己熟悉的习惯、工具去理解莫言,他们通过基本的类比(比如福克纳、马尔克斯等他们较为熟悉的作家)去接触中国文学,这是无法苛求的。只要他们读进去,就会发现莫言其实很不一样。如果把当代中国文学比作互联网,那莫言可以被当作一个端口和门户,打开后就可以进入一个五彩缤纷的世界,就会发现他作品中历史背景、社会环境、语言和文学传统和欧美作家不一样,就是所谓的“地气不一样”。莫言的小说动不动就有百八十个人物,像热闹的农村喜筵;而西方读者也许更习惯一两个主要人物。

另一方面,西方读者对莫言的感受,肯定会受到其中中国传统民间文学的影响。他们从内容、形式、理念上对这些东西都是有敬意的。中国有非常漫长的古典文学传统,莫言自觉不自觉地在延续这些传统。比如《生死疲劳》像古典章回体小说,《檀香刑》当中有实在或虚拟的山东地方戏曲形式,这些作品和中国悠久的叙事传统和技艺联系起来。而谁都不能否

认中国是世界文学的几大伟大传统之一。

第三,莫言的语言很丰富。比如《酒国》这样的小说,有正统的语言,有歪门邪道的语言,有“职业文学”语言,有“业余文学”和伪文学语言。在他的小说里,中国语言所负载的巨量的信息和情感交流,包括这个过程中的损耗、污染,显示出当代中国语言的惊人的包容能力、吸收能力、夸张变形能力,戏仿或“恶搞”能力,这种史诗性的综合包含着巨大的张力。莫言的小说就像是这种语言活力的“原桨”,其浓度、烈度和质地高于从其它渠道(比如互联网)所接触到的新奇语言现象,因为它们被组织进一个系统。这种震撼力对西方读者的影响不可低估。他们会感觉到20世纪中国的创造性,莫言的作品再现或者折射了整个中国社会内在的活力、动力和创造力。

在中国和莫言大体处在同一个级别的作家还有,莫言获奖是开了一个头,由此可以看到中国文学在世界文学的语境中,是一个极有活力的场域,这样的场域并不多见。莫言获奖的特殊意义在于,他并没有兴趣去做一个“持不同政见者”,他没有表现出一种脱离中国社会和体制才能创作的形象,这对国内的年轻作者是个非常好的例证。他有一个普通的中国人能够享受的权利,也分担所有人都受到的限制,但是在这样的条件下,也可以写出最好的文学。

因而产生的问题是,当代中国文学的价值评判一定要建立在一种外在的标准上吗?可悲的是国内有些人一直以这些标准为标准,自觉不自觉地要取同中国社会占主导的价值、伦理、体制相对立的立场,以此来说明自己一个“普遍的个体”。莫言的获奖对这样的潜意识是一个打击,但这是一种非常正面的打击。莫言出身农村、当过解放军,现在还是作协副主席,他有着官方的身份,但他首先是普通中国人中的一员,他生活在此时此地的中国,而不是想象中的理想国。相对于他作品的具体性、真实性和丰富性,那些流俗的尺度和标签都变得不适用了,因为这些条条框框不能给人任何有关文学的知识和新的理解。

对于中国以外的读者,莫言的作品是一个很好的入口,他的文学世界不是那种狭窄单一极端的空间,而是呈现出一个纷繁的世界。另一方面,他既有非常实验性的作品,比如《酒国》;也有非常写实的作品,比如《天堂蒜薹之歌》,既有《檀香刑》这样聚焦于一处的作品,也有《生死疲劳》这样借助佛教轮回观念、以五种生命形式进入共和国50年历史的宏大叙事。所以我前面讲莫言的作品像是当代中国文学的一个门户网站,他的作品是一个包罗万象的世界。

莫言获奖的第三个对于文化的意义是为当代中国文学提供了新的信心。过去我倾向于强调讲对诺贝尔奖别太计较,但话又说回来,它毕竟有煊赫的历史,它仍然是世界性的对某一作家的最高承认方式。一个在中国生活写作的作家终于得到这个奖,客观上还是有鼓励作用的。尽管不可能完全排除意识形态、价值观、文化、宗教、地缘等因素的干扰,但总的来讲,诺贝尔奖是一个非常认真严肃的奖项,它的评审过程很长,尽力以文学自身规律来评价作品。以此为标准,国内一些奖项做得就比较差,所以威信和影响就有限。中国人应该把自己的文学奖当回事,要高看它们,要珍惜自己的作家,要珍视和改进这个文学生产、评论和奖励体制。

微博上有一些极端的个人言论,其实连某种个别立场的代表性都谈不上,我觉得作家、

学者对这些权且可以当作噪音,不必在意也不必理会。至于说抄写《在延安文艺座谈会上的讲话》,不能简单就看作是官方行为,而逢官必反也并不能保证出好文学。毛泽东的延安讲话无论从历史价值、学术价值和思想影响性上看都是20世纪中国文学文化理论的重要文本,用不同的方式表示对这个文本的敬意本身无可厚非,只有那些要从根本上否定中国革命和共和国历史正当性的人才会对此横加指责。更何况是否参与手抄这个文本完全是作家个人的事情,每个人都有拒绝和接受的权力,同时也要有为自己行为负责的权力。我看到个别作家先写了参与了,又捶胸顿足地道歉,我想这才是一种双重不负责。

面对互联网上的个别无理指责,莫言根本没有必要予以理睬,更没有必要做任何交代、表白、或辩解。莫言的读者以几十万计,他们对于莫言获奬是什么看法很清楚。对于一个作家而言,最好的回应就是作品本身。正如海明威当年在他的受奖词里所说:一个作家应该把他的想法“写”出来,而不是“讲”出来。让我们一同期待莫言的下一部作品。

北京大学中文系推荐免试研究生必读书目读后有感

查看文章 【收藏】北京大学中文系推荐免试研究生必读书目读后有感 2009-09-29 11:07 北京大学要求不严,北京大学中文系要求不严,它崇尚的是一种学习的自由。但学习在那种大师和名校的气氛中,学习在那种图书众多和无数讲座的亲切交谈中,你自己就已经沐浴在她的朝霞中,你自己就已经在鞭策自己不要辜负了这个学校的名字和那些已逝的大师。 北京大学中文系接受全国优秀免试生为直升研究生,但要经过严格的面试和笔试进行选拔,在北京大学中文系的校园网上它挂出了这些书目。看着这些书目我觉得自己读书是如此的浅薄和单一。我想,与我有同一感想的朋友颇多,遂把它陈列出来,作为我们的参考。 古语有云:修身齐家治国平天。又云,达则兼济天下,穷则独善其身。诸葛亮说:非淡泊无以名志,非宁静无以致远。然后在浮躁的今天,这已经是我们可望不可及的梦想,或者是想像古代文人读书的一种渴望方式。也许,多读几本书还是可以享受一下自己的乐趣,陶冶自己的情操。所以我们不妨读读北京大学中文系的推荐书目,尤其是致力于考研究生的朋友。 很多书我们无法在短时间里面读完,这不要紧,把书名、作者、出版社能够顺利背出来,这也是一件很好的事情。古代很多士大夫的学习和钻研就是从背篇目开始。 附录: 文艺学专业必读书目(推荐免试学生使用) 1.《文心雕龙注》上下范文澜注人民文学出版社 2.《文心雕龙研究史》张少康汪春泓等著北京大学出版社 3.《文学理论的未来》(美)拉尔夫﹒科恩主编中国社会科学出版社4.《苏联文学学学派》彭克巽主编北京大学出版社 5.《路德维希﹒费尔巴哈和德国古典哲学的终结》恩格斯著 人民出版社 6.《批评理论和叙事阐释》詹姆逊文集2 中国人民大学出版社 2004年 7.《文学理论学导论》董学文著北京大学出版社 8.《中国文艺理论百年教程》毛庆耆等著广东高等教育出版社 9.《叙事学与小说文体学研究》申丹著北京大学出版社 10.中外经典文学名著三部 语言学及应用语言学专业必读书目(推荐免试学生使用) 1.《语法答问》朱德熙 2.《现代汉语语法研究》朱德熙 3.《中国文法要略》吕叔湘 4.《汉语语法分析问题》吕叔湘 5.《汉语语法论》高名凯 6.《上古音研究》李方桂 7.《汉语语音史》王力 8.《现代语言学教程》霍凯特

现代语言学 词汇表

现代语言学词汇表 A abbreviation缩写法acculturation语言文化移入acoustic phonetics声学语言学acronym词首字母缩略词address term称谓语addresser发话人addressee受话人adjacency毗邻 Adjacency Condition毗邻条件Adjacency Parameter毗邻参数Affix词缀 Affixation加词缀法Affricate塞擦音Afroasiatic非亚语系agreement rule一致关系规则allophone音位变体alveolar齿龈音 alveolus齿龈 angular gyrus角形脑回antonymy反义现象antonym反以词 apocope词尾音脱落aphasia失语症 aphasic失语症患者 applied linguistics应用语言学arbitrariness任意性argument论元 articulatory phonetics 发音语音学 articulatory variable发音变项aspiration送气assimilation同化approximation近似化auditory phonetics听觉语音学Austronesian…语系 B Babbling咿呀学语 back-formation逆向构词法back vowel后元音 Behaviorism行为主义 Behaviorist learning theory 行为主义学习理论 Behaviorist Psychology行为主义 心理学 Bilabial双唇音 Bilingualism双语现象 Black English黑人英语 Blending混合法 Borrowing借用 bound morpheme黏着语素 brain lateralization 大脑左右半球侧化 branching node分叉点 broad transcription宽式音标 Broca’s area布罗卡区 C caretaker speech保姆语 case格 Case Condition格条件 case marking格标志 causative verb使役动词 central vowel中元音 cerebral cortex大脑皮层 cerebral plasticity大脑弹性 channel渠道 classical language古典语言 clipping略写法 closed class word封闭类词 code代码 code-switching代码切换 cognate同源词 co-hyponyms并列下义词 coinage创新词 color word色彩词 combinational rule组合规则 commissives承诺类 communicative competence 交际能力 comparative reconstruction 比较重建法 competence语言能力 complement补语 complement construction补足语 complementarity互补性反义现象 complementary distribution 互补分布 complex sentence复合句 componential analysis 成分分析法 components of meaning 意义成分 compound word复合词 compounding复合法 computational linguistics 计算语言学 concept概念 conceptualist view意念观 consonant辅音 constituent成分 constituent structure成分结构 constraint制约 construction结构 content word实词 context语境;上下文 contextualism语境论 Contrastive Analysis对比分析法 conversational implicature 会话含义 co-operative principle合作原则 coordinate sentence并列句 creativity创造性 critical period关键期;临界期 cultural transmission文化传播 D declaration宣告类 deep structure深层结构 dental齿音 derivation派生法 derivational morpheme派生语素

英语语言学名词解释(2)

现代语言学 一绪论 1. Linguistics: Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language 2 Phonetics: The study of sounds which are used in linguistics communication is called phonetics. For example, vowels and consonants. 3 Phonology: The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology.For example,phone,phoneme,and allophone. 4 Morphology :The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words is called morphology.For example,boy and “ish”---boyish,teach---teacher. 5 Syntax : The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences is called syntax.For esample,”John like linguistics.” 6 Semantics: The study of meaning in language is called semantics. For example,:The seal could not be found.The zoo keeper became worried.” The seal could not be found,The king became worried.” Here the word seal means different things. 7 Pragmatics: The study of meaning in context of use is called pragmatics.For example, “I do” The word do means different context. 8 Sociolinguistics: The study of language with reference to society is called sociolinguistics.For example,regional dialects,social variation in language. 9Psycholinguistics: The study of language with reference to workings of mind is called psycholinguistics. 二音系学 1 Phonetics: The study of sounds that are used in linguistic communication is called phonetics. 2 Phonology: The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology. 3 Phone: Phone can be simply defined as the speech sounds we use when speaking a language. A phone is a phonetic unit or segement. It does not necessarily distinguish meaning; some do,some don’t. 4 Phoneme: Phonology is concerned with the speech sounds which distinguish meaning. The basic unit in phonology is called phoneme;it is a unit that is of distinctive value. 5 allophone: The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environment are called the allophones of that phoneme. 6 Complementary distribution: These two allophones of the same phoneme are said to be in complementary distribution. 7 Minimal pair: When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segement which occurs in the same place in the stings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair. 8 Stress: When a certain syllable of a word is stressed, it means that the syllable is prounced with great force than the other or others. 9 tones: Tones are pitch variation, which are caused by the different rates of vibration of the vocal cords. Pitch variations can distinguish meaning just like phoneme; therefore, the tone is a suprasegemental feature. 10 intonation: When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as intonation. Intonation plays an important role in conveying meaning in almost every language,especially in a language like English{$isbest} 三形态学 1 morphology: Morphology is a branch of grammer which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. 2 inflectional morphology: Inflectional morphology studies the inflections of word-formation.

语言学概论期末复习要点

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Linguistics mainly involves the following branches: 1)General linguistics, which is the study of language as a whole and which deals with the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods applicable in any linguistic study 2)Phonetics, which studies the sounds that are used in linguistic communication 3)Phonology, which studies how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication 4)Morphology, which studies the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words 5)Syntax, which studies how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences 6)Semantics, which is the study of meaning in language. 7)Pragmatics, which is the study of meaning not in isolation, but in the context of use 8)Sociolinguistics, which is the study of language with reference to society 9)Psycholinguistics, which is the study of language with reference to the workings of mind. 10)Applied linguistics, which is concerned about the application of linguistic findings in linguistic studies; in a narrow sense, applied linguistics refers to the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching, especially the teaching of foreign and second languages. 11)Other related branches are anthropological linguistics(人类语言学), neurological linguistics(神经语言学), mathematical linguistics (数学语言学), and computational linguistics(计算机语言学). 4.What makes modern linguistics different from traditional grammar? 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Although the speaker’s knowledge of his mother tongue is perfect, his performances may have mistakes because of social and psychological factors such as stress, embarrassment, etc… Chomsky believes that what linguists should study is the competence, which is systematic, not the performance, which is too haphazard (偶然的). 9.How is Saussure’s distinction between langue and parole similar to Chomsky’s distinction between competence and performance? And what is their difference?索绪尔是如何区分语言和言语类似乔姆斯基的区分能力和表现?和它们的区别是什么? Both Saussure and Chomsky make the distinction between the abstract language system and the actual use of language. Their purpose is to single out one aspect of language for serious study. 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The term “human” is meant to specify that language is human-specific. 11.What features of human language have been specified by Charles Hockett to show that it is essentially different from any animal communication system? 人类语言的甄别性特征是什么? 1.Arbitrariness(任意性): (课本答案:a sign of sophistication only humans are capable of) It means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. Although language is arbitrary by nature, it is not entirely arbitrary. Non-arbitrary words make up only a small percentage of the total number. The arbitrary nature of language is a sign of sophistication and it makes it possible for language to have an unlimited source of expressions. 2.Productivity(创造性): (课本答案:creativity: animals are quite limited in the messages they are able to send)Language is productive or creative in that it makes possible the con?struction and interpretation of an infinitely large number of sentences, including those they have never said or heard before. 3.Duality(二重性): (课本答案:a feature totally lacking in any animal communication)It means that language is a system, which consists of two sets of structure, or two levels, one of sounds at the lower level and the other of meanings at the higher level. At the lower or the basic level, there is the structure of individual and meaningless sounds, which can be grouped into meaningful units at the higher level. This duality of structure or dou?ble articulation of language enables its users to talk about anything within their knowledge. 4.Displacement(移位性): (课本答案:no animal can “talk” about things removed from the immediate situation)Language can be used to refer to things which are present or not present, real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or far-away places. In other words, language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker.

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现代语言学考试复习要点 1. Definition of language Language is a system of arbitrary(随意的) vocal symbols used for human communication. . 2. microlinguistics and macrolinguistics microlinguistics: is concerned with the study of language or languages per se, not concern other field of study such as sociology, psychology, literature, computer science, etc. Macrolinguistics:is concerned with the study of language which involves other discipline (interdisciplinary) sociolinguistics: Psycholinguistics: Applied linguistics: 3 langue and parole(语言和言语) 由Swiss linguist F. de Saussure 提出的Langue r efers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.(conventions and rules; abstract; relatively stable;) Parole refers to the realization of a langue in actual use.(the concrete use of the conventions and rules; concrete, refers to the naturally occurring language events; varies from person to person, situation to situation) 区别的目的:parole is simple a mass of linguistic facts, too varied and confusing for systematic investigation and what linguists should do is to abstract langue from parole(发现规律)。4.competence and performance(能力和运用): American linguist A. Chomsky proposed in the late 1950s. Competence: the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language Performance: the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. 犯错误的原因是:though internalized, but with social and psychological factors such as stress, anxiety and embarrassment. . 5.prescriptive VS descriptive(规定性和描述性): descriptive: describes and analyses the language people actually use, // descriptive is a distinctive feature in modern linguistic studies. prescriptive:aims to lay down rules for ‘correct’behaviour(what

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现代语言学名词解释 现代语言学 一绪论 1 Linguisitics :Linguistics is generally defined as the scientic study of language 2 Phonetics : The study of sounds which are used in linguistics communication is called phonetics.For example,vowels and consonants 3 Phonology” : T he study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology.For example,phone,phoneme,and allophone. 4 Morphology :The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words is called morphology.For example,boy and “ish”---boyish,teach---teacher. 5 Syntax : The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences is called syntax.For esample,”John like linguistics.” 6 Semantics: The study of meaning in language is called semantics. For example,:The seal could not be found.The zoo keeper became worried.” The seal could not be found,The king became worried.” Here the word seal means different things. 7 Pragmatics: The study of meaning in context of use is called pragmatics.For example, “I do” The word do means d ifferent context. 8 Sociolinguistics: The study of language with reference to society is called sociolinguistics.For example,regional dialects,social variation in language. 9Psycholinguistics: The study of language with reference to workings of mind is called psycholinguistics. 二音系学 1 Phonetics: The study of sounds that are used in linguistic communication is called phonetics. 2 Phonology: The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology. 3 Phone: Phone can be simply defined as the speech sounds we use when speaking a language. A phone is a phonetic unit or segement. It does not necessarily distinguish meaning; some do,some don’t. 4 Phoneme: Phonology is concerned with the speech sounds which distinguish meaning. The basic unit in phonology is called phoneme;it is a unit that is of distinctive value. 5 allophone: The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environment are called the allophones of that phoneme. 6 Complementary distribution: These two allophones of the same phoneme are

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