雅思精讲阅读班精讲班第9讲讲义
雅思精讲阅读班精讲班第9讲讲义
Questions 26-32
Practice
You are advised to spend about 20 minutes on Questions 26-38 which are based on Reading Passage 3.
Wild Foods of Australia
Over 120 years ago, the English botanist J. D. Hooker, writing of Australian edible plants, suggested that many of them were 'eatable but not worth eating'. Nevertheless, the Australian flora, together with the fauna, supported the Aboriginal people well before the arrival of Europeans. The Aborigines were not farmers and were wholly dependent for life on the wild products around them. They learned to eat, often after treatment, a wide variety of plants.
The conquering Europeans displaced the Aborigines, killing many, driving others from their traditional tribal lands, and eventually settling many of the tribal remnants on government reserves, where flour and beef replaced nardoo and wallaby as staple foods. And so, gradually, the vast store of knowledge, accumulated over thousands of years, fell into disuse. Much was lost.
However, a few European men took an intelligent and even respectful interest in the people who were being displaced. Explorers. missionaries, botanists, naturalists and government officials observed, recorded and. fortunately in some cases, published. Today we can draw on these publications to form the main basis of our knowledge of the edible, natural products of Australia. The picture is no doubt mostly incomplete. We can only speculate on the number of edible plants on which no observation was recorded.
Not all our information on the subject comes from the Aborigines. Times were hard in the early days of European settlement, and traditional foods were often in short supply or
impossibly expensive for a pioneer trying to establish a farm in the bush. And so necessity led to experimentation just as it must have done for the Aborigines and experimentation led to some lucky results. So far as is known, the Aborigines made no use of Leptospermum or Dodonaea as food plants, yet the early settlers found that one could be used as a substitute for tea and the other for hops. These plants are not closely related to the species they replaced, so their use was not based on botanical observation. Probably some experiments had less happy endings; L. J. Webb has used the expression eat, die and learn in connection with the Aboriginal experimentation, but it was the successful attempts that became widely known. It is possible the edibility of some native plants used by the Aborigines was discovered independently by the European settlers or their descendants.
Explorers making long expeditions found it impossible to carry sufficient food for the whole journey and were forced to rely, in part, on food that they could find on the way. Still another source of information comes from the practice in other countries. There are many species from northern Australia which occur also in southeast Asia, where they are used for food.
In general, those Aborigines living in the dry inland areas were largely dependent for their vegetable foods on seed such as those of grasses, acacias and eucalypts. They ground these seeds between flat stones to make a coarse flour. Tribes on the coast, and particularly those in the vicinity of coastal rainforests, had a more varied vegetable diet with a higher proportion of fruits and tubers. Some of the coastal plants, even if they had grown inland, probably would have been unavailable as food since they required prolonged washing or soaking to render them non-poisonous; many of the inland tribes could not obtain water in the quantities necessary for such treatment. There was also considerable variation in the edible plants available to Aborigines in different latitudes. In general, the people who lived in the moist tropical areas enjoyed a much greater variety, than those in the southern part of Australia.
With all the hundreds of plant species used for food by the Australian Aborigines, it is perhaps surprising that only one, the Queensland nut. has entered into commercial cultivation as a food plant. The reason for this probably does not lie with an intrinsic lack of potential in Australian flora, but rather with the lack of exploitation of this potential. In Europe and Asia, for example, the main food plants have had the benefit of many centuries of selection and hybridisation, which has led to the production of forms vastly superior to those in the wild. Before the Europeans came, the Aborigines practised no agriculture and so there was no opportunity for such improvement; either deliberate or unconscious, in the quality of the edible plants.
Since 1788, there has, of course, been opportunity for selection of Australian food plants which might have led to the production of varieties that were worth cultivating. But Australian plants have probably 'missed the bus'. Food plants from other regions were already so far in advance after a long tradition of cultivation that it seemed hardly worth starting work on Australian species. Undoubtedly, the native raspberry, for example, could, with suitable selection and breeding programs, be made to yield a high-class fruit; but Australians already enjoy good raspberries from other areas of the world and unless some dedicated amateur plant breeder takes up the task, the Australian raspberries are likely to remain unimproved.
And so, today, as the choice of which food plants to cultivate in Australia has been largely decided, and as there is little chance of being lost for long periods in the bush. our interest in the subject of Australian food plants tends to relate to natural history rather than to practical necessity.
Questions 26-32
Do the following statements reflect the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 3 ? In boxes 26-32 write:
YES if the statement reflects the writer’s claims
NO if the statement contradicts the writer
NOT GIVEN if there is no information about this in the passage
26. Most of the pre-European Aboriginal knowledge of wild foods has been recovered.
27. There were few food plants unknown to pre-European Aborigines.
28. Europeans learned all of what they knew of edible wild plants from Aborigines.
29. Dodonaea is an example of a plant used for food by both pre-European Aborigines and European settlers.
30. Some Australian food plants are botanically related to plants outside Australia.
31. Pre-European Aboriginal tribes closer to the coast had access to a greater variety of food plants than tribes further inland.
32. Some species of coastal food plants were also found inland.
Questions 33-35
Choose the appropriate letters (A-D) and write them in boxes 33-35 on your answer sheet.
33. Wallaby meat...
A was regularly eaten by Aborigines before European settlement.
B was given by Aborigines in exchange for foods such as flour.
C was a staple food on government reserves.
D was produced on farms before European settlement.
34. Experimentation with wild plants ...
A depended largely on botanical observation.
B was unavoidable for early settlers in all parts of Australia.
C led Aborigines to adopt Leptospermum as a food plant.
D sometimes had unfortunate results for Aborigines.
35. Wild plant use by Aborigines …
A was limited to dry regions.
B was restricted to seed.
C sometimes required the use of tools.
D was more prevalent in the southern part of Australia.
Questions 36-38
Complete the partial summary below. Choose ONE or TWO words from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 36-38 on your answer sheet.
Despite the large numbers of wild plants that could be used for food. only one, the ... (36) .... is being grown as a cash crop. Other edible plants in Australia, however, much potential they have for cultivation, had not gone through the lengthy process of ... (37) ... that would allow their exploitation, because Aborigines were not farmers. Thus species such as the ...
(38) ..., which would be an agricultural success had it not bad to compete with established E
uropean varieties at the time of European settlement, are of no commercia
刘洪波 雅思阅读真经 内部讲义 中
【雅思真经派读写互通理论】 长难句理解 经典句型背诵 剑8 1.1 The revolutionary aspect of this new timekeeper was neither the descending weight that provided its motive force nor the gear wheels (which had been around for at least 1,300 years) that transferred the power; it was the part called the escapement. 1.3 Some researchers say the results constitute compelling evidence that telepathy is genuine. Other parapsychologists believe that the field is on the brink of collapse, having tried to produce definitive scientific proof and failed. Sceptics and advocates alike do concur on one issue, however, that the most impressive evidence so far has come from the so-called ‘ganzfeld’ e xperiments, a German term that means ‘whole field’. 2.2 The Little Ice Age was far from a deep freeze, however; rather an irregular seesaw of rapid climatic shifts, few lasting more than a quarter-century, driven by complex and still little understood interactions between the atmosphere and the ocean. 2.3 While it is true that the olfactory powers of humans are nothing like as fine as those possessed by certain animals, they are still remarkably acute. 3.3 It follows from the above that sparing use of energy reserves should tend to extend life. 3.1 Discussion now centres on whether the route through the maze is communicated as a 'left-right' sequence of turns or as a 'compass bearing and distance' message. 3.3 Forests are one of the main elements of our natural heritage. The decline of Europe's forests over the last decade and a half has led to an increasing awareness and understanding of the serious imbalances which threaten them. 4.2 The MSC has established a set of criteria by which commercial fisheries can be judged. 4.3 It was found that children from the noisy schools had higher blood pressure and were more easily distracted than those who attended the quiet schools. Moreover, there was no evidence of adaptability to the noise. In fact, the longer the children had attended the noisy schools, the more distractible they became. 剑6 1.2 Theoretically, in the world of trade, shipping costs do not matter. Goods, once they have been
雅思强化写作精讲班第4讲讲义
雅思强化写作精讲班第4讲讲义 有效避免7种语法错误 有效避免7种语法错误 1 Employee can benefit more from telecommuting than employer. 2.1 Work at home using modern technology can greatly enhance our efficiency. 2.2 Children who are raise in impoverished families can generally deal with problems more effectively in their adult years. 2.3The problems that are created by environmental contamination is very hard to resolve. 2.4 Many students are very like studying home economics. 2.5 In present-day society, cultures were becoming very similar. 3 Intelligent students should not be treated different by their teachers. 4.1 Countries should pay attention on the disadvantages globalisation may create. 4.2 The Internet has instead of teachers in many classrooms. 5 Some parents do not obey traffic rules himself. 6 Some people think the Internet only has positive impact, other people think it also has negative influence on our lives. 7 There are a great many children think the main purpose of education should be to afford them pleasure and enjoyment. 高分范文讲解 范文讲解 In Britain, when some people get old they often go to live in a home with other old people where there are nurses to look after them. The government has to pay for his care. Who should be responsible for our old people? Give reasons for your answer. Example 2 Band 8 One of the most challenging problems of today’s society is the question about who should be responsible for our old people. It is not only a problem with money but also a question of the system we want our society to have. In my essay, I would like to present four possible models. Firstly, the company could be responsible for its retired employees. To do this, a special fund could be established. The advantage of this model is that if one believes in the capitalist system, it should be the cheapest solution. One possible problem is that the companies may have competition disadvantage due to higher staff costs. A second solution is that the government has to take the responsibility for the old people’s care. It can finance this with its tax in comes. Actually, this is the most democratic model since everybody gets as much money as he or she needs. Unfortunately, as the present situation in our country shows, this solution seems not to work very well.
雅思精讲阅读班精讲班第8讲讲义
雅思精讲阅读班精讲班第8讲讲义 Questions 25-28 说明：录音开始的2分钟内容已经在上一讲中讲过。。。 Questions 25-28 What is a dinosaur? A. Although the name dinosaur is derived from the Greek for “terrible lizard”, dinosaurs were not, in fact, lizards at all. Like lizards, dinosaurs are included in the class Reptilia, or reptiles, one of the five main classes of Vertebrata, animals with backbones. However, at the next level of classification, within reptiles, significant differences in the skeletal anatomy of lizards and dinosaurs have led scientists to place these groups of animals into two different superorders: Lepidosauria, or lepidosaurs, and Archosauria, or archosaurs. B. Classified as lepidosaurs are lizards and snakes and their prehistoric ancestors. Included among the archosaurs, or “ruling reptiles”, are prehistoric and modern crocodiles, and the now extinct thecondonts, pterosaurs and dinosaurs. Paleontologists believe that both dinosaurs and crocodiles evolved, in the later years of the Triassic Period (c. 248-208 million years ago), from creatures called pseudosuchian thecodonts. Lizards, snakes and different types of thecondont are believed to have evolved earlier in the Triassic Period from reptiles known as eosuchians. C. The most important skeletal differences between dinosaurs and other archosaurs are in the bones of the skull, pelvis and limbs. Dinosaur skulls are found in a great range of shapes and sizes, reflecting the different eating habits and lifestyles of a large and varied group of animals that dominated life on Earth for an extraordinary 165 million years. However, unlike the skulls of any other known animals, the skulls of dinosaurs had two long bones known as vomers. These bones extended on either side of the head, from the front of the snout to the level of the holes in the skull known as the antorbital fenestra, situated in front of the dinosaur’s orbits or eyesockets. D. All dinosaurs, whether large or small, quadrupedal or bipedal, fleet-footed or
雅思阅读强化练习
Reading 5 Summarizing 1 Read this opening paragraph from a newspaper article on music and then complete the sentence below, which summarises the main idea of the paragraph. A new book on music compares it to a __________________________________. 2 Read the second paragraph pf the article to find the words missing from sentences 1 and 2 which follow. 1 According to the writer, fees to musicians will come from _______________________. 2 In future, the two issues of ________________________ will be very important to consumers. 3 Underline the relevant sections of the paragraph above where you found the missing words.
IELTS Reading test practice Summary completion 5 Take eight minutes to complete the summary of the rest of the music passage.
雅思精讲阅读班精讲班第7讲讲义
雅思精讲阅读班精讲班第7讲讲义 Questions 22-24 What is a dinosaur? A. Although the name dinosaur is derived from the Greek for “terrible lizard”, dinosaurs were not, in fact, lizards at all. Like lizards, dinosaurs are included in the class Reptilia, or reptiles, one of the five main classes of Vertebrata, animals with backbones. However, at the next level of classification, within reptiles, significant differences in the skeletal anatomy of lizards and dinosaurs have led scientists to place these groups of animals into two different superorders: Lepidosauria, or lepidosaurs, and Archosauria, or archosaurs. B. Classified as lepidosaurs are lizards and snakes and their prehistoric ancestors. Included among the archosaurs, or “ruling reptiles”, are prehistoric and modern crocodiles, and the now extinct thecondonts, pterosaurs and dinosaurs. Paleontologists believe that both dinosaurs and crocodiles evolved, in the later years of the Triassic Period (c. 248-208 million years ago), from creatures called pseudosuchian thecodonts. Lizards, snakes and different types of thecondont are believed to have evolved earlier in the Triassic Period from reptiles known as eosuchians. C. The most important skeletal differences between dinosaurs and other archosaurs are in the bones of the skull, pelvis and limbs. Dinosaur skulls are found in a great range of shapes and sizes, reflecting the different eating habits and lifestyles of a large and varied group of animals that dominated life on Earth for an extraordinary 165 million years. However, unlike the skulls of any other known animals, the skulls of dinosaurs had two long bones known as vomers. These bones extended on either side of the head, from the front of the snout to the level of the holes in the skull known as the antorbital fenestra, situated in front of the dinosaur’s orbits or eyesockets. D. All dinosaurs, whether large or small, quadrupedal or bipedal, fleet-footed or slow-moving, shared a common body plan. Identification of this plan makes it possible to differentiate dinosaurs from any other types of animal, even other archosaurs. Most significantly, in dinosaurs, the pelvis and femur had evolved so that the hind limbs were held vertically beneath the body, rather than sprawling out to the sides like the limbs of a lizard. The femur of a dinosaur had a sharply in-turned neck and a ball-shaped head, which slotted into a fully open acetabulum or hip socket. A supra-acetabular crest helped prevent dislocation of the femur. The position of the knee joint, aligned below the acetabulum, made it possible for the whole hind limb to swing backwards and forwards. This unique combination of features gave dinosaurs what is know as a “fully improved gait”. Evolution of this highly efficient method of walking also developed in mammals,
雅思阅读精讲-READING-PASSAGE-1
Why pagodas don’t fall down A In a land swept by typhoons and shaken by earthquakes, how have Japan's tallest and seemingly flimsiest 不结实的; 易损坏的(原型flimsy)old buildings —500 or so wooden pagodas宝塔—remain ed standing for centuries? Records show that only two have collapsed during the past 1400 years. (第1题)Those that have disappeared were destroyed by fire as a result of lightning or civil war. The disastrous损失惨重的Hanshin earthquake in 1995 killed 6,400 people,topple d elevated highways, flatten ed使…成为平地office blocks and devastate d 毁灭; 摧毁the port area of Kobe. Yet it left the magnificent five-storey pagoda at the Toji temple in nearby Kyoto unscathed未受损伤; 未遭伤害(第2题) though it levelled夷平a number of buildings in the neighborhood. Topple: ~ (over) be unsteady and fall 不稳而倒下: The pile of books toppled over onto the floor. 那一摞书倒在地板上了. B Japanese scholars have been mystified for ages about why these tall, slender buildings are so stable. It was only thirty years ago that the building industry felt confident enough to erect office blocks of steel and reinforced concrete that had more than a dozen floors.（第3题）With its special shock absorbers 减震器to dampen 抑制the effect of sudden sideways movements from an earthquake, the thirty-six-storey Kasumigaseki building in central Tokyo — Japan's first skyscraper 摩天楼— was considered a masterpiece of modern engineering when it was built in 1968. 【重要词汇】mystify/ ?m?st?fa?; ˋm?st??fa?/ v(pt, pp -fied) [Tn] make (sb) confused through lack of understanding; puzzle; bewilder 使（某人）困惑不解; 使迷惑: I'm mystified; I just can't see how he did it. 我大惑不解, 就是不明白他是怎麽做到的. * her mystifying disappearance她神秘的失踪. dampen (down ) to make something such as a feeling or activity less strong The light rain dampened the crowd's enthusiasm. Raising interest rates might dampen the economy. to make a sound or movement less loud or strong The spring dampens the shock of the impact. C Yet in 826, with only pegs短桩and wedges楔子to keep his wooden structure upright, the master builder Kobodaishi had no hesitation in sending his majestic雄伟的Toji pagoda soaring fifty-five metres into the sky —nearly half as high as the Kasumigaseki skyscraper built some eleven centuries later. Clearly, Japanese carpenters of the day knew a few tricks about allowing a building to sway and settle
雅思阅读专项长难句讲义及练习教程文件
雅思阅读专项长难句讲义及练习
Understanding IELTS Grammar ---Solution to Long & Complicated Sentences ●长难句成因： “树形结构”： ?修饰成分纷繁复杂 ?主从句交织 ?特殊句式 ●Strategies for Long & Complicated Sentences: 一、主从复合句解析 1.名词性从句 2.定语从句 3.状语从句 4.多重复合句 二、特殊结构句式解析 1. 分隔结构 2. 倒装结构 3. 强调结构 4. 双重或者多重否定 5. 比较结构 一、主从复合句解析 1.名词性从句 1.1 主语从句 ?Looking at the picture makes him experience a severe attack of nostalgia.
?For her, a woman, to defy her husband’s order would be considered audacious at her time. ?What bothers me about this point of view is that it implies that human beings, in some deep sense, are not part of nature. ?That he is in love with her is no longer a secret. 主语从句解读方法： ● ●主语从句引导词： Practice: （1）That he finished writing the composition in such a short time surprised us all. （2）Whether we will go for an outing tomorrow remains unknown. （3）Who will be our monitor hasn't been decided yet. （4）Who the watch belongs to is unknown. （5）Whom we must study for is a question of great importance. （6）What caused the accident remains unknown. （7）What we need is time. （8）What we need are good doctors. （9）Whatever you did is right. Example 1： That the nineteenth– century French novelist Balzac could be financially wise in his fiction while losing all his money in his life was an irony which was duplicated in other matters.
剑桥雅思6阅读test2精讲
剑桥六阅读讲解test2 第一篇题型一 ?i Avoiding an overcrowded centre ?ii A successful exercise in people power ?iii The benefits of working together in cities ?iv Higher incomes need not mean more cars ?v Economic arguments fail to persuade ?vi The impact of telecommunications on population distribution ?vii Increases in traveling time ?viii Responding to arguments against public transport 第一篇题型二 ?6 The ISTP study examined public and private systems in every city of the world. ?7 Efficient cities can improve the quality of life for their inhabitants. ?8 An inner-city tram network is dangerous for car drivers. ?9 In Melbourne, people prefer to live in the outer suburbs. ?10 Cities with high levels of bicycle usage can be efficient even when public transport is only averagely good. 第一篇题型三 ?11 Perth ?12 Auckland ?13 Portland 第一篇题型三 ?A successfully uses a light rail transport system in hilly environment ?B successful public transport system despite cold winters ?C profitably moved from road to light rail transport system ?D hilly and inappropriate for rail transport system ?E heavily dependent on cars despite widespread poverty ?F inefficient due to a limited public transport system 第一段 ?正数第二行“(ISTP) has demonstrated that public transport is more efficient than cars. The study compared the proportion of wealth poured into transport by thirty-seven cities around the world ”，对应第六题。 第二段 ?正数第一行“The study found that the Western Australian city of Perth is a good example of a city with minimal public transport. As a result, 17% of its wealth went into transport costs ”，对应第十一题。 ?正数第四行“pointed out that these more efficient cities were able to put the difference into attracting industry and jobs or creating a better place to live ”，对应第七题。 第三段 ?正数第三行“Melbourne?s large tram network has made c ar use in the inner city much lower, but the outer suburbs have the same car-based structure as most other Australian cities”，对应第八题。?倒数第二行“The explosion in demand for accommodation in the inner suburbs of Melbourne suggests a recent change in many people?s preferences as to where they live ”，对应第九题。 第五段 ?正数第一行“Bicycle use was not included in the study but Newman noted that the two most …bicycle friendly? cities considered-Amsterdam and Copenhagen-were very efficient, even though their public transport systems were …reasonable but not special”，对应第十题。
雅思精讲阅读班精讲班第9讲讲义
雅思精讲阅读班精讲班第9讲讲义 Questions 26-32 Practice You are advised to spend about 20 minutes on Questions 26-38 which are based on Reading Passage 3. Wild Foods of Australia Over 120 years ago, the English botanist J. D. Hooker, writing of Australian edible plants, suggested that many of them were 'eatable but not worth eating'. Nevertheless, the Australian flora, together with the fauna, supported the Aboriginal people well before the arrival of Europeans. The Aborigines were not farmers and were wholly dependent for life on the wild products around them. They learned to eat, often after treatment, a wide variety of plants. The conquering Europeans displaced the Aborigines, killing many, driving others from their traditional tribal lands, and eventually settling many of the tribal remnants on government reserves, where flour and beef replaced nardoo and wallaby as staple foods. And so, gradually, the vast store of knowledge, accumulated over thousands of years, fell into disuse. Much was lost. However, a few European men took an intelligent and even respectful interest in the people who were being displaced. Explorers. missionaries, botanists, naturalists and government officials observed, recorded and. fortunately in some cases, published. Today we can draw on these publications to form the main basis of our knowledge of the edible, natural products of Australia. The picture is no doubt mostly incomplete. We can only speculate on the number of edible plants on which no observation was recorded. Not all our information on the subject comes from the Aborigines. Times were hard in the early days of European settlement, and traditional foods were often in short supply or
雅思阅读强化精讲简答题
新航道雅思阅读强化精讲（李楠老师） 雅思阅读强化精讲——Short Answer Questions （简答题） ----- Crystal Lee 1．题型要求 每个题目都是一个特殊问句，要求根据原文作出回答。 绝大部分的题目要求有字数限制，一般有如下几种表达方式： （1）NO MORE THAN TWO/THREE/FOUR WORDS （不超过2/3/4 个字）；（1）ONE OR TWO WORDS （一个或两个字）； （1）Use a maximum of TWO words （最多两个字）。注意：有字数限制的，一定要严格按照题目要求去做。 少部分的题目要求中没有字数限制，这时，请注意，答案字数也不会很长，一般不会超过四个字。 总之，这种题型的答案都是词或短语，很少是句子，所以又叫“短问答”。该题型 一般为细节题（得分必拿题）。是雅思阅读中难度较低的一种题型。所以一定要保证此题型的准确率。 考试中，A类和G类一般都是每次必考，考一组，共三题左右。 2．解题步骤 （1）定位。找出题目中的关键词，最好先定位到原文中的一个段落。 将题目中的关键词与原文各段落的小标题或每段话的第一句相对照。有些题目能先定位到原文中的一个段落，这必将大大加快解题时间，并提高准确率。但并不是每个题目都能先定位到原文中的一个段落的。 题目中如果包含专有名词（年代、人名、地名、数字），这些词肯定是关键词，因为原文中不会对这些词做改变，而且这些词特别好找，所以依据这些词在原文中确定答案比较快。 （2）选读。从头到尾快速阅读该段落，根据题目中的其他关键词，确定正确答案。 确定一个段落后，答案在该段落中的具体位置是未知的。所以，需要从头到尾快速阅读该段落，确定正确答案。 新航道雅思阅读强化精讲（李楠老师）