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托福词汇精选400题

托福词汇精选400题
托福词汇精选400题

TOEFL词汇题精选

001.Most of these leaders were involved in public life as reformers,activists working for women's right to vote,or authors,and were not representative at all of the great of ordinary women.

The word"representative"is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A)typical

(B)satisfied

(C)supportive

(D)distinctive

002.In the United States,Louis Comfort Tiffany(1843-1933)was the most noted exponent of this style,producing a great variety of glass forms and surfaces,which were widely copied in their time and are highly prized today.

The word"prized"is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A)valued

(B)universal

(C)uncommon

(D)preserved

003.The Art Nouveau style was a major force in the decorative arts from1895until1915, although its influence continued throughout the mid-1920's.It was eventually to be overtaken by a new school of thought known as Functionalism that had been present since the turn of the century.

The word"overtaken"is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A)surpassed

(B)inclined

(C)expressed

(D)applied

004.During most of their lives,surge glaciers behave like normal glaciers,traveling perhaps only a couple of inches per day.However,at intervals of10to100years,these glaciers move forward up to100times faster than usual. The word"intervals"is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A)records

(B)speeds

(C)distances

(D)periods

005.The increasing water pressure under the glacier might lift it off its bed,overcoming the friction between ice and rock,thus freeing the glacier,which rapidly sliders downhill.Surge glaciers also might be influenced by the climate, volcanic heat,or earthquakes.

The word"freeing"is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A)pushing

(B)releasing

(C)strengthening

(D)draining

006.A flood of ice would then surge into the Southern Sea.With the continued rise in sea level,more ice would plunge into the ocean, causing sea levels to rise even higher,which in turn would release more ice and set in motion a vicious cycle.

The word"plunge"is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A)drop

(B)extend

(C)melt

(D)drift

007.Group members look to instrumental leaders to"get things done."Expressive leadership,on the other hand,is leadership

that emphasizes the collective well-being of a

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social group's members.

The word"collective"is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A)necessary

(B)typical

(C)group

(D)particular

008.They offer sympathy when someone experiences difficulties or is subjected to discipline,are quick to lighten a serious moment with humor,and try to resolve issues that threaten to divide the group.

The word"resolve"is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A)avoid repeating

(B)talk about

(C)avoid thinking about

(D)find a solution for

009.Thousands of tons were extracted before 1875,when it was first noticed that the tar contained fossil remains.Major excavations were undertaken that established the significance of this remarkable site.

The word"noticed"is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A)predicted

(B)announced

(C)corrected

(D)observed

010.Since then,over100tons of fossils,1.5 million from vertebrates,2.5million from invertebrates,have been recovered,often in densely concentrated tangled masses.

The word"tangled"is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A)buried beneath

(B)twisted together

(C)quickly formed

(D)easily dated

011.The asphalt at La Brea seeps to the surface, especially in the summer,and forms shallow puddles that would often have been concealed by leaves and dust.

The word"concealed"is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A)highlighted

(B)covered

(C)transformed

(D)contaminated

012.The ocean bottom---a region nearly2.5 times greater than the total land area of the Earth---is a vast frontier that even today is largely unexplored and uncharted,until about a century ago,the deep-ocean floor was completely inaccessible,hidden beneath waters averaging over3,600meters deep.

The word"inaccessible"is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A)unrecognizable

(B)unreachable

(C)unusable

(D)unsafe

013.The DSDP's drill ship,the Glomar Challenger,was able to maintain a steady position on the ocean's surface and drill in very deep waters,extracting samples of sediments and rock from the ocean floor.

The word"extracting"is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A)breaking

(B)locating

(C)removing

(D)analyzing

014.Today,largely on the strength of evidence gathered during the Glomar Challenger's voyages,nearly all earth scientists agree on the theories of plate tectonics and continental drift that explain many of the geological processes that shape the Earth.

The word"strength"is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A)basis

(B)purpose

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(C)discovery

(D)endurance

015.For every three Canadians in1945,there were over five in1966.In September1966 Canada's population passed the20million mark.Most of this surging growth came from natural increase.

The word"surging"is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A)new

(B)extra

(C)accelerating

(D)surprising

016.When the prairies were being settled, undoubtedly,the good economic conditions of the1950's supported a growth in the population,but the expansion also derived from a trend toward earlier marriages and an increase in the average size of families.

The word"trend"is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A)tendency

(B)aim

(C)growth

(D)directive

017.After the peak year of1957,the birth rate in Canada began to decline.It continued falling until in1966,it stood at the lowest level in25 years.

The word"peak"is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A)pointed

(B)dismal

(C)mountain

(D)maximum

018.Although the growth in Canada's population had slowed down by1966(the increase the first half of the1960's was only nine percent),another large population wave was coming over the horizon.It would be composed of the children who were born during the period of the high birth rate prior to1957.

The phrase"prior to"is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A)behind

(B)since

(C)during

(D)preceding

019.Advocates of organic foods---a term whose meaning varies greatly---frequently proclaim that such products are safer and more nutritious than others.

The word"Advocates"is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A)Proponents

(B)Merchants

(C)Inspectors

(D)Consumers

020.There are numerous unsubstantiated reports that natural vitamins are superior to synthetic ones,that fertilized eggs are nutritionally superior to unfertilized eggs,that untreated grains are better than fumigated grains,and the like.

The word"unsubstantiated"is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A)unbelievable

(B)uncontested

(C)unpopular

(D)unverified

021.But in many cases consumers are misled if they believe organic foods can maintain health and provide better nutritional quality than conventionally grown foods.So there is real cause for concern if consumers, particularly those with limited incomes, distrust the regular food supply and buy only expensive organic foods instead.

The word"maintain"is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A)improve

(B)monitor

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(C)preserve

(D)restore

022.In addition,there were performers and since considerable importance was attached to avoiding mistakes in the enactment of rites, religious leaders usually assumed that task. The word"considerable"is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A)thoughtful

(B)substantial

(C)relational

(D)ceremonial

023.In addition,there were performers and since considerable importance was attached to avoiding mistakes in the enactment of rites, religious leaders usually assumed that task. The word"enactment"is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A)establishment

(B)performance

(C)authorization

(D)season

024.Staggering tasks confronted the people of the United States,North and South,when the Civil War ended.About a million and a half soldiers from both sides had to be demobilized, readjusted to civilian life,and reabsorbed by the devastated economy.

The word"Staggering"is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A)specialized

(B)confusing

(C)various

(D)overwhelming

025.About a million and a half soldiers from both sides had to be demobilized,readjusted to civilian life,and reabsorbed by the devastated economy.

The word"devastated"is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A)developing (B)ruined

(C)complicated

(D)fragile

026.Some botanists hypothesized that the living cells of plants acted as pumps.But many experiments demonstrated that the stems of plants in which all the cells are killed can still move water to appreciable heights.

The word"demonstrated"is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A)ignored

(B)showed

(C)disguised

(D)distinguished

027.As water is lost from the surface of the leaves,a negative pressure,or tension,is created.The evaporated water is replaced by water moving from inside the plant in unbroken columns that extend from the top of a plant to its roots.The same forces that create surface tension in any sample of water are responsible for the maintenance of these unbroken columns of water.

The word"extend"is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A)stretch

(B)branch

(C)increase

(D)rotate

028.By opening vast areas of unoccupied land for residential expansion,the omnibuses,horse railways,commuter trains,and electric trolleys pulled settled regions outward two to four times more distant from city centers than they were in the premodern era.

The word"vast"is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A)large

(B)basic

(C)new

(D)urban

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029.The new accessibility of land around the periphery of almost every major city sparked an explosion of real estate development and fueled what we now know as urban sprawl. Between1890and1920,for example,some 250,000new residential lots were recorded within the borders of Chicago,most of them located in outlying areas.

The word"sparked"is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A)brought about

(B)surrounded

(C)sent out

(D)followed

030.Anxious to take advantage of the possibilities of commuting,real estate developers added800,000potential building sites to the Chicago region in just thirty years-lots that could have housed five to six million people.

The word"potential"is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A)certain

(B)popular

(C)improved

(D)possible

031.The quality of preservation is outstanding,but what is even more impressive is the number of ichthyosaur fossils containing preserved embryos.

The word"outstanding"is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A)extensive

(B)surprising

(C)vertical

(D)excellent

032.Ichthyosaurs with embryos have been reported from6different levels of the shale in a small area around Holzamden,suggesting that a specific site was used by large numbers of ichthyosaurs repeatedly over time.

The word"site"is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A)example

(B)location

(C)development

(D)characteristic

033.The quality of preservation is almost unmatched,and quarry operations have been carried out carefully with an awareness of the value of the fossils.But these factors do not account for the interesting question of how there came to be such a concentration of pregnant ichthyosaurs in a particular place very close to their time of giving birth.

The phrase"account for"is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A)record

(B)describe

(C)equal

(D)explain

034.In the seventeenth century the organ,the clavichord,and the harpsichord became the chief instruments of the keyboard group,a supremacy they maintained until the piano supplanted them at the end of the eighteenth century.

The words"a supremacy"in line9are closest

in meaning to

(A)a suggestion

(B)an improvement

(C)a dominance

(D)a development

035.A series of mechanical improvements continuing well into the nineteenth century, including the introduction of pedals to sustain tone or to soften it,the perfection of a metal frame,and steel wire of the finest quality, finally produced an instrument capable of myriad tonal effects from the most delicate harmonies to an almost orchestral fullness of sound,from a liquid,singing tone to a sharp, percussive brilliance.

The word"myriad"is closest in meaning to

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which of following?

(A)noticeable

(B)many

(C)loud

(D)unusual

036.Each one was virtually a stone town, which is why the Spanish would later call them pueblos,the Spanish word for towns.These pueblos represent one of the Anasazis' supreme achievements.At least a dozen large stone houses took shape below the bluffs of Chiaco Canyon in northwest New Mexico.

The word"supreme"is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A)most common

(B)most outstanding

(C)most expensive

(D)most convenient

037.They functioned as sanctuaries where the elders met to plan festivals,perform ritual dances,settle pueblo affairs,and impart tribal lore to the younger generation.

The word"settle"is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A)sink

(B)decide

(C)clarify

(D)locate

038.Then,to connect the pueblos and to give access to the surrounding tableland,the architects laid out a system of public roads with stone staircases for ascending cliff faces.

The word"ascending"is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A)arriving at

(B)carving

(C)connecting

(D)climbing

039.Within a very short time,however,the incongruity of playing lively music to a solemn film became apparent,and film pianists began to take some care in matching their pieces to the mood of the film.

The word"solemn"is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A)simple

(B)serious

(C)short

(D)silent

040.Certain films had music especially composed for them.The most famous of these early special scores was that composed and arranged for D.W.Griffith's film Birth of a Nation,which was released in1915.

The word"composed"is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A)selected

(B)combined

(C)played

(D)created

The word"scores"is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A)totals

(B)successes

(C)musical compositions

(D)groups of musicians

041.The Earth comprises three principal layers:the dense,iron-rich core,the mantle made of silicate rocks that are semimolten at depth,and the thin,solid-surface crust.

The word"comprises"is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A)adapts to

(B)benefits from

(C)consists of

(D)focuses on

042.These plates move over the semimolten lower mantle to produce all of the major topographical features of the Earth.Active zones where intense deformation occurs are confined to the narrow,interconnecting boundaries of contact of the plates.

The word"intense"is closest in meaning to

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which of following?

(A)surface

(B)sudden

(C)rare

(D)extreme

043.New oceanic crust is formed along one or more margins of each plate by material issuing from deeper layers of the Earth's crust, for example,by volcanic eruptions of lava at midocean ridges.

The word"margins"is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A)edges

(B)peaks

(C)interiors

(D)distances

044.If at such a spreading contact the two plates support continents,a rift is formed that will gradually widen and become flooded by the sea.The Atlantic Ocean formed like this as the American and Afro-European plates move in opposite directions.

The word"support"is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A)separate

(B)create

(C)reduce

(D)hold

045.Coincident with concerns about the accelerating loss of species and habitats has been a growing appreciation of the importance of biological diversity,the number of species in a particular ecosystem,to the health of the Earth and human well-being.

The word"appreciation"is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A)ignorance

(B)recognition

(C)tolerance

(D)forgiveness

046.An alien exploring Earth would probably give priority to the planet's dominant,most-distinctive feature-the ocean.Humans have a bias toward land that sometimes gets in the way of truly examining global issues.

The word"bias"is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A)concern

(B)disadvantage

(C)attitude

(D)prejudice

047.The prevailing winds in the Great Basin are from the west.Warm,moist air from the Pacific Ocean is forced upward as it crosses the Sierra Nevada.

The word"prevailing"is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A)most frequent

(B)occasional

(C)gentle

(D)most dangerous

048.There seem to have been several periods within the last tens of thousands of years when water accumulated in these basins.The rise and fall of the lakes were undoubtedly linked to the advances and retreats of the great ice sheets that covered much of the northern part of the North American continent during those times. The word"accumulated"is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A)dried

(B)flooded

(C)collected

(D)evaporated

049.All living creature,especially human beings,have their peculiarities,but everything about the little sea cucumber seems unusual. What else can be said about a bizarre animal that,among other eccentricities,eats mud, feeds almost continuously day and night but can live without eating for long periods,and can be poisonous but is considered supremely edible by gourmets?

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The phrase"bizarre"is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A)odd

(B)marine

(C)simple

(D)rare

050.Its major enemies are fish and crabs, when attacked,it squirts all its internal organs into the water.It also casts off attached structures such as tentacles.The sea cucumber will eviscerate and regenerate itself if it is attacked or even touched;it will do the same if the surrounding water temperature is too high or if the water becomes too polluted.

The phrase"casts off"is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A)grows again

(B)grabs

(C)gets rid of

(D)uses as a weapon

051.A folk culture is small,isolated,cohesive, conservative,nearly self-sufficient group that is homogeneous in custom and race,with a strong family or clan structure and highly developed rituals.

The word"homogeneous"is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A)uniform

(B)general

(C)primitive

(D)traditional

052.Unaltered folk cultures no longer exist in industrialized countries such as the United States and Canada.Perhaps the nearest modern equivalent in Anglo-America is the Amish,a German American farming sect that largely renounces the products and labor saving devices of the industrial age.

The phrase"largely renounces"is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A)generally rejects

(B)greatly modifies (C)loudly declares

(D)often criticizes

053.Secular institutions,of control such as the police and army take the place of religion and family in maintaining order,and a money-based economy prevails.Because of these contrasts,"popular"may be viewed as clearly different from"folk".

The word"prevails"is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A)dominates

(B)provides

(C)develops

(D)invests

054.Conventional computer models of the atmosphere have limited value in predicting short-lived local storms like the Edmonton tornado,because the available weather data are generally not detailed enough to allow computers to discern the subtle atmospheric changes that precede these storms.

The word"subtle"is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A)complex

(B)regular

(C)imagined

(D)slight

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/4e16499366.html,munications satellites can transmit data around the world cheaply and instantaneously,and modern computers can quickly compile and analyzing this large volume of weather information.

The word"compile"is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A)put together

(B)look up

(C)pile high

(D)work over

056.Meteorologists and computer scientists now work together to design computer programs and video equipment capable of

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transforming raw weather data into words, symbols,and vivid graphic displays that forecasters can interpret easily and quickly. The word"raw"is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A)stormy

(B)inaccurate

(C)uncooked

(D)unprocessed

057.People in the United States in the nineteenth century were haunted by the prospect that unprecedented change in the nation's economy would bring social chaos. The word"Prospect"is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A)regret

(B)possibility

(C)theory

(D)circumstance

058.Although the birth rate continued to decline from its high level of the eighteenth and early nineteenth century,the population roughly doubled every generation during the rest of the nineteenth centuries.As the population grew,its makeup also changed. The word"roughly"is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A)harshly

(B)surprisingly

(C)slowly

(D)approximately

059.Rapid industrialization and increased geographic mobility in the nineteenth century had special implications for women because these changes tended to magnify social distinctions.As the roles men and women played in society became more rigidly defined, so did the roles they played in the home.

The word"magnify"is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A)solve

(B)explain (C)analyze

(D)increase

The word"distinctions"is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A)differences

(B)classes

(C)accomplishments

(D)characteristics

060.In science,a theory is a reasonable explanation of observed events that are related.A theory often involves an imaginary model that helps scientists picture the way an observed event could be produced.

The word"related"is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A)connected

(B)described

(C)completed

(D)identified

061.If observations confirm the scientists' predictions,the theory is supported.

The word"supported"is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A)finished

(B)adjusted

(C)investigated

(D)upheld

062.The ice trade grew with the growth of cities.Ice was used in hotels,taverns,and hospitals,and by some forward-looking city dealers in fresh meat,fresh fish,and butter. The phrase"forward-looking"is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A)progressive

(B)popular

(C)thrifty

(D)well-established

063.Making an efficient icebox was not as easy as we might now suppose.In the early nineteenth century,the knowledge of the

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physics of heat,which was essential to a science of refrigeration,was rudimentary.

The word"rudimentary"is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A)growing

(B)undeveloped

(C)necessary

(D)uninteresting

064.Aside from perpetuating itself,the sole purpose of the American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters is to"foster,assist and sustain an interest"in literature,music, and art.

The word"sole"is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A)only

(B)honorable

(C)common

(D)official

065.One award subsidizes a promising American writer's visit to Rome.There is even an award for a very good work of fiction that failed commercially-once won by the young John Updike for The Poorhouse Fair and,more recently,by Alice Walker for In Love and Trouble.

The word"subsidizes"is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A)assures

(B)finances

(C)schedules

(D)publishes

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/4e16499366.html,mittee membership rotates every year,so that new voices and opinions are constantly heard.

The word"rotates"is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A)alternates

(B)participates

(C)decides

(D)meets 067.One important line of evidence comes from flaking patterns of stone cores used in tool making:implements flaked with a clockwise motion(indicating a right-handed toolmaker)can be distinguished from hose flaked with a counter-clockwise rotation (indicating a left-handed toolmaker).

The word"implements"is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A)tools

(B)designs

(C)examples

(D)pieces

068.Even scratches found on fossil human teeth offer clues.Ancient humans are thought to have cut meat into strips by holding it between their teeth and slicing it with stone knives,as do the present-day Inuit.

The word"clues"is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A)solutions

(B)details

(C)damage

(D)information

069.The variation between the hemispheres corresponds to which side of the body is used to perform specific activities.Such studies,as well as studies of tool use,indicate that right-or left-sided dominance is not exclusive to modern Homo sapiens.

The word"hemispheres"is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A)differences

(B)sides

(C)activities

(D)studies

070.Plants are subject to attack and infection by a remarkable variety of symbiotic species and have evolved a diverse array of mechanisms designed to frustrate the potential colonists.

The phrase"subject to"is closest in meaning to

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which of following?

(A)susceptible to

(B)classified by

(C)attractive to

(D)strengthened by

071.The external surfaces of plants,in addition to being covered by an epidermis and a waxy cuticle,often carry spiky hairs known as trichomes,which either prevent feeding by insects or may even puncture and kill insect larvae.

The word"puncture"is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A)pierce

(B)pinch

(C)surround

(D)cover

072.Orchids are unique in having the most highly developed of all blossoms,in which the usual male and female reproductive organs are fused in a single structure called the column. The word"fused"is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A)combined

(B)hidden

(C)fertilized

(D)produced

073.To lure their pollinators from afar, orchids use appropriately intriguing shapes, colors,and scents.At least50different aromatic compounds have been analyzed in the orchid family,each blended to attract one,or at most a few,species of insects or birds.

The word"lure"is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A)attract

(B)recognize

(C)follow

(D)help

074.Once the right insect has been attracted, some orchids present all sorts of one-way obstacle courses to make sure it does not leave until pollen has been accurately placed or removed.

The word"placed"is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A)estimated

(B)measured

(C)deposited

(D)identified

075.By such ingenious adaptations to specific pollinators,orchids have avoided the hazards of rampant crossbreeding in the wild,assuring the survival of species as discrete identities. At the same time they have made themselves irresistible to collectors.

The word"discrete"is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A)complicated

(B)separate

(C)inoffensive

(D)functional

076.The public school system suddenly found itself overtaxed.While the number of schoolchildren rose because of wartime and postwar conditions,these same conditions made the schools even less prepared to cope with the flood.

The word"overtaxed"is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A)well prepared

(B)plentifully supplied

(C)heavily burdened

(D)charged too much

077.Therefore,in the1950's and1960's,the baby boom hit an antiquated and inadequate school system.Consequently,the"custodial rhetoric"of the1930's and early1940's no longer made sense;that is,keeping youths aged sixteen and older out of the labor market by keeping them in school could no longer be a high priority for an institution unable to find space and staff to teach younger children aged

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five to sixteen.

The word"inadequate"is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A)deficient

(B)expanded

(C)innovative

(D)specialized

078.With the baby boom,the focus of educators and of laymen interested in education inevitably turned toward the lower grades and back to basic academic skills and discipline.

The word"inevitably"is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A)unwillingly

(B)impartially

(C)irrationally

(D)unavoidably

079.Deeply philosophical historians such as Henry Adams lamented the role that the new frenzy for business was playing in eroding traditional values.A distrust of industry and business continued among writers throughout the rest of the nineteenth century and into the twentieth.

The word"lamented"is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A)complained about

(B)analyzed

(C)explained

(D)reflected on

080.One thinks of melodramas,boys'books, thrillers,romances,and the like rather than novels of the first rank.

The phrase"first rank"is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A)largest category

(B)highest quality

(C)earliest writers

(D)most difficult language

081.These writers,who can genuinely be said to have created a genre,the"railroad novel," are now mostly forgotten,their names having faded from memory.

The words"faded from"in line21are closest in meaning to

(A)grew in

(B)disappeared from

(C)remained in

(D)developed from

082.The engine that became standard on western steamboats was of a different and novel design.It was the work primarily of an unsung hero of American industrial progress, Oliver Evans(1755-1819).

The word"novel"is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A)fictional

(B)intricate

(C)innovative

(D)powerful

083.The self-educated son of a Delaware farmer,Evans early became obsessed by the possibilities of mechanized production and steam power.As early as1802he was using a stationary steam engine of high-pressure design in his mill.Engines of this type were not unknown,but before Evans they were generally considered impractical and dangerous.

The word"stationary"is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A)single

(B)fixed

(C)locomotive

(D)modified

084.In shallow western rivers the weight of vessel and engine was important;a heavy engine added to the problem of navigation. The word"vessel"is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A)fuel

(B)crew

(C)cargo

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(D)craft

085.The key concepts emerged about1957. Townes and Arthur Schawlow,then at Bell Telephone Laboratories,wrote a long paper outlining the conditions needed to amplify stimulated emission of visible light waves.

The word"emerged"is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A)increased

(B)concluded

(C)succeeded

(D)appeared

The word"outlining"is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A)assigning

(B)studying

(C)checking

(D)summarizing

086.On this perfect surface,the artist would sketch a composition with chalk,refine it with inks,and then begin the deliberate process of applying thin layers of egg tempera paint(egg yolk in which pigments are suspended)with small brushes.

The word"deliberate"is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A)decisive

(B)careful

(C)natural

(D)unusual

087.The quick-drying tempera demanded that the artist know exactly where each stroke be placed before the brush met the panel,and it required the use of fine brushes.

The word"demanded"is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A)ordered

(B)reported

(C)required

(D)questioned

088.The painter or master who is credited with having created the painting may have designed the work and overseen its production, but it is highly unlikely that the artist's hand applied every stroke of the brush.More likely, numerous assistants,who had been trained to imitate the artist's style,applied the paint. The word"imitate"is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A)copy

(B)illustrate

(C)promote

(D)believe in

089.On the other hand,when it comes to substantive-particularly behavioral-information,crows are less well known than many comparably common species and,for that matter,not a few quite uncommon ones: the endangered California condor,to cite one obvious example.There are practical reasons for this.

The word"comparably"is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A)interestingly

(B)similarly

(C)otherwise

(D)sometimes

090.Being so educable,individual birds have markedly different interests and inclinations, strategies and scams.

The word"inclination"is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A)tricks

(B)opportunities

(C)preferences

(D)experiences

091.The confusion and congestion of individual citizens looking for their letters was itself enough to discourage use of the mail.It is no wonder that,during the years of these cumbersome arrangements,private letter-carrying and express businesses developed. The word"cumbersome"is closest in meaning

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to which of following?

(A)burdensome

(B)handsome

(C)loathsome

(D)quarrelsome

092.But this delivery service was at first confined to cities,and free home delivery became a mark of urbanism.As late as1887,a town had to have10,000people to be eligible for free home delivery.

The word"Confined"is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A)granted

(B)scheduled

(C)limited

(D)recommended

093.They were,by training,social scientists, not historians,and their work tended to reflect this bias.The questions they framed and the techniques they used were designed to help them understand,as scientists,how people behaved.

The word"framed"is closest in meaning to which of following?

(B)read

(C)avoided

(D)posed

094.In Kingston,New York,for example, evidence has been uncovered that indicates that English goods were being smuggled into that city at a time when the Dutch supposedly controlled trading in the area.

The word"supposedly"is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A)ruthlessly

(B)tightly

(C)barely

(D)seemingly

095.And in Sacramento an excavation at the site of a fashionable nineteenth-century hotel revealed that garbage had been stashed in the building's basement despite sanitation laws to the contrary.

The word"sanitation"is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A)city

(B)housing

(C)health

(D)trade

096.When Jules Verne wrote Journey to the Center of the Earth in1864,there were many conflicting theories about the nature of the Earth's interior.Some geologists thought that it contained a highly compressed ball of incandescent gas,while others suspected that it consisted of separate shells,each made of a different material.

The word"conflicting"is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A)controlling

(B)outdated

(C)opposing

(D)important

097.Beyond a depth of around2,900 kilometers,a great change takes place and the mantle gives way to the core.

The phrase"gives way to"is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A)runs along

(B)rubs against

(C)turns into

(D)floats on

098.Although scientists can speculate about its nature,neither humans nor machines will ever be able to visit it.

The word"speculate"is closest in meaning to

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which of following?

(A)report

(B)learn

(C)worry

(D)hypothesize

099.Farmers could get better prices for their crops if the alternative existed of sending them directly eastward to market,and merchants could sell larger quantities of their manufactured goods if these could be transported more directly and more economically to the west.

The word"alternative"is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A)option

(B)transition

(C)intention

(D)authorization

100.The distance was more than350miles, and there were ridges to cross and a wilderness of woods and swamps to penetrate.

The word"penetrate"is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A)cut down

(B)go through

(C)fill up

(D)take over

101.The range of the New York canal system was still further extended when the states of Ohio and Indiana,inspired by the success of the Erie Canal,provided water connections between Lake Erie and the Ohio River.

The word"extended"is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A)increased

(B)constructed

(C)deepened

(D)measured

102.The answer lay in a resource that unknowing Americans had trampled underfoot in their haste to cross the"Great American Desert"to reach lands that sometimes proved barren.In the eastern parts of the United States,the preferred grass for forage was a cultivated plant.

The word"barren"is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A)lonely

(B)dangerous

(C)uncomfortable

(D)infertile

103.In the eastern parts of the United States, the preferred grass for forage was a cultivated plant.It grew well with enough rain,then when cut and stored it would cure and become nourishing hay for winter feed.

The word"preferred"is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A)ordinary

(B)available

(C)required

(D)favored

104.They were not juicy like the cultivated eastern grasses,but had short,hard stems. The word"hard"is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A)firm

(B)severe

(C)difficult

(D)bitter

105.Nevertheless,most domestic architecture of the first three-quarters of the eighteenth century displays a wide divergence of taste and freedom of application of the rules laid down in these books.

The word"divergence"is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A)description

(B)development

(C)difference

(D)display

106.New England still favored wood,though

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brick houses became common in Boston and other towns,where the danger of fire gave an impetus to the use of more durable material.

A few houses in New England were built of stone,but only in Pennsylvania and adjacent areas was stone widely used in dwellings.

The word"durable"is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A)attractive

(B)expensive

(C)refined

(D)long-lasting

The word"dwelling"is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A)houses

(B)towns

(C)outbuildings

(D)rural areas

107.Doorways were larger and more decorative. Fireplaces became decorative features of rooms. Walls were made of plaster or wood,sometimes elaborately paneled.

The word"elaborately"is closest in meaning

to which of following?

(A)done in great detail

(B)put together carefully

(C)using many colors

(D)reinforced structurally

108.Whereas schooling has a certain predictability,education quite often produces surprises.A chance conversation with stranger may lead a person to discover how

little is known of other religions.People are engaged in education from infancy on.

The word"chance"is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A)unplanned

(B)unusual

(C)lengthy

(D)lively

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/4e16499366.html,cation,then,is a very broad,inclusive term.It is should be an integral part of one's entire life.

The word"integral"is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A)an equitable

(B)a profitable

(C)a pleasant

(D)an essential

110.For example,the edge of the Pacific Ocean has been called the"Ring of Fire"because so many volcanic eruptions and earthquakes happen there.Before the1960's,geologists could not explain why active volcanoes and strong earthquakes were concentrated in that region.

The word"concentrated"is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A)allowed

(B)clustered

(C)exploded

(D)strengthened

111.In the United States in the early1800's, individual state governments had more effect on the economy than did the federal government.States chartered manufacturing, banking,mining,and transportation firms and participated in the construction of various internal improvements such as canals, turnpikes,and railroads.

The word"effect"is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A)value

(B)argument

(C)influence

(D)restraint

112.The states encouraged internal improvements in two distinct ways:first,by actually establishing state companies to build such improvements;second,by providing part of the capital for mixed public-private companies setting out to make a profit.

The word"distinct"is closest in meaning to

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which of following?

(A)separate

(B)innovative

(C)alarming

(D)provocative

113.Finally,state governments experimented with direct labor and business regulation designed to help the individual laborer or consumer,including setting maximum limits on hours of work and restrictions on price-fixing by businesses.

The word"setting"is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A)discussing

(B)analyzing

(C)establishing

(D)avoiding

114.Although the states dominated economic activity during this period,the federal government was not inactive.Its goals were the facilitation of western settlement and the development of native industries.Toward these ends the federal government pursued several courses of action.

The word"ends"is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A)benefits

(B)decisions

(C)services

(D)goals

115.What forms of life were able to make such a drastic change in lifestyle?The traditional view of the first terrestrial organisms is based on mega fossils-relatively large specimens of essentially whole plants and animals.

The word"drastic"is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A)widespread

(B)radical

(C)progressive

(D)risky 116.It turns out that some fossils can be extracted from these sediments by putting the rocks in an acid bath.The technique has uncovered new evidence from sediments that were deposited near the shores of the ancient oceans-plant microfossils and microscopic pieces of small animals.

The word"extracted"is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A)located

(B)preserved

(C)removed

(D)studied

117.The technique has uncovered new evidence from sediments that were deposited near the shores of the ancient oceans-plant microfossils and microscopic pieces of small animals.In many instances the specimens are less than one-tenth of a millimeter in diameter.

The word"instances"is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A)methods

(B)processes

(C)cases

(D)reasons

118.In many instances the specimens are less than one-tenth of a millimeter in diameter. Although they were entombed in the rocks for hundreds of millions of years,many of the fossils consist of the organic remains of the organism.

The word"entombed"is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A)crushed

(B)trapped

(C)produced

(D)excavated

119.Citizens of prosperous,essentially middle-class republics---whether ancient Romans, seventeenth-century Dutch burghers,or nineteenth-century Americans---have always shown a marked taste for portraiture.

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The word"marked"is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A)pronounced

(B)fortunate

(C)understandable

(D)mysterious

120.In1839the daguerreotype was introduced to America,ushering in the age of photography,and within a generation the new invention put an end to the popularity of painted portraits.Once again an original portrait became a luxury,commissioned by the wealthy and executed by the professional. The phrase"ushering in"is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A)beginning

(B)demanding

(C)publishing

(D)increasing

The word"executed"is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A)sold

(B)requested

(C)admired

(D)created

121.Local crafts people-sign,coach,and house painters-began to paint portraits as a profitable sideline;sometimes a talented man or woman who began by sketching family members gained a local reputation and was besieged with requests for portraits;artists found it worth their while to pack their paints,canvases,and brushes and to travel the countryside,often combining house decorating with portrait painting.

The word"sketching"is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A)drawing

(B)hiring

(C)helping

(D)discussing 122.Both the number and the percentage of people in the United States involved in nonagricultural pursuits expanded rapidly during the half century following the Civil War, with some of the most dramatic increases occurring in the domains of transportation, manufacturing,and trade and distribution. The word"domains"is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A)fields

(B)locations

(C)organizations

(D)occupations

123.The development of the railroad and telegraph systems during the middle third of the nineteenth century led to significant improvements in the speed,volume,and regularity of shipments and communications, making possible a fundamental transformation in the production and distribution of goods.

The word"fundamental"is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A)possible

(B)basic

(C)gradual

(D)unique

124.To be sure,there were still small workshops,where skilled craftspeople manufactured products ranging from newspapers to cabinets to plumbing fixtures. The word"skilled"is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A)hardworking

(B)expert

(C)well-paid

(D)industrial

125.And there were factories in occupations such as metalwork where individual contractors presided over what were essentially handicraft proprietorships that coexisted within a single building.

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The words"presided over"in line20are closest in meaning to

(A)managed

(B)led to

(C)worked in

(D)produced

126.Objects in the universe show a variety of shapes:round planets(some with rings),tailed comets,wispy cosmic gas and dust clouds, ringed nebulae,pinwheel-shaped spiral galaxies,and so on.But none of the shapes on this list describes the largest single entities in the universe.

The word"entities"is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A)factors

(B)processes

(C)objects

(D)puzzles

127.Stone carvers engraved their motifs of skulls and crossbones and other religious icons of death into the gray slabs that we still see standing today in old burial grounds.

The word"motifs"is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A)tools

(B)prints

(C)signatures

(D)designs

128.Although they often achieved expression and formal excellence in their generally primitive style,they remained artisans skilled in the craft of carving and constituted a group distinct from what we normally think of as "sculptors"in today's use of the word.

The word"distinct"is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A)separate

(B)assembled

(C)notable

(D)inferior 129.On the rare occasion when a fine piece of sculpture was desired,Americans turned to foreign sculptors,as in the1770's when the cities of New York and Charleston,South Carolina,commissioned the Englishman Joseph Wilton to make marble statues of William Pill.

The word"rare"is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A)festive

(B)infrequent

(C)delightful

(D)unexpected

130.Desert mammals also depart from the normal mammalian practice of maintaining a constant body temperature.Instead of trying to keep down the body temperature deep inside the body,which would involve the expenditure of water and energy,desert mammals allow their temperatures to rise to what would normally be fever height,and temperatures as high as46degrees Celsius have been measured in Grant's gazelles.

The word"maintaining"is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A)measuring

(B)inheriting

(C)preserving

(D)delaying

131.Another strategy of large desert animals is to tolerate the loss of body water to a point that would be fatal for nonadapted animals. The camel can lose up to30percent of its body weight as water without harm to itself,whereas human beings die after losing only12to13 percent of their body weight.

The word"tolerate"is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A)endure

(B)replace

(C)compensate

(D)reduce

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132.The tolerance of water loss is of obvious advantage in the desert,as animals do not have to remain near a water hole but can obtain food from grazing sparse and far-flung pastures. The word"obtain"is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A)digest

(B)carry

(C)save

(D)get

133.In1979Santa Monica's municipal government ordered landlords to roll back their rents to the levels charged in1978.Future rents could only go up by two thirds as much as any increase in the overall price level.

The phrase"roll back"in lines11-12is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A)credit

(B)measure

(C)vary

(D)reduce

134.In any housing market,rental prices perform three functions:(1)promoting the efficient maintenance of existing housing and stimulating the construction of new housing. The word"stimulating"is closest in meaning

to which of following?

(A)experimenting with

(B)identifying

(C)estimating

(D)encouraging

135.One result of rent control is a decrease in the construction of new rental units.Rent Controls have artificially depressed the most important long-term determinant of profitability-rents.

The word"depressed"is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A)saddened

(B)created

(C)lowered (D)defeated

136.In the same year,in San Francisco, California,only2,000units were built.San Francisco has only a1.6percent vacancy rate but stringent rent control laws.

The word"stringent"is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A)straightforward

(B)strict

(C)expanded

(D)efficient

137.For example,sometimes the shape or veining in a piece of stone or wood suggests, perhaps even dictates,not only the ultimate form,but even the subject matter.

The word"dictates"is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A)reads aloud

(B)determines

(C)includes

(D)records

138.In1905he was sent to Paris as an apprentice to an art dealer,and in the years that followed he witnessed the birth of Cubism,discovered primitive art,and learned the techniques of woodcarving from a frame maker.

The word"witnessed"is closest in meaning to which of following?

(A)influenced

(B)studied

(C)validated

(D)observed

139.The plank's form dictated the rigidly frontal view and the low relief.Even its irregular shape must have appealed to Laurent as a break with a long-standing tradition that required a sculptor to work within a perfect rectangle or square.

The phrase"a break with"is closest in meaning to which of following?

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托福考试用三大词汇书的比较

托福考试用三大词汇书的比较 飞跃龙龙 张红岩《toefl词汇精选》,王玉梅《toefl词汇》,吴永麟《toefl词汇精选》。看到有好多朋友和我一样喜欢这几书,就想对其作一比较: 1、首次印刷时间:3本托福词汇中,吴最早,我手头上的这本94年6月第一版,01年7月第10次印刷。岩99年2月,小梅最迟,01年1月。 2、词汇量:岩收核心词3000,分类学科词约900。小梅收核心词计5208个,补充词汇836个,阅读词因与前重复较多,不计。吴收词约8000个。 3、这3本书中,岩与梅的重复率最高,每个list、具体到每一页,岩已收录的词在梅中几乎都能找得到,极少数在核心词汇中未予收录的,小梅也把它编进了补充词汇,故除岩的分类词汇外,岩几乎就相当于梅的一本子集。而麟与其余的2本相差较大,随机抽查的十几页中,每一页相差都达10-15个之多。 4、收词标准:岩与梅的收词标准,据称都是历年考试中的高频词。3本书中只有梅标出了出现的频率。吴收录标准为80年代以来(至94年6月)中出现过的词汇和短语。 5、印刷数:以我手头有的3本书为对象,岩11次印刷,共计237000。梅4次印刷,共计76000。吴10次印刷,共计59000。最后一次的印刷数:岩30000。梅和吴都是150 00。但值得注意的是:梅的4次印刷是在当年首印后的9个月当中实现的。 6、3本书中,吴并未将所有的词都标出了音标。而其余2本所收录的核心词则全部标出了音标。 7、吴收入的词汇中,以动词为主——“对词性多的词,只列出动词,不列其他派生词”,且吴未标出每个词的词性。 8、中文释意中,梅的标准为历年考过的中文词义,且标出了频率,每个词的词义多为2个以上。吴的词义多为2个以下。 9、岩与梅的每个词下都有相应的例句,而吴没有。 10、3本书中,只有岩的《词汇精选》收录有词缀、词根,及经典词汇题。只有梅的《词汇》收录有不规则动词词汇表。 11、岩和梅2本都标出了同义词,而吴未标出同义词。 12、岩将核心词划分为50个list,梅分为40个。吴未作这样的划分,而以首字母来划分。

【参考借鉴】历年托福词汇题汇总440题(有答案).doc

优质参考文档 TOEFL词汇题精选440题 001.Mostoftheseleaderswereinvolvedinpubliclif easreformers,activistsworkingforwomen'srightt ovote,orauthors,andwerenot representative at allofthegreatofordinarRwomen. Theword"representative"isclosestinmeaningto whichoffollowing? (A)tRpical (B)satisfied (C)supportive (D)distinctive 002.IntheUnitedStates,LouisComfortTiffanR(1 843- 1933)wasthemostnotedeRponentofthisstRle,pr oducingagreatvarietRofglassformsandsurfaces, whichwerewidelRcopiedintheirtimeandarehigh lR prized todaR. Theword"prized"isclosestinmeaningtowhichoff ollowing? (A)valued (B)universal (C)uncommon (D)preserved 003.TheArtNouveaustRlewasamajorforceinthe decorativeartsfrom1895until1915,althoughitsin fluencecontinuedthroughoutthemid- 1920's.ItwaseventuallRtobe overtaken bRanew schoolofthoughtknownasFunctionalismthathad beenpresentsincetheturnofthecenturR. Theword"overtaken"isclosestinmeaningtowhic hoffollowing? (A)surpassed (B)inclined (C)eRpressed (D)applied 004.Duringmostoftheirlives,surgeglaciersbeha velikenormalglaciers,travelingperhapsonlRaco upleofinchesperdaR.However,at intervals of10t o100Rears,theseglaciersmoveforwardupto100ti mesfasterthanusual. Theword"intervals"isclosestinmeaningtowhich offollowing? (A)records (B)speeds (C)distances (D)periods 005.Theincreasingwaterpressureundertheglaci ermightliftitoffitsbed,overcomingthefrictionbet weeniceandrock,thus freeing theglacier,whichr apidlRslidersdownhillsurgeglaciersalsomightbe influencedbRtheclimate,volcanicheat,orearthq uakes. Theword"freeing"isclosestinmeaningtowhicho ffollowing? (A)pushing (B)releasing (C)strengthening (D)draining 006.AfloodoficewouldthensurgeintotheSouther nSea.Withthecontinuedriseinsealevel,moreicew ould plunge intotheocean,causingsealevelstoris eevenhigher,whichinturnwouldreleasemoreicea ndsetinmotionaviciouscRcle. Theword"plunge"isclosestinmeaningtowhichof following?

历年托福词汇题汇总440题(有答案)

历年托福词汇题汇总440题(有答案)

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