英语专业翻译方向论文完整版
石河子大学毕业论文
题目：如何处理英翻汉中的省略
How to Deal with Ellipsis in
English-Chinese Translation
院（系）：外国语学院
专业：英语
班级：20095
学号：2009051431
姓名：
指导教师：
完成日期： 2013年5月6日
Contents
I.Introduction (1)
II. Literature Review (2)
III. The Principles of Ellipsis (4)
A. Omitted words must be useless and unnecessary in the translated works. 5
B. The meaning of the omitted words is implied in the test. (5)
C. Omitted words are self-evident. (5)
IV. The functions and application of ellipsis (5)
A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression (6)
B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression (6)
1. Ellipsis of Articles (6)
2. Ellipsis of Prepositions (7)
3. Ellipsis of Pronouns (7)
a. Ellipsis of Personal Pronouns (7)
b. Ellipsis of Impersonal Indefinite Pronouns (8)
c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns (8)
4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions (9)
a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions (9)
b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions (9)
5. Ellipsis of Rhetorics (9)
V. Conclusion (10)
Works Cited (11)
Abstract
With the development of globalization, the world's political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Meanwhile, the role of translation cannot be ignored. Due to language and cultural disparity, reasonable translation is particularly important. How to deal with ellipsis in translation is one of the important aspects. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipsis of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve the purpose of smoother and clearer communication among China and English-speaking countries.
Key words: cultural disparity; translation; ellipsis
摘要
随着全球化的不断发展，各国之间的政治、经济、文化交流日渐频繁。其中，翻译的作用不可小觑。由于各国语言文化的差异，合理的翻译就显得尤为重要。如何处理翻译中的省略是其中一个重要方面。本文将从代词、连词、冠词、介词、修饰性五个方面的省略探究英翻汉中的省略问题，从而达到中国与英语国家交流更加畅通的目的。
关键词: 文化差异；翻译；省略
I. Introduction
With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.
It is acknowledged that when doing translation one cannot translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their works more coherent and understandable.
According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means “leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them.”Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original texts. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.
Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this aspect in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, and concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. In this case, translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and better understood. The following two paragraphs analyze the reason why it is so widely used.
First of all, Chinese expressions are much briefer than those of English. So ellipsis as part of a special and inseparable translation method is widely used in English-Chinese translation. Generally speaking, a book or a passage which describes the same content in English may be longer in length than that in Chinese, because both English and Chinese have their own characteristics, such as being succinct in language, being abundant in words, being brief in sentences, as well as being flexible in structure. Therefore, brevity brings convenience to our daily communication and usage.
Secondly, English grammar is complete in sentence structure. The place of
subject predicate, object and adjective in a sentence are fixed. A sentence in English consists of the subject and the predicate, no matter how brief it is. Therefore, there must be a large number of link verbs in English. As an integral part of the whole, its function cannot be neglected. Obviously, they are more widely used than that in Chinese. In order to make myself understood, let’s look at the following two sentences.
(a). You reap what you sow. 种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆。
(b). True words are not fine-sounding, fine-sounding words are not true.
信言不美，美言不信。
In the first Chinese version, there is no subject and in the second one there is no prediction. No doubt the omitted parts make the sentence structure in Chinese much briefer than that in English. Though neither of the two sentences has full sentence structure, we Chinese still know exactly what they mean, and to some degree they are much briefer.
The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications between China and English-speaking countries.
II. Literature Review
Long before, some people began to learn other countries’languages to understand others’ cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but also introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, whom made foreigners understood China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such a greater translator, nor in the human cultural history. We can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008, 28) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot (Gu Zhengkun, 2000, 86). People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years knowing each other.
With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between China and other countries. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and bring lots of inconveniences to the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000, 68). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like those who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.
Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people, and they really have done a great job (Gu Jinming, 1997, 26). And for this reason, I want to retrospect the course of its development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation－ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.
I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis (Danica, 2002, 89). This classification exerts great influence academically. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differences and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.
Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle, which was put forward by Chomsky (1991, 1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.
In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, （Hamlet,
act2, scene2, p4）and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai”(meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed (Hua Xianfa, 2002, 53). These functions exist in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of largely benefit to both English-Chinese and Chinese-English translation.
I found that when Chinese authors try to analyze ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects into Chinese.
The development of society, in some way, has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking. Translation system is becoming more and more perfect, and people from all over the world can enjoy the convenience.。However, we cannot neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.
III. The Principles of Ellipsis
Although ellipsis is commonly used in English-Chinese translation, it is not used freely without any principle. So what is omitted must be a certain word that is considered necessary in English but useless in Chinese. They may be something that has been mentioned in the same passage or in the same sentence, or even something that is self-evident in Chinese.
Ellipsis as one of translation skills, its principles must obey the principles of translation. Different translators have different opinions on the principles of translation. With the development of translation, in 1791, the first book about
translation was written in English. That is The Principles of Translation which was published by Alexander Franser Tytler, who was a historian and translator and put forward three principles about translation. Firstly, the translated text should completely repeat the thinking of original text. Secondly, it must keep the characteristics of the style of the two. The last is to keep the translated work as smooth as the original text. After that, in 1898, Yan Fu pointed out that translated works must be faithful, expressive and elegant. In 1935, Lu Xun, a well-known writer in China, advanced that when doing translation we must consider the following two aspects: to make it easy to understand and to keep the style of the original.
According to the principles of translation, ellipsis of words must obey the following principles:
A. Omitted words must be useless and unnecessary in the translated works.
For example, “You reap what you sow.—种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆。”The personal pronoun “you” in the translated version is omitted, because “you” could be anyone in the world. Personal pronouns like “you”, “we”in English, which play a role as subjects are always omitted when translated into Chinese.
B. The meaning of the omitted words is implied in the test.
Let’s take “If winter comes, can spring be far behind?—冬天来了，春天还会远吗?” as an example. In the translated sentence there is not Chinese characters“如果”at all. Here the conditional conjunction “if” is always omitted in daily communication and usage.
C. Omitted words are self-evident.
For example, “Television signals have a short range.—电视信号的传播距离很短。”In the translated sentence there is not a Chinese character “有”at all. Here the English word“have”is considered to be a word which can vividly show the characteristics of television signals.
IV. The functions and application of ellipsis
It is acknowledged that English and Chinese are two entirely different languages and each of them has its own characteristics in the way of expression. That’s why we should handle ellipsis in a practical way. That is to say, the reason we use ellipsis in English-Chinese translation is to make translated works coherent and make the manner of expression coincident with those Chinese expressions in original text.
A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression
As we all know, if we translate a work word for word, it will be redundant. Moreover, it may even change the original meaning and the style, which will make readers confused about translated versions. Therefore, useless words should be omitted when necessary.
B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression
As is known to all, the manner of thinking is affected by culture. To some degree, the ways of thinking and the form or style of the two languages help us to acknowledge the different cultures of the two languages, by which it will bring active effects for us to learn each of the two languages, and exchange culture with each other. Translators have made thousands of times to survey the differences and contrasts between English and Chinese in ellipsis.
Generally speaking, when doing English-Chinese translation, we can omit articles, prepositions, pronouns, conjunctions, rhetorics on the basis of the background of sentences.
1. Ellipsis of Articles
Some nouns have no article in Chinese, so they are usually omitted in the process of English-Chinese translation. Let’s look at the following examples.
A square has four sides.—正方形有四条边
Things of a kind come together; people of a mind fall into the same group.
物以类聚，人以群分。
The horse is useful to man.—马是对人类有用的动物。
Milk is sold by the pound.—牛奶是按磅出售的。
The governments of the United States of America and the People’s Republic of
China agreed to hold senior talks regularly on matters of mutual interest.
美利坚合众国政府和中华人民共和国政府同意就共同关心的问题定期举行
高级会晤。
When doing English-Chinese translation, it is very common to omit articles. While sometimes, they couldn’t be omitted. For example, “He left without a word.—他一句话不说就走了。”Here the indefinite article “a”or “an”means “一”in Chinese, and it couldn’t be omitted.
2. Ellipsis of Prepositions
According to the different manners of English and Chinese, prepositions are usually omitted. For example,
The Chinese Communist Party was founded in Shanghai on July 1, 1921.
中国共产党于一九二一年七月一日在上海成立。
Here the prepositions “in” before “Shanghai” and “on” before “July” separately represent the place and the time.
I always go to visit my grandparents at weekend. —周末我总是去祖父家。
In this sentence the preposition “at” before “weekend” which shows the time. The joint decision to build the Tunnel was announced by President Francois Mitterrand and Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher in a ceremony at Lille on 21 January.
1月21日，弗朗索瓦·密特朗总统和和玛格丽特·撒切尔首相在里尔举行的一次仪式上宣布了修建英法隧道的决定。
Here, the preposition“on”before the date represents the specific time. Rumors had already spread along the streets and lanes.—大街小巷早就传遍了流言蜚语。
Here,“along”stands for place. According to the manner of Chinese expression it is common to be omitted. While, in the manner of English expression, it makes the version more vivid.
3. Ellipsis of Pronouns
a. Ellipsis of Personal Pronouns
Many personal pronouns are always omitted in Chinese texts. Otherwise, they will make the statement unsmooth, or even have additional meanings, so they should be omitted according to the specific circumstances. For example,
We assure you of our prompt attention to this matter. 我方保证立即处理此事。
You must excuse us for the inconveniences we have caused you. 请务必原谅我们给你方带来的不便。
You are kindly requested to let us have your best quotation for the canned fruits. 请提供水果罐头的最低报价。
We can see that the underlined words are all personal pronouns, and in the above translations, they are all omitted in order to make the translated works smoother and in accordance with Chinese usage.
b. Ellipsis of Impersonal Indefinite Pronouns
If impersonal pronoun “it” and indefinite pronoun “one” are used for reference, most of them can be omitted in the translation (example (1)). However, when “it”refers to time, weather, distance, “it” usually could be omitted with the verb (example (2)). Moreover, “i t” is often used as antecedents, forming emphasis sentences, and then the sentence can be converted to the corresponding Chinese emphases (example (3)).
Example (1) Be a place what it may, one gets to like it, if one lives long in it.
无论是什么样的地方，只要住久了，总会喜欢上的。
Example (2) He glanced at his watch, it was 7:15.
他看了看表，七点一刻了。
Example (3) It was on March 15th that we receives the market report which was
anticipated by our manufacture.
我们是在3月15日才收到我方制造商期待的市场报告。
c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns
There are three methods to deal with relative pronouns connecting the attributive clause: the repetition of antecedents, substitutions and ellipses. The relative pronoun should be omitted when we translate the attributive clause into Chinese pre-modifier (example (4)) or divide it into coordinate clause (example(5)).
Example (4) Few people do business well who do nothing else.
出了生意之外什么事也不做的人是做不好生意的。
Example (5) Good people relationships between partners are the rudders which
steer joint ventures through troubled water.
合资伙伴之间的和谐关系犹如船舵，能引导合资企业穿过惊涛骇浪。
4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions
In the process of translation, the English conjunction can be translated literally, or converted into other corresponding parts of speech, or even omitted according to the context.
a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions
Some English phrases of coordinate conjunctions always can be omitted according to Chinese idiomatic expressions. For instance,
The watch costs me one hundred and fifty dollars.
这块表花掉我一百五十元。
b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions
In Chinese, word order can often be used to express or implied logical relations, therefore some English conjunctions in translation can be omitted. Let’s look at the following three examples,
Example (1) However, such change is not easy and can be accomplished only
when leaders of both sides have no illusions, talk candor, and
meet differences head-on.
然而，要实现这种改变并非轻而易举，只有双方领导人不抱幻
想、开诚布公、正视分歧、才能做到这一点。
Example (2) He declines to amplify on the Presidents’ statement since he had
not read the text.
他没有看到总统的讲话稿，不愿加以发挥。
For the first example, we can see that the conjunction “when”combines with “only” means “on condition that” or “as long as”. In this case, it just shows the logical relations, therefore, we can omit the meaning of “when”, that is to say, we should translate it into “只有”rather than “只有当……时”.
For the second example, the conjunction “since” implies the reason why he had not read the text. However, if we add “由于” before the translated sentence, that will be weird.
5. Ellipsis of Rhetorics
Ellipsis of rhetorics means to remove some words in the original version which
are self-evident, dispensable or even superfluous in English to Chinese translation, in order to avoid long-winded sentences. The deleted can be any words, and the prerequisite of deletion relies on the logical relationship and the means of Chinese expression. Of course, after omitting, the translated works should be polished appropriately. In order to make myself better understood, let’s look at the following representative examples,
Example (1) University applicants who had worked at job would receive
preference over those who had not.
报考大学的人，有工作经验者优先。
Example (2) As schedules, American and Chinese diplomats met on January 20, at the Chinese Embassy. It was their first get-together in more than
two years.
美中两国外交官按照预定计划于1月20日在中国大使馆会晤。
这是两年多来的第一次。
All of the underlined parts above can be omitted in English-Chinese translation in order to make the translated works easier to be accepted by Chinese-speaking countries. For the first example, the rhetorics “would”should be deleted in the translated sentence, because the original sentence only wants to show the respect to the people who would like to apply for the job. And for the second example, after omitting, we need to polish it appropriately, therefore we’d better translate it as “会晤” rather than “聚会” or anything else.
V. Conclusion
Ellipsis is one of indivisible parts of the English-Chinese translation, and it makes the translated versions coherent and the manner of expression coincident corresponds with that used in Chinese. So we have to omit some parts to make our versions smooth and faithful to the original. However, ellipsis itself is not the purpose. The significant point is when doing translation the translator should try his best to express the exact meaning of the original version. Only when the translator has a thorough understanding of ellipsis in translation, can he accomplish the task with ease. If you just stick to the original, do mechanical translation and seldom consider the habits of target language, it will certainly affect the readability of the translation and
can hardly get the expected results.
To be a good translator, the most essential work should be the study of both languages, as well as their manners of expression. Meanwhile, to do more practice is an effective way to make progress continuously to produce faithful, expressive and elegant translated works.
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英语专业翻译方向论文开题报告 3
石河子大学 毕业论文开题报告 课题名称：如何处理英汉翻译中的省略 How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation 学生姓名： 学号：2009051431 学院：外国语学院 专业、年级：英语专业20095 指导教师：_ 职称：副教授 毕业论文(设计)完成时间： 2013年6月9日
How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation I. Purpose and Significance With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty. It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable. According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language. Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries. II. Literature Review Long before, some people began to learn other countries’languages to
英语翻译论文开题报告精编版
英语翻译论文开题报告 精编版 MQS system office room 【MQS16H-TTMS2A-MQSS8Q8-MQSH16898】
英语翻译论文开题报告 时间:2015-03- 12Bell.?Translation?and?Translating:?Theory?and?Practice.?Beijing:?Forei gn?Language?Teaching?and?Research?Press,?2006. 崔长青,?张碧竹.?翻译的要素[M].?苏州:?苏州大学出版社,?2007. 李琏.?英式显性词性转换与英语写作[J].?新疆教育学学 报,?2003,?19(1):?85-89. 李连生.?英汉互译中的词性转换[J].?武汉交通管理干部学院学 报,?1996,?(1):102-107. 项伙珍.?谈翻译中的转性译法[J].?长江职工大学学报,?2000,?17(3):?46-48. 叶海燕.?翻译中的词性转换及换形[J].?安徽工业大学学报(社会科学 版),?2005,?22(3):60-61. (责任编辑：1025) 三、对英文翻译中词类转换的引入 从语言的角度来分析，对一门语言中的词性以及在语句中的成分进行分析，?从转喻理论的相关知识出发，来探讨英汉语言翻译中词类转换的概念和知识，并就其异同和特性进行对比，不仅是当前国内外学者研究的重点问题，也是大学英语教学中始终关注的热点。?为?此?，从英文翻译的实践中，?通过例证或典型问题的互译，从语言结构及表达习惯上进行探讨英文翻译中的转换方法，以增强语言翻译的可读性和准确性，并从中探讨出词类转换的规律，帮助更多的学生从中获得有益的指
翻译类论文题目
翻译类： 1.On Formal Correspondence of C/E Translation in Terms of Hypotaxis &. Parataxis从形合和意合看汉英翻译中的形式对应 2.How to Decode and Translate the Ambiguous Structures歧义结构的解码与翻译 3.Pragmatics and Advertisement Translation, with Special Emphasis on E/C Cultural Differences英汉文化差异与广告的语用翻译 4.Context and Business Discourse in English and Chinese 5.On the Peculiar ways of Expression in Dicken’s Novels试论狄更斯小说独特的 艺术手法 6.Female Images in the Sun Also Rises 论《太阳又升起了》小说中女性形象 7.Standarization of English: The Necessity and Feasility in an Age of Globaliztion 全球化时代英语标准化的必要性和可能性 8.On English Translation of Public Signs in Chinese 再谈汉英公示语翻译----以 2010年亚运会主办城市广州为例 9.Brief Appreciation on “Venice Merchant” 10.The Mannered Language of English 11.On the Properties of Idiomatic Expressions in English 12.The Differences and Samilarities Between Structural Ambiguity in English and Chinese 13.Time Conception in Different Cultures 14.On American Religion 15.On Title Translation of English Film and Disc 16.The Characteristics and the Rhetorical Roles of English Reduplicatives Neiteratives https://www.sodocs.net/doc/505169864.html,parisons of Multiplicity in Chinese and English and Its Translation 18.A Study of Hmorous Utterances Form the Perspective 19.The Current State and Prospects for English Teaching 20.The usage of “And” 21.A Survey on Culture and Social Life in USA 22.Inheretance and Development of National Language and Culture 23.Implicitness and Explicitness in Translation 24.谈英语谚语的翻译 25.谈英语幽默的翻译 26.地方名胜古迹汉译英 27.翻译中常见错误分析 28.中英思维方式的差异对翻译的影响 29.会话含义的推导与翻译 30.词汇的文化内涵与翻译 31.语境在翻译中的作用 32.商标词翻译 33.广告语言的翻译 34.论英汉互译中的语义等值问题 35.英汉文化差异对翻译的影响 36.英汉谚语的理解和翻译
毕业论文英文参考文献与译文
Inventory management Inventory Control On the so-called "inventory control", many people will interpret it as a "storage management", which is actually a big distortion. The traditional narrow view, mainly for warehouse inventory control of materials for inventory, data processing, storage, distribution, etc., through the implementation of anti-corrosion, temperature and humidity control means, to make the custody of the physical inventory to maintain optimum purposes. This is just a form of inventory control, or can be defined as the physical inventory control. How, then, from a broad perspective to understand inventory control? Inventory control should be related to the company's financial and operational objectives, in particular operating cash flow by optimizing the entire demand and supply chain management processes (DSCM), a reasonable set of ERP control strategy, and supported by appropriate information processing tools, tools to achieved in ensuring the timely delivery of the premise, as far as possible to reduce inventory levels, reducing inventory and obsolescence, the risk of devaluation. In this sense, the physical inventory control to achieve financial goals is just a means to control the entire inventory or just a necessary part; from the perspective of organizational functions, physical inventory control, warehouse management is mainly the responsibility of The broad inventory control is the demand and supply chain management, and the whole company's responsibility. Why until now many people's understanding of inventory control, limited physical inventory control? The following two reasons can not be ignored: First, our enterprises do not attach importance to inventory control. Especially those who benefit relatively good business, as long as there is money on the few people to consider the problem of inventory turnover. Inventory control is simply interpreted as warehouse management, unless the time to spend money, it may have been to see the inventory problem, and see the results are often very simple procurement to buy more, or did not do warehouse departments . Second, ERP misleading. Invoicing software is simple audacity to call it ERP, companies on their so-called ERP can reduce the number of inventory, inventory control, seems to rely on their small software can get. Even as SAP, BAAN ERP world, the field of
电气自动化专业毕业论文英文翻译
电厂蒸汽动力的基础和使用 1.1 为何需要了解蒸汽 对于目前为止最大的发电工业部门来说, 蒸汽动力是最为基础性的。 若没有蒸汽动力, 社会的样子将会变得和现在大为不同。我们将不得已的去依靠水力发电厂、风车、电池、太阳能蓄电池和燃料电池,这些方法只能为我们平日用电提供很小的一部分。 蒸汽是很重要的,产生和使用蒸汽的安全与效率取决于怎样控制和应用仪表,在术语中通常被简写成C&I(控制和仪表 。此书旨在在发电厂的工程规程和电子学、仪器仪表以 及控制工程之间架设一座桥梁。 作为开篇,我将在本章大体描述由水到蒸汽的形态变化,然后将叙述蒸汽产生和使用的基本原则的概述。这看似简单的课题实际上却极为复杂。这里, 我们有必要做一个概述:这本书不是内容详尽的论文,有的时候甚至会掩盖一些细节, 而这些细节将会使热力学家 和燃烧物理学家都为之一震。但我们应该了解,这本书的目的是为了使控制仪表工程师充 分理解这一课题,从而可以安全的处理实用控制系统设计、运作、维护等方面的问题。1.2沸腾:水到蒸汽的状态变化 当水被加热时,其温度变化能通过某种途径被察觉(例如用温度计 。通过这种方式 得到的热量因为在某时水开始沸腾时其效果可被察觉,因而被称为感热。 然而,我们还需要更深的了解。“沸腾”究竟是什么含义?在深入了解之前,我们必须考虑到物质的三种状态:固态,液态,气态。 (当气体中的原子被电离时所产生的等离子气体经常被认为是物质的第四种状态, 但在实际应用中, 只需考虑以上三种状态固态,
物质由分子通过分子间的吸引力紧紧地靠在一起。当物质吸收热量,分子的能量升级并且 使得分子之间的间隙增大。当越来越多的能量被吸收,这种效果就会加剧,粒子之间相互脱离。这种由固态到液态的状态变化通常被称之为熔化。 当液体吸收了更多的热量时,一些分子获得了足够多的能量而从表面脱离,这个过程 被称为蒸发(凭此洒在地面的水会逐渐的消失在蒸发的过程中,一些分子是在相当低的 温度下脱离的,然而随着温度的上升,分子更加迅速的脱离,并且在某一温度上液体内部 变得非常剧烈,大量的气泡向液体表面升起。在这时我们称液体开始沸腾。这个过程是变为蒸汽的过程,也就是液体处于汽化状态。 让我们试想大量的水装在一个敞开的容器内。液体表面的空气对液体施加了一定的压 力,随着液体温度的上升,便会有足够的能量使得表面的分子挣脱出去,水这时开始改变 自身的状态,变成蒸汽。在此条件下获得更多的热量将不会引起温度上的明显变化。所增 加的能量只是被用来改变液体的状态。它的效用不能用温度计测量出来,但是它仍然发生 着。正因为如此,它被称为是潜在的,而不是可认知的热量。使这一现象发生的温度被称为是沸点。在常温常压下,水的沸点为100摄氏度。 如果液体表面的压力上升, 需要更多的能量才可以使得水变为蒸汽的状态。 换句话说, 必须使得温度更高才可以使它沸腾。总而言之,如果大气压力比正常值升高百分之十,水必须被加热到一百零二度才可以使之沸腾。
毕业论文外文翻译模版
吉林化工学院理学院 毕业论文外文翻译English Title（Times New Roman ，三号） 学生学号：08810219 学生姓名：袁庚文 专业班级：信息与计算科学0802 指导教师：赵瑛 职称副教授 起止日期：2012.2.27～2012.3.14 吉林化工学院 Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology
1 外文翻译的基本内容 应选择与本课题密切相关的外文文献（学术期刊网上的），译成中文，与原文装订在一起并独立成册。在毕业答辩前，同论文一起上交。译文字数不应少于3000个汉字。 2 书写规范 2.1 外文翻译的正文格式 正文版心设置为：上边距：3.5厘米，下边距：2.5厘米，左边距：3.5厘米，右边距：2厘米，页眉：2.5厘米，页脚：2厘米。 中文部分正文选用模板中的样式所定义的“正文”，每段落首行缩进2字；或者手动设置成每段落首行缩进2字，字体：宋体，字号：小四，行距：多倍行距1.3，间距：前段、后段均为0行。 这部分工作模板中已经自动设置为缺省值。 2.2标题格式 特别注意：各级标题的具体形式可参照外文原文确定。 1．第一级标题（如：第1章绪论）选用模板中的样式所定义的“标题1”，居左；或者手动设置成字体：黑体，居左，字号：三号，1.5倍行距，段后11磅，段前为11磅。 2．第二级标题（如：1.2 摘要与关键词）选用模板中的样式所定义的“标题2”，居左；或者手动设置成字体：黑体，居左，字号：四号，1.5倍行距，段后为0，段前0.5行。 3．第三级标题（如：1.2.1 摘要）选用模板中的样式所定义的“标题3”，居左；或者手动设置成字体：黑体，居左，字号：小四，1.5倍行距，段后为0，段前0.5行。 标题和后面文字之间空一格（半角）。 3 图表及公式等的格式说明 图表、公式、参考文献等的格式详见《吉林化工学院本科学生毕业设计说明书（论文）撰写规范及标准模版》中相关的说明。
英语专业毕业论文翻译类论文
英语专业毕业论文翻译 类论文 Document number：NOCG-YUNOO-BUYTT-UU986-1986UT
毕业论文（设计）Title:The Application of the Iconicity to the Translation of Chinese Poetry 题目:象似性在中国诗歌翻译中的应用 学生姓名孔令霞 学号 BC09150201 指导教师祁晓菲助教 年级 2009级英语本科（翻译方向）二班 专业英语 系别外国语言文学系
黑龙江外国语学院本科生毕业论文（设计）任务书 摘要
索绪尔提出的语言符号任意性，近些年不断受到质疑，来自语言象似性的研究是最大的挑战。语言象似性理论是针对语言任意性理论提出来的，并在不断发展。象似性是当今认知语言学研究中的一个重要课题，是指语言符号的能指与所指之间的自然联系。本文以中国诗歌英译为例，探讨象似性在中国诗歌翻译中的应用，从以下几个部分阐述：（1）象似性的发展；（2）象似性的定义及分类；（3）中国诗歌翻译的标准；（4）象似性在中国诗歌翻译中的应用，主要从以下几个方面论述：声音象似、顺序象似、数量象似、对称象似方面。通过以上几个方面的探究，探讨了中国诗歌翻译中象似性原则的重大作用，在诗歌翻译过程中有助于得到“形神皆似”和“意美、音美、形美”的理想翻译效果。 关键词：象似性；诗歌；翻译
Abstract The arbitrariness theory of language signs proposed by Saussure is severely challenged by the study of language iconicity in recent years. The theory of iconicity is put forward in contrast to that of arbitrariness and has been developing gradually. Iconicity, which is an important subject in the research of cognitive linguistics, refers to a natural resemblance or analogy between the form of a sign and the object or concept. This thesis mainly discusses the application of the iconicity to the translation of Chinese poetry. The paper is better described from the following parts: (1) The development of the iconicity; (2) The definition and classification of the iconicity; (3) The standards of the translation to Chinese poetry; (4) The application of the iconicity to the translation of Chinese poetry, mainly discussed from the following aspects: sound iconicity, order iconicity, quantity iconicity, and symmetrical iconicity. Through in-depth discussion of the above aspects, this paper could come to the conclusion that the iconicity is very important in the translation of poetry. It is conductive to reach the ideal effect of “the similarity of form and spirit” and “the three beauties”. Key words: the iconicity; poetry; translation
英语翻译翻译方向论文题目
English Novel Title Translation: A Skopostheorie Perspective 英语小说标题的翻译:一个Skopostheorie透视图 The Translation of Fuzziness in the Dialogue of Fortress Besieged from the Perspective of Relevance Theory翻译的模糊性的对话《围城》从关联理论的角度 On Domestication Strategy in Advertisement Slogan Translation 在归化策略在广告口号的翻译 Reproduction of “Three Beauties” in the Translation of the Poems in The Journey to the West 繁殖的“三美”翻译的诗歌在西游记 A Comparative Study of Interjection Translation in Teahouse from the Perspective of Functional Equivalence一个比较研究,在茶馆的感叹词翻译功能对等的角度 Public Signs Translation from the Perspective of Functionalist Theory --Taking Shaoyang City as an Example公共标志的翻译的角度,从实用主义的理论——以邵阳城市作为一个例子 The Application of Skopostheory in the Business Advertisement Translation Skopostheory的应用在商业广告翻译 Relevance Theory Applied in the Translation of Neologism 关联理论应用于翻译的新词 Domestication and Foreignization in the Translation of Tourist Texts 归化和异化在翻译旅游文本 A Comparative Study of the Two English Versions of Lun Y u by James Legge and Ku Hongming from Translator's Subjectivity一个比较研究的两个英文版本的Lun Yu詹姆斯Legge和Ku Hongming从译者的主体性 On the Translation and Functions of Metaphor in Advertisements 在翻译和函数中隐喻的广告 C-E Translation of Film Titles from the Perspective of Adaptation Theory 汉英翻译的电影片名的角度,从适应理论 Pun Advertisements Translation From the Perspective of Adaptation Theory 广告双关语翻译的角度,从适应理论 Analysis of the Translation Strategies of the Culture-loading Words in the English Version of Journey to the West分析的翻译策略在英语文化加载字版的西游记 On Business Letter Translation under the Guidance of Conversational Implicature Theory 在商务信函翻译的指导下,会话含义理论 On the Translation of Puns in English Advertising 在翻译双关语在英语广告 Advertising Translation in the View of Skopos Theory 广告翻译目的论的观点 A study on Trademark Translation from the Perspective of Reception Aesthetics 商标翻译的研究从接受美学的角度
大学毕业论文---软件专业外文文献中英文翻译
软件专业毕业论文外文文献中英文翻译 Object landscapes and lifetimes Tech nically, OOP is just about abstract data typing, in herita nee, and polymorphism, but other issues can be at least as importa nt. The rema in der of this sect ion will cover these issues. One of the most importa nt factors is the way objects are created and destroyed. Where is the data for an object and how is the lifetime of the object con trolled? There are differe nt philosophies at work here. C++ takes the approach that con trol of efficie ncy is the most importa nt issue, so it gives the programmer a choice. For maximum run-time speed, the storage and lifetime can be determined while the program is being written, by placing the objects on the stack (these are sometimes called automatic or scoped variables) or in the static storage area. This places a priority on the speed of storage allocatio n and release, and con trol of these can be very valuable in some situati ons. However, you sacrifice flexibility because you must know the exact qua ntity, lifetime, and type of objects while you're writing the program. If you are trying to solve a more general problem such as computer-aided desig n, warehouse man ageme nt, or air-traffic con trol, this is too restrictive. The sec ond approach is to create objects dyn amically in a pool of memory called the heap. In this approach, you don't know un til run-time how many objects you n eed, what their lifetime is, or what their exact type is. Those are determined at the spur of the moment while the program is runnin g. If you n eed a new object, you simply make it on the heap at the point that you n eed it. Because the storage is man aged dyn amically, at run-time, the amount of time required to allocate storage on the heap is sig ni fica ntly Ion ger tha n the time to create storage on the stack. (Creat ing storage on the stack is ofte n a si ngle assembly in structio n to move the stack poin ter dow n, and ano ther to move it back up.) The dyn amic approach makes the gen erally logical assumpti on that objects tend to be complicated, so the extra overhead of finding storage and releas ing that storage will not have an importa nt impact on the creati on of an object .In additi on, the greater flexibility is esse ntial to solve the gen eral program ming problem. Java uses the sec ond approach, exclusive". Every time you want to create an object, you use the new keyword to build a dyn amic in sta nee of that object. There's ano ther issue, however, and that's the lifetime of an object. With Ian guages that allow objects to be created on the stack, the compiler determines how long the object lasts and can automatically destroy it. However, if you create it on the heap the compiler has no kno wledge of its lifetime. In a Ianguage like C++, you must determine programmatically when to destroy the
英语专业翻译方向毕业论文任务书1
石河子大学毕业论文(设计)任务书 外国语学院英语专业 20095 年级 课题名称如何处理英翻汉中的省略 How to Deal with Ellipsis in English—Chinese Translation 毕业论文(设计)起止时间2012年7月1日—2013年6月9日 指导教师冯春波职称副教授 学生姓名程子龙学号2009051431 任务下达日期2012年11月20 日 课题内容 1. 对中国和英语国家表达同一内容时的侧重进行简要分析。 2. 对英汉翻译中常见省略进行总结说明。 3. 对英翻汉中的省略进行逐条陈述说明。 课题任务的具体要求 1.语言要流利、地道、准确。 2.格式正确，符合毕业论文格式要求。 3.结构完整，符合要求。 4.论据充分准确，论证有力，论点清晰。 5.参考资料充分得当。 拟定的工作进度（以周为单位） 1．2012年7月1日-2012年8月26日（8周）完成初步的选题工作 2．2012年8月27日—2012年11月30日（14周）完成定题工作、任务书、选题指南3．2012年12月1日—2012年12月28日（4周）完成开题报告（含文献综述）4．2012年12月29日—2013年3月3日（9周）完成第一稿 5．2013年3月4日—2013年3月10日（1周）一稿修改 6．2013年3月11日—2013年4月7日（4周）完成第二稿 7．2013年4月8日—2013年4月14日（1周）二稿修改 8．2013年4月15日—2013年4月21日（1周）完成第三稿 9．2013年4月22日—2013年5月5日（2周）三稿修改 10． 11．2013年5月6日交定稿 12．2013年5月7日—2013年5月27日（3周）系内盲审 13． 14．2013年5月28日—2013年6月8日（2周）盲审后修改、打印答辩版 15．2013年6月9日论文答辩 主要参考文献
论文英文翻译
毕业设计（论文） 英文文献翻译 电力系统 电力系统介绍 随着电力工业的增长，与用于生成和处理当今大规模电能消费的电力生产、传输、分配系统相关的经济、工程问题也随之增多。这些系统构成了一个完整的电力系统。 应该着重提到的是生成电能的工业，它与众不同之处在于其产品应按顾客要求即需即用。生成电的能源以煤、石油，或水库和湖泊中水的形式储存起来，以备将来所有需。但这并不会降低用户对发电机容量的需求。 显然，对电力系统而言服务的连续性至关重要。没有哪种服务能完全避免可能出现的失误，而系统的成本明显依赖于其稳定性。因此，必须在稳定性与成本之间找到平衡点，而最终的选择应是负载大小、特点、可能出现中断的原因、用户要求等的综合体现。然而，网络可靠性的增加是通过应用一定数量的生成单元和在发电站港湾各分区间以及在国内、国际电网传输线路中使用自动断路器得以实现的。事实上大型系统包括众多的发电站和由高容量传输线路连接的负载。这样，在不中断总体服务的前提下可以停止单个发电单元或一套输电线路的运作。
当今生成和传输电力最普遍的系统是三相系统。相对于其他交流系统而言，它具有简便、节能的优点。尤其是在特定导体间电压、传输功率、传输距离和线耗的情况下，三相系统所需铜或铝仅为单相系统的75%。三相系统另一个重要优点是三相电机比单相电机效率更高。大规模电力生产的能源有： 1.从常规燃料（煤、石油或天然气）、城市废料燃烧或核燃料应用中得到的 蒸汽； 2.水； 3.石油中的柴油动力。 其他可能的能源有太阳能、风能、潮汐能等，但没有一种超越了试点发电站阶段。 在大型蒸汽发电站中，蒸汽中的热能通过涡轮轮转换为功。涡轮必须包括安装在轴承上并封闭于汽缸中的轴或转子。转子由汽缸四周喷嘴喷射出的蒸汽流带动而平衡地转动。蒸汽流撞击轴上的叶片。中央电站采用冷凝涡轮，即蒸汽在离开涡轮后会通过一冷凝器。冷凝器通过其导管中大量冷水的循环来达到冷凝的效果，从而提高蒸汽的膨胀率、后继效率及涡轮的输出功率。而涡轮则直接与大型发电机相连。 涡轮中的蒸汽具有能动性。蒸汽进入涡轮时压力较高、体积较小，而离开时却压力较低、体积较大。 蒸汽是由锅炉中的热水生成的。普通的锅炉有燃烧燃料的炉膛燃烧时产生的热被传导至金属炉壁来生成与炉体内压力相等的蒸汽。在核电站中，蒸汽的生成是在反应堆的帮助下完成的。反应堆中受控制的铀或盥的裂变可提供使水激化所必需的热量，即反应堆代替了常规电站的蒸汽机。 水电站是利用蕴藏在消遣的能来发电的。为了将这种能转换为功，我们使用了水轮机。现代水轮机可分为两类：脉冲式和压力式（又称反应式）。前者用于重要设备，佩尔顿轮是唯一的类型；对于后者而言，弗朗西斯涡轮或其改进型被广泛采用。 在脉冲式涡轮中，整个水头在到达叶轮前都被转化为动能，因为水是通过喷嘴提供给叶轮的；而在压力式或反应式涡轮中，水通过其四周一系列引导叶版先直接导入叶片再提供给叶轮（或转子）。离开引导叶片的水有压力，并且以一部分动能、一部分压力的形式来提供能量。 对于低于10,000千伏安的发电站而言柴油机是出色的原动机。其优点是燃料成本低、预热时间短以及标准损耗低。此外，其所需冷却水量极少。柴油发电通常选择用于满足少量电力需求，如市政当局、宾馆及工厂等；医院通常备有独立的柴油发电机，以备紧急情况时使用。 通过电线来传输电能是电力系统中的一个重大问题。而从下面研修目的目的架设输电线路又是必要的： 1.将电力从水电站输送到可能很远的负载中心； 2.从蒸汽站到相对较近负载中心电力的批量供应； 3.出于内部连接目的将电能在紧急情况下从一系统转换至另一系统。 传输电压主要由经济因素决定。实际上，当距离、功率、功耗固定时，输电线路中导体的重量与传输电压成反比。因此，出于经济方面的考虑，长距离传输时电压一定要高。当然，电压超高绝缘成本也就超高，要找到最佳电压必须通过减小导体横截面积来取得绝缘成本与经济节省之间的平衡。 高压传输通常使用配以悬挂式绝缘设备的高架结构。称为路标铁塔用于负载
2007外语系英语专业本科毕业论文选题汇总表(翻译方向)
2007外语系英语专业本科毕业论文选题汇总表(翻译方向)
2007外语系英语专业本科毕业论文选题汇总表(翻译方向) 论文题目 Two Principles of Pragmatic Translation in the Fictional Conversation Study on Literal Translation and Free Translation The Features of Translation of English for Science and Technology Domestication and Foreignization Translation in Interculture Basic Knowledge and Two Important Skills of Translation A Study on the Order of Translation from English to Chinese ON Cultural Factors in Translation On Dynamic Equivalence in English –Chinese Translation A comparison of the color words in Chinese and English The Translation of Proper Nouns between English and Chinese Culture Factors and Translation in English and Chinese Idioms Cultural Gaps and losses and Compensation in Translation The Translation of English Idioms The Discussion on Literal Translation and Free Translation