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最新电子信息工程专业英语课文翻译(第3版)

最新电子信息工程专业英语课文翻译(第3版)
最新电子信息工程专业英语课文翻译(第3版)

电子信息工程专业英语教程第三版

译者:唐亦林

p32

In 1945 H. W. Bode presented a system for analyzing the stability of feedback systems by using graphical methods. Until this time, feedback analysis was done by multiplication and division, so calculation of transfer functions was a time consuming and laborious task. Remember, engineers did not have calculators or computers until the '70s. Bode presented a log technique that transformed the intensely mathematical process of calculating a feedback system's stability into graphical analysis that was simple and perceptive. Feedback system design was still complicated, but it no longer was an art dominated by a few electrical engineers kept in a small dark room. Any electrical engineer could use Bode's methods find the stability of a feedback circuit, so the application of feedback to machines began to grow. There really wasn't much call for electronic feedback design until computers and transducers become of age.

1945年HW伯德提出了一套系统方法,用图形化方法来分析反馈系统的稳定性。在此之前,反馈分析是通过乘法和除法完成的,所以传递函数的计算是一项费时和费力的任务。请记得工程师们在上个世纪70年代之前是没有计算机或者计算器的。伯德提出了一种日志技术,这种技术将计算反馈系统稳定性这种复杂的数学过程转换为简单和直观的图像分析。反馈系统的设计虽然还是很复杂,但它不再是几个电气工程师待在一个小黑屋里的艺术了。任何电气工程师都可以使用伯德的方法找到一个反馈电路的稳定点,因此反馈电路在机器中的应用开始增加。直到计算机和传感器的时代到来之前,反馈电路的设计真的没有太多的要求。

p36

An integrator(Figure 5.1a) is the simplest filter mathematically, and it forms the building block for most modern integrated filters. Consider what we know intuitively about an integrator. If you apply a DC signal at the input (i.e. , zero frequency), the output will describe a linear ramp that grows in amplitude until limited by the power supplies. Ignoring that limitation, the response of an integrator at zero frequency is infinite, which means that it has a pole at zero frequency. (A pole exists at any frequency for which the transfer function’s value becomes infinite.)

从数学公式上讲,积分器(见图2.1a)是最简单的滤波器;它是构成大多数现代集成滤波器的基本模块。我们怎么从直观上理解积分器呢?假设在输入端加上一个直流信号(频率为0),那么在输出端将会出现一个线性斜坡信号,其幅度一直增至电源电压。如果不考虑电源电压对输出信号的限制,积分器在零频率上的响应将是无穷大,这意味着它在零频率点上存在一个极点(在任何使传递函数为无穷大值的频率点上都存在一个极点)。

p38

While the complex frequency’s imaginary part (jw) helps describe a response to AC signals, the real part (q) helps describe a circuit’s transient response. Looking at Figure 5.2b, we can therefore say something about the RC low-pass filter’s response. Looking at Figure 5.2b, we can therefore say something about the RC low-pass

filter’s response as compared to that of the integrator. The low-pass filter’s transient response is more stable, because its pole is in the negative-real half of the complex plane. That is, the low-pass filter makes a decaying-exponential response to a step-function input; the integrator makes an infinite response. For the low-pass filter, pole positions further down the -σ axis mean a higher ω0, a shorter time constant, and therefore a quicker transient response. Conversely, a pole closer to the j axis causes a longer transient response.

复频率的虚部有助于描述电路对交流信号的响应,而其实部有助于描述电路的瞬态响应。从图2.2b中可以看出,RC低通滤波器的响应和积分器之间的一些区别。低通滤波器的瞬态响应更加稳定,因为其极点位于复平面的左半部。即对于阶跃函数输入,滤波器的响应是衰减指数形式的;积分器的响应是无穷大的。对于低通滤波器而言,极点沿σ坐标轴离原点越远,意味着ω0越大,时间常数越短,瞬态响应越快。相反的情况是:极点离ωj坐标轴越近,瞬态响应越慢。

p47

The converter is essentially a highly over-sampling 1-bit ADC (the comparator) followed by digital filtering and decimation to realize the processing gain. The effective performance of the converter is greatly enhanced by the addition of circuitry to shape the quantization noise such that, instead of being uniformly spread throughout the 0 to fs/2 band, it is minimized in the band of interest (Figure 6.5).

这个转换器实质上是一个后跟数字滤波和抽取、高过采样率的1位模数转换器(即比较器),用来实现处理增益。通过另外增加一个噪声整形电路去整型量化噪声,该转换器的有效性能获得了极大的提高。噪声整形电路将原来在0~1/2sf 频带内均匀分布的噪声最大限度地从有用频带中去除(见图6.5)。

p62

The buck converter is capable of kilowatts of output power, but suffers from one serious shortcoming which would occur if the power switch were to fail short-circuited, the input power source is connected directly to the load circuitry with usually produces catastrophic results. To avoid this situation, a crowbar is placed across the output. A crowbar is a latching SCR which is fired when the output is sensed as entering an overvoltage condition. The buck converter should only be used for board-level regulation.

降压变压器可以产生上千瓦的输出功率,但它有个致命的缺陷,当开关电源发生短路时,输入电源会直接连接到负载电路上,这会导致可怕的后果。为了避免这种情况,要在输出端加上一个断路器。这个电路是一个闭合的可控硅整流器,当输出端被检测到一个过高的电压时,它就被触发工作了。降压型变换器只适合于板级调节。

p70

Clock Driver Skew (Intrinsic Skew) is the amount of skew caused by the clock driver itself. There are two kinds of clock driver devices; buffer devices and PLL-based devices. Skew occurs on the output of the buffer devices because of the differences in propagation delay of the input signal through the device. A majority of

this difference is attributed to differences in output loading. Skew in PLL-based devices can be very small, since a PLL-based device can be adjusted to compensate for differences in output loading.

时钟驱动器偏移(固有偏移)是由时钟驱动器自己引起的偏移。有两种类型的时钟驱动设备,缓存器件和基于锁相环的器件。偏移发生在缓冲器件的输出端,因为输入信号通过器件时,其传播延迟有差异。造成这种差异的主要原有是输出负载的不同。基于锁相环的器件的偏斜可以是非常小的,因为锁相环器件可以被调节,以补偿输出负载的差异。

p71

Why is skew important? In high-speed systems, clock skew forms an important component of timing margin. A skew of 1 ns is a significant portion of a 15-ns cycle time. If the timing budget does not allow for skew, it is highly likely that the system will perform unreliably.

为什么偏移这么重要?在高速系统中,时钟偏移是时序富裕量的重要组成部分。在一个以15纳秒为周期的时间里,1纳秒的偏移都是很显著的部分。如果时序预算不允许偏移,系统很可能无法稳定运行。

p75

In today's designs, with clock rates over 100 MHz and rise times commonly 1 nanosecond (ns) or less, designers cannot ignore the role interconnections play in a logic design. Interconnect effects can play a significant part in the timing and noise characteristics of a circuit. The faster clock rates and rise times increase both capacitive and inductive coupling effects, which makes crosstalk problems greater. They also mean shorter time for reflections to decay before the data is clocked and read, which decreases the maximum line length that can be used for unterminated systems. This all means that one of the major interconnect challenges is to ensure signal integrity as the high-speed pulses move along the total interconnect path, from device to PCB, through the PCB to the backplane, and on out to any network connections which may be present.

在当今的设计中,时钟速率都超过了100MHz,并且上升沿通常只有1纳秒或者更少,设计者不能忽视在逻辑设计中互连的重要性。互连的效果对于一个电路的时序和噪声特性都能够起到很显著的影响。更快的时钟速率和上升沿都将增加电容耦合及电感耦合效应,这使得串扰问题更加严重。这也意味着在数据被写入和读取之前的反射衰减时间更短,它减少了无终端系统中最大的可用线路长度。这一切都意味着,主要的互连挑战之一是确保高速脉冲通过整个互连路径时的信号完整性,从器件到PCB板,再从PCB板到底板,最后到任何可能出现的网络连接。

p98

A third issue that has had a large impact on adoption is the widespread use of prepaid mobile phones in Europe (up to 75% in some areas). These can be purchased

in many stores with no more formality than buying a radio. You pay and you go. They are preloaded with, for example, 20 or 50 euro and can be recharged when the balance drops to zero. As a consequence, practically every teenager and many small children in Europe have (usually prepaid) mobile phone so their parents can locate them, without the danger of the child running up a huge bill. If the mobile phone is used only occasionally, its use is essentially free since there is no monthly charge or charge for incoming calls.

被采纳的第三个已经产生很大影响的问题是,预付费移动电话在欧洲的广泛使用(有些地区达到了75%)。这些移动电话可以在许多商店里购买,购买手续不会比买一个收音机复杂。一手交钱,一手交货。这些电话被预充值了20或50欧元,当余额为0时,可以再充值。其结果是,几乎所有欧洲的少年和小孩子都持有移动电话(通常是预付费的),所以他们的家长可以找到他们,而不用承担孩子会欠巨额账单这样的风险。如果你只是偶尔使用移动电话,它用起来几乎是免费的,因为没有月租费,接听也不需要收费。

p107

An implicit assumption in our discussion is that the power levels of all stations are the same as perceived by the receiver. CDMA it typically used for wireless systems with a fixed base station and many mobile stations at varying distances from it. The power levels received at the base station depend on how far away the transmitters are. A good heuristic here is for each mobile station to transmit to the base station at the inverse of the power level it receives from the base station. In other words, a mobile station receiving a weak signal from the base station will use more power than one getting a strong signal. The base station can also give explicit commands to the mobile stations to increase or decrease their transmission power.

在我们的讨论中隐含着一个假设是,所有基站的功率水平在接收器看来都是一样的。CDMA通常用于无线系统,系统中包含一个固定站和许多与它距离不同的移动站。基站收到的功率水平取决于发射机与它的距离。这里有一个很好的启发,对于每个移动站来说,它们所发射到基站的功率与它们从基站接收到的功率相反。换句话说,一个从基站收到弱信号的移动台,将比一个收到强信号的移动台发射更高的功率。基站还可以向移动台发送明确的指令,让它们增加或者减少其发射功率。

p113

The BIOS looks at the sequence of storage devices identified as boot devices in the CMOS Setup. "Boot" is short for "bootstrap", as in the old phrase "Lift yourself up by your bootstraps". Boot refers to the process of launching the operating system. The BIOS tries to initiate the boot sequence from the first device using the bootstrap loader.

BIOS查看一系列在CMOS设置中被确定为引导设备的存储设备。Boot是bootstrap的缩写,就好像那句老话“通过你的靴带把你自己提起来。”Boot指的是启动操作系统的过程。BIOS使用引导加载程序尝试在第一个设备中确定启动顺序。

p133

The design of a high-performance, full-custom integrated circuit (IC) is, of course, a difficult task. In full-custom IC design, everything, down to and including individual transistors may be designed (although libraries of parts are, of course, used). For many years, however, it has been possible to build semi-custom integrated circuits using gate arrays. A gate array, as its name suggests, is an integrated circuit on which an array of gates has been created. The design of an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) using a gate array therefore involves the definition of how the gates in the array should be connected. In practical terms, this means that one or two layers of metal interconnect must be designed. Since an integrated circuit requires seven or more processing stages, all the processing steps other than the final metalization can be completed in advance. Because the uncommitted gate arrays can be produced in volume, the cost of each device is relatively small.

高性能,全定制集成电路(IC)的设计当然是一个困难的任务。在全定制集成电路的设计中,所有事情,甚至是单个晶体管都需要被设计(当然,尽管要用到一些库)。但是,多年以来,可以使用门阵列构建半导体集成电路。门阵列,正如其名,是由许多逻辑门所构建的集成电路。因此,使用门阵列进行专用集成电路的设计包括定义列阵中的逻辑门是如何连接的。在实际情况中,这意味着一到两层的金属互连必须被设计。由于集成电路需要七个或更多的加工过程,除了最终的金属化,其它步骤都可以预先完成。因为这些未知用途门列阵可以大量生产,每个器件的成本非常低。

托县医院2018年度医疗质量管理工作计划为了加强我院医疗安全管理,保障医疗质量,继续深入开展“以病人为中心,以提高医疗服务质量为主题”的医疗质量万里行活动,结合我院工作实际,特制定以下工作计划。

一、指导思想

以邓小平理论和“三个代表”重要思想为指导,认真贯彻落实“十九大”精神,树立和落实科学发展观,“以病人为中心,以提高医疗服务质量为主题”,坚持把维护患者利益、构建和谐医患关系放在首位,健全医院的“质量、安全、服务、费用”等管理制度,建立医院长效科学管理机制,不

断提高医疗服务质量和水平,使医疗服务更加人性化,不断满足人民群众日益增长的医疗服务需求。

二、工作内容

1、积极组织全体员工集中学习《医疗事故处理条例》、《临床医师诊疗常规》及《操作常规》等,每月集中学习不少于4小时,学习人员做好学习笔记。每月召开一次科室质量安全管理会议,专题研究提高医疗质量和保证医疗安全工作,并制定医院医疗缺陷管理措施。

化学专业英语(修订版)翻译

01 THE ELEMENTS AND THE PERIODIC TABLE 01 元素和元素周期表 The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom is referred to as the atomic number, or proton number, Z. The number of electrons in an electrically neutral atom is also equal to the atomic number, Z. The total mass of an atom is determined very nearly by the total number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus. This total is called the mass number, A. The number of neutrons in an atom, the neutron number, is given by the quantity A-Z. 质子的数量在一个原子的核被称为原子序数,或质子数、周淑金、电子的数量在一个电中性原子也等于原子序数松山机场的总质量的原子做出很近的总数的质子和中子在它的核心。这个总数被称为大量胡逸舟、中子的数量在一个原子,中子数,给出了a - z的数量。 The term element refers to, a pure substance with atoms all of a single kind. T o the chemist the "kind" of atom is specified by its atomic number, since this is the property that determines its chemical behavior. At present all the atoms from Z = 1 to Z = 107 are known; there are 107 chemical elements. Each chemical element has been given a name and a distinctive symbol. For most elements the symbol is simply the abbreviated form of the English name consisting of one or two letters, for example: 这个术语是指元素,一个纯物质与原子组成一个单一的善良。在药房“客气”原子的原子数来确定它,因为它的性质是决定其化学行为。目前所有原子和Z = 1 a到Z = 107是知道的;有107种化学元素。每一种化学元素起了一个名字和独特的象征。对于大多数元素都仅仅是一个象征的英文名称缩写形式,一个或两个字母组成,例如: oxygen==O nitrogen == N neon==Ne magnesium == Mg

汽车专业英语翻译综合

第一章汽车总论 1)Today’s average car contains more than 15,000 separate, individual parts that must work together. These parts can be grouped into four major categories: body, engine, chassis and electrical equipment 。P1 现在的车辆一般都由15000多个分散、独立且相互配合的零部件组成。这些零部件主要分为四类:车身、发动机、底盘和电气设备。 2)The engine acts as the power unit. The internal combustion engine is most common: this obtains its power by burning a liquid fuel inside the engine cylinder. There are two types of engine: gasoline (also called a spark-ignition engine) and diesel (also called a compression-ignition engine). Both engines are called heat engines; the burning fuel generates heat which causes the gas inside the cylinder to increase its pressure and supply power to rotate a shaft connected to the power train. P3 发动机作为动力设备,常见的类型是内燃机,其原理是通过发动机缸内的液体燃料燃烧而产生能量。发动机可分为两类:汽油机(点燃式)和柴油机(压燃式),都属于热力发动机。燃料燃烧产生热量使缸内气压上升,产生的能量驱动轴旋转,并传递给动力传动系。 第二章内燃机 1)Power train system: conveys the drive to the wheels 2)Steering system: controls the direction of movement 3)Suspension system: absorbs the road shocks 4)Braking system: slows down the vehicle P4 传动系把发动机输出的扭矩传递给驱动轮。传动系包括离合器(对应机械变速器)或液力变矩器(对应液力自动变速器)、变速器、驱动轴、主减速器、差速器和驱动桥。 5)Drum brakes have a drum attached to the wheel hub, and braking occurs by means of brake shoes expanding against the inside of the drum. With disc brakes, a disc attached to the wheel hub is clenched between two brake pads. P6 鼓式制动器的制动鼓和轮毂连接,制动蹄张开压紧制动鼓内侧从而产生制动。在盘式制动器上,连着轮毂的制动盘被紧紧夹在两个制动块之间。 1)Linking the piston by a connecting rod to a crankshaft causes the gas to rotate the shaft through half a turn.The power stroke"uses up"the gas,so means must be provided to expel the burnt gas and recharge the cylinder with a fresh petrol-air mixture:this control of gas movement is the duty of the valves;An inlet valve allows the mixture to enter at the right time and an exhaust valve lets out the burnt gas after the gas has done its job . P10 活塞通过连杆和曲轴连接,使得气体带动曲轴旋转半圈。作功冲程耗尽了所有的气体,这样就必须采取相应的措施排出废气并且向气缸内充入新的可燃混合气:气体的运动由气门来控制。进气门使可燃混合气在恰当的时刻进入气缸,排气门使燃烧后的废气排出气缸。 2)The spark-ignition engine is an internal-combustion engine with externally supplied in ignition,which converts the energy cntained in the fuel to kinetic energy.The cycle of operations is spread over four piston strokes. To complete the full cycle it takes two revolutions of the crankshaft. P11 火花点火式发动机是由外部提供点火的内燃机,从而将含在燃料内的能量转化成动能。发动机的一个工作循环分布在活塞的四个行程中,一个完整的工作循环曲轴需要转动两圈。 3)The oil pump in the lubricating system draws oil from the oil pan and sends it to all working parts in the engine. The oil drains off and runs down into the pan. Thus,there is constant circulation of oil between the pan and the working parts of the engine. P15

电气工程及其自动化专业英语第二章课文翻译

第二章第一篇 To say that we live in an age of electronics is an understatement. From the omnipresent integrated circuit to the equally omnipresent digital computer, we encounter electronic devices and systems on a daily basis. In every aspect of our increasingly technological society— whether it is science, engineering, medicine, music, maintenance, or even espionage—the role of electronics is large, and it is growing. 谈论关于我们生活在一个电子学时代的论调是一种空泛的论调。从无处不在的集成电路到同样无处不在的数字计算机,我们在日常活动中总会遇到电子设备和电子系统。在我们日益发展的科技社会的方方面面——无论是在科学、工程、医药、音乐、维修方面甚至是在谍报方面——电子学的作用是巨大的,而且还将不断增强。 In general, all of the tasks with which we shall be concerned can be classified as "signal-processing“tasks. Let us explore the meaning of this term 一般说来,我们将要涉及到的工作被归结为“信号——处理”工作,让我们来探究这个术语的含义吧。 A signal is any physical variable whose magnitude or variation with time contains information. This information might involve speech and music, as in radio broadcasting, a physical quantity such as the temperature of the air in a room, or numerical data, such as the record of stock market transactions. The physical variables that can carry information in an electrical system are voltage and current. When we speak of "signals", therefore, we refer implicitly to voltages or currents. However, most of the concepts we discuss can be applied directly to systems with different information-carrying variables. Thus, the behavior of a mechanical system (in which force and velocity are the variables) or a hydraulic system (in which pressure and flow rate are the variables) can often be modeled or represented by an equivalent electrical system. An understanding of the behavior of electrical systems, therefore, provides a basis for understanding a much broader range of phenomena. 信号就是其与时间有关的量值或变化包含信息的任何物理变量。这种信息或许像无线电广播的演讲和音乐,或许是像室内温度的物理量,或许像股市交易记录的数字数据。在电气系统中能够载有信息的物理变量是电压和电流。因此当我们谈到“信号”,我们不言而喻指的是电压和电流,然而,我们要讨论的大多数概念是可以被直接应用于载有不同信息的变量的系统,因此,一个机械系统(在这个系统中力和速度是其变量)或者液压系统(在这个系统中压力和流速是其变量)的性能通常可以用一个等效的电气系统来模拟或表示。因此,我们对于电气系统性能的理解为理解更宽领域的现象打下了一个基础。 A signal can carry information in two different forms. In an analog signal the continuous variation of the voltage or current with time carries the information. An example, in Fig.2-l, is the voltage produced by a thermocouple pair when the two junctions are at different temperatures. As the temperature difference between the two junctions varies, the magnitude of the voltage across the thermocouple pair also varies. The voltage thus provides an analog representation of the temperature difference. 一个信号可以以两种形式来承载信息。在一个模拟信号中电压或电流随时间而产生的连续变化载有信息。在图2-1中,当一对热电偶的接头处于不同的温度时由热电偶所产生的电压就是一个例子。当两个接头之间的温度差改变时,一对热电偶两端的电压也将改变。于是电压就提供了温度差的模拟表现形式 The other kind of signal is a digital signal. A digital signal is one that can take on values within two discrete ranges. Such signals are used to represent ON-OFF or YES-NO information. An ordinary household thermostat delivers a digital signal tocontrol the furnace. When the

《化学工程与工艺专业英语》课文翻译 完整版

Unit 1 Chemical Industry 化学工业 1.Origins of the Chemical Industry Although the use of chemicals dates back to the ancient civilizations, the evolution of what we know as the modern chemical industry started much more recently. It may be considered to have begun during the Industrial Revolution, about 1800, and developed to provide chemicals roe use by other industries. Examples are alkali for soapmaking, bleaching powder for cotton, and silica and sodium carbonate for glassmaking. It will be noted that these are all inorganic chemicals. The organic chemicals industry started in the 1860s with the exploitation of William Henry Perkin‘s discovery if the first synthetic dyestuff—mauve. At the start of the twentieth century the emphasis on research on the applied aspects of chemistry in Germany had paid off handsomely, and by 1914 had resulted in the German chemical industry having 75% of the world market in chemicals. This was based on the discovery of new dyestuffs plus the development of both the contact process for sulphuric acid and the Haber process for ammonia. The later required a major technological breakthrough that of being able to carry out chemical reactions under conditions of very high pressure for the first time. The experience gained with this was to stand Germany in good stead, particularly with the rapidly increased demand for nitrogen-based compounds (ammonium salts for fertilizers and nitric acid for explosives manufacture) with the outbreak of world warⅠin 1914. This initiated profound changes which continued during the inter-war years (1918-1939). 1.化学工业的起源 尽管化学品的使用可以追溯到古代文明时代,我们所谓的现代化学工业的发展却是非常近代(才开始的)。可以认为它起源于工业革命其间,大约在1800年,并发展成为为其它工业部门提供化学原料的产业。比如制肥皂所用的碱,棉布生产所用的漂白粉,玻璃制造业所用的硅及Na2CO3. 我们会注意到所有这些都是无机物。有机化学工业的开始是在十九世纪六十年代以William Henry Perkin 发现第一种合成染料—苯胺紫并加以开发利用为标志的。20世纪初,德国花费大量资金用于实用化学方面的重点研究,到1914年,德国的化学工业在世界化学产品市场上占有75%的份额。这要归因于新染料的发现以及硫酸的接触法生产和氨的哈伯生产工艺的发展。而后者需要较大的技术突破使得化学反应第一次可以在非常高的压力条件下进行。这方面所取得的成绩对德国很有帮助。特别是由于1914年第一次世界大仗的爆发,对以氮为基础的化合物的需求飞速增长。这种深刻的改变一直持续到战后(1918-1939)。 date bake to/from: 回溯到 dated: 过时的,陈旧的 stand sb. in good stead: 对。。。很有帮助

电气工程及其自动化专业英语第五章课文翻译

Most people can formulate a mental picture of a computer, but computers do so many things and come in such a variety of shapes and sizes that it might seem difficult to distill their common characteristics into an all-purpose definition. At its core, a computer is a device that accepts input, processes data, stores data, and produces output, all according to a series of stored instructions. Computer input is whatever is put into a computer system. Input can be supplied by a person, by the environment, or by another computer. Examples of the kinds of input that a computer can accept include the words and symbols in a document, numbers for a calculation, pictures, temperatures from a thermostat, audio signals from a microphone, and instructions from a computer program. An input device, such as a keyboard or mouse, gathers input and transforms it into a series of electronic signals for the computer. In the context of computing, data refers to the symbols that represent facts, objects, and ideas. Computers manipulate data in many ways, and we call this manipulation processing. The series of instructions that tell a computer how to carry out processing tasks is referred to as a computer program, or simply a "program." These programs form the software that sets up a computer to do a specific task. In a computer, most processing takes place in a component called the central processing unit (CPU), which is sometimes described as the"brain" of the computer. A computer stores data so that it will be available for processing. Most computers have more than one location for storing data, depending on how the data is being used. Memory is an area of a computer that temporarily holds data that is waiting to be processed, stored, or output. Storage is the area where data can be left on a permanent basis when it is not immediately needed for processing. Output is the results produced by a computer. Some examples of computer output include reports, documents, music, graphs, and pictures. An output device displays, prints, or transmits the results of processing. Computers are versatile machines, which are able to perform a truly amazing assortment of tasks, but some types of computer are better suited to certain tasks than other types of computers. Computers can be categorized as personal computer, handheld computers, workstations, mainframes, supercomputers , and servers. 大多数人可以制订一个电脑精神的图片,但电脑做很多事情,出现这样的形状和大小不同,它似乎难以提炼成一个全能的定义,它们的共同特点。在其核心,一台计算机是一种装置,它接受输入,处理数据,存储数据,并产生输出,根据对所有存储一系列指示。 什么是计算机输入到计算机系统的压力。输入可提供的一人,由环境,或由另一台计算机。对输入的各种例子,一个计算机可以接受包括文字和符号的文件,规定计算,图片,从恒温器的温度数字,音频信号从一个麦克风,从电脑程序指令。一个输入设备,如键盘或鼠标,集输和转换成一个电子信号的计算机的一系列。 在计算中,数据是指以符号代表的事实,对象和想法。计算机操作在很多方面的数据,我们称之为操作处理。一系列的指令,告诉计算机如何进行处理任务,被称为一个计算机程序,或只是一个“程序”。这些方案形成了软件,建立了计算机做特定的任务。在计算机中,大部分处理发生在一个组件的地方称为中央处理单元(CPU),有时为“大脑的计算机”来形容。 计算机存储数据,以便它会被用作处理可用。大多数计算机有多个用于存储数据的位置,这取决于数据如何被使用。内存是计算机的一个领域,数据是暂时持有等待处理,存储或输出。在数据存储,是可以在一个地区长期离开时,没有立即处理所需。 输出是由电脑产生的结果。电脑输出的一些例子包括报告,文件,音乐,图形,图片。输出设备显示,打印,或传送的处理结果。 电脑是多功能机,它能够执行各种各样的任务十分惊人,但某些类型的计算机更适合比其他类型的计算机的某些任务。计算机可以被归类为个人电脑,掌上电脑,工作站,大型机,超级计算机和服务器。

汽车专业英语翻译

About car engine Of all automobile components,an automobile engie is the most complicated assembly with dominant effects on the function of an autombile.So, the engine is generally called the"heat"of an automobile. 在汽车的所有部件中,汽车发动机是最复杂的组件,其对整车性能有着决定性的作用。因而发动机往往被称作发动机的“心脏”。 There are actually various types of engines such as electric motors,stream engines,andinternal combustion engines.The internal combustion engines seem to have almost complete dominance of the automotive field.The internal combustion engine,as its name indicates,burns fuel within the cylinders and converts the expanding force of the combustion into rotary force used to propel the vehicle. 事实上,按动力来源分发动机有很多种,如电动机、蒸汽机、外燃机等。然而内燃机似乎在发动机领域有着绝对的统治地位。就像其字面意思一样,内燃机的染料在气缸内燃烧,通过将燃烧产生气体的膨胀力转换成转动力来驱动发动机前进。 Engine is the power source of the automobile.Power is produced by the linear motion of a piston in a cylinder.However,this linear motion must be changed into rotary motion to turn the wheels of cars or trucks.The puston attached to the top of a connecting rod by a pin,called a piston pin or wrist pin.The bottom of the connecting rod is attached to the crankshaft.The connecting rod transmits the up-and-down motion of the piston to the crankshaft,which changes it into rotary motion.The connecting rod is mounted on the crankshaft with large bearings called rod bearing.Similar bearings, called main bearings,are used to mount the crankshaft in the block. 发动机是整部车的动力来源。能量来自于活塞在气缸内的(往复)直线运动。然而这种(往复)直线运动必须要转换成旋转运动才能驱动车轮。活塞与连杆通过一个销来连接,这个销称为活塞销。连杆的下部连接于曲拐。连杆把活塞的上下往复运动传递给曲拐,从而将往复直线运动转变成旋转运动。连杆和曲拐的连接使用大的轴承,称之为连杆轴承,类似的轴承也用于将曲轴连接到机体,称之为主轴承。 They are generally two different types of cooling system:water-cooling system and air-cooling system.Water-cooling system is more common.The cooling medium, or coolant, in them is either water or some low-freezing liquid, called antifreeze.A water-cooling system consists of the engine water jacket, thermostat, water pump, radiator, radiator cap, fan, fan drive belt and neccessary hoses. 主要有两种类型的冷却系统:水冷和风冷。水冷系统更为普遍。系统所用冷却介质或是冷却液常委水或其他低凝固点液体,称为抗凝剂。一个完整的水冷系统包括机体水套,节温器,水泵,散热器,散热器罩,风扇,风扇驱动皮带和必需的水管。 A water-cooling system means that water is used as a cooling agent to circulate through the engine to absorb the heat and carry it to the radiator for disposal.The ebgine is cooled mainly through heat transfer and heat dissipation.The heat generated by the mixture burned in the engine must be transferred from the iron or aluminum cylinder to the waterin the water jacket.The outside of the water jacket dissipates some of the heat to the air surrounding it, but most of the heat is carried by the cooling water to the radiator for dissipation.When the coolant temperature in the system reaches 90°,the termostat valve open fully, its slanted edge shutting off

电气工程及其自动化专业英语第一章课文翻译

第一章第一篇sectiong Two variables u(t) and i(t) are the most basic concepts in an electric circuit, they characterize the various relationships in an electric circuitu(t)和i(t)这两个变量是电路中最基本的两个变量,它们刻划了电路的各种关系。 Charge and Current The concept of electric charge is the underlying principle for explaining all electrical phenomena. Also, the most basic quantity in an electric circuit is the electric charge. Charge is an electrical property of the atomic particles of which matter consists, measured in coulombs (C). 电荷和电流电荷的概念是用来解释所有电气现象的基本概念。也即,电路中最基本的量是电荷。电荷是构成物质的原子微粒的电气属性,它是以库仑为单位来度量的。 We know from elementary physics that all matter is made of fundamental building blocks known as atoms and that each atom consists of electrons, protons, and neutrons. We also know that the charge e on an electron is negative and equal in magnitude to 1.60210×10-19C, while a proton carries a positive charge of the same magnitude as the electron. The presence of equal numbers of protons and electrons leaves an atom neutrally charged. 我们从基础物理得知一切物质是由被称为原子的基本构造

汽车专业英语_单词表

unit1 body 车身chassis 底盘enclosure外壳、套hood车棚、车顶sway 摇摆frame车架steering转向、操作brake 制动weld焊接rivet铆钉bolt螺钉washer垫圈vibration 振动stabilizer稳定器ride乘坐舒适性handling操作稳定性linkages转向传动机构plier钳子distributor分电器alternator交流发电机regulator调节器carburetor化油器radiator散热器、水箱defroster除冰装置sludge金属碎屑transmission变速器differential 差速器power train 传动系unitized body 承载式车身suspension system 悬架系统steering system 转向系braking system 制动系shock absorbers减震器control arms控制臂steering wheel 转向盘steering column转向管柱steering gears 转向器tie rod 横拉杆idler arm随动臂brake shoe制动蹄disc brake 盘式制动器drum brakes 鼓式制动器ignition system 点火系统exhaust system 排气系统lubrication system 润滑系oil filters 机油滤清器drive(or propeller)shaft传动轴universal joints 万向节dynamo发电机horn喇叭swived 旋转steering box转向器timing gear 正时齿轮bevel gear 锥齿轮mesh with与啮合leaf spring 钢板弹簧stub axle 转向节 unit2 longitudinal纵向的transverse横向的reciprocate往复spin旋转piston活塞ignite点火rub摩擦quart夸脱reservoir油箱mechanical机械的enclosed被附上的gallon加仑stroke冲程camshaft凸轮轴combustion燃烧disengaged脱离啮合的flywheel飞轮internal-combustion engine内燃机diesel-fuel柴油LPG=Liquefied Petroleum Gas液化石油气体CNG=Compressed natural gas压缩天然气spark ignition火花点火compression ignition压缩点火spark plug火花塞gas-turbine engine蒸汽机Stirling engine斯特灵发动机lubricating system润滑系统oil pan油底壳oil pump机油泵exhaust system排气系统emission-control system排放控制系统energy conversion能量转换air/fuel ratio空燃比connecting rod连杆TDC=Top Dead Center上止点BDC=Bottom Dead Center 下止点intake stroke进气冲程compression stroke压缩冲程power stroke作功冲程exhaust stroke排气冲程compression ratio压缩比lifter挺柱rocker摇臂retainer弹簧座seal密封件tappet 推杆lobe凸起gasket垫圈valve train配气机构cam follower气门挺柱rocker arm摇臂combustion chamber燃烧室intake valve进气阀exhaust valve排气阀valve stem气门杆valve cover气门室盖valve port阀口valve guide气门导管 unit3

应用化学专业英语翻译完整篇

1 Unit5元素周期表 As our picture of the atom becomes more detailed 随着我们对原子的描述越来越详尽,我们发现我们陷入了进退两难之境。有超过100多中元素要处理,我们怎么能记的住所有的信息?有一种方法就是使用元素周期表。这个周期表包含元素的所有信息。它记录了元素中所含的质子数和电子数,它能让我们算出大多数元素的同位素的中子数。它甚至有各个元素原子的电子怎么排列。最神奇的是,周期表是在人们不知道原子中存在质子、中子和电子的情况下发明的。Not long after Dalton presented his model for atom( )在道尔顿提出他的原子模型(原子是是一个不可分割的粒子,其质量决定了它的身份)不久,化学家门开始根据原子的质量将原子列表。在制定像这些元素表时候,他们观察到在元素中的格局分布。例如,人们可以清楚的看到在具体间隔的元素有着相似的性质。在当时知道的大约60种元素中,第二个和第九个表现出相似的性质,第三个和第十个,第四个和第十一个等都具有相似的性质。 In 1869,Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev,a Russian chemist, 在1869年,Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev ,一个俄罗斯的化学家,发表了他的元素周期表。Mendeleev通过考虑原子重量和元素的某些特性的周期性准备了他的周期表。这些元素的排列顺序先是按原子质量的增加,,一些情况中, Mendeleev把稍微重写的元素放在轻的那个前面.他这样做只是为了同一列中的元素能具有相似的性质.例如,他把碲(原子质量为128)防在碘(原子质量为127)前面因为碲性质上和硫磺和硒相似, 而碘和氯和溴相似. Mendeleev left a number of gaps in his table.Instead of Mendeleev在他的周期表中留下了一些空白。他非但没有将那些空白看成是缺憾,反而大胆的预测还存在着仍未被发现的元素。更进一步,他甚至预测出那些一些缺失元素的性质出来。在接下来的几年里,随着新元素的发现,里面的许多空格都被填满。这些性质也和Mendeleev所预测的极为接近。这巨大创新的预计值导致了Mendeleev的周期表为人们所接受。 It is known that properties of an element depend mainly on the number of electrons in the outermost energy level of the atoms of the element. 我们现在所知道的元素的性质主要取决于元素原子最外层能量能级的电子数。钠原子最外层能量能级(第三层)有一个电子,锂原子最外层能量能级(第二层)有一个电子。钠和锂的化学性质相似。氦原子和氖原子外层能级上是满的,这两种都是惰性气体,也就是他们不容易进行化学反应。很明显,有着相同电子结构(电子分布)的元素的不仅有着相似的化学性质,而且某些结构也表现比其他元素稳定(不那么活泼) In Mendeleev’s table,the elements were arranged by atomic weights for 在Mendeleev的表中,元素大部分是按照原子数来排列的,这个排列揭示了化学性质的周期性。因为电子数决定元素的化学性质,电子数也应该(现在也确实)决定周期表的顺序。在现代的周期表中,元素是根据原子质量来排列的。记住,这个数字表示了在元素的中性原子中的质子数和电子数。现在的周期表是按照原子数的递增排列,Mendeleev的周期表是按照原子质量的递增排列,彼此平行是由于原子量的增加。只有在一些情况下(Mendeleev注释的那样)重量和顺序不符合。因为原子质量是质子和中子质量的加和,故原子量并不完全随原子序数的增加而增加。原子序数低的原子的中子数有可能比原子序数高的原

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